Criminology the core 4th edition siegel test bank

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Social Conflict and Critical Criminology Test Bank

MULTIPLE CHOICE 1.

According to conflict theorists, societal conflict promotes crime by:

a. creating a social atmosphere in which the law is a mechanism for controlling have-not members of society. b. encouraging greater use of government resources by the poor. c. decreasing the value of corporate profits. d. decreasing the role of religion in shaping individual reality.

ANS: A 2.

REF: 198

OBJ: 1, 2, 3

Which of the following is NOT a basic concern of critical criminologists?

a. the increased effect of mass media pertaining to demystifying the law b. the role the government plays in creating a criminogenic environment c. the relationship between personal or group power and the shaping of criminal law d. the prevalence of bias in justice system operations ANS: A 3.

REF: 201

OBJ: 1, 2 , 3

The social ferment of the ____ gave birth to critical criminology.

a. 1930s b. 1940s ANS: D

c. 1950s d. 1960s REF: 198

OBJ: 3

174

4.

The publication of Taylor, Walton, and Young’s __________ in 1973 gave a powerful boost to the conflict view and created a tradition for critical criminologists to question the role criminology plays in supporting the status quo and aiding the oppression of the poor and powerless.

a. The New Criminology b. Left Realism in the Seventies ANS: A 5.

REF: 199

c. Feminism and the Law d. The Social Reality of Crime OBJ: 1, 2, 3

According to critical theorists, crime is a:

a. legal concept designed to protect the poor from oppression. b. an idealistic concept resulting from a legal system designed to mete out the severest punishments to those who inflict the most social harm. c. political concept designed to protect the power and position of the upper classes. d. philosophical concept whereby laws are designed to maintain a tranquil, fair society.

ANS: C 6.

REF: 201

Profits produced by the laboring classes are accrued by business owners who use these profits for reinvestment or to enrich themselves. This key crime-producing effort of modern corporate capitalism is termed:

a. excess abundance. b. surplus value.

ANS: B 7.

OBJ: 1, 2, 3

REF: 204

c. profit distribution. d. differential wealth.

OBJ: 3

Globalization is of particular concern for critical theorists. What concept inherent in globalization do critical theorists find problematic?

a. sexism b. industrialization ANS: D

REF: 206-207

c. mechanization d. surplus value OBJ: 3

175

8.

Critical theorists question the altruism of multi-national corporations and, therefore, take a very skeptical view of:

a. mechanization. b. globalization.

ANS: B 9.

c. immigration. d. technological communications.

REF: 206-207

Supranational criminology is a specialization of critical theory that focuses on which type of crimes?

a. white-collar crimes b. environmental crimes ANS: C 10.

REF: 201

ANS: B

REF: 202

OBJ: 3

c. Instrumental theory d. Structural theory OBJ: 4

When a government or political authority makes use of death squads to kill political opponents, dissenters, or other undesirables, what type of crime has been committed?

a. political corruption b. torture ANS: C 12.

c. war crimes d. predatory street crimes

____ describes the anti-social behaviors that arise from efforts to maintain governmental power or to uphold the race, class, and gender advantages of those who support the government.

a. Power-control crime b. State (organized) crime

11.

OBJ: 3

REF: 204

c. state violence d. illegal domestic surveillance OBJ: 4

Some government experts use the "ticking Bomb scenario," to justify which type of state crime?

a. human rights violation b. state violence ANS: D

REF: 205

c. illegal domestic surveillance d. torture OBJ: 4

176

13.

According to this type of critical theory, the poor may or may not commit more crimes than the rich, but the poor are certainly arrested and punished more often.

a. left realism b. critical feminism ANS: C 14.

REF: 208

OBJ: 5

Instrumental theorists consider it essential to __________ law and justice - that is, to unmask its true purpose.

a. decertify b. demystify ANS: B 15.

c. instrumental d. structural

c. debunk d. decode REF: 208

OBJ: 5

What is the key difference between instrumental theorists and structural theorists?

a. Structural theorists view the criminal justice system as a capitalist instrument for controlling the lower class. b. Structural theorists believe the law is unidirectional, always working for the rich against the poor. c. Structural theorists oppose antitrust legislation. d. Structural theorists focus on anyone who threatens the capitalist system.

ANS: D 16.

