Myths, Gods and Goddesses

GREEK AND ROMAN ANCIENT HISTORY, MYTHS AND MYTHOLOGY ETWINNING PROJECT – 2018|2019

MYTHS, GODS AND GODDESSES

eTwinning Project: Greek and Roman Ancient History, Myths and Mythology

INTRODUCTION

This e-book is the result of the work of the partners of the eTwinning Project Greek and Roman Ancient History, Myths and Mythology. Students and teachers from Italy, Greece, Spain, Sweden, Turkey and Portugal worked together during the school year of 2018|2019 and learned in an enthusiastic and innovative way about the Roman and the Greek ancient myths and mythology.

The cooperation established among all European partners motivated the students to learning, to meet new friends, to use new technologies and to develop a sense of belonging to a larger community.

There was a wide variety of activities developed during the year and, with them, students learned about classical cultural and especially they learned to value the past, to respect it and to understand that by doing it they can create a better future.

Congratulations to all teams and to all teachers that, as captains of a ship, sailed away and led the crew to a safe and rich harbor!

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Contents Greece, Vyronas ........................................................................................................................ 4 GOD POSEIDON ..................................................................................................................... 4 GODDESS ATHENA ................................................................................................................. 5 POSEIDON AND ATHENA ....................................................................................................... 7 Greece, kariotissa .................................................................................................................... 10 GODDESS HERA ................................................................................................................... 10 GOD HADES ......................................................................................................................... 13 GOD ACHILLES ..................................................................................................................... 15 Greece, Lappa .......................................................................................................................... 21 GODDESS ARTEMIS .............................................................................................................. 21 ARES, THE GOD OF WAR...................................................................................................... 24 GODDESS HESTIA ................................................................................................................. 27 DIONYSUS, THE GOD OF WINE AND FUN ............................................................................ 28 Italy, Rome............................................................................................................................... 32 NEPTUNE’S MYTH ................................................................................................................ 32 A VENUS’ MYTH ................................................................................................................... 32 GOD NEPTUNE ..................................................................................................................... 33 GODDESS VENUS ................................................................................................................. 34 Portugal, Santo Tirso ............................................................................................................... 35 THE MYTH OF APOLLO......................................................................................................... 35 Italy, Senigallia ......................................................................................................................... 36 HADES AND THE KIDNAPPING ............................................................................................. 36 Spain, Almenar ........................................................................................................................ 40 HEPHAESTUS OR VULCAN ................................................................................................... 40 HERMES (MERCURIUS) ........................................................................................................ 40 PHYLEMON AND BAUCIS ..................................................................................................... 41 Spain, Cuenca .......................................................................................................................... 42 ZEUS / JÚPITER .................................................................................................................... 42

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Greece, Vyronas GOD POSEIDON Poseidon was Zeus and Pluto’s brother.

He was the king of the sea and generally the master of the water. His emblems were the trident, the dolphin and the horse. Poseidon used to run on the waves on his golden chariot which was pulled by tritons, dolphins or horses. With his trident he could create huge waves but he could also calm the rough sea. He was considered the protector of sailors and fishermen but he was also responsible for the earthquakes.

One day, as he was travelling on the waves, he saw a very beautiful woman, Amphitriti, and he decided to marry her. She didn’t want to, so she hid somewhere at the bottom of the sea. A dolphin saw her and told Poseidon where she was. Poseidon found her and Amphitriti was obliged to marry him. After that the dolphins became Poseidon’s favourite animals.

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Poseidon and Amphitriti lived both on mountain Olympus and in their palace deep in the ocean. They had a lot of children. Some of them were monsters. One of their children was Triton who was half man and half fish. Another son of Poseidon was the Cyclops Polyphemus whom Odysseus blinded and from that day on, Poseidon did everything he could to stop him from returning to Ithaca.

The Greeks liked Poseidon very much and they built beautiful temples in many places in order to honour him. Today we can find ruins of Poseidon’s temples in Sounio (near Athens) and in Korinthos.

Poseidon claimed the city of Athens from goddess Athena by offering the citizens a spring of salty water, but he lost. The residents of the area preferred Athena’s present, the olive tree, and chose her as the protector of their city.

GODDESS ATHENA Athena was the daughter of Jeus, the king of the gods and she was the goddess of wisdom and education. She was born from the head of her father and she came in the world holding a shield, a spear and wearing a helmet. She was Jeus’s most beloved daughter and she was beautiful, brave but also wise.

On the top of her shield she had put Medusa’s terrifying head. Medusa was a hideous monster who had snakes instead of hair, her teeth were sharp and 2018|2019

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she turned into stone anyone who looked at her horrible eyes. Athena helped the hero Perseus to kill her by telling him a piece of advice. She advised him not to look at her directly, but look at her reflection in his shield. So, when Perseus killed Medusa, he cut her head and gave it to Athena, who put it on her shield.

At first Athena protected Troy, but then Prince Paris, King Priamus’s son, chose Aphroditis as the most beautiful goddess, and Athena got angry. So, during the Trojan War she took the part of the Greeks and supported them in the battles.

In another legend, Athena and Poseidon claimed the city of Athens, which, until then had the name “Kekropia”.

The two gods called king Kekropa and they asked him to choose one of them as protector of the city. So, they gave him one present each. Poseidon hit the rock with his trident and a spring of salty water appeared. Athena gave them an olive tree. Kekropas chose the olive tree and Athena became the protector of the city. After a while another king changed the name of the city to “Athens” in order to honour goddess Athena.

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The people loved goddess Athena and they built temples for her in many cities. The greatest temple built to honour Athena was the Parthenon which still stands on the hill of the Acropolis.Many sculptors

also created statues for Athena. The most famous one was one made of gold and ivory and it was placed inside the Parthenon.

Written by Nikolas, Mihalis M., Dimitris, Stelios,Kyriakos, Markella, Dionysis, Giorgos, Agelos, Mihalis D.

POSEIDON AND ATHENA Scene 1

Man 1: Everybody listen!

Man 2: Everybody listen!

Man 1: People of the city! The two gods, Poseidon and Athena want to speak to us.

Man 2: They are asking all of us to go to the Hill of the Acropolis because there is something very important they want to tell us!

Man 1: Come on everybody! We mustn’t delay! We have to show respect to our gods! Men, women and children, hurry up! The two gods are waiting for us!

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Scene 2, on the Acropolis.

Woman 1: Hey there! What’s happening? Have you got any idea?

Woman 2: No! I don’t have a clue!

Woman 3: I heard that the great Poseidon and the wise Athena want to talk to us, but I don’t know why.

