Vasjon, Space to Grow

VÄSJÖN, SPACE TO GROW

Margarita Amaya | Fatma Abduljawad | Kana Nomoto | Irma Ramadan | Maria Clara Trujillo Perez | Dafna Babila Sustainable Urban Development Project | Group B3 Word count: 7,410

Väsjön, space to grow

CONTENTS Introduction

3

Site Analysis

4

Vision and Framework

5

Masterplan

7

Strategies

8

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

Mixed-use development

9

1.1 Active ground floors

10

1.2 Varied typology

11

1.3 Mixed development structure

12

Inclusive public space

14

2.1 Väsjön public market

15

2.2 Community centre

16

2.3 Communal spaces for all ages

17

Community empowerment

19

3.1 Cross-neighbourhood association

20

3.2 Participatory budget

21

3.3 Enviro-social literacy

22

Accessibility

24

4.1 Local connectivity

26

4.2 Regional connectivity

27

Green networks

29

5.1 Urban greening

30

5.2 Green corridors

31

Governance Structure

33

Phasing and Financing

34

Indicators

38

Conclusion

39

References

40

Appendix

44 Sustainable Urban Development: Project

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Väsjön, space to grow

INTRODUCTION The Stockholm Region Stockholm’s 974,073 population is predicted to reach 1 million by 2030 (SCB, 2020), leading to a rapid growth in housing demand. RUFS 2050, the regional development plan, outlines the long-term sustainable vision to achieve this growth. It focuses specifically on high green density, cohesive blue and green structures, and better connectivity towards a 2050 goal of a carbon neutral region (Stockholm County Council, 2017). With leading sustainable developments such as Stockholm Royal Seaport and Hammarby Sjöstad, the city and its greater region has great potential to achieve this goal.

Sweden

Väsjön, Sollentuna Municipality

“Sollentuna has the ambition to be the first municipality that doesn’t deplete the earth’s resources”

Sollentuna is strategically located near Stockholm, Arlanda International Airport and industrial clusters, with a population of 70,000 people. In addition, the area has an expansive and robust green and blue infrastructure. The Väsjön development plans emerged from the need for new housing as it faces a growing population, owing to internal and external migration. The original plans have four sustainability focus areas: built environment & energy; viable nature; transport; and lifestyle & use, which this proposal intends to maintain.

(Persson, 2019)

Väsjön, Sollentuna

(Photos by authors) Sustainable Urban Development: Project

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SITE ANALYSIS Strengths

Weaknesses

Opportunities

Threats

Väsjö Torg: Mixed-use development and diversity in building types and services offered.

Heavy congestion: Noise and air pollution along the main roads and near the Business Park in the north.

Sustainable travel: Lack of existing transport infrastructure offers opportunities to develop a sustainable transport network.

Loss of local identity: New developments risk losing local character and sense of place (Dixon and Woodcraft, 2013).

Unique identity: The small-scale and suburban feel of the area can be attractive to a wide range of people including families, elderlies and young people.

Geographic & social segregation with Edsberg: Streets and public areas are deserted with no people around and current plans do not show efforts to manage the region’s inequality (Figure 3).

High % of working-age population: Demand for jobs in various sectors including service and corporate to enhance local economy (SCB, 2019).

Gentrification: New developments risk gentrification if existing populations (i.e.

Edsberg) are not considered in the planning process.

Population diversity: Sollentuna’s diverse demographic and housing structure (Figures 1 and 2) allows a wide range of social relations and enhances community vibrancy.

Disincentives to use public transport: Only one bus route linking Väsjön to Sollentuna city centre, leading to high car dependency (Figure 4).

Accessibility to Stockholm city centre: Quick access via the Commuter Rail to the benefits of the city whilst avoiding suffering from expensive rent, housing shortages and high density.

Ageing population: Urban design and community facilities must meet the needs of the elderly.

Land use segregation: With most sites being purely residential, creating dead spaces.

Eco-tourism and nature-inspired activity: The natural landscape can be used to facilitate various nature activities to also attract non-residents to the area.

Commuter town: Due to its proximity to Stockholm and Kista, the site is at risk of being deserted during working hours of the week.

Proximity to nature: The site is surrounded by vast natural landscape, highly valued in the psyche of Swedish people.

Figure 1. Population according to age group

Figure 2. Household composition

Figure 3. Income inequalities

Figure 4. Sollentuna’s modal share (SWECO, 2011; SCB, 2019) Sustainable Urban Development: Project

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VISION

VÄSJÖN, SPACE TO GROW We envision Väsjön as a diverse, accessible, inclusive and thriving community where the built and natural environment weave together in support of long-term intergenerational sense of place and identity.

Illustrations by: Oksana Latysheva Sustainable Urban Development: Project

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THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK

Figure 5. Theoretical framework and its relation to ‘Väsjön, Space to grow’ (By authors)

“Experience from the English New Towns has shown that ignoring the social dimensions of new places and the aspirations and opinions of residents can lead to long-term problems. Some evidence suggests that it takes up to 15 years before local social networks develop fully.”

(Woodcraft et al., 2012)

The vision is set within the framework of social sustainability. Authors like Chiu (2004); Colantonio & Dixon (2011); and Hamiduddin (2015) argue that although the social dimension is a crucial pillar of sustainable development, it is often underdeveloped and taken for granted in urban practice.

‘Väsjön, space to grow’ aims to create an environment that can help nurture the relationships between existing and future neighbours, fostering lasting community links that strengthen through time as the new development evolves. The vision guides its strategies, initiatives and overall principles based on a people-oriented approach led by the works of Gehl (2010), Feinstein (2010) and most

importantly, Woodcraft et al., (2012) who offer a ‘conceptual framework for practical action in designing for social sustainability’.

Anchored in Woodcraft et al., (2012), the project builds upon the authors’ four essential building blocks for social sustainability: amenities and social infrastructure; social and cultural life; voice and influence; and flexible infrastructure, as shown on Figure 5. These are operationalized through our four key strategies: Mixed-use development, Inclusive public space, Community empowerment, and Green networks, leading the way for our vision.

