Test bank for interactive psychology people in perspective 1st edition by james j gross toni schmade

Test Bank for Interactive Psychology People in Perspective 1st Edition by James J Gross, Ton

Test Bank for Interactive Psychology People in Perspective 1st Edition by James J Gross, Toni Schmader, Bridgette Martin Hard Adam K Anderson To download the complete and accurate content document, go to: https://testbankbell.com/download/test-bank-for-interactive-psychology-people-in-pers pective-1st-edition-by-james-j-gross-toni-schmader-bridgette-martin-hard-adam-k-and erson/

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Name: ___________________________ Class: _________________ Date: __________

chapter 7

1.

2.

3.

The memory system helps us

a.

remember the past.

b.

navigate the future.

c.

both A and B

d.

neither A nor B

Which of the following requires you to use your memory?

a.

planning how tomorrow’s interview will go

b.

seeing the color red with your eyes

c.

hearing a parent say the word “December”

d.

smiling at a baby who smiles at you

From first to last, place the stages of memory in the proper order.

a.

retrieval, encoding, storage

b.

encoding, retrieval, storage

c.

storage, encoding, retrieval

d.

encoding, storage, retrieval

4.

5.

6.

Your textbook describes a study in which participants were shown an ambiguous image and were either told they were looking at a pair of glasses or a barbell.

Later, they were asked to draw the image they had seen from memory. The point of this study was to illustrate

a.

the constructive nature of memory.

b.

the predictive function of memory.

c.

the three stages of memory.

d.

the retroactive function of memory.

In a classic study of the misinformation effect, Loftus and colleagues found that participants who were told that they saw a car stopping at a stop sign actually remembered seeing the car stop at a stop sign, even though the sign was actually a yield sign. What did this study demonstrate?

a.

People do not form false memories of events if they are warned that they might be false.

b.

Highly emotional memories are not subject to the misinformation effect.

c.

People are able to correctly reject misinformation when it is given to them.

d.

Being provided with misinformation can lead to the creation of false memories.

Raja is applying for college and imagines what it would be like to tour Dartmouth.

However, he does not get accepted and thus never visits the campus. Later, in his 30s, Raja repeatedly visualizes touring Dartmouth back when he was in high school, even though it never happened. What is Raja’s experience an example of?

a.

constructive memory

b.

episodic future thinking

7.

8.

9.

c.

imagination inflation

d.

misinformation effect

When Willy has a dream about going to Universal Studios but then later misremembers that he actually went there, what is he experiencing an error in?

a.

imagination monitoring

b.

dream monitoring

c.

misinformation monitoring

d.

reality monitoring

Which is NOT an example of a type of error in source memory?

a.

reality amnesia

b.

source amnesia

c.

source monitoring

d.

reality monitoring

When Sara is asked to remember what the word “apple” means and what font the word “cat” is written in, she has an easier time remembering the meaning of “apple” and struggles to remember the font of “cat.” What was Sara relying on to encode the word “apple”?

a.

surface encoding

b.

medium encoding

c.

shallow encoding

d.

10.

11.

12.

deep encoding

According to level of processing theory, students will be more likely to remember information if they focus on how it ________, compared to if they focus on how it ________.

a.

looks; refers to the self

b.

refers to the self; rhymes

c.

rhymes; refers to the self

d.

looks; rhymes

Which of the following examples shows a student who is using the most effective study aid to remember information for an exam, based on levels of processing?

a.

Pat makes a rhyming rap to help her remember the cranial nerves.

b.

Acacia thinks about the meaning of key terms in the textbook.

c.

Julia thinks about how the study of emotions relates to her own life.

d.

Nick reads his notes several times over.

When Ryan learns about the concept of false memories for the first time in his Intro Psych course, he relates this information to a time when he personally misremembered attending his cousin’s wedding as a child, even though he did not.

What is the process of relating the new content to his past experiences known as?

a.

elaboration

b.

shallow encoding

c.

source memory

d.

13.

14.