Man 3: I heard that both of them are claiming our city. They both want to give our city their name and be our protectors!

Man 4: Really? What a great honour! They are both powerful gods and we will be lucky to have them by our side!

Woman 4: Be quiet now! They are coming!

Scene 3, Poseidon and Athena are coming

Poseidon: People of this city! You all know me! I am Poseidon, the master of the sea. I am powerful and all the creatures of the sea belong to me! I rule the oceans, and I am the one who can help you travel with your ships all over the world, conquer other countries and take their treasures! With my trident I can cause huge waves and sink even the biggest ships! I am the god who protects your sailors and brings them back safe! Look what I can do! (He hits the rock with his trident and a spring appears) I can hit the rock with my trident and a spring of water appears! I am giving you this spring as a present. Choose me as your protector!

Man 5: Yes, yes, you must be our protector! We need you great Poseidon!

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Man 6: What a wonderful spring!

Man 7: Thank you our god for your gift!

Woman 5: Thank you Poseidon! We are glad to have you here.

Woman 6: Wait! Athena hasn’t spoken yet! Let’s listen to her first and then we can decide!

Athena: You know me, people! I am Athena, the goddess of war and wisdom. I like your city very much! Look! It is located in the most beautiful area! The weather is mild here, the soil is fertile and you can grow anything you like! You are very lucky to be living in this place and if you choose me as your protector I will help you create a powerful city which everybody will admire. Now accept my present, this olive tree.

You can eat the olives, but you can also take from it the precious olive oil, which you can use to cook your food and light your lanterns. Choose me, and with my gift you will never be hungry.

Woman 7: Athena’s present is better. Olive trees are precious and necessary for our life.

Man 8: And don’t forget that we need the olive oil which is so good for our health!

Man 9: I think Poseidon’s gift is better. We will become richer if we have him by our side!

Man 10: No! The water that comes from his spring is salty! What do we need it for? We can’t drink it and we can’t water our plants! Poseidon is the god of the seas, and we live on the land!

Woman 8: He is right! We live on the land, we are farmers and we grow fruits and vegetables to feed our families. The olive trees will save us from hunger! Athena must be our protector and give her name to the city.

Woman 9: Yes! Athena will be our protector from now on, and our city will be named after her! From now on this city will be called Athens and goddess Athena will be honoured by us and our children.

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Woman 10: We will build a temple on this hill and its name will be Parthenon, and it will be devoted to goddess Athena, our protector.

With the help of Athena, our city will become strong and famous for many many years.

Greece, kariotissa GODDESS HERA

Goddess of: Women, marriage, and childbirth Symbols: Pomegranate, lily, cow, cuckoo, lutus, and peacock Parents: Cronus and Rhea Children: Ares, Eris, Hebe, Eileithyia, and Hephaestus Spouse: Zeus (also her brother) Abode: Mount Olympus Roman name: Juno Hera is a goddess in Greek mythology and one of the Twelve Olympians.

As the wife of Zeus, Hera was considered the queen of Mount Olympus.

She is most associated as the goddess of women, marriage, and childbirth. Hera’s characteristic sphere of action is the phrÊnes, the realm of physiological, emotional, and intellectual activity.

As the Queen of Olympus and a major goddess, Hera was considered very powerful. The women of Greece prayed to Hera for protection during childbirth, good health, and to aide them in their marriages. She also had power over the skies and could bless the people with clear skies or curse them with storms

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Hera is known for her jealousy; even Zeus, who is known to fear nothing, feared her tantrums. Zeus fell in love with Hera but she refused his first marriage proposal. Zeus then preyed on her empathy for animals and other beings, created a thunderstorm and transformed himself into a little cuckoo. As a cuckoo, Zeus pretended to be in distress outside her window. Hera, feeling pity towards the bird brought it inside and held it to her breast to warm it. Zeus then transformed back into himself and raped her. Hera, ashamed of being exploited, agreed to marriage with Zeus. All of nature burst into bloom for their wedding and many gifts were exchanged.

Zeus loved Hera, but he also loved Greece and often sneaked down to Earth in disguise to marry and bear children with the mortals. He wanted many children to inherit his greatness and become great heroes and rulers of Greece. Hera's jealousy towards all of Zeus' lovers and children caused her to continuously torment them and Zeus was powerless to stop his wife. Hera was always aware of Zeus' trickery and kept very close watch over him and his excursions to Earth.

Hera "presided over the right arrangements of the marriage and is the archetype of the union in the marriage bed According to Walter Burkert, both Hera and Demeter have many characteristic attributes of Pre-Greek Great Goddesses.

According to Homeric Hymn III to, Hera detained Eileithyia to prevent Leto from going into labor with Artemis and Apollo, since the father was Zeus. The other goddesses present at the birthing on Delos sent Iris to bring her. As she stepped upon the island, the divine birth began. In the myth of the birth of Heracles, it is Hera herself who sits at the door, delaying the birth of Heracles until her protĂŠgĂŠ, Eurystheus, had been born first.

The Homeric Hymn to Pythian Apollo makes the monster Typhaon the offspring of archaic Hera in her Minoan form, produced out of herself, like a monstrous version of Hephaestus, and whelped in a cave in Cilicia.

She gave the creature to Python to raise.

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Roman copy of a Greek 5th century Hera of the "Barberini Hera" type, from the Museo Chiaramonti In the Temple of Hera, Olympia, Hera's sheated cult figure was older than the warrior figure of Zeus that accompanied it. Homer expressed her relationship with Zeus delicately in the Iliad, in which she declares to Zeus, "I am Cronus' eldest daughter, and am honourable not on this ground only, but also because I am your wife, and you are king of the gods.

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GOD HADES

Hades is the Ancient Greek god of the Underworld, the place where human souls go after death. In time, his name became synonymous with his realm. It has to be said unsurprisingly – since he barely left it.

Appropriately, the most significant myth related to Hades concerns one of the very few times he did – to abduct Demeter’s daughter, Persephone Hades’ Family· Birth and the Titanomachy Hades was the fourth child of the Titans Cronus and Rhea (after Hestia, Demeter, and Hera), both the oldest and the youngest male sibling. In other words, he was the first of the three brothers (Hades, Poseidon, Zeus) to be born and swallowed by his father, but the last one to be regurgitated.