Each strategy has a set of key initiatives which are vital to the project’s success, alongside others (dotted circles) that will be realised as

the project evolves and new necessities and financing come to light.

Each strategy builds upon the social sustainability blocks as well as upon other strategies. This co-evolution, where links are formed for instance between community empowerment and inclusive public space initiatives, help to establish a strong foundation from which the vision can flourish. This constant symbiosis and adaptability helps broaden the overall impact of single initiatives and leads the way for new proposals to emerge, through community participation and collaboration.

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MASTERPLAN The masterplan aims to create a new urban location within Sollentuna municipality, where central locations (e.g. commercial and office spaces) are intertwined with housing provision, providing all amenities within the neighbourhoods, creating mixed-use developments. The plan strengthens the current vision for Väsjön 2040, which aims to create “a small-scale, diversified and nature-oriented urban environment with active life in the center” (Sollentuna Kommun, 2017, p.7). This is achieved by increasing housing supply, creating mixed-use development, access to nature through green corridors and providing green and blue infrastructures.

This masterplan acknowledges the existing plans and is designed to strengthen their qualities. The areas of focus are as following: ● Part of Södersätra (Housing, jobs and bicycle parking) ● Part of Nörrsätra (Housing, jobs, car /bicycle parking) ● Väsjö Square (Housing and jobs) ● Rökeriet, Carpark (car/bicycle parking) ● South Väsjön (Housing, jobs and local market) ● Ribbings Road (replacing some of the housing with community centre)

VÄSJÖN MASTERPLAN

Estimated population Additional housing units will yield a 22% increase of the population to approximately 12,580 people.

Indicators The masterplan will be examined against the indicators below throughout the development cycle and post-implementation (See page 38).

Overall, each area is uniquely treated to provide all the aforementioned facilities, utilities and access to nature, such as Södersätra where housing units are added and the boardwalk is treated. Consequently, housing units and new jobs increase and the area becomes an attractive, liveable location, catering to all types of populations. The following strategies of the report elaborate further the main planning principles.

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STRATEGY 1. Mixed-use development

(GETTY, 2019) Sustainable Urban Development: Project

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Väsjön, space to grow

STRATEGY 1. Mixed-use development Aims ● To create a resilient community with a diverse population with freedom of choice

Space to Grow Framework Enhancing social and cultural life by creating variety and catering to all types of demographics.

● Allow flexibility over time using a variety of housing typologies and development mechanisms, catering to the population diversity.

Providing a variety of uses, amenities and social infrastructure for the community.

● Mixed development structures of a variety of spaces (e.g. commercial, housing and offices) alongside a variety of units in residential areas (e.g. developers and social housing).

“In essence urban design is concerned with establishing the integrating fabric of urban areas that allows them to become real places for people rather than simply collections of unrelated projects.”

Flexible infrastructures to support mixed-use developments.

(Carmona, 2009)

Indicators Main Initiatives 1.

2.

3.

Active ground floors and facades Varied typology Mixed development structure

This strategy will enhance the urban landscape by creating liveability and flexibility to benefit local citizens and upcoming generations.

Supported by ‘The Environment and Buildings Committee’ (Sollentuna Municipality, 2020a), it aims to “...contribute to a society with a good physical environment for present and future generations”, also following Gehl’s (2010) guidelines to liveable cities. This diversity and flexibility will lead to the formation of resilient local communities.

(Adapted from Sim and Gehl, 2019)

Florentine, Tel Aviv-Jaffa (Aflalalo, 2020)

Figure 6. Reusable spaces and buildings (Sim and Gehl, 2019, p.68) Sustainable Urban Development: Project

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Väsjön, space to grow

INITIATIVE 1.1. Active ground floors and facades This initiative aims to enhance public space and make it livable and consequently, viable.

As seen in Figures 7 and 8, ‘Open edges’ (Gehl, 2010) will create active ground floors, which contribute to the sense of community and security. This achieves places that are connected, pleasant and inviting for walking or staying throughout all hours of the day.

Furthermore, this will be apparent by providing consistency to the urban fabric along the main road (i.e. Ribbings road and Frestavägen), which will support the integration between the areas (Carmona, 2009).

Figure 7. Activating urban edges (Gehl, 2020)

“What attracts people most...are other people” (Whyte, 1980, p.19)

Figure 8. Principles for working with the human dimensions (Gehl, 2010, p.233)

Figure 9. Main square in South Väsjön, illustration Sustainable Urban Development: Project

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INITIATIVE 1.2. Varied typology There is a great opportunity in the area to integrate different types of population.

Currently, the site caters to holiday homes and families. Hence, this initiative aims to enrich both existing communities (e.g. Edsberg) and new residents, by creating flexibility over time using varied typologies of units and prioritising different housing forms to attract a versatile population.

Varied typologies combine mixed-use housing blocks with flexible spaces in the lower floors for commercial/retail uses, community gatherings, offices and coworking spaces. Sim and Gehl (2019) emphasise that mixed types and uses contribute to people being around throughout the day, creating a vibrant, safer place and flexibility for interchangeable uses over time. This hybridity will further enhance the public realm by increasing overall activity and direct social engagement.

“By focusing on the connections between the building, site, and city...we can deliver the types of hybrid experiences that people expect in today’s connected world.”

Figure 10. Varied typology and mixed uses, illustration

(Ahmadzadegan, 2020) (Photos source: Sim & Gehl, 2019)

Copenhagen, Denmark

Melbourne, Australia

Mexico City, Mexico Sustainable Urban Development: Project

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INITIATIVE 1.3. Mixed development structure This initiative aims to engage with developers in a socially sustainable manner by supplying residents with a variety of design, tenure and cost alternatives. Following a participatory development model (Figure 12), this promotes diverse neighbourhoods through two main policies:

B. Building code All housing developments must follow the proposed Väsjön building code and its five design categories (Figure 13). This building code ensures that every building on site contributes to the building blocks of the social sustainability framework.