15.

imagination

Looking at your notes is an example of ________ encoding, while drawing connections between concepts is known as ________ encoding.

a.

deep; elaboration

b.

shallow; elaboration

c.

shallow; deep

d.

deep; shallow

According to the multistore model of memory, ________ memories are of the shortest duration, followed by ________ memories, which are followed by ________, which have the longest duration.

a.

long-term; short-term; sensory

b.

sensory; short-term; long-term

c.

short-term; sensory; long-term

d.

sensory; long-term; short-term

Bryan is able to keep a phone number in mind as long as he is rehearsing it. This is an example of which type of memory?

a.

long-term memory

b.

emotional memory

c.

short-term memory

d.

sensory memory

16.

17.

18.

Maya opens the door to her lecture hall and takes in all the details of the scene but quickly forgets the details she is not paying attention to. Which type of memory is Maya experiencing?

a.

long-term memory

b.

emotional memory

c.

short-term memory

d.

sensory memory

Tose is 98 years old and is still able to remember when she used to attend the sock hop in high school. Tose is experiencing ________ memory.

a.

emotional

b.

long-term

c.

short-term

d.

sensory

What are iconic and echoic memory examples of?

a.

source monitoring

b.

long-term memory

c.

short-term memory

d.

sensory memory

19.

20.

21.

Gavin hears his mom tell him to clean his room even though he is not paying attention to it because he’s absorbed in the book he’s reading. A few seconds later, just as Gavin is about to ask his mom to repeat herself, he remembers hearing his mom telling him to clean his room. Which type of memory is best illustrated in this example?

a.

echoic

b.

long-term

c.

working

d.

iconic

Why does echoic memory last longer than iconic memory?

a.

neural persistence only occurs for sound

b.

neural persistence only occurs for vision

c.

hearing occurs over a longer period of time than vision

d.

vision occurs over a longer period of time than hearing

In a classic study of sensory memory (Sperling, 1960), participants were able to remember a row of letters with about the same accuracy when the row was cued after the letters disappeared compared to when the row was cued before they disappeared. This study illustrated what about sensory memory?

a.

It has a small capacity but long duration.

b.

It has a large capacity but long duration.

c.

It has a large capacity but brief duration.

d.

It has a small capacity but brief duration.

22.

23.

24.

Your friend needs to memorize as many World War II battles as possible for a history exam. What advice would you give your friend to help improve their memory?

a.

say the names of the World War II battles aloud to hear them

b.

write the names of the World War II battles out by hand to see them visually

c.

repeat the names of the World War II battles over and over again until your friend remembers them

d.

group the names of the World War II battles into chunks that are meaningful to your friend

If someone is trying to remember as many digits of the number pi as possible, what might you recommend to them to increase their memory capacity for this infinite number?

a.

write and say the numbers at the same time so you encode them in multiple ways

b.

write out the digits of pi and study them

c.

repeatedly say the digits of pi over and over

d.

turn the digits of pi into meaningful chunks that can be grouped together

If your friend says a phone number aloud over and over until they can dial it, they are using ________ memory to perform ________.

a.

working; chunking

b.

short-term; rehearsal

c.

working; rehearsal

d.

short-term; chunking

25.

26.

27.

Which is NOT a part of working memory?

a.

short-term memory

b.

phonological loop

c.

visuospatial sketchpad

d.

central executive

Consider the following word list: BIRD, BALL, BOOK, PHONE, PEN, CUP, COFFEE. Which word from the list would be most likely to be remembered, based on the recency effect?

a.

BALL

b.

BIRD

c.

COFFEE

d.

PHONE

Consider the following word list: BIRD, BALL, BOOK, PHONE, PEN, CUP, COFFEE. Which word from the list would be most likely to be remembered, based on the primacy effect?

a.

PEN

b.

BIRD

c.

COFFEE

d.

BOOK

28.

29.

30.

31.

Malik gets into an accident while riding his bike and suffers a concussion. He then develops anterograde amnesia. What would Malik have the most difficulty remembering?

a.

how to play the violin

b.

the name of the doctor currently treating him

c.

his birthday party from the year before the accident

d.

the name of his best friend from childhood

Israt gets into an accident while riding her skateboard and suffers a concussion.

She then develops retrograde amnesia. What would Israt have the most difficulty remembering?

a.

how to play the violin

b.

her birthday party from the year after the accident

c.

the name of the doctor currently treating her

d.

the name of her best friend from childhood

When does the hippocampus show the most activity?

a.

when you have amnesia

b.

when you forget a face

c.

when you remember a face

d.

when you see a new face

Which of the following people would be most likely to experience interruption of memory consolidation?

