2011 KIEC - DOE: “Powering” Outside the Box

ARPA-E: Launching Energy Innovation in the 21st Century 2011 Kentucky Innovation and Entrepreneurship and KY EPSCoR Joint Conference Srini Mirmira, Ph.D. srinivas.mirmira@hq.doe.gov May 26, 2011

Wake Up Call

2009

John Goodenough, U. Texas at Austin

Advanced Research Projects Agency • Energy

2

Creation & Launching of ARPA-E 2009 American Recovery and Reinvestment Act ($400M appropriated for ARPA-E)

2007 America COMPETES Act

President Obama launches ARPA-E at National Academies on April 27, 2009

2006 Rising Above the Gathering Storm (National Academies) Innovation based on science and engineering will be primary driver of our future prosperity & security Advanced Research Projects Agency • Energy

3

ARPA-E was created with a vision to bridge gaps in the energy innovation pipeline Existing Programs

Office of SC (5B)

Applied Programs (4B)

Loan Guarantees ($128B)

Prototype/ Demos

Tech Gap

what ARPA-E will do • Seek high impact science and engineering projects • Invest in the best ideas and teams • Will tolerate and manage high technical risk • Accelerate translation from science to markets • Proof of concept and prototyping Advanced Research Projects Agency • Energy

Tech Gap

Commercialization Gaps

what ARPA-E will NOT do • Incremental improvements • Basic research • Long term projects or block grants • Large-scale demonstration projects

4

ARPA-E’s Mission and Means

Reduce Energy Imports

To enhance the economic and energy security of the U.S.

To ensure U.S. technological lead in developing and deploying advanced energy technologies

Reduce EnergyRelated Emissions

Improve Energy Efficiency

Advanced Research Projects Agency • Energy

To overcome the long-term and high-risk technological barriers in the development of energy technologies.

(A) identifying and promoting revolutionary advances in fundamental sciences; AND (B) translating scientific discoveries and cuttingedge inventions into technological innovations; AND (C) accelerating transformational technological advances in areas that industry by itself is not likely to undertake because of technical and financial uncertainty.

5

DOE ORGANIZATIONAL CHART Advanced Research Projects Agency - Energy

Office of the Secretary Dr. Steven Chu, Secretary

Federal Energy Regulatory Commission

Loan Programs Office

Daniel B. Poneman, Deputy Secretary*

Inspector General

American Recovery & Reinvention Act Office Chief of Staff

Office of the Under Secretary For Nuclear Security/ Administrator for National Nuclear Security Administration Thomas P. D’Agostino Deputy Administrator for Defense Nuclear Nonproliferation

Deputy Administrator for Defense Programs

Deputy Administrator for Naval Reactors

Deputy Under Secretary for Counter-terrorism

Associate Administrator for Defense Nuclear Security

Associate Administrator for Emergency Operations

Office of the Under Secretary for Science

Office of the Under Secretary

Dr. Steven E. Koonin Under Secretary for Science

Arun Majumdar Acting Under Secretary

Office of Science

Advanced Scientific Computing Research

Assistant Secretary For Energy Efficiency And Renewable Energy

Assistant Secretary For Environmental Management

Assistant Secretary Electricity Delivery Energy Reliability

Assistant Secretary for Fossil Energy

Assistant Secretary for Nuclear Energy

Legacy Management

Basic Energy Sciences

Associate Administrator for Infrastructure & Environment

Associate Administrator for Management & Administration

Biological & Environmental Research Fusion Energy Science High Energy Physics

Energy Information Administration

Assistant Secretary for Policy & International Affairs

Bonneville Power Administration

Assistant Secretary for Congressional & Intergov. Affairs

Southwestern Power Administration

General Counsel

Southeastern Power Administration

Chief Financial Officer

Western Area Power Administration

Chief Human Capital Officer

Chief Information Officer

Civilian Radioactive Waste Management Management

Intelligence & Counterintelligence

Health Safety & Security

Public Affairs

Hearings & Appeals

Economic Impact & Diversity

Nuclear Physics Workforce Development for Teachers & Scientists

* The Deputy Secretary also serves as the Chief Operating Officer

13 OCT 10

6

An ARPA-E Project has four main attributes IMPACT

BREAKTHROUGH TECHNOLOGY

If successful, project could have: • High impact on ARPA-E mission areas • Large commercial application