20% baugruppen

80% Private developer / Municipality 35% Social rent

65% For sale

Development structure in percentages

Figure 11. The development structure

A. Development code ● Rather than selling entire sites to a single developer, Sollentuna municipality will make public land available on favourable terms for collaborative self-build development (Baugruppen). Accounting for 20% of all housing units (Figure 11), these developments offer alternative financial models, leading to greater affordability and community involvement. Shared spaces will promote interaction and shared responsibility, whilst establishing small pockets of social ties at the beginning of the development generates a strong network of neighbours and social support. ● To encourage flexibility and creativity, the development does not set design guidelines, but rather organises design workshops promoted by the Väsjön committee.

Figure 12. Participatory development model. (By authors, based on Echelon Planning, 2018)

Communal spaces, Vauban (Freiburg, 2012)

● Housing developed by private developers is limited to 350 units, aiming to improve the neighbourhood quality through diverse architecture, design, prices and tenure. ● All housing developers, both private and public, must engage with the community, address their needs, and support diverse identities. Developers are encouraged to shift away from a conventional top-down model towards one based on participation by collaboration.

Diverse architecture, Vauban (Freiburg, 2012)

Figure 13. Väsjön building policies.

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STRATEGY 2. Inclusive Public Space

(Cogley, 2019) Sustainable Urban Development: Project

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Väsjön, space to grow

STRATEGY 2. Inclusive Public Space Aims ● To increase social interaction and relationship building between and across generations and neighbourhoods ● To ensure all public areas are inviting and eliminate any dead spaces

This strategy addresses the greater need for communal and social spaces for both residents and visitors in Väsjön in order to create a vibrant and welcoming urban environment. By creating inclusive public spaces across the area, the strategy aims to accelerate the formation of local social networks as well as maintaining community bonding for a long term.

● To maintain a sense of safety for all

Space to Grow Framework Creating spaces where both chance and planned interactions can occur, for residents to strengthen social networks, and visitors to socialise in a welcoming environment.

Providing physical space for community-wide activities to strengthen community networks and identities.

Providing structured spaces for key decision-making and community meetings to hold collective discussions.

(Astbury, 2012)

(Noback and Sipma, 2016)

(Williams, n.d.)

(Gonzalez, 2018)

Main Initiatives 1.

2.

3.

The Väsjön Market Community centre Communal spaces for all ages

Indicators

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INITIATIVE 2.1 The Väsjön Market Adapted from the current plan of Väsjö Torg, this initiative adds how the market should be managed (detailed below). To create a vibrant public realm, the market will not only supply local and seasonal produce but create a space to socialise and spend time outdoors. The flexibility of a market infrastructure is crucial to allow the stalls to change over time depending on changing demands of the community.

Östermalm Saluhall, Stockholm (Travel Magazine, 2013)

The Väsjön Market Trust The trust is jointly managed between the Municipality and the Cross-neighbourhood Association (see p.20). Following the successful organisational structure of Heywood Market in Lancashire (Heywood MAGIC Development Trust Ltd, 2005), its day-to-day administration is facilitated by an appointed Director and a Board of Volunteers.

There will also be a Green Initiatives Team to promote environmentally-friendly standards to vendors. To strengthen local character and community development, the Trust sets a policy that 70% of vendors must either be businesses operating in the Sollentuna municipality or a startup initiating their business through the market.

Levenshulme Market, Manchester (Thomas, 2020)

Covent Garden, London (Ulocal, 2020)

Green Initiatives Team ● ●

●

‘Green seal badge’ awarded to vendors that adopt sustainable actions A food recycling scheme with charities for people in need of food and allocating what cannot be redistributed to composting for renewable energy generation Ensure vendors are transparent about their food supply chain

(CRP, 2014)

Figure 14. Structure of The Väsjön Market (By Authors) Sustainable Urban Development: Project

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INITIATIVE 2.2 Community Centre The Community Centre will be open to both Edsberg and Väsjön residents, as a space to promote social ties between the two broader communities.

It will be managed by a council body made up of local representatives and offer local employment.

Hannae Forest of Wisdom, Seoul (Griffiths, 2019)

(By authors)

Frick Environmental Centre, Pittsburgh (McKnight, 2016)

Site’s slope utilised to bridge Väsjön and Edsberg (Sollentuna Kommun, 2016)

Aarhus Sports and Community Centre, Denmark (Lynch, 2017)

Design

Location

Functions (Figure 15)

The facade will be made of glass and recycled wood to maximise natural lighting and respond to the natural surroundings. Operable windows will facilitate ventilation in the summer months and gentle slopes and stairs will make it accessible for all ages and physical abilities.

Strategically located on Ribbings Road, a critical converging point between Edsberg and Väsjön, allows the Community Centre to be a navigable entry point for Edsberg residents into Väsjön.

Sports and recreation: the Community Centre will work with the Sports Centre to share facilities and organise large-scale sporting events for the community.

The building design will need to fit the steep slope between Ribbings Road and the Sports Field, creating ‘view terraces’ (taken from original plan) that provide a good view onto the sports field.

Figure 15. Functions (By authors)

Culture: activities to bridge socio-cultural divides between Edsberg and Väsjön, as well as strengthen intra-neighbourhood differences.

This will translate into building meaningful relations.

Educational: activities conducted together with the Edsberg library, encouraging young people to be involved with the space.

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INITIATIVE 2.3 Communal Spaces for All Ages The varied typology of communal spaces encourage different generations to interact and be comfortable being around each other.

Certain spaces are targeted to the unique needs of specific ages.

Playgrounds

Outdoor Gyms

Spaces for the Elderly Whilst the current plans are strong in their allocation of playgrounds, there is a lack of designated safe spaces for elderlies. Adopting ARUP’s framework for an age-friendly environment (Clark et al, 2019), the proposals below cater to the the region’s ageing population and ensure Väsjön is a place families can grow old in.

“An age-friendly [development] is a combination of design choices, many of which benefit everyone, regardless of age”

(Howard, 2016)

ARUP

Figure 16. ARUP’s four principles (Clark et al., 2019)

Hammarby Sjøstad, Stockholm (Visualact, n.d.)