32.

33.

34.

a.

a football player who gets a concussion right after learning a new play

b.

a toddler who takes a nap after learning how to crawl for the first time

c.

a person at the club who gets drunk after successfully learning a new phone number many hours earlier

d.

a student who goes to sleep the night after learning trigonometry in class

Which of the following people would be most likely to experience increased memory consolidation?

a.

a person at the club who gets drunk after successfully learning a new phone number many hours earlier

b.

a toddler who takes a nap after learning how to crawl for the first time

c.

a football player who gets a concussion right after learning a new play

d.

a student who pulls an all-nighter after learning trigonometry in class

What is the process of creating more stable memories in the brain?

a.

chunking

b.

rehearsal

c.

consolidation

d.

working memory

What is true about memory consolidation?

a.

It makes memories more fragile.

35.

36.

37.

b.

It has not been documented in the brain.

c.

It does not require conscious effort.

d.

It happens immediately after learning.

What does the phrase “cells that fire together, wire together” mean?

a.

Neurons that are not active at the same time become linked.

b.

Neurons that are active at the same time become linked.

c.

Neurons that are not active at the same time are communicating.

d.

Neurons communicate with each other all the time.

What neural process does long-term potentiation help facilitate?

a.

understanding

b.

translation

c.

memory

d.

amnesia

Imagine that you could receive an injection of CREB into your brain. What would the effect of such an injection be?

a.

decreased learning

b.

increased learning

c.

increased forgetting

d.

38.

39.

40.

decreased forgetting

In many studies of memory, sea slugs are exposed to shock, which causes them to retract their gills in fear. If a sea slug that has been repeatedly exposed to tail shock was then exposed to another shock, what would it most likely do?

a.

approach the source of the shock

b.

release less neurotransmitter into the synapse

c.

retract its gills more intensely

d.

retract its gills less intensely

When we recall memories, they are temporarily put into a state where they are more susceptible to change. What is this part of the process known as?

a.

reconsolidation

b.

encoding

c.

rehearsal

d.

consolidation

Yannelly brings to mind a memory from when she was in first grade, but then trips and hits her head, which disrupts reconsolidation of that memory. This disruption will make her original memory ________ than a memory she did not bring back to mind.

a.

less fragile

b.

more fragile

c.

more memorable

d.

41.

42.

43.

less memorable

________ is the initial process of creating a memory, whereas ________ occurs when that memory is brought back to mind in a new context.

a.

Encoding; consolidation

b.

Consolidation; encoding

c.

Consolidation; reconsolidation

d.

Reconsolidation; consolidation

Which example best illustrates the process of reconsolidation?

a.

Yili is writing a book about research and looks up information to include in his book.

b.

Sabrina learned how memory works in a previous class, but is now learning it again in a new class.

c.

Linda is learning how to speak Arabic.

d.

Hector is learning how to create shoes for the first time in his life.

What is an example of explicit memory?

a.

knowing how to play violin

b.

saying a word faster after being exposed to related words

c.

knowing the word for “soup” in Japanese

d.

drooling after hearing your aunt say “lunch!”

44.

45.

46.

47.

What is an example of an implicit memory?

a.

remembering your last birthday party

b.

knowing the first president of the United States

c.

knowing the year of your birth

d.

knowing how to dunk a basketball

Priming is one kind of ________ memory.

a.

implicit

b.

working

c.

procedural

d.

explicit

If someone cannot remember their first drum lesson, but they can play the drums, they have a problem with ________ memory, but their ________ memory is intact.

a.

priming; semantic

b.

episodic; procedural

c.

semantic; priming

d.

procedural; episodic

Remembering ________ would require your episodic memory.

a.

the definition of the word “cup”

48.

49.

50.

b.

your fifth birthday party

c.

the equation for the area of a circle

d.

