CALEBINSTITUTE
FARUKHNAGAR:HARYANA
Anessaypaperon “CovenantinthePropheticBooks”
Submittedinfulfillmentofcourserequirementforthecourse MinistryoftheProphets:OldTestament
Submittedto Dr.SagguAbraham
Submittedby Zevilhousie(Mdiv2)
Submittedon16thFebruary,2024.
1.Introduction
2.TheologicalFoundationsofCovenant
3.CovenantaltheologyinancientNearEasterncontext
4.ScopeofCovenant
5.UnderstandingofCovenantinPentateuchalperiod
6.TypesofCovenantsinthePropheticBooks
7.PropheticInterpretationsofCovenant
8.CovenantalThemesinSelectedPropheticBooks
9.Conclusion
1.Introduction
Thisresearchpaperdelvesintotheconceptofcovenantasdepictedinthepropheticbooksof theBible.Throughanin-depthexaminationofkeypassagesfromvariouspropheticwritings, includingIsaiah,Jeremiah,Ezekiel,andothers,thepaperexploresthenature,significance,and implicationsofcovenantinthecontextofIsrael'srelationshipwithGod.Itexaminesthedifferent typesofcovenantsfoundinthepropheticliterature,suchastheMosaicCovenant,theDavidic Covenant,andtheNewCovenant,analyzingtheirterms,promises,andconditions.Additionally, thepaperinvestigateshowtheprophetsreaffirmed,interpreted,andsometimeschallengedthe covenantalrelationshipbetweenGodandHispeople,emphasizingthemesoffaithfulness, obedience,justice,andrestoration.Ultimately,thispaperaimstoprovideacomprehensive understandingoftheroleofcovenantwithintheprophetictraditionanditsenduringrelevance forcontemporarytheologicalreflection.
2.TheologicalFoundationsofCovenant
Theword“Covenant”isderivedfromtheHebrewword “berit”. Thismeaningofthiswordhas beenassumedas“tocut”or“tosee”.1 Aformalagreementbetweentwopartiesiscalled “Covenant”.2 J.Begrich,aGermanBiblescholarandatheologianstatethat berith originally means“anagreementbetweentwounequalpartners,inwhichtheonepartnerwhoismore powerfulbindshimselftoacertainconditionandcertainattitudetowardsthelesspowerfulif certainconditionswerefulfilledbythelesspowerfulpartner.3
IntheOldTestamentthecovenantrestsonGod’spromiseandliesattheheartofthebiblical notionofHistory.ThecovenantisthecoreoftheIsraelitesunderstandingoftheirrelationship withGod.4 Thecovenantistherelationshipwithpeoplenotwithanindividual.Althoughthe individualstandswithinthecovenantthatGodhasmade,Hedidnotmakeacovenantwith concerningjustforonlyanindividualbutwiththepeopleanddealswiththepeople.5
3.CovenantaltheologyinancientNearEasterncontext
Duringthe Sumerian era,covenantsexistedbetweenthetownsandstates.Thesewerecovenants thatwereupheldbyanoathandmusthaveexistedfarearlier.Thecovenantasitemergedamong theHittiteshasbeenbroughttoourattentionbyMendenhall.Heclaimsthattherearetwotypes ofcovenantsamongtheHittites:parityandsuzerainty.Onlytheinferiorpartyunderthe suzeraintycovenantissworntoanoath.HemustsubmittothekingoftheHittitessincethe monarchcommandsit.Butintheparitycovenant,bothpartiestotheagreementmusttakethe
1 EdwardJ.Young, TheStudyofOldTestamentTheologyToday (Westwood,NewJersey:FlemingH. RevellCompany,n/a),61.
2 JohnH.Walton,VictorH.Matthews,andMarkW.Chavalas, TheIVPBibleBackground:OldTestament (Bangalore:OmegaBookWorld,2019),39.