Kampung Admiralty, Singapore (Clark et al, 2019)

Semi-Private Rooftops

Co-working Spaces

LOHA residences, Los Angeles (McKnight, 2015)

Ru Paré School, Amsterdam (Faasse, 2017)

Comprehensive Care Centre: Incorporated with biophilic design, it offers a range of amenities including a medical centre, medicinal foods culinary school, pharmacy and recreational facilities.

Dementia-friendly Walks: Initiative to allow caregivers and their patients to safely and comfortably experience the surrounding outdoors.

Memory Garden: A space designed for people with dementia, Alzheimer’s and reduced mobility to immerse in nature whilst avoiding disorientation.

(Images source: Clark et al, 2019) Sustainable Urban Development: Project

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STRATEGY 3. Community Empowerment

(Source: Plinchon, 2018) Sustainable Urban Development: Project

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STRATEGY 3. Community Empowerment Aims ● To give residents a voice in the continuous development of the area ● To create and maintain a strong relationship between Edsberg and Väsjön

This strategy provides the policies and networks required to firstly, develop strong relationships between residents and secondly, to sustain them in the future. This will empower the residents to feel like a valued member of the society and motivate them in shaping and maintaining the future development of the site.

● To encourage residents to adopt socially and environmentally conscious attitudes

Space to Grow Framework Allocating social and physical infrastructure for communities to come together and foster social bonds.

Neighbourhood governance structure using physical and online platforms for decision-making and giving residents a voice.

Implementing a neighbourhood governance structure to enable efficient decision-making and future planning.

(By Authors)

Main Initiatives 1.

2.

3.

Cross-Neighbourhood Association E-Participatory Budget Enviro-social Literacy

Indicators

(Glassdoor, n.d.)

(Getty images, n.d.)

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INITIATIVE 3.1. Cross-neighbourhood Association As shown in Figure 17, an Association will be created to represent and govern all residents in Edsberg and Väsjön.

Subdivided by neighbourhood, the Association serves five primary functions and is critical to ensure long-term sustainable growth of the development according to the community’s experiences and needs:

1. The Väsjön Market (p. 15) 2. Participatory Budget (p. 21) 3. Cross-community Forum Regular meetings where elected representatives from each neighbourhood come together to discuss issues and propose ideas around future policy, planning proposals and events.

4. Online Communication Platform Online portal where residents can contact each other and the Municipality, and receive community updates. It will also livestream important meetings, promote events, and facilitate open forums for discussions.

Figure 17. Diagram illustrating the structure, principles and roles of the association (By authors)

5. Neighbourhood Engagement Events Public events where representatives from the Municipality and other local council organisations (e.g. municipal housing companies) and Association representatives can share information about upcoming developments with residents and the general public. Beyond administrative purposes, these events may also serve social functions such as a Midsommar festival or a community-wide gardening workshop.

Public consultation events (Stockholms stad, 2017)

Community gardening (Ulijn, 2020) Sustainable Urban Development: Project

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INITIATIVE 3.2 e-Participatory Budget Funds allocated to e-Participatory Budget (e-PB) are placed in a Community Grant Pot for community projects, which is spent following a democratic process. Sweden’s Association of Local Authorities and Regions (SALAR) has been pioneering e-PB projects and has exemplified how this approach has been successful and fully democratic through digitisation (Langlet, 2015).

Whilst other e-PB projects in Sweden funded around 375,000 SEK (Styliani, 2020), we are able to allocate 760,423 SEK annually to this project, taken from The Väsjön Market revenue and from parking fees, further supplemented by the municipality. The money, projects, and online platform are managed by the Cross-neighbourhood Association to ensure that the whole community gets a voice. The Association will set the regulations for conducting the budget. This initiative also facilitates community bonding as it allows residents to feel democratically united and individuals feel mutually invested and attached to their living space. The same kind of connection will also occur between generations, as families and children feel attached to spaces they have had a personal influence on (Participatory Budgeting Network, 2015).

Figure 18. Diagram illustrating the structure, principles and roles of e-PB. (By authors)

Each year, the project will focus on a theme that benefits the community: green space, children, waste, food, etc. Projects are not limited to the built environment sector and can be institutional and governance-related. As shown in Figure 18, members of the community can collaborate to pitch various thematic projects to the Association during the Väsjön Annual Community Festival. The projects will be crowdsourced online once the winning proposal is chosen.

Participatory Budget meetings. Paris, France (Cabannes, 2017)

Participatory Budgeting: Brno, Czech Republic (Brno Daily, 2018) Sustainable Urban Development: Project

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INITIATIVE 3.3. Enviro-social Literacy To centre the community identity around social and environmental sustainability, this initiative sets up systems for social and environmental literacy for people of all ages. Improved social literacy will bolster compassion, sense of community and connection between neighbours.

Environmental literacy will improve connection with the earth and increase awareness of waste and carbon footprints (Chung, 2013).

To strengthen social capital in Väsjön, the Cross-neighbourhood Association will host a range of activities in the Väsjön Annual Community Festival, celebrating community empowerment while educating the community on local sustainability developments. Activities include:

Väsjön will also organise a research hub for Swedesd - International Center for Learning for Sustainable Development (Swedesd.uu.se. n.d.), a department in the Faculty of Educational Sciences, Uppsala University in Sweden. The department runs various studies to examine different methods to deliver educational targets in sustainable development.

Due to the abundance of schools at various levels in Väsjön, the site will host a research centre where researchers can conduct studies to test educational methods. This will bring Väsjön on the cutting edge of environmental literacy and bring up levels of literacy for children on site, as well as provide employment and attract residents.

● Local activists and entrepreneurs speaking about their expertise and ventures ● Skills-based workshops ● A sustainable market from all around Stockholm ● Children and elderly focused activities ● Local music and theatre shows The Väsjön Festival will be similar to the Aalborg Festival in Denmark, which aims to showcase sustainable projects in the municipality and raise awareness of the local initiatives that exist within sustainability goals.