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After being rescued by Zeus from the belly of Cronus, Hades joins him in the Titanomachy. Eventually, the decade-long war ends with a victory for the Olympians. Hades, Poseidon, and Zeus cast lots to decide who of the brothers will rule which domain. Hades gets the underworld. There he ruled with his queen, Persephone, over the infernal powers and over the dead in what was often called “the house of Hades,” or simply Hades. He was aided by the dog Cerberus. Though Hades supervised the trial and punishment of the wicked after death, he was not normally one of the judges in the underworld, nor did he personally torture the guilty, a task assigned to the Furies (Erinyes).

Hades the god (who the Greeks also called Pluto) is the brother of Zeus and Poseidon, who rule the skies and the seas. His realm is called also Hades, where he rules with his wife Persephone. Hades was the only god not to reside on Mount Olympus, dwelling instead in a dark palace beneath the earth. The god also had a helmet made by Hephaistos which rendered the wearer invisible, and it was this helmet that was used by Athena when she fought Ares in Homer’s account of the Trojan War in the Iliad and by Perseus in his quest for the head of Medusa.

In Archaic and Classical Greek art, Hades is most often represented as a more mature man, bearded and holding a sceptre, a two-pronged spear, a libation vase, or a cornucopia - symbolic of the mineral and vegetable wealth which comes from the ground.

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How was Hades usually pictured?

Hades is usually pictured with a beard, a helmet or crown, and holding a two-pronged pitchfork or a staff. Often his three headed dog, Cerberus, is with him. When traveling he rides a chariot pulled by black horses.

Hades’ family tree

GOD ACHILLES

In Greek mythology, Achilles was a Greek hero of the Trojan War and the central character and the greatest warrior of Homer's Iliad. His mother was the immortal Nereid Thetis, and his father, the mortal Peleus, was the king of the Myrmidons. Achilles was the son of the Nereid Thetis and of Peleus, the king of the Myrmidons.

Birth and early years Achilles was the son of the Nereid Thetis and of Peleus, the king of the Myrmidons. Zeus and Poseidon had been rivals for the hand of Thetis until Prometheus, the fore-thinker, warned Zeus of a prophecy (originally uttered by Themis, goddess of divine law) that Thetis would

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bear a son greater than his father. For this reason, the two gods withdrew their pursuit, and had her wed Peleus. There is a tale which offers an alternative version of these events: In the Argonautica Zeus sister and wife Hera alludes to Thetis' chaste resistance to the advances of Zeus, pointing out that Thetis was so loyal to Hera's marriage bond that she coolly rejected the father of gods.

Thetis, although a daughter of the sea-god Nereus, was also brought up by Hera, further explaining her resistance to the advances of Zeus. Zeus was furious and decreed that she would never marry an immortal. According to the Achilleid, written by Statius in the 1st century AD, and to nonsurviving previous sources, when Achilles was born Thetis tried to make him immortal by dipping him in the river Styx.[13] However, he was left vulnerable at the part of the body by which she held him: his left heel. It is not clear if this version of events was known earlier. In another version of this story, Thetis anointed the boy in ambrosia and put him on top of a fire in order to burn away the mortal parts of his body. She was interrupted by Peleus and abandoned both father and son in a rage.

Peleus entrusted Achilles to Chiron the Centaur, on Mount Pelion, to be reared.[16] Thetis foretold that her son's fate was either to gain glory and die young, or to live a long but uneventful life in obscurity. Achilles chose the former, and decided to take part in the Trojan war. According to Homer, Achilles grew up in Phthia together with his companion Patroclus.

In the Trojan War According to the Iliad, Achilles arrived at Troy with 50 ships, each carrying 50 Myrmidons. He appointed five leaders (each leader commanding 500 Myrmidons): Menesthius, Eudorus, Peisander, Phoenix

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and Alcimedon. When the Greeks left for the Trojan War, they accidentally stopped in Mysia, ruled by King Telephus. In the resulting battle, Achilles gave Telephus a wound that would not heal; Telephus consulted an oracle, who stated that "he that wounded shall heal".

Guided by the oracle, he arrived at Argos, where Achilles healed him in order that he might become their guide for the voyage to Troy.

According to other reports in Euripides' lost play about Telephus, he went to Aulis pretending to be a beggar and asked Achilles to heal his wound.

Achilles refused, claiming to have no medical knowledge.

Alternatively, Telephus held Orestes for ransom, the ransom being Achilles' aid in healing the wound. Odysseus reasoned that the spear had inflicted the wound; therefore, the spear must be able to heal it. Pieces of the spear were scraped off onto the wound and Telephus was healed. The Homeric epic only covers a few weeks of the decade-long war, and does not narrate Achilles' death. It begins with Achilles' withdrawal from battle after being dishonoured by Agamemnon, the commander of the Achaean forces. Agamemnon has taken a woman named Chryseis as his slave. Her father Chryses, a priest of Apollo, begs Agamemnon to return her to him. Agamemnon refuses, and Apollo sends a plague amongst the Greeks. The prophet Calchas correctly determines the source of the troubles but will not speak unless Achilles vows to protect him. Achilles does so, and Calchas declares that Chryseis must be returned to her father. Agamemnon consents, but then commands that Achilles' battle prize Briseis, the daughter of Briseus, be 2018|2019

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brought to him to replace Chryseis. Angry at the dishonour of having his plunder and glory taken away (and, as he says later, because he loves Briseis), with the urging of his mother Thetis, Achilles refuses to fight or lead his troops alongside the other Greek forces. At the same time, burning with rage over Agamemnon's theft, Achilles prays to Thetis to convince Zeus to help the Trojans gain ground in the war, so that he may regain his honour.

As the battle turns against the Greeks, thanks to the influence of Zeus, Nestor declares that the Trojans are winning because Agamemnon has angered Achilles, and urges the king to appease the warrior.

Agamemnon agrees and sends Odysseus and two other chieftains, Ajax and Phoenix, to Achilles with the offer of the return of Briseis and other gifts. Achilles rejects all Agamemnon offers him and simply urges the Greeks to sail home as he was planning to do. The Trojans, led by Hector, subsequently push the Greek army back toward the beaches and assault the Greek ships. With the Greek forces on the verge of absolute destruction, Patroclus leads the Myrmidons into battle, wearing Achilles' armour, though Achilles remains at his camp. Patroclus succeeds in pushing the Trojans back from the beaches, but is killed by Hector before he can lead a proper assault on the city of Troy.

After receiving the news of the death of Patroclus from Antilochus, the son of Nestor, Achilles grieves over his beloved companion's death. His mother Thetis comes to comfort the distraught Achilles. She persuades Hephaestus to make new armour for him, in place of the armour that Patroclus had been wearing, which was taken by Hector. The new armour includes the Shield of Achilles, described in great detail in the poem.