George Washington’s name

Remembering ________ is an example of a semantic memory.

a.

when you learned about George Washington

b.

your fifth birthday party

c.

the definition of the word “cup”

d.

your parents’ wedding

Jeanine knows that there are seven continents in the world, but she doesn’t remember where she first learned that information. Jeanine’s ________ memory is intact.

a.

semantic

b.

working

c.

procedural

d.

episodic

If you see a question on the test that you remember learning about but can’t remember the answer to, you are experiencing a failure of which type of memory?

a.

working memory

b.

procedural memory

51.

52.

53.

c.

semantic memory

d.

episodic memory

If you see a question on an exam that you remember learning about but can’t remember the answer to, your ________ memory is intact.

a.

episodic

b.

working

c.

procedural

d.

semantic

Flashbulb memories

a.

are reexperienced less vividly over time.

b.

are experienced with less confidence.

c.

are susceptible to change over time.

d.

happen for unemotional events.

Based on the relationship between arousal and memory, who would be most likely to remember the content taught in a lecture?

a.

someone who goes to a party the night before class

b.

someone who takes a nap shortly before class

c.

someone who takes their usual walk home after class

d.

someone who witnesses a car crash shortly after class

54.

55.

56.

57.

In the brain, the ________ helps encode emotional memories.

a.

basal ganglia

b.

hypothalamus

c.

thalamus

d.

amygdala

Which experience is likely to be best remembered, according to what we know about arousal?

a.

buying groceries last week

b.

a lecture on memory

c.

being fired from your long-term job

d.

breakfast on Sunday

Remembering ________ is an example of free recall.

a.

how to spell during a spelling test

b.

a phone number after being told the area code

c.

items on a grocery list by reading it

d.

the face of someone you see in your yearbook

What is an example of recognition memory?

a.

knowing the name of your friend without being reminded

58.

59.

60.

b.

choosing a correct answer on a multiple-choice test

c.

being able to give directions to a stranger from memory

d.

drawing a picture of a house you saw on vacation once

Liz is an instructor who is trying to design a fair exam for her students that gives them the best chance at demonstrating the information they remember from the lectures. What should Liz’s test questions rely on?

a.

non-cued recall

b.

cued recall

c.

pure retrieval

d.

free recall

Which type of test question relies on recall memory?

a.

matching

b.

multiple choice

c.

short answer

d.

A and B

In a classic study, divers who studied a list of words underwater remembered more words when they were tested underwater, compared to when they were tested on land. This study was a demonstration of ________-dependent memory.

a.

retrieval

b.

state

61.

62.

63.

c.

mood

d.

context

Which of the following is an example of mood-dependent memory?

a.

A person who studies for an exam while sober performing better on a test while sober

b.

A person who studies for an exam while chewing gum performing better on a test while chewing gum

c.

A person who studies for an exam while sad performing better on a test if they take it while sad

d.

A person who studies for an exam in the library performing better on a test if they take it in the library

Sometimes, shallow encoding can result in better memory than deep encoding.

When is this the case?

a.

when the memory test asks about shallow features of the studied information

b.

when the memory test happens a short time after the studying

c.

when the memory test is conducted in the same room where the studying took place

d.

when the memory test asks about deep features of the studied information

What is the effect of modern technology on memory?

a.

Technology is not changing the way we remember information.

b.

Technology is irreparably damaging our memory ability.

64.

65.

66.

c.

Technology is improving our memory through internet searches.

d.

Technology is likely changing the way in which we recall information.

Which study strategy is most likely to ensure the best performance on a test?

a.

concept mapping

b.

testing yourself

c.

rewriting your notes

d.

reading your notes

Red decides that he should study for 30 minutes every day for two weeks before his exam. Which study strategy is Red using?

a.

cramming

b.

spacing

c.

testing himself

d.

concept mapping

Instead of staying up late the night before an exam, Kelsey decides to go to bed early. ________ is a process facilitated by sleep that will help Kelsey learn the material better.

a.

Memorization

b.

Spacing

c.

Consolidation

d.

67.

68.

69.

Interleaving

Yumi tries to study under the conditions in which she will take the exam (e.g., in a quiet room, without a cheat sheet, etc.). Which study strategy is she using?

a.

retrieval cues

b.

interleaving

c.

restudying

d.

concept mapping

Sean tries to think about test material in a meaningful way that connects to his life.