Therefore, it will inspire a more sustainable behaviour amongst citizens and visitors (Center for Grøn Omstilling. n.d.). This creates a platform for residents, businesses and business-owners, schools and universities to interact and generate ideas for transition; to inspire, and to create new and exciting partnerships across sectors and actors (State of Green, n.d.).

Aalborg Sustainability Festival, Denmark (Grønt-Aalborg, 2018)

Figure 19. Diagram illustrating how enviro-social literacy develops sustainable habits and brings benefits for earth and society (By authors) Sustainable Urban Development: Project

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STRATEGY 4. Accessibility

(Plinchon, 2018) Sustainable Urban Development: Project

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STRATEGY 4. Accessibility Aims ● To facilitate access to public activities through equitable, safe and sustainable transport ● To provide opportunities for all ages through active modes in local and regional scales

Space to Grow Framework Providing inclusive infrastructure to access out-of-home activities and shared spaces to enhance community networks.

Mobility is essential to perform citizen rights, influence the environment and reach self-realization.

This strategy works jointly with the first three strategies, which cannot be fully developed without a transportation system that connects people with the places they need to reach.

Better connectivity will maximise the range and number of activities available to residents.

Additionally, improved accessibility reduces travel costs and time, and saves individual and public resources.

Key stakeholders: Sollentuna municipality will propose this strategy to the Stockholm Transport Authority and AB Storstockholms Lokaltrafik (SL), who assess and make a decision on whether to implement the proposal’s transport initiatives. Other key stakeholders are governmental offices and real estate, rail, tunnelbana companies.

(The Guardian, 2018)

Main Initiatives 1. Local connectivity 2. Regional connectivity

Indicators

A transportation system that connects people with the places they need to reach.

(Gehl architects, 2020)

(Unknown) Sustainable Urban Development: Project

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STRATEGY 4. Accessibility infrastructure The infrastructure, street design and furniture are critical parts of the accessibility strategy, initiating two types of streets: 1. Living streets: Designed as a public space to linger or as streets to move through the development by active modes, providing access to activities within the area. These streets are car-free and inclusive, suitable for pedestrians, bikes and wheelchairs, where the maximum allowed speed is 10 km/hr.

2. Complete streets: Designed for all transport modes at a maximum speed of 30 km/h.

They include segregated bike lanes and comfortable wide walking paths. Bus routes from/to rail stations and Sollentuna municipality are available along these streets to improve regional mobility. Space has been saved for future bus or tram segregated lanes.

Both street designs account for the vision zero Swedish project (Goodyear, 2014), while encouraging safe and livable public spaces.

Section 1. Conceptual section of living street

“When streets function well on the level of everyday experience, they provide opportunities for people to connect in a way that no other public space can” (Mackenzie, 2015)

Living street. Vauban, Freiburg (Emmett-Russell architects, 2018)

Section 2. Conceptual section of complete street

Complete Street (Etienne, 2018) Sustainable Urban Development: Project

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INITIATIVE 4.1. Local connectivity Currently, Sollentuna municipality modal split is dominated by car (51%), which is less sustainable (Trivector, 2019). At the local scale, the municipality encourages walking and cycling (SWECO, 2011, p.5) but to make these modes more attractive, particularly in local context, living streets are are designed to support community interaction, as an extension of public space with low speeds in a car-free environment. With these conditions, streets are safe and welcoming for all. A segregated bike lane is also built through the development (Complete streets, section 2).

Local Connectivity

Local initiatives: ● Car-free streets (car parking is provided at walking distance, out of neighbourhoods) ● Inclusive shared streets suitable for pedestrians, bikes and wheelchairs (Living streets) ● Segregated bike network through development (Complete streets)

the

● Bike parking ● Priced parking, funding for active modes ● Maximum allowed speed are 30 and 10 km/hr for Complete and Living streets streets, respectively

Car-parking (IBIM, 2020)

Living streets (By Authors)

Bike-parking (Vulkers, 2016)

Bike network (Modacity, 2018) Sustainable Urban Development: Project

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INITIATIVE 4.2. Regional connectivity To increase regional mobility, this strategy proposes to improve bus and cycling connectivity from Väsjön to key destinations in Sollentuna and the Pendeltåg rail line as the most efficient option to commute to central Stockholm.

To improve connectivity by public transport, a segregated bus lane from Väsjön to Sollentuna and a new bus route starting in Norrsätra and ending at Kista station is proposed. This route considerably reduces the walking distance required inside Väsjön and covers most of central Sollentuna. It also provides a shorter and more reliable trip to the Pendeltåg rail line and Central Stockholm. As car parking is outside the neighbourhoods, bus stops are made accessible at shorter walking distances further discouraging car use. For those with disabilities, Stockholm transport authorities provide special transport services (AB Storstockholms Lokaltrafik, 2018).

To improve the cycle connectivity and ridership, this initiative also proposes to build a high-quality segregated bike network connecting Väsjön and Haggvik station (3.6 km). However, a considerable increase of ridership depends on a dense bike network, allowing access to prime destinations (SWECO, 2011, p.17-25).

The initial stages of the development contemplate infrastructure investment on bus and bike modes. As the demand increases, an extension of the rail line is proposed to be assessed after 6-9 years.

Regional Connectivity

Regional initiatives: ● A new bus route from Norrsätra to Kista station, through Södra Väsjön, Edsberg, Häggvik station and Sollentuna station ● Segregated bus lane from Väsjön to Haggvik rail station ● Bike parking ● Segregated bike lane to reach Havvik rail station, designed for all ages ● Segregated bike network in Sollentuna municipality and Elsberg

“A considerable increase of ridership depends on a dense bike network, allowing people to access to all the interesting destinations”

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Väsjön, space to grow

STRATEGY 5. Green Networks

(Jakob, 2020) Sustainable Urban Development: Project

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STRATEGY 5. Green Networks Aims ● To make the site greener and more habitable for animals and humans alike ● To ensure that green spaces are all linked and perform ecosystem services ● To create a neighbourhood identity around sustainable communities

Space to Grow Framework Creating pleasant and attractive outdoor space to strengthen social bonds.

