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8A. Describe an earthquake, and explain where the energy released during an earthquake comes from.
8B. Relate earthquakes to specific geologic settings, in the context of plate tectonics theory.
8C. Draw a sketch illustrating how a seismometer operates, and explain what the squiggles on a seismogram mean.
8D. Distinguish among the different kinds of seismic waves, and show how the arrival times of seismic waves can indicate where an earthquake occurred.
8E. Explain the difference between the intensity and magnitude of an earthquake, and how these indicators of earthquake size can be determined.
8F. Discuss the many ways in which earthquakes cause damage and injury.
8G. Distinguish between tsunamis and storm waves, and explain how large tsunamis can cause so much damage.
8H. Determine whether a prediction of an earthquake is worth listening to, and explain the difference between a prediction and an early warning.
8I. Identify steps that can help you and others prevent earthquake damage and avoid injury.
1. Geologists who specifically study earthquakes are called
a. seismologists.
b. paleontologists.
c. volcanologists.
d. speleologists.
ANS: A DIF: Easy REF: 8.1
OBJ: 8A. Describe an earthquake and explain where the energy released during an earthquake comes from. | 8I. Identify steps that can help you and others prevent earthquake damage and avoid injury. MSC: Remembering
2. Most earthquakes are a result of
a. a sudden change in atmospheric pressure.
b. mantle upwelling.
c. erosion of bedrock.
d. movement of rocks along faults.
ANS: D DIF: Medium REF: 8.1
OBJ: 8A. Describe an earthquake and explain where the energy released during an earthquake comes from. MSC: Understanding
3. Faulting and earthquakes are examples of what type of deformation?
a. brittle
b. elastic
c. ductile
d. fluid
ANS: A DIF: Easy REF: 8.1
OBJ: 8A. Describe an earthquake and explain where the energy released during an earthquake comes from. MSC: Understanding
4. The energy that is releasedduring an earthquake travels through the Earth as vibrationstermed _______.
a. gravity waves
b. tsunamis
c. seismic waves
d. sound waves
ANS: C DIF: Easy REF: 8.2
OBJ: 8A. Describe an earthquake and explain where the energy released during an earthquake comes from. MSC: Understanding
5. Faults that have moved recently or are likely to move in the future are referred to as ________ faults.
a. passive
b. active
c. normal
d. reverse
ANS: B DIF: Easy REF: 8.2
OBJ: 8A. Describe an earthquake and explain where the energy released during an earthquake comes from. MSC: Remembering
6. The quantity of motion that occurs along a fault is termed
a. fault gouge.
b. the fault gauge.
c. displacement.
d. accumulation.
ANS: C DIF: Medium REF: 8.2
OBJ: 8A. Describe an earthquake and explain where the energy released during an earthquake comes from. MSC: Understanding
7. Periods of intermittent sliding on a fault because of stress release during episodes of slip, followed by stress buildup to the point that the fault is reactivated, are termed
a. chaotic faulting.
b. thrust faulting.
c. stick-slip behavior.
d. reverse faulting.
ANS: C DIF: Medium REF: 8.2
OBJ: 8A. Describe an earthquake and explain where the energy released during an earthquake comes from. MSC: Remembering
8. The intersection between a fault plane and the ground surface is called the
a. dip line.
b. plunge.
c. fault trace.
d. seismic interface.
ANS: C DIF: Medium REF: 8.2
OBJ: 8A. Describe an earthquake and explain where the energy released during an earthquake comes from. MSC: Remembering
9. Aftershocks after a major earthquake
a. may continue for days, weeks, or years after the initial earthquake.
b. are equivalent in magnitude to the original earthquake.
c. always occur on the same fault as the original earthquake.
d. typically occur only on reverse faults in subduction zones as a result of high pressures.
ANS: A DIF: Difficult REF: 8.2
OBJ: 8A. Describe an earthquake and explain where the energy released during an earthquake comes from. | 8F. Discuss the many ways in which earthquakes cause damage and injury.
MSC: Analyzing
10. The point within the Earth where an earthquake originates is termed the
a. hypocenter (focus).
b. epicenter.
c. eye of the fault.
d. vertex.