Enraged over the death of Patroclus, Achilles ends his refusal to fight and takes the field, killing many men in his rage but always seeking out Hector. Achilles even engages in battle with the river god Scamander, who has become angry that Achilles is choking his waters with all the men he has killed. The god tries to drown Achilles but is stopped by Hera and Hephaestus. Zeus himself takes note of Achilles' rage and sends the gods to restrain him so that he will not go on to sack Troy itself before 2018|2019

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the time allotted for its destruction, seeming to show that the unhindered rage of Achilles can defy fate itself. Finally, Achilles finds his prey. Achilles chases Hector around the wall of Troy three times before Athena, in the form of Hector's favorite and dearest brother, Deiphobus, persuades Hector to stop running and fight Achilles face to face. After Hector realizes the trick, he knows the battle is inevitable. Wanting to go down fighting, he charges at Achilles with his only weapon, his sword, but misses. Accepting his fate, Hector begs Achilles, not to spare his life, but to treat his body with respect after killing him. Achilles tells Hector it is hopeless to expect that of him, declaring that "my rage, my fury would drive me now to hack your flesh away and eat you raw – such agonies you have caused me". Achilles then kills Hector and drags his corpse by its heels behind his chariot. After having a dream where Patroclus begs Achilles to hold his funeral, Achilles hosts a series of funeral games in his honour.

At the onset of his duel with Hector, Achilles is referred to as the brightest star in the sky, which comes on in the autumn, Orion's dog (Sirius); a sign of evil. During the cremation of Patroclus, he is compared to Hesperus, the evening/western star (Venus), while the burning of the funeral pyre lasts until Phosphorus, the morning/eastern star (also Venus) has set (descended).

With the assistance of the god Hermes (Argeiphontes), Hector's father Priam goes to Achilles' tent to plead with Achilles for the return of Hector's body so that he can be buried. Achilles relents and promises a truce for the duration of the funeral, lasting 9 days with a burial on the 10th (in the tradition of Niobe's offspring). The poem ends with a description of Hector's funeral, with the doom of Troy and Achilles himself still to come.

Death The death of Achilles, as predicted by Hector with his dying breath, was brought about by Paris with an arrow (to the heel according to Statius).

In some versions, the god Apollo guided Paris' arrow. Some retellings also state that Achilles was scaling the gates of Troy and was hit with a

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poisoned arrow. All of these versions deny Paris any sort of valour, owing to the common conception that Paris was a coward and not the man his brother Hector was, and Achilles remained undefeated on the battlefield. His bones were mingled with those of Patroclus, and funeral games were held. He was represented in the Aethiopis as living after his death in the island of Leuke at the mouth of the river Danube. Another version of Achilles' death is that he fell deeply in love with one of the Trojan princesses, Polyxena. Achilles asks Priam for Polyxena's hand in marriage. Priam is willing because it would mean the end of the war and an alliance with the world's greatest warrior. But while Priam is overseeing the private marriage of Polyxena and Achilles, Paris, who would have to give up Helen if Achilles married his sister, hides in the bushes and shoots Achilles with a divine arrow, killing him.

In the Odyssey, Agamemnon informs Achilles of his pompous burial and the erection of his mound at the Hellespont while they are receiving the dead suitors in Hades. He claims they built a massive burial mound on the beach of Ilion that could be seen by anyone approaching from the

Ocean. Achilles was cremated and his ashes buried in the same urn as those of Patroclus. Paris was later killed by Philoctetes using the enormous bow of Heracles.

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In Homer's Odyssey, Odysseus sails to the underworld and talks with the shades. One of these is Achilles, who when greeted as "blessed in life, blessed in death", responds that he would rather be a slave to the worst of masters than be king of all the dead. But Achilles then asks Odysseus of his son's exploits in the Trojan War, and when Odysseus tells of Neoptolemus' heroic actions, Achilles is filled with satisfaction. This leaves the reader with an ambiguous understanding of how Achilles felt about the heroic life.

Kariotissa Junior High School and Nick Karampelias

Greece, Lappa GODDESS ARTEMIS

Artemis is one of the oldest, more complex and more interesting characters of the Greek pantheon of Gods. She is the daughter of Zeus, the leader of Olympians Gods, and Leto, the twin-sister of God Apollo. Artemis is the queen of mountains and forests, the Goddess of hunting and the protector of small children and animals. Beautiful and brilliant as she is, Artemis, from the very beginning, had won the appreciation of the other Gods.

Even at the age of three, she had specific demands, concerning her apparels, her equipment and her followers at hunting which was her most beloved occupation. She was a child who knew what she wanted and was really firm and rigid in her decisions. Zeus admired her daughter exactly for her persistence and her ingenuity, so he could hardly refuse anything for her and he was ready to satisfy every of her desire. One of

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the first things Artemis asked as a gift from her father was eternal purity and virginity. Artemis was one of the most beautiful and elegant Goddesses of Olympus. Ancient Greeks really admired her. For this reason, they had various symbols dedicated to her: from animals and plants up to weapons. Goat, deer, bear, dog, snake, laurel, palm tree, cypress, sword, quiver, javelin and many more, were symbols of Artemis.

The Goddess was imagined tall, with a gentle beauty, an outstanding body and a proud walk. Being serious and proud, she kept her character and her purity by despising every erotic siege and attack.

Artemis was a cruel goddess who almost never forgave anyone. Every irregularity against her, any deviation from her strict beliefs and principles, deserved her cruel punishment. Her wrath was relentless; she was always ready to break out against the violator of her strict rules.

Her deadly arrows were always aimed at everyone – God, mortal, even a hero – who overlooked her existence or neglected her rules and the worship to her.

However, at many events, Artemis appears conscious, mature and determined, and only in few incidents she showed a completely different picture. During Titanomachy*, the proud and demanding daughter of Zeus, is appearing as a small, immature girl, ready to obey, respect and fulfil the orders of her father and brother.

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One of Artemis's most favorite pursuits/hobbies was hunting. She was an active woman, impetuous and agile, Îą free and restless goddess who accumulates most of her energy into hunting by searching for her prays in the mountains.

Artemis was restless, harsh and proud, with excellent abilities in archery, a very capable runner, always devoted in her only passion: hunting. What makes Artemis special was her universal dominance in nature. All animals, wild and peaceful, fish and birds, all were under her protection. As a goddess – protector of nature, Artemis was held responsible for agriculture and livestock. All areas that worshiped and honored her were fertile lands, straddled fields, with rich harvest and healthy animals.