REF: 208

OBJ: 5

What type of research methodology is a critical criminologist most likely to employ?

a. examination of historical trends b. victimization surveys ANS: A

REF: 208

c. statistical analysis d. field observation OBJ: 6

177

17.

Mainstream criminologists level a number of criticisms against critical criminology.

Which is not one of those criticisms?

a. Critical theorists unfairly neglect the capitalist system's efforts to regulate itself. b. The contribution of critical criminology is "hot air, but no real light." c. Critical theorists focus too heavily on the problems and conflicts that exist in socialist countries. d. Critical criminologists are too quick to blame capitalism for every human vice.

ANS: C 18.

a. b. c. d.

failing to recognize structural differences in society selling out their ideals for the chance to receive government funding focusing on expressive crimes rather than instrumental crimes ignoring the impact of environmental factors REF: 211

OBJ: 7

__________ reflects a critical perspective that explains both the exploitation of women and women's criminality in terms of gender inequality and patriarchy.

a. Left realism b. Critical feminism ANS: B 20.

OBJ: 7

While mainstream criminologists criticize critical criminologists, what do critical criminologists accuse mainstream criminologists of doing?

ANS: B 19.

REF: 211

REF: 212

c. Supranational criminology d. Restorative justice OBJ: 8

According to Messerschmidt's views in Capitalism, Patriarchy, and Crime what factor explains why females in society commit fewer crimes than males?

a. double marginality b. marginalization ANS: A

REF: 213

c. surplus value d. preemptive deterrence OBJ: 8

178

21.

John Hagan’s critical feminist model uses gender differences to explain the onset of criminality. According to Hagan's power-control theory, what two factors account for female crime and delinquency?

a. race/ethnicity and social status b. class position and economic ability ANS: D 22.

REF: 214

ANS: A

REF: 214

c. egalitarian families d. capitalist families OBJ: 8

According to power-control theory, which type of family produces daughters whose law-violating behavior mirrors that of their brothers?

a. paternalistic families b. matriarchal families ANS: C 24.

OBJ: 8

Girls growing up in ______ are socialized to fear legal sanctions more than males; consequently, boys in these families exhibit more delinquent behavior than their sisters.

a. paternalistic families b. matriarchal families

23.

c. education level and family status d. class position and family functions

REF: 214

c. egalitarian families d. capitalist families OBJ: 8

John Lea and Jock Young, leaders of the leftist realism movement, contend that:

a. the poor are doubly abused, first by the capitalist system and then by members of their own class. b. the wealthy and poor are equally victimized and laws should reflect that equality. c. the economic inequality in capitalist societies serves to encourage lower class members to improve their economic status. d. critical feminists failed to address the patriarchal dominance in American society.

ANS: A

REF: 211

OBJ: 9

179

25.

Lea and Young's left realism view of crime causation borrows from mainstream sociological theory and closely resembles the __________ approach.

a. social structure b. relative deprivation ANS: B 26. a. b. c. d.

OBJ: 9

Peacemaking criminologists view the efforts of the state to punish and control crime as: an effective means of controlling the crimes of all social classes. encouraging crime rather than discouraging it. focusing on poverty rather than socioeconomic status. efforts to repair severed relationships in society.

ANS: B 27.

REF: 211

c. cultural deviance d. social learning

REF: 215

OBJ: 10

Which of the following is true regarding restorative justice programs?

a. Restoration programs are relatively new having been developed only in the last decade. b. Restoration programs have been part of peacekeeping in Asian, Native American and Native Canadian communities for centuries. c. While used in Europe and Asia, restoration programs have yet to be implemented in the United States. d. According to Howard Zehr, the core value of the restorative justice process can be translated as therapy for all.

ANS: B 28.

REF: 218

OBJ: 10

Some Native American communities use a peacemaking ceremony called __________ whereby groups of tribal elders, victims and community members meet with offenders in order to determine the best resolution for those accused of breaking the law.

a. a sentencing circle b. a tribal circle ANS: A

REF: 218

c. a community circle d. a resolution circle OBJ: 10

180

29.

A number of restorative justice experts, including Gordon Bazemore, have suggested that restorative justice should be organized around the principle of:

a. balance. b. rehabilitation.

ANS: A 30.

c. therapy. d. honor.

REF: 219

OBJ: 10

Which of the following is recognized as a challenge to restorative justice?

a. Restorative justice increases the costs of criminal justice when it is used as a diversion method. b. Restorative justice has never been attempted in the U.S. and many doubt it will ever be implemented. c. Restorative justice may work in the short term while ignoring long-term treatment needs. d. Restorative justice results in increased recidivism rates in comparison to the recidivism rates of those sent to prison.