Technologies that: • Do not exist in today’s energy market • Are not just incremental improvements; could make today’s technologies obsolete

ADDITIONALITY

PEOPLE

• Difficult to move forward without ARPA-E funding • But able to attract cost share and follow-on funding • Not already being researched or funded by others

• Best-in-class people • Teams with both scientists and engineers • Brings new people, talent and skill sets to energy R&D

Advanced Research Projects Agency • Energy

7

ARPA-E Currently has six focused programs plus a broad portfolio of projects from its first solicitation Transportation Electrofuels BEEST

End-Use Efficiency BEETIT

Broad Solicitation

ADEPT

Advanced Research Projects Agency • Energy

Stationary Power IMPACCT

GRIDS

8

To date ARPA-E has made 121 awards from seven FOAs to a wide variety of organizations Project Breakdown by Lead Organization Type (% based on award value)*

5%

2%

University 33%

20%

Small Business Large Business

37%

National Lab Non-profit

*Total $366 million million *Total Value of Awards = $357 Advanced Research Projects Agency • Energy

9

ARPA-E FOA 1 projects can be categorized into one of ten energy technology areas Water Waste Heat Capture

1project 1project

Conventional Energy

2projects

6projects

Energy Storage

VBR Power Systems

5projects

Building Efficiency

Biomass Energy

3projects FOA 1

5projects

4projects Renewable Power

Vehicle Technologies

5projects

Advanced Research Projects Agency • Energy

Carbon Capture

5projects

Solar Fuels

10

ARPA-E Currently has six focused programs plus a broad portfolio of projects from its first solicitation Transportation Electrofuels BEEST

End-Use Efficiency BEETIT

Broad Solicitation

ADEPT

Advanced Research Projects Agency • Energy

Stationary Power IMPACCT

GRIDS

11

Energy Storage @ ARPA-E: Vehicles (BEEST) and Grid (GRIDS)

BEEST: Why do we care about the Electric Car?

THE OPPORTUNITY: • Reduced Oil Imports • Reduced Energy Related Emissions • Lower & More Stable Fuel Cost (< $1.00/gallon of gasoline equivalent @ 10¢/kWh) THE CHALLENGE: • Batteries…

– Low Energy Density = Short Electric Range ~ 100 miles • Range (miles) ~ Specific Energy (Wh/kg)

– High Cost ~$750/kWh Advanced Research Projects Agency • Energy

13

Do batteries have the potential to rival the energy density of gasoline powered vehicles on a system level?

Energy Density (Wh/kg) Advanced Research Projects Agency â&#x20AC;˘ Energy

14

Do batteries have the potential to rival the energy density of gasoline powered vehicles on a system level?

MATERIALS

Theoretical Max

Energy Density (Wh/kg) Advanced Research Projects Agency â&#x20AC;˘ Energy

15

Do batteries have the potential to rival the energy density of gasoline powered vehicles on a system level?

50% reduction (include oxygen mass)

CELL

Energy Density (Wh/kg) Advanced Research Projects Agency â&#x20AC;˘ Energy

16

Do batteries have the potential to rival the energy density of gasoline powered vehicles on a system level?

50% reduction (non-active pack materials)

PACK

Energy Density (Wh/kg) Advanced Research Projects Agency â&#x20AC;˘ Energy

17

Do batteries have the potential to rival the energy density of gasoline powered vehicles on a system level?

SYSTEM - DELIVERED

100 kg motor/etc vs 300 kg pack (75%) 90% efficiency

Energy Density (Wh/kg) Advanced Research Projects Agency â&#x20AC;˘ Energy

18

Do batteries have the potential to rival the energy density of gasoline powered vehicles on a system level?

SYSTEM - DELIVERED

150 kg engine vs 38 kg gasoline (25%) 30% efficiency

Energy Density (Wh/kg) Advanced Research Projects Agency â&#x20AC;˘ Energy

19

FACT: Batteries have the potential to rival the energy density of gasoline powered vehicles on a system level SYSTEM - DELIVERED

Energy Density (Wh/kg) Advanced Research Projects Agency â&#x20AC;˘ Energy

20

ARPA-E BEEST Program Primary Goals: $52.8M/3 years

RANGE BEEST

200+ 2x

Current

COST

300+ 1.5x

100

200

System Energy System Energy (Wh/L) (Wh/kg)