On the contrary, every region that did not properly fulfil its obligations concerning worship and honors to her, or even overlooked its existence, had to face her devastating anger, rage and fury, by the destruction of the fields and the decimation of herds. Finally, at the war between the Greeks and the Trojans, Artemis was not unaffected and pathetic. She actively participated with the Trojan side, together with her brother Apollo, Mars, Aphrodite and Leto.

In conclusion, Artemis was an active, harsh and restless goddess and gained the respect of all Gods.

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eTwinning Project: Greek and Roman Ancient History, Myths and Mythology (*) In Greek mythology, Titanomachy was a 10-year war between the older Titans and the younger Olympians gods. The prosaic old generation gap appeared to be the source of the Titanomachy conflict, with the Titans that did not want to transfer their limitless power to the youngsters Gods.

Vicky Saranti, Maria Stefan, George Sarantavgas

ARES, THE GOD OF WAR

One of the Twelve Olympians Gods, Ares, the son of Zeus and Hera, is the God of war. Due to its particular war-like nature, several writers claimed that Ares must have been a foreign god, thinking that the Greek spirit and imagination could not have created such a cruel God. Ares was usually accompanied by his two sons, Deimos (meaning terror) and Phόvos (meaning fear), by his sister Erida (meaning dispute and disunity), and the bloodthirsty, violent daughter (or sometimes sister or mother) Eniό (representing the war and is similar to the Roman war goddess Bellona). He is fighting pedestrian or a chariot with horses the names of which were Έthon (wild, fierce, rushing), Flόgios (fire-colored), Cόnabos (noisy, with clangs, beats, strokes) and Phovos (fear).

Ares appears to be “war-thirsty”, cruel, provocative, brutal and wild, representing the heartless nature of the war. In the narrations of the ancient writers, there was a reference to his very strong voice similar to ten thousand mortals who opened a war and stumbled over each other (Homer’s Iliad E905). He was wearing chest armor and a helmet with a shield, a javelin and a sword. He was tough and raw,

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fickle, fighting without measure and wisdom, and he was always opposed to his sister, Goddess Athena. Athena was also a war Goddess, but she was also the Goddess of wisdom, so she usually won and humbled Ares in the battles, as she was using martial strategy against her opponent’s brutality. The most important conflicts between them were made during the Trojan War; Athena was by the Greeks’ side while Ares supported the Trojans.

Because of these attributes he is not sympathetic to the other Olympians Gods, not even to his father Jupiter who considers him the most hated God. Ares was not honored like the rest of the Olympian Gods by the ancient Greeks, who did not devote him temples and sanctuaries. He was mainly worshiped by the inhabitants of Thrace, Sparta and Southwestern Minor Asia, as they were often attacked by hostile genders, and war for them was inevitable.

Although Ares was the God of war, his own feats are not so great. At the Gigantomachy*, he kills only a Giant. Moreover, according to some research, the Amazons are considered to be daughters of Ares.

An erotic story: At Mount Olympus, Hephaestus, the God of metalworking, and brother of Ares, was united with his marriage bonds with Aphrodite, the Olympian Goddess of Beauty. In this same place, Ares was in the arms of Aphrodite on the bed of Hephaestus.

Helios the all-seeing Sun God, show the illegal meeting and mention this to Hephaestus. Hephaestus told Helios not to say anything and he put a transparent thin gold net in his bed.

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captured them and humiliated them before the other Olympians. When he released them, Aphrodite headed to Cyprus and Ares in Thrace, his place of birth. It was obvious that Ares and Hephaestus share not only the same woman, but the same ridicule as well.

However, after this illegal revelation, Hephaestus demanded the return of the wedding gifts from Zeus, his marriage with Aphrodite was dissolved and the two lovers were now free for a legitimate marriage.

(*) The Gigantomachy was probably the most important battle that happened in Greek mythology. It was a fight between the Giants or Gigantes, sons of Gaea and Uranus, and the Olympian gods who were trying to overthrow the old religion and establish themselves as the new rulers of the cosmos.

Jim Albanis, Panagiota Antonatou, Vaggelis Karavasilis, Miguel Dushi

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GODDESS HESTIA

In Greek mythology, Hestia (Εστία) is the Goddess of home, domestic life, and family. Hestia was worshiped privately in families and not in in public ceremonies and she was the one to receive the first offer in every sacrifice taking place in a home. In Roman mythology, relevant Goddess was Vesta, a Goddess of domestic life but, more importantly, of domestic tranquility, and the worship of hers bounded Romans in a form of a wider family. Hestia’s name means "house and home": the house and its people in it. Hestia also symbolizes the alliance between the colonies and their mother-cities. Hestia is the older daughter of Rea and Saturn, sister of Zeus, Hera, Hades, Poseidon and Demeter. Originally, it was part of the Olympian Gods, but later it offered the throne to Dionysus so as the many quarrels and fights between them would end. Then, she was taking care of the sacred flame at Mount Olympus. Her altars were inside every family home.

According to the Greek Mythology, Cronus (Saturn) swallowed Hestia and all her brothers immediately after their birth, for fear that one of his children would dethrone him. Hestia was the eldest and thus swallowed first. After Zeus – the only child that Cronus missed to shallow - forced his father to disgorge his children, Hestia was

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the last to be yielded up, making her both the oldest and the youngest daughter. After rescued, Zeus lead them at war against Cronus and the other Titans (Titanomachy). After that, Hestia vowed to remain forever virgin, rejecting the calls of her brother Poseidon and Apollo. When, once, she was in danger of being hurt by Priapus, a minor god of fertility, she was saved by the yells of a donkey.

Hestia was a tranquil, a “low profile” Goddess, not mentioned at many myths, but she was the first one that had an offer from a sacrifice inside a house by a woman or, sometimes, by men. She never left Olympus. Finally, Hestia, Athena and Artemis were the only Goddesses that Aphrodite – a Goddess that had subjugated all Gods and humans – had no power over the three of them.

Vicky Saranti, Maria Stefan, George Sarantavgas

DIONYSUS, THE GOD OF WINE AND FUN

In Greek mythology, besides the twelve Gods of Olympus, who were considered the most important, there were other Gods who did not live in this divine mountain. One of them was the God Dionysus. He was the most joyful of the Gods and one of the dearest Gods for the humans.

While Prometheus gave the fire to humans, Dionysus offered them the wine and the grapes.

Dionysus was also very dear to all other Gods. He had helped them several times. and his participation to Gigantomachy had been quite significant. All Gods respected him, but Hera was particularly grateful to him, because he was the only one, among all Olympic Gods, who convinced her son Hephaestus, to return to Olympus and

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release Hera from her bonds.