Ensuring community infrastructure coexist with green spaces and implement SuDs systems.

Main Initiatives 1.

2.

“The urban green area system that provides an identity to the city has significant social contributions to the attainment of social welfare and cultural sustainability.”

Rotterdam (Bajonet, n.d.)

Istanbul (Lynch, 2017)

Istanbul (Lynch, 2017)

Väsjön (Authors)

New York ( Harrouk, 2020)

(Cengiz, Canan & Cengiz, 2018, p.143)

Indicators

Urban greening Green corridor

Greening for place-making is essential for creating hospitable, mixed-use spaces. This strategy optimises the site’s key strength which is the connection to an extensive eco-corridor. Green networks play an important role socially, economically and ecologically. With careful design, blue-green structures can contribute to urban synergies and deliver ecosystem services. Socially, it provides opportunities for recreation, exercise and aesthetic values, leading to better health and well-being.

Freiburg (Sandyrazafitrimo, 2005)

Within the scope of social sustainability, green networks provide healthy communal space for residents. In addition, green corridors are suitable for active sports (e.g. cycling and running), and recreational activities (e.g. picnic, resting, nature observation). Green spaces also positively contribute to the level of satisfaction towards the living environment (Önder and Polat, 2012).

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Väsjön, space to grow

INITIATIVE 5.1. Urban Greening As exemplified in Figure 20, urban greening and sustainable urban drainage are an amenity and educational resource for the community, providing high-quality public green space in which to relax, play and enjoy nature (Graham et al., 2012). To integrate sustainability into Väsjön’s identity, it is important to embody its values of taking extensive care of its green space.

Urban greening is critical for the creation of attractive and appealing spaces for community engagement and will create spaces for neighbours and communities to promote inclusivity and empower proactivity (CABE, 2010). Urban greening is open for influence by the e-Participatory Budget and managed by the Cross-neighbourhood Association. Finally, urban greening bolsters environmental literacy and offer tools to educate and engage community.

In addition to the social values of urban greening and SuDS, they also hold other benefits (sudrain.org, n.d.): ●

● ● ●

● ● ● ●

●

Reduce pollution levels in both surface and groundwater as runoff is kept clean.

Encourage natural groundwater.

Combat noise and air pollution.

Reduce urban heat island effect and reduce energy use for heating and cooling.

Carbon sequestration and offsetting.

Increasing value of nearby land.

Promote biodiversity by allowing easy access and movement of wildlife.

Calming traffic and lessening urban crime through improving perceived safety.

Improving urban physical and mental health by encouraging interaction with nature.

Figure 20. Illustration of urban greening and sustainable urban drainage (Graham et al., 2012)

Urban greening is critical for the creation of attractive and appealing spaces for community engagement.

Communal green space inside housing area (Archer, 2006)

Communal green space inside housing area (Klimakvarter, n.d.)

Ivy plants covering building facades (Graham et al., 2012) Sustainable Urban Development: Project

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INITIATIVE 5.2. Green Corridor The existing plan already has regional blue-green corridors, connecting two national parks in Väsjön. This initiative proposes additional green corridors from the neighbourhood to the regional blue-green corridor and to nature. Green corridors are essential to create connections between people, city and nature, and are designed as natural extensions from the woodlands to the city, with no physical or social barriers.

Proposed Green Corridors

“Urban green areas, has been defined as an important tool for maintaining urban ecosystem health, providing people with good social interactions, environmental education for children, promoting a compatible relationship between human beings and nature and consequently create urban sustainability.”

(Cengiz, Canan & Cengiz, 2018, p.136)

Green corridor features: ● Rain gardens, as a place for social gathering and environmental education. ● Living streets, encouraging people to walk and cycle. ● Inner courtyards, as local community spaces, located in private space but can be used for public gathering. ● Paths to nature reserves and the regional green corridor, facilitating the Swedish culture of sport activities in nature. ● Lake quays as a space to build connections between people and nature, strengthening neighbourhood bonding.

Green corridors contribute significantly in strengthening ecological and social relationship. Zhou and Parves Rana (2012) elaborate the social benefit of urban green space, including the promotion of physical health, the enhancement of social ties and providing educational opportunities. Therefore, the interventions create inclusive public spaces to facilitate enviro-social literacy and reinforce community empowerment.

Inner courtyard (Sim & Gehl, 2019)

Integrating nature into city for urban cooling and enhancement of social ties (Pixel, 2019) Sustainable Urban Development: Project

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IMPLEMENTATION

(By authors) Sustainable Urban Development: Project

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Väsjön, space to grow

GOVERNANCE STRUCTURE As demonstrated throughout this report, ‘Väsjön, space to grow’ is for the community and to a degree, by the community. Its citizen-centred governance model (Barnes et al. 2008) aims to incorporate the points of view of current, new and future residents into decision-making, acknowledging their role in the success of the development. This model offers two main guiding principles: ● Local knowledge: knowledge based on the

community’s own experiences, needs and priorities to better inform the project’s policies and design. ● Local representation: a participatory scheme which represents the views of local communities in the decision-making process.

As seen on FIgure 21, the model relies on the collaboration of multiple agencies, with strong bottom-up community knowledge and representation. This is possible through the cooperation of the following bodies: A. Väsjön, space to grow Committee: A committee established within the municipality, in charge of delivering the vision in the long term.

They are in charge of managing the various stakeholders, guiding the project’s finances and funding mechanisms as well as leading the decision-making throughout the project’s life.

The committee members, as shown in the Figure 21, help inform the project’s vision with valuable capabilities and perspectives.

B. Cross-neighbourhood Association (p.20) C. Sollentuna Municipality: the municipality acts as the link between the project and the regional and national government. Council members and public companies give continuity and coherence to the process, through their strong institutional capacity and know-how in delivering public services beyond political affiliations.