ANS: A DIF: Easy REF: 8.2
OBJ: 8A. Describe an earthquake and explain where the energy released during an earthquake comes from. MSC: Remembering
11. The point on the Earth’s surface directly above the point where an earthquake occurs is termed the
a. hypocenter (focus).
b. epicenter.
c. eye of the fault.
d. vertex.
ANS: B DIF: Easy REF: 8.2
OBJ: 8A. Describe an earthquake and explain where the energy released during an earthquake comes from. MSC: Remembering
12. The displacement that occurs during the largest earthquakes can be as long as
a. several millimeters.
b. several centimeters.
c. several meters.
d. several kilometers.
ANS: C DIF: Medium REF: 8.2
OBJ: 8A. Describe an earthquake and explain where the energy released during an earthquake comes from. MSC: Analyzing
13. During an earthquake, if the hanging wall slides upward relative to the footwall, the fault is termed a ________ fault if the fault is steep (closer to vertical than horizontal). Refer to the figure below for an example of such a feature.
a. normal
b. reverse
c. strike-slip
d. thrust
ANS: B DIF: Medium REF: 8.2
OBJ: 8B. Relate earthquakes to specific geologic settings, in the context of plate tectonics theory. MSC: Applying
14. During an earthquake, if a hanging wall slides downward relative to a footwall, the fault is termed a ________ fault. Refer to the figure below for an example of such a feature.
a. normal
b. reverse
c. strike-slip
d. thrust
ANS: A DIF: Medium REF: 8.2
OBJ: 8B. Relate earthquakes to specific geologic settings, in the context of plate tectonics theory. MSC: Applying
15. If a fault is nearly vertical in orientation and the two walls of rock on opposite sides slide past one another horizontally, the fault is termed a ________ fault. Refer to the figure below for an example of such a feature.
a. normal
b. reverse
c. strike-slip
d. thrust
ANS: C DIF: Medium REF: 8.2
OBJ: 8B. Relate earthquakes to specific geologic settings, in the context of plate tectonics theory.
MSC: Applying
16. Faults occur in many locations, but most faults had displacement in the distant past and are unlikely to move again in the future. This means that most faults are
a. active faults.
b. thrust faults.
c. inactive faults.
d. submarine faults.
ANS: C DIF: Difficult REF: 8.2
OBJ: 8B. Relate earthquakes to specific geologic settings, in the context of plate tectonics theory.
MSC: Understanding
17. At any point along the surface of any nonvertical fault, as is shown in the figure below, the
a. hanging wall lies vertically above the footwall.
b. footwall lies vertically above the hanging wall.
c. hanging wall lies to the left of the footwall.
d. footwall lies to the left of the hanging wall.
ANS: A DIF: Medium REF: 8.2
OBJ: 8B. Relate earthquakes to specific geologic settings, in the context of plate tectonics theory.
MSC: Analyzing
18. Before an earthquake, rocks can respond to applied stress to a small degree by bending and warping without breaking. This is termed _________.
a. elastic behavior
b. faulting
c. seismic velocity
d. brittle deformation
ANS: A DIF: Easy REF: 8.2
OBJ: 8B. Relate earthquakes to specific geologic settings, in the context of plate tectonics theory.
MSC: Applying
19. An earthquakeoccurswithan epicenterinthetownofNew Madrid,Missouri,inthe interior oftheNorth American Plate. What is the most likely location of the hypocenter?
a. in New Madrid (hypocenter and epicenter mean precisely the same thing)
b. 20 km south of New Madrid
c. 20 km beneath New Madrid
d. 200 km beneath New Madrid
ANS: C DIF: Difficult REF: 8.2 | 8.5
OBJ: 8A. Describe an earthquake and explain where the energy released during an earthquake comes from. | 8B. Relate earthquakes to specific geologic settings, in the context of plate tectonics theory.
MSC: Applying
20. A ____________ is a scientific instrument used to record the ground motions produced by an earthquake.
a. seismic wave
b. seismometer
c. tidal gauge
d. strain gauge
ANS: B DIF: Medium REF: 8.3
OBJ: 8C. Draw a sketch illustrating how a seismometer operates and explain what the squiggles on a seismogram mean. MSC: Analyzing
21. Which type of seismic wave has the fastest velocity?
a. L-wave
b. P-wave
c. R-wave
d. S-wave
ANS: B DIF: Easy REF: 8.3
OBJ: 8C. Draw a sketch illustrating how a seismometer operates and explain what the squiggles on a seismogram mean. | 8D. Distinguish among the different kinds of seismic waves and show how the arrival times of seismic waves can indicate where an earthquake occurred.