Dionysus traveled a lot and visited many countries and taught humans how to cultivate vines and how to make wine from them. And of course, as a God of joy and prosperity, he did not travel alone.

He was followed by a noisy crowd!

Wine is a splendid drink, creating fun everywhere.

Buying the wine for the people, Dionysus made them forget their misery and he painted a smile on their faces. Wherever he went, a very bid party begun, and one could hear only the cheerful sounds of the musical instruments and the lively songs.

So, how could people not worship these God? Dionysus was a God, although his mother was mortal. Her name was Semelis, the daughter of the king of Thebes Kadmos. Dionysus, however, asked his

immortality from the other Olympian Gods, because his father was Zeus, but mostly because he was born‌ twice!

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The reborn of Dionysus As strange as it sounds, Dionysus was born twice!

When Zeus was seduced by the outstanding beauty of Semelis, she approached her and joined with her. The fruit of their union was Dionysus.

However, the jealous Hera was not to leave her husband's cheat unforgiven.

Blinded by her jealousy and thirsty for vengeance, she appeared in Semelis and persuaded her to ask her lover to appear as a God rather than a human that he was always appearing before her. This would prove his love to her. Zeus was finally convinced and appeared before her as the powerful God with his thunders but one of them killed Semelis while she running her sixth month of pregnancy. Zeus, at the very last time saved the unborn by putting him in his leg and let him feed himself from there. Three months later, Dionysus was born from the‌ leg of Zeus. This was the mythological Caesarian section.

Zeus knew very well that his jealous wife Hera would soon show his rage on to the newborn child. For this reason, he entrusted Mercury to keep the child in safety. Mercury handed the baby over to Semel's sister, Ino. Hera, however, put spell of madness to Ino and her husband, and they began mercilessly to kill their children. Zeus, just in time, saved Dionysus again and delivered him to the Nymphs to grow him.

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A God of fun and pleasure Dionysus was very generous to the ones that honored him but he appears to be a hard punisher to his enemies and to those who opposed to his way of worship. In spite of being the God of fun and feasts, Dionysus did not have many erotic adventures like other Gods. The women in his life had a different role: they were his babysitters when he was a little boy and also his companions at his feasts.

The symbols of Dionysus are the vine, the wine, and the feast. On earth, people honored him for the divine gift to them, the wine, and for the enjoyment that he generously giving to them. The celebrations he held for his honor were nothing but a never-ending feast, where everyone was drinking too much and singing. In this way they were trying to communicate with their beloved god. Dionysia was one of the greatest feasts in ancient Greece in honor of the god Dionysus. Antistheria was also a great annual celebration in Attica and in many cities and was taking place every end of February. It lasted three days during which the Athenians tasted the New Year’s wine in an enthusiastic atmosphere.

The three days were called Pithygia, Hoes, and Chorus.

Marble relief, depicting the god Dionysus leading the Horae, personifications of the seasons in Greek mythology - 1st century CE Roman copy of an earlier Greek original. (Louvre Museum, Paris).

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Italy, Rome NEPTUNE’S MYTH

Neptune was Cronos’ son and Jupiter's brother. His father used to eat his sons, so his mother hid him in a stable. That is why he was so impulsive and choleric. He loved Amphitrite, a Nereid, so he gave her a little dolphin. At first, she ran away and didn’t return, but later she returned, she married him and they had a son, Triton.

Mythology is full of legends about Neptune, and lots of these are about punishments done by him. For example, he listened to and perpetrated Theseus’s curse against his own son Hippolytus that was unjustly accused by Theseus’s wife Fedra to have tried to seduce her.

As Hippolytus was driving his carriage away from Athens, whence he had been banned by his father Theseus, Neptune raised a furious bull from the sea which scared the horses. Hippolytus fell from the carriage and was dragged along, his body being torned apart.

Neptune also stole all the weapons from Ulysses’ ship, because the Greek had blinded his son Polyphemus. He also killed Ajax and Oileus after they had challenged the gods. His sacred objects were the dolphin and the pine tree.

A VENUS’ MYTH

According to Omer, Venus played a major role in the outbreak of the Trojan War. Eris, the Goddess of discord, had promised an apple to the most beautiful goddess. Venus, Juno and Minerva were competing against each other to win the apple. Jupiter chose the Trojan prince Paris as the judge. The three Goddesses each tried to bribe Paris. Juno tried to bribe Paris offering him Minor Asia. Minerva gave him fame, wisdom and 2018|2019

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glory in battle but Venus offered him the most beautiful mortal woman.

Paris chose Venus’s gift. This woman was Helen, Menelaus’s wife. Paris kidnapped Helen and they went to Troy. When Menelaus found out he asked his brother Agamemnon move war against the Trojans. After years of battles, Jupiter ordered to the Gods to stop the war. So Odysseus, king of Ithaca, was inspired to devise the horse’s plan to let the Greeks enter the Trojan walls. That’s how the Greeks won the war. Enea, one of the Princes of Ithaca, went to Italy with a few survivors to found the city of Rome.

GOD NEPTUNE

Neptune is the Roman god of waters and rivers. Then he became the god of water and earthquakes, becoming the equivalent of Poseidon. He lived in the deep of the sea and he commanded sea monsters. He is often represented on a carriage with horses and a trident in his right hand. His festivity was on 23th of July, and it was called Neptunalia. His temple was located on Flaminius Circus, in Rome. Neptune has given the name to the Neptunism; a theory by Abraham Gottlob Werner.

This theory states that all rocks had marine origins. In mythology, Neptune is a brother of Zeus. He had many lovers, such as Aphrodite, Calice, Demetra, Medusa etc. Because of her relationship with Neptune, Medusa became the monster with the snakes in the hair. The legend consists in Medusa, who consumed her love union on the floor of an Athena’s temple. Athena, by punishment, commuted her in a monster.

Neptune had white and curly hair, white eyes and white hair. He had an impressive body, and he had a trident in his right hand.

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GODDESS VENUS

Venus is one the major roman goddesses, mainly associated with love and beauty. She is considered the ancestor of the Roman people, because she was the mother of Enea, the mythological founder of Rome.

She is traditionally intended to be the equivalent of the Greek goddess Aphrodite. Venus embodies sex, love, beauty, enticement, seduction, and persuasive female charm among the community of immortal gods.

In Latin orthography, her name is indistinguishable from the Latin noun Venus ("sexual love" and "sexual desire"), from which it derives. It has connections to venerari ("to honor, to try to please") and venia ("grace, favor") through a possible common root in an Indo-European *wenes- or *uĚŻ enis ("friend").