“Citizen-centred governance makes a positive difference to individuals and communities, but requires the engagement of mainstream agencies to be sustainable” (Barnes, Skelcher and Beirens, 2008, p.4)

Figure 21. Diagram showing governance collaboration (By authors) Sustainable Urban Development: Project

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PHASING Planned Units by Typology

Planning units by area Area The proposed plan considers six neighbourhoods (Table 1) and adds 21.8% of dwelling units to them. The six areas account for 3,275 out of the 4,475 units of the whole original plan (Spacescape, 2011. pp. 49-53).

The 21.8% of additional units is added considering similar densities within the development. Flexible design spaces are reserved in the ground floor of some buildings of each area, to be used as retail, offices or housing.

Original Housing

Real estate (80%)

Housing (100%)

Retail

Offices

Baugruppen (20%)

Regular (65%)

Affordable (35%)

1,180

250

350

650

1,250

115

43

Sodrä Väsjön

550

182

255

473

910

173

65

Ribbingsväg

330

46

64

120

230

19

7

Södersätra

665

96

134

250

480

38

14

Vätra Norrsätra

250

140

196

364

700

58

22

Norrsätra

300

84

118

218

420

38

14

3,275

798

1,117

2,075

3,990

442

166

Väsjö Torg

TOTAL UNITS

Table 1. Detailed plans of housing, retail and office units built by area

Land Value Capture by property type The estimation of land value capture is obtained from research on average rent and building prices and sizes (to estimate cost and revenues) in Stockholm. Tools are proposed to be implemented in future to gather resources, such as: Inclusionary Housing, Impact Fees and Charges for Building Rights (Germán and Ehrich, 2020). Average cost and other data are collected from Statistic Sweden Database to estimate the development land value, resulting in the assumptions shown in Appendix A1.

Some difference in price could be applied among units considering location, relevant facilities in the immediate surroundings and specific property features. However, to have an estimation of land value, Table 2 presents the average prices by property type for the whole development.

Unit Property type

Development Land Value

Market Rent Estimation Market Value

Cost

Market Value

Cost

Baugruppen

$66,626

$2,810,715

$1,839,655

$2,242,950,570

$1,468,044,690

$774,905,880

Regular

$78,384

$2,612,800

$2,164,300

$5,421,037,440

$4,490,489,640

$930,547,800

Affordable

$54,869

$1,828,960

$2,164,300

$2,043,314,112

$2,417,955,960 -$374,641,848

Retail

$120,000

$4,000,000

$1,082,150

$1,766,400,000

$477,877,440

$1,288,522,560

Offices

$87,504

$2,916,800

$360,717

$483,022,080

$59,734,680

$423,287,400

Total

$11,956,724,202 $8,914,102,410 $3,042,621,792

Table 2. Building costs and prices and Land Value Capture by property type Sustainable Urban Development: Project

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PHASING

Figure 22. Development phases

Development Phases The full development process is conceived of six stages, as shown in Figure 22. This is designed to provide the crucial infrastructure to the pioneer dwellers from the beginning, although demanding a strong investment in the first year.

Whilst some infrastructure will be underused during earlier stages, it is vital to avoid car dependency and to create the right environment for enjoying public spaces from the beginning, where residents can meet and recognise each other, as the first step to building communities.

Table 3 on the following page outlines the phasing of the initiatives, according to these principles.

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PHASING 2020-2021

2022-2023

2024-2026

2027-2032

2033-2036

2037-2040

INITIATIVES Mixed-use development

200 (100%)

Väsjö Torg

300 (71%)

260 (100%)

Sodrä Väsjön

130 (57%)

100 (100%)

Ribbingsväg

450 (36%)

400 (68%)

350 (38%)

130 (27%)

200 (84%)

Södersätra

350 (100%) 250 (36%)

100 (50%)

120 (29%)

300 (100%)

Active ground floor, Varied typology & Mixed development structure

Västra Norrsätra

350 (100%)

Norrsätra Inclusive public space Local Market

30%

Amphitheatre

70%

Community Centre Elderlies Centre 1st

2nd

Outdoor gyms

3rd

Community empowerment Cross-neighbourhood association Participatory budget Recurring program

Environmental and social literacy Accessibility

Lavendelvägen

Local connections - bike & walk

Frestavägen

Regional connections - bike & bus Rail to Väsjön

Rail extension

Interregional connections - rail Green networks Green corridor Urban Greening Sustainable urban drainage

Table 3. Initiatives Phases Sustainable Urban Development: Project

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FINANCING AND EMPLOYMENT Cash Flow, Costs and Revenues of the initiatives To assess the viability of the project, the costs of the initiatives are estimated based on assumptions from current plans or similar project costs (Appendix A.1). These range from one-time expenses, some with maintenance costs, and others are disbursed on a yearly basis for a fixed amount of time or indefinitely. Table 4 (Appendix A.2) shows the cash flow during the project’s first 10 years. All costs are covered by land value resources.

The resources required in the first year (year 0) will not be available immediately and only 20-25% of the total land value resources are expected to be available in the first stage.

Those resources cover around 45% of the first-year cash needs. The remaining 55% will be obtained as loans from the municipality, the Stockholm county, transport authorities and bank loans, where necessary. From the second stage, land value capture will gather the resources required each year.

The main investments and infrastructure (one-time expenses) are paid by the development. On the other hand, indefinite expenses are covered by regular income generated by car parking facilities and the rents of local market stores. As the community participatory budget depends on local infrastructure management, it encourages transparent and efficient financial management.

The cash flow for the last 10 years depends heavily on re-assessing future transport demand. However, It is expected that the development will generate some economic surplus of resources that will be invested to fund or subsidise future public transport investments as is required.

Employment in Väsjön Table 5 shows the employment generated by the various initiatives.

Facility

Employment

Local market (stores)

50

Community facilities management

10

Car and bike parking (10 buildings)

40

Offices (166)

248

Retail (442)

1,104

Total

1,452

Table 5. Estimation of new employment

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INDICATORS: MONITORING THE DEVELOPMENT

INCLUSIVE PUBLIC SPACE

Example of a measure

Access to social services, range of commercial services, cultural services and recreational opportunities.