MSC: Applying
22. Generally, which of the following types of earthquake waves travel with the slowest velocity?
a. S-waves
b. P-waves
c. surface waves
d. All earthquake waves travel at the same speed.
ANS: C DIF: Medium REF: 8.3
OBJ: 8C. Draw a sketch illustrating how a seismometer operates and explain what the squiggles on a seismogram mean. | 8D. Distinguish among the different kinds of seismic waves and show how the arrival times of seismic waves can indicate where an earthquake occurred.
MSC: Remembering
23. Body waves include
a. both S- and P-waves.
b. both L- and R-waves.
c. both surface and interior waves.
d. P-waves only.
ANS: A DIF: Medium REF: 8.3
OBJ: 8D. Distinguish among the different kinds of seismic waves and show how the arrival times of seismic waves can indicate where an earthquake occurred. MSC: Understanding
24. As shown in the figure below, a coiled spring would be useful in illustrating any ________ wave.
a. surface
b. body
c. shear
d. compressional
ANS: D DIF: Medium REF: 8.3
OBJ: 8D. Distinguish among the different kinds of seismic waves and show how the arrival times of seismic waves can indicate where an earthquake occurred. MSC: Applying
25. Earthquake waves that pass through the Earth’s interior are termed
a. interior waves.
b. R-waves.
c. surface waves.
d. body waves.
ANS: D DIF: Easy REF: 8.3
OBJ: 8D. Distinguish among the different kinds of seismic waves and show how the arrival times of seismic waves can indicate where an earthquake occurred. MSC: Remembering
26. Earthquake waves that travel along the Earth’s surface are termed
a. interior waves.
b. S-waves.
c. surface waves.
d. body waves.
ANS: C DIF: Easy REF: 8.3
OBJ: 8D. Distinguish among the different kinds of seismic waves and show how the arrival times of seismic waves can indicate where an earthquake occurred. MSC: Remembering
27. Surface waves
a. travel more rapidly than body waves.
b. produce most of the damage to buildings during earthquakes.
c. are the first waves produced in an earthquake.
d. are the first waves to arrive at a seismograph station after an earthquake.
ANS: B DIF: Medium REF: 8.3
OBJ: 8D. Distinguish among the different kinds of seismic waves and show how the arrival times of seismic waves can indicate where an earthquake occurred.| 8F. Discuss the many ways in which earthquakes cause damage and injury. MSC: Evaluating
28. At a minimum, how many seismic stations are necessary to locate the epicenter of an earthquake?
a. one
b. two
c. three
d. four
ANS: C DIF: Easy REF: 8.3
OBJ: 8D. Distinguish among the different kinds of seismic waves and show how the arrival times of seismic waves can indicate where an earthquake occurred. MSC: Understanding
29. A long delay between the arrival of P-waves and S-waves at a seismometer means that
a. the earthquake only produced P-waves.
b. the focus of the earthquake was very deep in the Earth’s crust.
c. the seismometer is located far from the earthquake.
d. the earthquake had a very small displacement.
ANS: C DIF: Easy REF: 8.3
OBJ: 8D. Distinguish among the different kinds of seismic waves and show how the arrival times of seismic waves can indicate where an earthquake occurred. MSC: Understanding
30. Which earthquake scale measures the amplitude of deflection of a seismograph pen, standardized to an idealized distance of 100 km between the epicenter and the seismograph?
a. the Richter scale
b. the Mercalli scale
c. the moment magnitude scale
d. the surface-wave magnitude scale
ANS: A DIF: Easy REF: 8.4
OBJ: 8E. Explain the difference between the intensity and magnitude of an earthquake, and how these indicators of earthquake size can be determined. MSC: Understanding
31. Which earthquake severity scale varies from locality to locality for a single earthquake?
a. the Richter scale
b. the Mercalli scale
c. the moment magnitude scale
d. the surface-wave magnitude scale
ANS: B DIF: Easy REF: 8.4
OBJ: 8E. Explain the difference between the intensity and magnitude of an earthquake, and how these indicators of earthquake size can be determined. MSC: Understanding
32. According to the moment magnitude scale (Mw), the amplitude of ground shaking during a magnitude 8 earthquake would be 1,000 times greater than a magnitude ________ earthquake.