ANS: C

REF: 220

OBJ: 10

TRUE/FALSE 1.

According to the conflict view, crime is a political concept designed to protect the power and position of the upper classes at the expense of the poor.

ANS: T 2.

OBJ: 1, 2

Critical criminologists contend that the wealthy stratum of society can be involved in acts that should be described as crimes but are not, such as racism, sexism, and profiteering.

ANS: T 3.

REF: 201

REF: 202

OBJ: 2, 3

Critical criminologists believe that economic growth benefits all elements of the population by spurring job creation and surplus value.

ANS: F

REF: 201

OBJ: 3

181

4.

Critical criminologist who focus on state (organized) crime contend that a government might go to war to support the capitalist classes who need the wealth and resources of other nations.

ANS: T 5.

REF: 209

OBJ: 6

REF: 209

OBJ: 2, 6

REF: 211

OBJ: 7

According to Hagan and his associates, within the paternalistic home, mothers are expected to control the behavior of their sons while granting greater freedom to daughters.

ANS: F 11.

OBJ: 2, 5

In response to mainstream critics, critical criminologists accuse critics of selling out their criminological ideals for the chance to receive government funding.

ANS: T 10.

REF: 208

Empirical research confirms that, as predicted by critical criminology, a suspect’s race is an important factor in shaping justice system decision making.

ANS: T 9.

OBJ: 5

Empirical research is considered incompatible with critical criminology.

ANS: F 8.

REF: 207

Structural theorists consider it essential to demystify law and justice – that is, to unmask its true purpose.

ANS: F 7.

OBJ: 4

Instrumentalists view criminal law and the criminal justice system solely as an instrument for controlling the poor, have-not members of society.

ANS: T 6.

REF: 202

REF: 214

OBJ: 8

According to critical feminist theory, women are considered a commodity worth possessing, like land or money.

ANS: T

REF: 212

OBJ: 8

182

12.

Left realists are conflict scholars who view the police and the courts as inherent evil tools of capitalism whose tough tactics alienate the lower classes.

ANS: F 13.

REF: 212

OBJ: 9

Most Balanced and Restorative Justice programs are located within the juvenile justice system.

ANS: T 15.

OBJ: 9

Left realists support a strict “law and order” philosophy, which has at its centerpiece a policy of punishing juveniles severely in adult court.

ANS: F 14.

REF: 212

REF: 220

OBJ: 10

Peacemaking criminologists seek nonviolent, humane alternatives to coercive punishment.

ANS: T

REF: 215

OBJ: 10

ESSAY 1.

Explain the development of critical criminology in light of evolving social conflict in society.

REF: 198-200 2.

What elements of conflict are present in the American legal and justice systems?

Respond to this question in terms of how and why critical criminologists view crime as a political concept designed to protect the power and position of the upper classes at the expense of the poor.

REF: 198-202 3.

OBJ: 1

OBJ: 2

How do critical criminologists view crime? Include in your response the critical criminology specialization called supranational criminology.

REF: 201-202

OBJ: 3

183

4.

Define the term “state (organized) crime” and discuss the various categories of crime contained under the umbrella of state crime. Include in your response a discussion of the overall impact of state crime on society.

REF: 202-204 5.

One group of critical theorists is referred to as instrumentalists. Why do instrumentalists consider it essential to demystify law and justice?

REF: 207-208 6.

OBJ: 8

One of the newer aspects of critical criminology is left realism. What are the concerns of left realism criminologists and how does left realism differ from other critical theories?

REF: 211-212 10.

OBJ: 7

Explain the critical feminist view of crime. Include in your response how gender inequality accounts for crimes committed against women and for the crimes that women commit.

REF: 212-215 9.

OBJ: 6

What criticisms have been leveled against critical criminology and how do critical criminologists respond to these criticisms?

REF: 211 8.

OBJ: 5

What are the research methodologies used by critical criminologists and how do these methods differ from mainstream criminology research techniques? What do the critical criminology research methods indicate about crime and criminality?

REF: 208-209 7.

OBJ: 4

OBJ: 9

Define and describe the concept of restorative justice and why it is considered an aspect of peacemaking criminology.

REF: 216-220

OBJ: 10

184