Advanced Research Projects Agency â&#x20AC;˘ Energy

<250 3x

750 System Cost ($/kWh)

21

ARPA-E BEEST Program: Secondary Technical Targets Target ID Number

Target Category

Description

2.1

Specific Power Density (80% Depth of Discharge, 30s)

400 W/kg (system) 800 W/kg (cell)

2.2

Volumetric Power Density (80% Depth of Discharge, 30s)

600 W/liter (system) 1200 W/liter (cell)

2.3

Cycle Life

1000 cycles at 80% Depth of Discharge (cell/system), with cycle life defined as number of cycles at which a >20% reduction in any energy/power density metric occurs relative to the initial values

2.4

Round Trip Efficiency

80% at C/3 charge and discharge

2.5

Temperature Tolerance

-30 to 65C, with <20% relative degradation of energy density, power density, cycle life and round trip efficiency relative to 25C performance

2.6

Self Discharge

<15%/month self-discharge (of initial specific energy density or volumetric energy density)

2.7

Safety

Tolerant of abusive charging conditions and physical damage without catastrophic failure

2.8

Calendar Life

10 Years

Advanced Research Projects Agency â&#x20AC;˘ Energy

22

BEEST Portfolio: Advanced Chemistries & Manufacturing 10 Advanced Prototyping Projects: $47.1M 4 Seedlings: $5.7M TOTAL: $52.8M/3 years

Upside

System Targets: 200-400 Wh/kg 300-800 Wh/L

(Li-S) (Flow Batt)

(Metal-Air) (Li-Air)

Advanced Lithium (Mg-Ion)

(Zn-Air)

Ultra-High Energy

(Solid State Li) (Si anode) (Li Ion Mfg)

(Capacitive)

(Li-Air)

Infrastructure Compatible High Energy Materials

(Si anode)

“Time to Market” 23 Advanced Research Projects Agency • Energy

BEEST Portfolio: Energy Density Pack Energy Density (Wh/kg)

BEEST Targets

Ultimate Li-ion Practical Limit

Advanced Research Projects Agency â&#x20AC;˘ Energy

24

BEEST Portfolio: Cost

Pack Cost ($/kWh)

BEEST technologies aim to match Li-ion costs.

Certain technologies could reduce costs further.

Advanced Research Projects Agency â&#x20AC;˘ Energy

Energy Storage @ ARPA-E: Vehicles (BEEST) and Grid (GRIDS)

Power Grid: Large Supply Chain With No Warehouse

•

Electrification: Premier Engineering Accomplishment of the 20th Century [ NAE ]

•

Harnessing Renewable Power: #1 Challenge for 21st Century

•

Limited storage (~2.5% average load) on current grid vs. 15% for Japan

Advanced Research Projects Agency • Energy

27

Grid-Scale Rampable Intermittent Dispatchable Storage (GRIDS) Renewables Today

Wind in OR (BPA)

Solar PV in AZ (TEP)

1 GW Change in 1 hr

kW

MW

80% Change in 5 min

1 Day

1 Day

Problem: Minutes-to-Hours Changes in Power

Advanced Research Projects Agency â&#x20AC;˘ Energy

28

Grid-Scale Rampable Intermittent Dispatchable Storage (GRIDS)

Power Costs ($/kW)

$10K

$1K

$100

Limited Sites

Cost Target

Pumped Hydro Underground Compressed Air

1hr

New Battery Technologies

2-5X Lower 10min

$10 $1000 $100 Energy Storage Costs ($/kWh) Minimum Response Time

Seconds

Minutes

Need: Innovative Technologies for Cost-Effective Energy Storage Advanced Research Projects Agency â&#x20AC;˘ Energy

29

GRIDS Program Metrics

PRIMARY TECHNICAL REQUIREMENTS: Requirement ID Number

Requirement Category

Value (Units)

1.1

System Capital Cost per Unit of Rated Energy Capacity (for measured capacity at Rated Power)

<$100/kWh

1.2

Minimum Operating Time at Rated Power (time at Rated Power for charge and discharge)

60 minutes

Maximum Response Time (time for system to go from 0% to 100% of rated power in discharge and in charge mode)

10 minutes

Rated Power Capacity for Charge and Discharge in Advanced System Prototypes

â&#x2030;Ľ20kW

1.3

1.4

Advanced Research Projects Agency â&#x20AC;˘ Energy

SECONDARY TECHNICAL TARGETS: Target ID Number

Target Category

Description

2.1

Cycle Life (cycled at rated power between charge & discharge)

5,000 cycle minimum, defined as number of cycles at which >20% reduction in total energy/power capability occurs relative to initial rated values

2.2

Round-Trip Efficiency

80% at rated power for of charge and discharge

2.3

Maximum Dwell Time

Maximum 10 minute response time for reversal between charge and discharge

2.4

Scalability of Storage Technology for Grid-scale Application

Potential for subsequent scaling for gridscale deployment (1-10MW). Scalability will be assessed at the power/energy ratio of the advanced systems prototype proposed.