All main streets provide at least one unit of the following functions on its ground floor: social service, commercial service, and recreational opportunity.

New development structures contribute to a coherent urban structure, with corridors and meeting places between new and existing buildings as a means of achieving social and spatial integration.

A reasonable building density is maintained, according to floor area ratio, open space ratio, and average building height - assessed for each development site every five years.

Public spaces should aspire to a benchmark ratio of 15% of built-up area, although this may vary in response to the design and level of connectivity of its surroundings.

Each development site meets the 15% public space benchmark at the end of its development stage.

Promoting social inclusion and cohesion through a local economy that is based on local job opportunities.

75% of local employment is made up of residents from Edsberg and/or Väsjön.

COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT

Description

ACCESSIBILITY

MIXED-USE DEVELOPMENT

Indicator

GREEN NETWORKS

To measure and review the strategies in accordance with the Space to Grow social sustainability framework, the indicators below will be used. These are adapted from the Citylab Action Guide and the European Commission’s recommendations to measuring sustainability. Each indicator comes with a list of quantifiable measures; one of each strategy is given as an example.

Indicator

Description

Example of a measure

Creating a plan that specifies how the development’s participants and stakeholders will cooperate internally and with external parties.

Growth in the number of participants at the cross-community forum throughout its first five years of operation.

Engaging in consultation and dialogue with the public to systematically and constructively address the interests and knowledge of local stakeholders, facilitating their active participation in the planning process.

Average turnout rate of at least 50% for neighbourhood engagement events during the first five years of the Association’s operation.

The project promotes measures that lead to an increase in the use of sustainable travel modes.

Growth in the proportion of households that consider public transport (including walking and cycling) as their ‘primary transport mode’, surveyed every 2 years.

Equality in accessibility and mobility is essential for the region’s prosperity and for free movement of citizens.

Resident survey to assess the quality of transport for disadvantaged people (disabled, low incomes, children).

Preserving, protecting and strengthening valuable natural and ecological dispersion routes in connection with development of the area.

The development conducts and meets the natural value inventory according to Swedish Standard SS 199000:2014.

Using the GAF as a method for quantitatively accounting the protection and development of the green structure, natural values, dispersion routes, and ecosystem services.

Each neighbourhood development achieves at least 10 of the 35 Green Points, a tool developed to implement Green Area Factor (Kruuse, 2011).

Table 6. Indicators list (Source: Authors, adapted from European Communities, 2009; SGBC, 2018) Sustainable Urban Development: Project

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Väsjön, Väsjön,space spaceto togrow grow

CONCLUSION Väsjön, space to grow draws on the site’s strengths and opportunities, namely its natural landscape and demographic diversity, amongst others, to lead the way for a flexible development with mixed-use functions and community-led participation.

Combined together, the five strategies create a space in which individuals and families can grow physically and socially, to strengthen their relationship with nature and with neighbours.

Whilst the vision and masterplan aim to guide the development process, it is the people-centric and community-focused structure of the Association and wider governance model that is critical to continually adapt these and future initiatives according to the resident’s changing needs.

According to these principles grounded in a social sustainability framework, Väsjön has the potential to progress into a meaningful development where residents feel connected to the urban and natural landscape.

(Source: Alamy, 2017) Sustainable Urban Development: Project

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Appendix A.1

A.2

Overall Assumptions ●

Planned units as described in

Table 4. Net Cash Flow (values in thousands of SEK) INITIATIVES

DETAILS

Similar densities by type of building and

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

4 floors per building

-75,173

-797

-797

-797

-797

-797

-797

-797

-797

-797

●

Average apartment size: 60sqm (SCB,

Väsjön Market Trust

-740

-740

-740

-740

-740

-740

-740

-740

-740

Structure & furniture

-10,822

Local Market

2019) ●

Average office size: 20sqm (SCB, 2019)

Management

-1,594

-1,594

-1,594

-1,594

-1,594

-1,594

-1,594

-1,594

-1,594

●

Average retail size: 30sqm (SCB, 2019)

●

Total production price per dwelling (SCB, 2019)

●

Building price per dwelling (SCB, 2019)

●

Market rent estimation per dwelling (SCB, 2019)

●

Yield rate: 2.5%

●

Discount rate: 10%

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

1,560

1,560

1,560

1,560

1,560

1,560

1,560

1,560

1,560

Inclusive public space

among areas ●

Revenues (YEARLY)

1

Spacescape (2011) ●

Cost (YEARLY) 0

Community Centre

Plazas

-42,727

Waterfront

-31,031

Structure & furniture

Elderlies spaces

-10,822

-133

-133

-133

-133

-133

-133

-133

-133

-133

-133

-37

-66

-66

-66

-66

-66

-66

-66

-66

-66

-66

Policy

-353

-353

-353

e-Participatory budget Policy

-760

-760

-760

-760

-760

-760

Communal Spaces

Communal spaces

Community empowerment Cross-neighbourhood association Environmental and social literacy

Educational Program

Accessibility Regional connections

Segregated bus lane

-379,633

Bike lane (short)

-132,265

Bus route

Local connections

Shared streets

-20,435

Bike parking

-184,316

-19,123

-19,123

-19,123

-19,123

-19,123

-19,123

-19,123

-19,123

-19,123

-19,123

6,205

6,205

6,205

6,205

6,205

6,205

6,205

6,205

6,205

6,205

Car parking building

-577,991

-12,749

-12,749

-12,749

-12,749

-12,749

-12,749

-12,749

-12,749

-12,749

-12,749

68,657

68,657

68,657

68,657

68,657

68,657

68,657

68,657

68,657

68,657

Green networks Green corridor

-201,600

Courtyards

-84,600

Urban Greening Year

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

Cash flow

-1,379,257

-32,382

-54,202

-160,381

41,219

40,106

40,106

40,106

40,459

40,459

40,459

Net Cash Flow:

-$1,426,070

Sustainable Urban Development: Project

44