Her cults may represent the religiously legitimate charm and seduction of the divine by mortals, in contrast to the formal, contractual relations between most members of Rome's official pantheon and the state, and the unofficial, illegal manipulation of divine forces through magic. The ambivalence of her persuasive functions has been perceived in the relationship of the root *venes- with Latin venenum (poison), in the sense of "a charm, magic philtre" The first known temple to Venus was vowed to Venus Obsequens ("Indulgent Venus") by Q. Fabius Gurges in the heat of a battle against the Samnites. It was dedicated in 295 BC, at a site near the Aventine Hill, Roem, and was supposedly funded by fines imposed on Roman women

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for sexual misdemeanors. Its rites and character were probably influenced by or based on Greek Aphrodite's cults, which were already diffused in various forms throughout Italian Magna Graeca.

I.C. Nelson Mandela

Portugal, Santo Tirso THE MYTH OF APOLLO

In Greek mythology, Apollo was the God of the sun, the arts and the healing. He was the bastard son of Zeus and Leto and had a twin sister, Artemis. He usually used a bow, arrows and a lyre.

Myth of the birth of Apollo: Zeus was married to the goddess Hera, but he also loved the nymph Leto and got her pregnant. Hera, knowing the romance between the two, became angry with Leto and sent the Python snake to chase her.

So Leto was forced to make a long journey to give birth.

She stopped on the island of Ortygia and gave birth to Artemis, the first twin, but nevertheless she had to continue her voyage in search of shelter, which she found only on the island of Delos, a floating island, for Hera had commanded Gaia, goddess of the earth, not to receive her.

When she arrived on the island of Delos, Leto begged for shelter, and

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promised to build a temple that would consecrate the son who was born there.

Even so, the mother remained nine days and nine nights without giving birth, because Hera had prevented Ilitia, the goddess of childbirth, to come to her aid. The goddesses Dione, Reia, Icneia, Thêmis and Amphitrite sent Iris, the messenger of the gods to convince Ilitia to help Leto, and so Apollo was born.

On the moment of birth, Temis, the goddess of Justice, made the baby drink nectar from the gods and eat ragweed to give him immortality.

Soon he became an adult and declared himself a spokesman for Zeus.

Then, Apollo went down to earth and sought a place to erect his temple.

They advised him to build it on the slopes of Mount Parnassus. But, before that, he went to kill the Python snake that chased his mother.

Duarte Assunção

Italy, Senigallia HADES AND THE KIDNAPPING Characters Hades is the god of the Underworld, he is the son of Chrono and Rea. In Roman mythology he is called Pluto.

Persephone is Hades' wife and she is the queen of the Underworld. She is Demeter's daughter. In Roman mythology she is called Proserpina.

Demeter is the goddess of grain, agriculture and bread. She is Persephone's mother and she is the daughter of Cronus and Rea. In Roman mythology she is called Ceres.

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Zeus is the father of the gods and he is the leader of the Olympus. In Roman mythology he is called Jupiter. He is the son of Chrono and Rea too, he is the youngest.

Harpies are monstrous creatures, with the head of a woman and the body of a bird. They are the demons of the storm.

Cerberus is a dog with three heads, he guards the door of the Underworld.

Hypnos are Hades' demons, they are the sons of the night, they are the demons of the death in sleep.

IN THE UNDERWORLD Hades: demons!

Hello

my

Harpies: Hi Hades!

Hades: Listen to me! I’m happy today. I finally decided who will be my wife.

Harpy 1: Who? Really?

Who will be your wife?

Hades: Persephone, Demeter's daughter, Demeter is the goddess of grain, agriculture and bread.

Harpy 2: Oh no! She isn’t a pretty woman. Look for another girl, there are so many.

Hades: What are you talking about? She is lovely. I looked at her and I chose her, but to get her, I have to go on the Earth.

Harpy 3: Oh my God, don’t think about her, there are a lot of more beautiful girls than Persephone.

Hades: Yes, but there is no point, I like Persephone, I want her.

Harpy 1: I’m sure that Persephone’s mother will be angry.

Hades: I don’t care, I love her and I’ll marry her.

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Cerberus: What are you doing? Why are you shouting?

Hades: Hi Cerberus! You have to help me to get Persephone.

Cerberus: Why? Persephone doesn’t live here. Why do you need her?

Hades: Because I love her!

Cerberus: Ok then, I will help you.

Hypnos: No, my God Hades, we’ll bring her here.

Hades: Keep calm, wait! I’ll do it by myself. I’ll go there and I’ll kidnap her.

ON THE EARTH Hades: Persephone! Persephone! Look at me, I love you. Come with me and you will be my queen.

Persephone: Who are you? And where do you want to take me?

Hades: I'm bringing you into the underworld.

Persephone: The underworld? Are you Hades? Oh, you are Hades!!!

Hades: Yes I am. Come and be quiet!

IN THE UNDERWORLD Hades: Here we are!

Persephone: Why am I here? I want to go back home. I don't like staying here, it's too dark. I want to stay with my mother among the flowers.

Hades: You must stay here with me and dominate the underworld kingdom.

Persephone: Oh no! Poor me, poor me.

THE NEXT MORNING Persephone: I want to go back home!

Hades: No! You must stay here!

Persephone: Oh, please, please!!

Hades: Come with me... Have this pomegranate.

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Persephone: Why? Hades: Have it!

Persephone: Ok. Hades: Now you are bound to the underworld and I love you my dear!

Persephone: No, oh no! I want to live on the earth with my family.

ON THE OLYMPUS Demeter: Oh Zeus, help me. I'm scared because I heard my daughter Persephone, that was crying and I can't find her.

Zeus: I know where she is. Don't worry. Go to Hades, he took Persephone into his world.

IN THE UNDERWORLD Demeter went into the underworld...

Demeter: Hades, Hades, give me my daughter, or on the earth we will not have flowers and plants any more.

Hades: No way!!! She is my queen! She will stay here.

Demeter: Oh no, she is my daughter. Listen to me! She can’t stay here.

After a long fight they find out an agreement Demeter: Ok, then, Persephone will stay on the earth for six months with me and six months with you in your world! Is that all right?

Hades: Yes, I agree with you, Demeter.

So Persephone every spring goes on the earth and then she returns to the underworld in autumn...