2.5

Internal Losses

Less than 5% loss of energy in 24 hours from fully charged state.

2.6

Safety

Consistent with transmission and distribution grid deployment at unattended locations

2.7

Calendar Life

10 years, minimum

30

Portfolio of Projects ($28M Total ARPA-E Funding)

UNIVERSITY/ LAB

SMALL BUSINESS

Advanced Research Projects Agency • Energy

CORPORATION

Electrofuels

ARPA-E’s Electrofuels program seeks to address U.S. oil dependence with significantly more efficient biofuels The Electrofuels program is anticipated to open up a new area of research and path to biofuels

13 projects, $45M ARPA-E $ $56M Total $

Electrons/ Reducing equivalents

Photosynthesis

Biomass

EtOH Advanced biofuels

Algae

Pyrolysis oils

Biodiesel Advanced biofuels

Advanced Research Projects Agency • Energy

Chemical Catalysis

Syngas CH3OH CH4 Advanced fuels?

Biological Catalysis

Advanced Fuels

ARPA-Eâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s investment should be considered both high-risk and very early stage To achieve the intent of the Electrofuels FOA, all projects must address the following components: Specify liquid fuel type (diesel fuel, JP-8 aviation fuel, and/or high octane fuels for four-stroke internal combustion engines); liquid fuels 85 research octane or 40 cetane are desirable Anticipated liquid fuel energy density 32 megajoules per kilogram is desired Anticipated liquid fuel heat of vaporization < 0.5 megajoules per kilogram is desired Anticipated liquid fuel-energy-out to photon/electrical energy-in of the envisioned system; an overall energy efficiency > 1% is required Rare earth elements or organic redox shuttles that cannot be deployed economically at scale should be avoided Advanced Research Projects Agency â&#x20AC;˘ Energy

Review: Reducing carbon dioxide is an uphill reaction requiring electrons from a reducing equivalent extraction of energy

burning = oxidation =

Carbon at -4 Carbon at -2

1750 Carbon at 0

Stored Energy (kJ/mol)

Carbon at +2

CH3OH

CH4 Methane

Methanol

HC(O)H Formaldehyde

HCO2H Carbon at +4

-393

CO2

Formic acid

0

reduction = storage of energy 4 # of electrons

Advanced Research Projects Agency â&#x20AC;˘ Energy

8

Electrofuels approach is non-photosynthetic, modular, and solutions can be mixed- and- matched Assimilate Reducing Equivalents

Reducing equivalents: other than reduced carbon or products from Photosystems I & II H2S

H2

Direct Current

NH3

Fe2+

Pathway for carbon fixation: reverse TCA, Calvin- Benson, Wood-Ljungdahl, hydroxpropionate/hydroxybutyrate, or newly designed biochemical pathways

Fix CO2 for Biosynthesis

Generate Energy Dense Liquid Fuel

Fuel synthesis metabolic engineering to direct carbon flux to fuel products

butanol Advanced Research Projects Agency â&#x20AC;˘ Energy

alkanes

+ numerous possibilities

BEETIT

Dr. Ravi Prasher

Cooling System Primary Energy Use 180 160 140

Today

120

Current Systems

100 80

ARPA-E Target

60

Opportunity

40

Theoretical limit

20 0

1

2

3

4

5

COPVapor-compression

6

7 o

Tamb = 90 F, RH = 0.9 Ts upply = 55 oF, RH = 0.5

Reduce primary energy consumption by ~ 40 â&#x20AC;&#x201C; 50%

Humidity Ratio

Primary Energy Use (kJ/kg)

200

8

High-Efficiency, onLine Membrane Air Dehumidifier Enabling Sensible Cooling for Warm and Humid Climates