a. 9
b. 5
c. 7
d. 4
ANS: B DIF: Difficult REF: 8.4
OBJ: 8E. Explain the difference between the intensity and magnitude of an earthquake, and how these indicators of earthquake size can be determined. MSC: Applying
33. Which earthquake scale is used to assess the effects of an earthquake on humans and human-made structures?
a. Richter scale
b. Mercalli scale
c. moment magnitude scale
d. surface-wave magnitude scale
ANS: B DIF: Easy REF: 8.4
OBJ: 8E. Explain the difference between the intensity and magnitude of an earthquake, and how these indicators of earthquake size can be determined. MSC: Understanding
34. On average, there are _______occurrences of light and minor earthquakes compared to the number of major and great earthquakes each year.
a. many thousands more
b. approximately ten times as many
c. about the same number of
d. many fewer
ANS: A DIF: Medium REF: 8.4
OBJ: 8E. Explain the difference between the intensity and magnitude of an earthquake, and how these indicators of earthquake size can be determined.| 8F. Discuss the many ways in which earthquakes cause damage and injury. MSC: Remembering
35. The vast majority of earthquakes occur
a. along transform-plate boundaries only.
b. near hot spots.
c. along passive margins.
d. along any plate boundary.
ANS: D DIF: Easy REF: 8.5
OBJ: 8B. Relate earthquakes to specific geologic settings, in the context of plate tectonics theory.
MSC: Applying
36. Earthquakes that occur in a band called the ________ can be used to track the motion of subducted oceanic lithosphere.
a. Wegener belt
b. seismic gap
c. Wadati–Benioff zone
d. Richter zone
ANS: C DIF: Medium REF: 8.5
OBJ: 8B. Relate earthquakes to specific geologic settings, in the context of plate tectonics theory.
MSC: Understanding
37. Which geological setting is likely to experience the least amount of seismic activity?
a. a rift valley
b. a transform boundary
c. a collisional mountain belt
d. the interior of a tectonic plate
ANS: D DIF: Difficult REF: 8.5
OBJ: 8B. Relate earthquakes to specific geologic settings, in the context of plate tectonics theory. | 8F. Discuss the many ways in which earthquakes cause damage and injury.
MSC: Evaluating
38. Most medium- and deep-focus earthquakes occur at
a. convergent-plate boundaries.
b. divergent-plate boundaries.
c. transform-plate boundaries.
d. hot spots.
ANS: A DIF: Medium REF: 8.5
OBJ: 8B. Relate earthquakes to specific geologic settings, in the context of plate tectonics theory.
MSC: Applying
39. Which of the following hazards is most likely to occur several days to weeks after an earthquake?
a. fire
b. liquefaction
c. disease
d. foreshocks
ANS: C DIF: Medium REF: 8.6
OBJ: 8F. Discuss the many ways in which earthquakes cause damage and injury.
MSC: Applying
40. Wet and unconsolidated substrates are uniquely susceptible to ________ during an earthquake.
a. displacement
b. collapse
c. liquefaction
d. faulting
ANS: C DIF: Easy REF: 8.6
OBJ: 8F. Discuss the many ways in which earthquakes cause damage and injury.
MSC: Analyzing
41. A tsunami is
a. a seawave generated by an earthquake, landslide, or submarine volcanic eruption that may destroy coastal cities thousands of kilometers from its source.
b. a sloshing of water back and forth within a lake or a bay.
c. a wave caused by unusually large tidal forces.
d. the tendency of wet, clay-rich soils to behave like a liquid during an earthquake.
ANS: A DIF: Easy REF: 8.6
OBJ: 8G. Distinguish betweentsunamisandstorm waves,and explain how largetsunamis can causeso much damage. MSC: Remembering
42. Tsunamis are more destructive than wind-driven storm waves primarily because
a. tsunamis always have larger heights (amplitude).
b. tsunamis have longer wavelengths and thus larger volumes of water are involved.
c. the tides that cause tsunamis can be very erratic and unpredictable.
d. tsunamis also generate seismic waves that can destroy buildings.