Which study strategy is he using?

a.

spacing

b.

interleaving

c.

deep encoding

d.

testing himself

What does Ebbinghaus’s forgetting curve demonstrate about forgetting?

a.

Forgetting does not happen for very emotional information.

b.

Forgetting is a very slow process that only happens over years.

c.

Forgetting occurs at a similar rate across time.

d.

Forgetting occurs very rapidly at first, but levels off over time.

70.

71.

72.

73.

According to interference theory, why does forgetting occur?

a.

the loss of sleep after learning new information

b.

the development of amnesic symptoms

c.

the accumulation of new information

d.

the weakening of information that occurs over time

According to trace decay theory, why does forgetting occur?

a.

the weakening of information that occurs over time

b.

the development of amnesic symptoms

c.

loss of sleep after learning new information

d.

the accumulation of new information

DeYoung goes to Spanish class in the morning and then French class in the afternoon. In both classes he is learning vocabulary words for foods. After French class, he tries to remember how to talk about lunch to his friends in Spanish, but he can only remember the French words. DeYoung is suffering from

a.

cramming interference.

b.

proactive interference.

c.

retroactive interference.

d.

sleep interference.

Gary is a movie buff who memorized all of the famous actors of the 1960s when he was a kid. Today, he sometimes has difficulty remembering the names of these

actors when he sees them in new movies, even though he’s sure that he knows their names. What is Gary demonstrating?

74.

75.

a.

tip-of-the-tongue effect

b.

retroactive interference

c.

proactive interference

d.

motivated forgetting

Lacey attended class last week but was not paying attention to the professor’s lecture because she didn’t get enough sleep the night before. As a result, she doesn’t remember what was covered in class. ________ explains Lacey’s forgetting.

a.

Repression

b.

Encoding failure

c.

Motivated forgetting

d.

Interference

Cristian was the victim of a robbery with a weapon. Later at the police station, he is unable to accurately describe the suspect because he was distracted by the weapon. Which of the following failures of memory was he most likely experiencing?

a.

encoding failure

b.

decay over time

c.

proactive interference

d.

tip-of-the-tongue effect

76.

77.

78.

79.

After her parent passed away, Bekah deliberately tried to put memories of the funeral out of her mind because they were so upsetting. In this situation, what is Bekah engaging in?

a.

ineffective coping

b.

producing interference

c.

motivated forgetting

d.

memory decaying

According to the reminiscence bump, which event would someone be most likely to remember?

a.

their fourth birthday

b.

a typical breakfast last week

c.

learning to walk as a baby

d.

graduating from college

________ describes the phenomenon in which people remember more events from their young adulthood compared to other periods of their life.

a.

Episodic memory

b.

Infantile amnesia

c.

Reminiscence bump

d.

Rosy retrospection

What is a potential cause for infantile amnesia?

80.

a.

Adults have access to childhood memories but do not have the language to describe them.

b.

Children are not capable of forming episodic memories before 3 years old.

c.

The hippocampus is not yet fully developed in children and thus they cannot encode properly.

d.

Children suffer head trauma as they learn to walk, which affects memory.

________ will remember memories from the reminiscence bump most positively.

a.

Children

b.

Older adults

c.

Young adults

d.

Middle adults

81.

Give one example of how you could use shallow encoding and one example of how you could use deep encoding to study for the final exam in this course.

Explain which type of encoding is more likely to lead to better retention and why.

82.

Fill out the table below to compare and contrast short-term and sensory memory.

For each blank, use one word from the corresponding column (i.e., shorter or longer and smaller or larger).

Then, provide an example of each type of memory.

83.

Describe the difference between explicit and implicit memories, as well as semantic and episodic memories. Provide an example of each type of memory.

84.

Match each of the scenarios below with the corresponding cause of forgetting.

Each cause will be used only once: interference, failure of retrieval, encoding failure, infantile amnesia, and motivated forgetting.

1) Parking your car on Monday gets in the way of remembering where you parked your car on Tuesday 2) Learning to speak for the first time 3) Forgetting what your uncle said at dinner because you weren’t paying attention 4) Deliberately trying to forget a scary car accident 5) Failing to recall the name of a famous actress that you’ve seen in many movies and are a fan of, even though you’re sure you know her name

85.