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Spain, Almenar HEPHAESTUS OR VULCAN

Vulcan is the Roman god of fire, as well as the master of crafts related to the religion of Ancient Rome. It belongs to the oldest phase of the roman religion; In fact, Marco Terrenecio VrrĂłn pointed out, citing the annales panntifium, that the king Titus dazio had dedicated altars to a series of divinities among which Vulcan was found. The direction of their cult corresponded to the flamed Vulcans and its festivity was on August 23, the date on which the Vulcanian are celebrated.

The main temple in Rome was the Volcanal, located in the Roman Forum. Its cult in the city of Ostia was also particularly relevant. Over time, Vulcan underwent a process of identification with the Greek god Hephaestus until, in the classical period, he assimilates its characteristics. For this reason, his genealogy in the Latin tradition is complicated. According to the different versions of the myth, he has been considered the father of CĂŠlulo, Caco, Servius Tulio, Jupiter and Periphetes; son of Juno and Jupiter; and lover of the slave Ocresia and the Maya goddesses, Mayesta, Fortuna and Feronia.

HERMES (MERCURIUS)

Hermes is the messenger of the gods and god of roads, commerce, travels, thiefs, messengers and merchants. He leads the souls to the Hades.

His attributes are the Caduceus, the winged sandals and a winged heat or helmet.

He is the son of Zeus and Maia.

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PHYLEMON AND BAUCIS

One night, Zeus and Hermes came disguised as ordinary peasants, and began asking the people of the town for a place to sleep that night.

They had been rejected by all when at last they came to Baucis and Philemon's simple rustic cottage. The couple was poor but their generosity surpassed that of their rich neighbors, among whom the gods found “doors bolted and no word of kindness."

After serving the two guests food and wine, Baucis noticed that, although she had refilled her guest's cups many times, the pitcher was still full. Realizing that her guests were gods, she and her husband raised their hands in supplication and implored indulgence for their simple home and fare. Philemon thought of catching and killing the goose that guarded their house and making it into a meal, but when he went to do so, it ran to safety in Zeus's lap. Zeus said they need not slay the goose and that they should leave the town. This was because he was going to destroy the town and all those who had turned them away and not provided due hospitality. He told Baucis and Philemon to climb the mountain with him and Hermes and not to turn back until they reached the top.

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destroyed by a flood and that Zeus had turned their cottage into an ornate temple. The couple's wish to be guardians of the temple was granted. They also asked that when time came for one of them to die, that the other would die as well. Upon their death, the couple was changed into an intertwining pair of trees, one oak and one linden, standing in the deserted boggy terrain.

Spain, Cuenca ZEUS / JÚPITER Birth and childhood of Zeus Saturno/Cronos devoured his children so they would not take away the power from him.

Rubens - XVII

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When Cronos wants to eat Zeus, Rea gives a stone to him and rescues the baby.

Zeus was hidden in Creta where was reared by the goat Amaltea.

Relieve, 470 – 460 a.C.

Poussin – XVII

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The reign of Zeus Zeus starts the war against the Titans where they were defeated with the help of the Hecatonquiros.

Zeus and his brothers divided up the power.

Rubens - XVII

The eagle represents the position of Zeus over the gods and the humans. He’s also represented by the ray, the oak, the crown and beard.

Caravaggio - XVI

Ingres - XIX

Wife and sons Zeus was married to his sister Hera / Juno

Annibale Carracci – XVI

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Hefesto, Ares, Ilitia y Hebe were born of Zeus and Hera. Hebe served the néctar and the ambrosia to the gods and had the power of rejuvenating the elders.

Tadolini – XVIII / Velázquez - XVII

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eTwinning Project: Greek and Roman Ancient History, Myths and Mythology Love affairs with mortals Danae caught Zeus’ eye and he transformed himself into a shower of gold to be with her.

With Semele he seemed to be a mortal but she, persuaded by Hera, asked him to appear with his real identity.

Zeus could rescue the embryo that Semele already had and put it into his leg. That was the birth of Dionisos.

Tiziano – XVI

Rubens - XVII

Vasija griega – IV a.C.

To love Alcmena, disguised as her husband, Zeus extends the night into three and conceive Heracles.

Transformed into a white bull, he abducts the lovely princess Europe and takes her to the island of Creta.

Disguised into a cloud, Zeus made love to Ío.

Pintor M. Británico - IV

Rembrandt - XVII

Correggio – XVI

To seduce Calisto he had to take the appearance of Artemis.

To be with Leda Zeus transformed himself into a swan. She laid one egg with Helena and Pólux.

Zeus disguised into an Eagle, kidnapped the Trojan prince, Ganimedes and made him the cup-bearer in the Olympus.

Boucher - XVIII

Dalí - XX

Cajés - XVII

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Love stories with goddesses When Hera knew that Leto was pregnant, she forbade her from giving birth anywhere the sun was setting. Leto gave birth to Apollo and Artemis under a palm tree.

Zeus made Maya mother of the god Hermes. When Hera took revenge on Callisto, Zeus gave her son to Maya to take care of him.

With Demeter he had Persephone who was kidnapped by Hades to make her his wife

Marcantonio Franceschini - XVII

Moneda romana. 340-60

Callet - XVIII

Themis, united with Zeus, begot the Hours, the nymphs of Eridanus, the Hesperides and the Moiras or Fates.

Uranus and Gea revealed to Zeus that his next son with Metis, goddess of wisdom, would snatch his throne, so he swallowed it. Athena was born from the head of Zeus.

Zeus slept with the titanide Mnemósine for nine consecutive nights giving birth to the nine Muses.

Goya - XIX

Vaso ático – VI a.C.

Poussin - XVII

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eTwinning Project: Greek and Roman Ancient History, Myths and Mythology Zeus the one who teaches Justice Zeus punished Prometheus for giving the fire of the gods to humans by having an eagle eat his liver every day.

Sisyphus accused Zeus of seducing Aegina, he bound Death when he went to look for him and he escaped from the underworld. His punishment was to eternally raise a stone to a mountain.

Ixion tried to rape Hera, Zeus' wife, and was tied to a wheel that spins incessantly in the back of Tartarus.

Rubens - XVII

Tiziano - XVI

Ribera - XVI

Zeus condemned Titan Atlas to carry the world on his shoulders for helping the Titans in the war against the Olympians.

Zeus punished Hippomenes and Atalanta for joining in the temple of Cybele. They were converted into lions who are eternally attached to their car.

Tantalus revealed the conversations he had heard at the banquet of the gods, stole nectar and ambrosia and distributed them to his friends, served the gods to his son as food ...

Zeus punished him for suffering hunger and thirst eternally.

Lee Lawrie – XX

R. Michel y F. GutiĂŠrrez Arribas - XVIII

Assereto - XVII

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THE END

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