ANS: B DIF: Difficult REF: 8.6
OBJ: 8G. Distinguish betweentsunamisandstorm waves,and explain how largetsunamis can causeso much damage. MSC: Evaluating
43. Tsunamis are most commonly generated by sudden _________ movement of the seafloor during an earthquake.
a. strike-slip
b. horizontal
c. vertical
d. circular
ANS: C DIF: Difficult REF: 8.6
OBJ: 8G. Distinguish betweentsunamisandstorm waves,and explain how large tsunamis can causeso much damage. MSC: Analyzing
44. Short-term predictions of earthquake behavior have
a. saved millions of lives in the past decade alone.
b. been largely unreliable.
c. been primarily based on the behavior patterns of farm animals.
d. been correct approximately 50 percent of the time.
ANS: B DIF: Easy REF: 8.7
OBJ: 8H. Determine whether a prediction of an earthquake is worth listening to and explain the difference between a prediction and an early warning. MSC: Analyzing
45. The average length of time between earthquakes along a fault is termed the ______.
a. elastic strain
b. S-P time
c. seismic gap
d. recurrence interval
ANS: D DIF: Easy REF: 8.7
OBJ: 8H. Determine whether a prediction of an earthquake is worth listening to and explain the difference between a prediction and an early warning. MSC: Applying
46. Earthquake early warning systems
a. are based on long-term predictions of earthquakes, allowing planners to schedule evacuations.
b. alert people just before an earthquake takes place, allowing them to evacuate buildings.
c. alert people when an earthquake has taken place, possibly giving them seconds to get to a safer place.
d. do not yet exist, but the technology is something seismologists are working on.
ANS: C DIF: Difficult REF: 8.7
OBJ: 8H. Determine whether a prediction of an earthquake is worth listening to and explain the difference between a prediction and an early warning. MSC: Applying
47. Determining where roads and building should be built based on where land is stable and less prone to landslide or liquefaction during an earthquake is an example of ________.
a. earthquake zoning
b. earthquake engineering
c. seismic hazard mapping
d. seismic retrofitting
ANS: A DIF: Difficult REF: 8.8
OBJ: 8I. Identify steps that can help you and others prevent earthquake damage and avoid injury.
MSC: Evaluating
48. What kind of information is shown on a seismic hazard map?
a. the probability that different regions will experience a large earthquake
b. the likely magnitude of future earthquakes in different regions
c. the distribution of small and large earthquakes in different regions
d. the locations of large earthquakes in the past
ANS: A DIF: Easy REF: 8.8
OBJ: 8I. Identify steps that can help you and others prevent earthquake damage and avoid injury.
MSC: Evaluating
49. Designing and retrofitting building to withstand the effects of earthquakes is a type of
a. earthquake zoning.
b. earthquake engineering.
c. seismic hazard mapping.
d. seismic retrofitting.
ANS: B DIF: Medium REF: 8.8
OBJ: 8I. Identify steps that can help you and others prevent earthquake damage and avoid injury.
MSC: Evaluating
50. Seismic retrofitting is the process of
a. predicting future earthquakes.
b. strengthening existing buildings and structures.
c. mapping areas prone to earthquakes.
d. fitting earthquake data after an event to see if it should have been predicted.
ANS: B DIF: Medium REF: 8.8
OBJ: 8I. Identify steps that can help you and others prevent earthquake damage and avoid injury.
MSC: Applying
1. How is the epicenter of an earthquake different from the focus? Why are both terms useful?
ANS:
The focus, or hypocenter, of an earthquake is the point on a fault (underneath the Earth’s surface) at which the rock started to rupture and slip, resulting in an earthquake. The epicenter is the point on the Earth’s surface directly above the focus. The epicenter of an earthquake can be portrayed on a map.
DIF: Easy REF: 8.2
OBJ: 8A. Describe an earthquake and explain where the energy released during an earthquake comes from. MSC: Applying
2. Sketch a seismogram that has recorded an earthquake. Be sure to label the arrival of each of the three main types of seismic waves (P-waves, S-waves, and surface waves).
ANS: Student answers should be a drawing similar to the following.