Provide an example of recall and recognition memory that you might experience in everyday life. Make sure to define each type of memory in your answer.

Answer Key chapter 7

1. Answer:

C

2. Answer:

A

3. Answer:

D

4. Answer:

A

5. Answer:

D

6. Answer:

C

7. Answer:

D

8. Answer:

A

9. Answer:

D

10. Answer:

B

11. Answer:

C

12. Answer:

A

13. Answer:

C

14. Answer:

B

15. Answer:

C

16. Answer:

D

17. Answer:

B

18. Answer:

D

19. Answer:

A

20. Answer:

C

21. Answer:

C

22. Answer:

D

23. Answer:

D

24. Answer:

C

25. Answer:

A

26. Answer:

C

27. Answer:

B

28. Answer:

B

29. Answer:

D

30. Answer:

C

31. Answer:

A

32. Answer:

B

33. Answer:

C

34. Answer:

C

35. Answer:

B

36. Answer:

C

37. Answer:

B

38. Answer:

C

39. Answer:

A

40. Answer:

D

41. Answer:

C

42. Answer:

B

43. Answer:

C

44. Answer:

D

45. Answer:

A

46. Answer:

B

47. Answer:

B

48. Answer:

C

49. Answer:

A

50. Answer:

C

51. Answer:

A

52. Answer:

C

53. Answer:

D

54. Answer:

D

55. Answer:

C

56. Answer:

A

57. Answer:

B

58. Answer:

B

59. Answer:

C

60. Answer:

D

61. Answer:

C

62. Answer:

A

63. Answer:

D

64. Answer:

B

65. Answer:

B

66. Answer:

C

67. Answer:

A

68. Answer:

C

69. Answer:

D

70. Answer:

C

71. Answer:

A

72. Answer:

C

73. Answer:

A

74. Answer:

B

75. Answer:

A

76. Answer:

C

77. Answer:

D

78. Answer:

C

79. Answer:

C

80. Answer:

B

81. Answer:

Answers may vary, but can include: Reading notes, rewriting notes, listening to podcasts of the lectures, and other methods represent shallow encoding; relating content to one’s own life, elaboration, making connections across topics in the course/outside of the course, mind mapping, and other methods represent deep encoding.

Deep encoding results in better memory than shallow encoding because it involves developing connections between already known information and the new information. Information about the self is processed in a special way that makes it even more memorable than other forms of deep encoding.

82. Answer:

Examples may vary, but could include: Short-term memory: remembering a phone number long enough to dial it; remembering a license plate number long enough to report it to the police Sensory memory: you take in the entire room when you first open the door and see inside, but the image quickly fades unless you are paying attention

Test Bank for Interactive Psychology People in Perspective 1st Edition by James J Gross, Ton

83. Answer:

Explicit memories are those that can be explicitly stated, whereas implicit memories are more procedural and are harder to articulate, though we can demonstrate evidence of our memory with performance.

Examples may vary, but should be along the lines of the following: Explicit: remembering a fact learned in class Implicit: knowing how to ride a bike Semantic memories are pieces of information that we know and can state, but we don’t necessarily remember where/when we learned that information.

Episodic memories are experiences in our lives that are situated in time and place and can be played back in the mind like an “episode.”

Examples may vary, but should be along the lines of the following: Semantic: knowing that George Washington was the first president of the United States Episodic: remembering you were taught this fact about Washington in the first grade, you were sitting in the front row, and so forth

84. Answer:

In order: interference, infantile amnesia, encoding failure, motivated forgetting, failure of retrieval 1) Parking your car on Monday gets in the way of remembering where you parked your car on Tuesday: interference 2) Learning to speak for the first time: infantile amnesia 3) Forgetting what your uncle said at dinner because you weren’t paying attention: encoding failure 4) Deliberately trying to forget a scary car accident: motivated forgetting 5) Failing to recall the name of a famous actress that you’ve seen in many movies and are a fan of, even though to know her name: failure of retrieval

85. Answer:

Recall memory is when you remember information without being prompted (i.e., without helpful hints or cues). An example of this might be remembering what to buy at the grocery store without the help of a list. If you use a list to help you remember, this is an example of recognition memory—where your ability to remember is aided by cues.

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