Temperature

Refrigeration unit Advanced Research Projects Agency â&#x20AC;˘ Energy

37

ADEPT Magnetics Hard Magnets

High Flux Soft Magnets

Switches Integrated WBG >13kV WBG

Chip-scale LED Driver for Commercial Lighting

Unipolar SiC

25 Watt LED Electronics

Si

Integrated Circuits for Power 300x reduction in power stage volume

Systems • On-chip inductors and transformers

Dr. Rajeev Ram

• High-voltage transistors • High-energy capacitors Advanced Research Projects Agency • Energy

38

IMPACCT

Low-Cost Biological Catalyst to Enable Efficient CO2 Capture HCO3- + H3O+

Residual Activity (%)

CO2 + 2H2O

Dr. Mark Hartney

Advanced Research Projects Agency â&#x20AC;˘ Energy

Carbonic Anhydrase (CA) Thermostability 100 80 60 40 20 0 -

Human CAII Parent CA Round 1 CA Round 2 CA 45 55 65 75 85 95

Temperature (Celsius) 39

PETR Plants Engineered To Replace Oil Meeting Todayâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Energy Needs

by Maximizing Photon Capture & Conversion

JONATHAN BURBAUM March 31, 2011

Biofuels in a Petroleum Context 140

Total Production Cost ($/BOE)

Production Cost, per barrel

Corn EtOH

120 CTL Oil Shale

100

Marginal Conventional Oil

80

Deep Water

60 GTL

Venezuela Heavy Oil

40

Oil Sands (In-situ)

20 Arctic 20

40

60

Sugarcane EtOH

80

Oil Sands (Mining) 100

Million Barrels of Oil Equivalent per day (MBOE/d) Source: Analysis based on information from IEA, DOE and interviews with super-majors Advanced Research Projects Agency â&#x20AC;˘ Energy

112

Biofuels Technology Landscape

Examples

Repurposed Food Crops

Corn, sugar cane, some oil plants

Description

TRL

TRL 9

“Biofuels today”

7-9

TRL 8 TRL 7

Cellulosics

Switchgrass, corn stover

“Feedstock modification”

Aquatics

Algae, cyanobacteria

“Biofuels tomorrow?”

3-7

??

“Research”

1-3

Synthetic photobiology

Deployment

Pilot

6-8

TRL 6 ARPA-E

Area

TRL 5 TRL 4 TRL 3 Lab

TRL 2

• Next generation biofuels manufacturers seek “co-products” to make economics work; This limits scale Advanced Research Projects Agency • Energy

TRL 1 Idea

Biofuels Paradigm: Conversion

C4 Plants CO2

~1-2%

~5-10%

Sugars Aquatics

50%

Liquid Fuels Liquid Fuels

Zhu et al. Current Opinion in Biotechnology (2008) 19:153-159 Advanced Research Projects Agency â&#x20AC;˘ Energy

Power Electronics in Photovoltaic Systems (2/8/11)

5-6¢/kWh fully installed at the MW scale by 2020 Advanced Research Projects Agency • Energy

High Density Thermal Energy Storage (1/31/11) Synergy between Solar and HighTemp Nuclear

Scale

CHP systems in buildings

Increase in efficiency > 50% compared to current systems (T ~ 300- 400 oc)

PHEV & EV

Increase EV range by ~ 40%

Reduces primary consumption ~ 25%

<100 oC

~ 500 oC

> 800 oC

Temperature Advanced Research Projects Agency â&#x20AC;˘ Energy

45

Green Energy Network Integration (12/13/10)

• Congested Lines • Aging Infrastructure

“Today, the average age of a substation transformer is 42, two years more than their expected life span.”

• Increasingly unreliable • Increasingly unpredictable # of US power outages affecting 50K of more # of outages over 100MW 140 66 41

1991-1995 Advanced Research Projects Agency • Energy

58

76

1996-2000

92

2001-2005 46

Critical Materials Technology (12/6/10)

Electric Motors Wind Generators Geologic or Recycled Feedstocks

Permanent Magnets

Material Extraction Processes

Catalysts& Separators

Solid Oxide Fuel Cells Gasoline Refining Auto Exhaust Conversion Supply Technologies

Advanced Research Projects Agency â&#x20AC;˘ Energy

Lighting Phosphors

Light Emitting Diodes (LED) Compact Fluorescent Lights (CFL)

Application Technologies 47