DIF: Medium REF: 8.3
OBJ: 8C. Draw a sketch illustrating how a seismometer operates and explain what the squiggles on a seismogram mean. MSC: Applying
3. Compare and contrast P- and S-waves.
ANS:
P-waves and S-waves are both body waves. P-waves, or primary waves, travel the fastest. They are compressional waves. S-waves, secondary waves, are shear waves. P-waves can travel through solids, liquids, and gases. S-waves can only travel through solids.
DIF: Medium REF: 8.3
OBJ: 8C. Draw a sketch illustrating how a seismometer operates and explain what the squiggles on a seismogram mean. | 8D. Distinguish among the different kinds of seismic waves and show how the arrival times of seismic waves can indicate where an earthquake occurred.
MSC: Analyzing
4. How is the Mercalli intensity scale used to determine the magnitude of an earthquake? What errors might be associated with this technique?
ANS:
The Mercalli intensity scale defines earthquake intensity by assessing both the damage that the earthquake caused and people’s perception of the shaking. The main issueis that testimonies can be very subjective among a group of people
DIF: Medium REF: 8.4
OBJ: 8E. Explain the difference between the intensity and magnitude of an earthquake, and how these indicators of earthquake size can be determined. MSC: Analyzing
5. Why do deep-focus earthquakes occur along convergent plate boundaries? Why are they absent along divergent or transform boundaries?
ANS:
Convergent plate boundaries result in subduction where one plate descends below another. Deep-focus earthquakes occur within the subducted lithosphere as it sinks down through the asthenosphere. This does not happen along divergent or transform boundaries where the earthquakes are all relatively shallow.
DIF: Medium REF: 8.5
OBJ: 8B. Relate earthquakes to specific geologic settings, in the context of plate tectonics theory. MSC: Analyzing
6. Where do earthquakes occur? Please explain your answer in the context of plate tectonics. Are there exceptions?
ANS:
Earthquakes tend to occur along plate boundaries. This includes convergent, divergent, and transform boundaries. However, occasionally intraplate earthquakes those occurring away from plate boundaries do happen.
DIF: Medium REF: 8.5
OBJ: 8B. Relate earthquakes to specific geologic settings, in the context of plate tectonics theory.
MSC: Analyzing
7. Describe two earthquake-related hazards.
ANS: Studentanswersshouldincludetwo ofthefollowing.Earthquakesinvolvegroundshaking, whichcanbe extremely detrimental to human structures. Landslides can result from seismic shaking. Liquefaction happens when ground shaking causes sand grains to try to settle more tightly together, which allows water pressure to build up so that it pushes the grains apart, causing the once-solid ground to behave like quicksand; this can cause damage to structures. Fires have been associated with earthquakes because ground shaking can upset open flames, topple power lines, and rupture gas lines; all of these can start a fire. Tsunamis are large waves that are triggered by displacement of seawater; they are associated with earthquakes that take place near coastal regions. After the earthquake is over, disease may threaten lives in an earthquake-damaged region.
DIF: Medium REF: 8.6
OBJ: 8F. Discuss the many ways in which earthquakes cause damage and injury.
MSC: Applying
8. Explain why “tidal wave” is actually a poor term for tsunamis.
ANS:
Tsunamis are created by large displacements of water caused by earthquakes, landslides, or volcanic eruptions. Tsunamis are associated with displacements of the seafloor, which displace water in the ocean; this is different from the Earth’s daily tidal cycles.
DIF: Difficult REF: 8.6
OBJ: 8G. Distinguish betweentsunamisandstorm waves,and explain how largetsunamis can causeso much damage. MSC: Analyzing
9. What is an early earthquake warning system, and why does this differ from a short-term earthquake prediction tool?
ANS: Early warning systems warn of an earthquake in progress, not of an earthquake that will take place in the future. Reliable short-term earthquake predictions do not exist.
DIF: Medium REF: 8.7
OBJ: 8H. Determine whether a prediction of an earthquake is worth listening to and explain the difference between a prediction and an early warning. MSC: Analyzing
10. Why is an empty field a very safe place to be in an earthquake?
ANS:
Ground motion alone is very unlikely to hurt someone; the main sources of injury are the structures we build that fall on us. Therefore, the safest place to be in an earthquake is out in the middle of a field with nothing else around.
DIF: Easy REF: 8.8
OBJ: 8I. Identify steps that can help you and others prevent earthquake damage and avoid injury. MSC: Analyzing