3 LudwigKöhler, OldTestamentTheology (Cambridge:JamesClarkeCo.,Ltd,1957),62
4 WilliamDyrness, ThemesinOldTestamentTheology (DownersGrove,Illinois:InterVarsityPress,1979), 113.
5 LudwigKöhler, OldTestamentTheology, 65.
oathandagreetoupholdit.Thesimilaritycovenant,whichbindseachpartytoidentical obligations,iswhyMendenhallclaimsthatthesuzeraintycontractisthefundamentalform.He usesthepactbetweentheHittite,Hattusilis,andtheEgyptianRamsesIIasanillustration.In additiontoswearingallegiancetotheking,thevassalwasrequiredunderthesuzeraintypactto demonstratehisfaithinthemonarch.6
Accordingto Hittite and Babylonian languages,thecovenantwasreferredtobyphraseslike "vows"and"ties",anditwasseentobesomethingthatthekingorothersovereignhadgranted tothesubject.Whatthedescriptionreallymeansisthatduetothekindness,consideration,and favorthatthevassalhasalreadyexperienced,heisunderanongoingdutyofgratitudetothe greatking.Asalogicalresultimmediatelyafterthis,thevassal'sdevotiontothegreatkingis expressed.7
4.ScopeofCovenant
ItiscrucialtofindoutexactlywhatthescopeanddefinitionsofGod'scovenantwithIsraelareif oneistocomprehendtheOldTestamentrevelation.Theeasiestwaytodothisistoremove wrongideas.8 Thecovenantappliestothepeopleasawhole,notanindividual.Thecovenantof GodwiththeIsraeliteswiththosewhoarecompetenttoenterintosuchthings,astheyrepresent thepeople.Godisnotboundwithanygeographicalland,neitherwithEgypt,norwith wilderness,norwithCanaan,norwithanyland.God(Yahweh/LORD)isnotagodofthe peoplesandmuchlessaworldgod.InthecovenantbetweenGodandIsraelites,theyhavecome togetheraspartners,whereGodguaranteesprotection,andtheIsraelitesweretheoneswhoshow obedienceandfaithfulnesstowardGod.9
5.UnderstandingofCovenantinPentateuchalperiod
NoahicCovenant
ThefirstmentionofacovenantintheBibleisthecovenantGodmadewithNoahaftertheGreat Flood.ItisnoticedthatGodmadeacovenantwithNoahbeforetheflood.10 HesaystoNoah“I willestablishmycovenantwithyou….”(Gen6:18).HetellsNoahtotakehisfamilytotheARk sothattheywillbesavedfromtheflood.Aftertheflood,Godpromisednevertodestroythe earthbyafloodagainandsealedthecovenantwiththesignoftherainbow(Genesis9:8-17). ThiscovenantestablishesarelationshipbetweenGodandhumanityandsetsthestageforfuture covenants.11 ThiscovenantalsoestablishestheprincipleswherebymanistoruleoverGod’s kingdomorthecreationofGodonearth.NoahmediatedthecovenantofGodtoallhumanity.12
6 EdwardJ.Young, TheStudyofOldTestamentTheologyToday,66.
7 EdwardJ.Young, TheStudyofOldTestamentTheologyToday,66.
8 LudwigKöhler, OldTestamentTheology, 69.
9 LudwigKöhler, OldTestamentTheology, 70-71.
10 PaulEnns, TheMoodyHandbookofTheology (Hyderabad:Authentic,2008),48.
11 WilliamDyrness, ThemesinOldTestamentTheology,116.
12 PaulEnns, TheMoodyHandbookofTheology, 48.
AbrahamicCovenant
GodmadeacovenantwithAbraham.Hetellshimtoleavehishomeandpromisestomakehim thefatherofagreatnationandtoblesshisdescendants.Thiscovenantincludedthepromiseof landanddescendants(Genesis15:18-21).Itwassealedbytheritualofcircumcision,marking AbrahamandhisdescendantsasGod'schosenpeople(Genesis17:9-14).Thecovenantwith AbrahamlaidthefoundationforthenationofIsraelandthefuturecovenantswithMosesand David.13
MosaicCovenant
ThecovenantwithMosesisperhapsthemostwell-knowncovenantintheOldTestament.Itwas formedatMountSinaiwhenGodgaveMosestheTenCommandmentsandtheLaw.14 The peopleofIsraelagreedtofollowthesecommandmentsandlaws,andGodpromisedtobetheir Godandprotectthemashischosenpeople(Exodus19-24).Thiscovenantwassealedwiththe sprinkleofbloodonthepeopleandtheBookoftheCovenant(Exodus24:4-8).Thiscovenantis madewiththeIsraelitespriortothefactthattheyareGod’schosenpeople.Itismadeandputin operationonthebasisofGod’sdecision.15 Thiscovenantisarecurrentthemethroughthe historicalbooksoftheBible.
6.TypesofCovenantsinthePropheticBooks
-TheMosaicCovenant:
TheMosaiccovenantisasignificantaspectofthepropheticbooksoftheOldTestament,asit formsthefoundationfortherelationshipbetweenGodandtheIsraelites.TheMosaiccovenant referstothecovenantthatwasestablishedbetweenGodandthepeopleofIsraelthroughMoses atMountSinai.ThiscovenantisdetailedinthebookofExodusandischaracterizedbythe givingoftheTenCommandmentsandthelawsandregulationsthatGodgavetotheIsraelites.16
Inthepropheticbooks,theMosaiccovenantisoftenreferredtoasacovenantthatthepeopleof Israelhavebrokenthroughtheirdisobedienceandunfaithfulness.Theprophetsadmonishthe peoplefortheirfailuretoupholdthetermsofthecovenantandforturningawayfromGodto worshipidolsandengageinunjustpractices.Theprophetswarnthepeopleoftheconsequences oftheirdisobedienceandcallthemtorepentanceandareturntothetermsofthecovenant.17
Forexample,inthebookofJeremiah,theprophetlamentstheunfaithfulnessofthepeopleof IsraeltotheMosaiccovenant,astheyhaveforsakenthelawsandcommandsofGod.Jeremiah 11:10states,"Theyhaveturnedbacktothesinsoftheirancestors,whorefusedtolistentomy
13 WilliamDyrness, ThemesinOldTestamentTheology, 117.
14 EugeneH.Merrill, AnHistoricalSurveyoftheOldTestament (GrandRapids,Michigan:BakerBook House,1996),132.
15 WilliamDyrness, ThemesinOldTestamentTheology, 120.
16 WalterBrueggemann, ThePropheticImagination (Minneapolis,Minnesota:FortressPress,2001),52.
17 WalterBrueggemann, ThePropheticImagination, 53.
words.Theyhavefollowedothergodstoservethem.BothIsraelandJudahhavebrokenthe covenantImadewiththeirancestors."18
Similarly,inthebookofHosea,theprophetusesthemetaphorofmarriagetodescribethe relationshipbetweenGodandIsrael,portrayingtheunfaithfulnessofIsraelasadulteryanda violationoftheMosaiccovenant.19
-TheDavidicCovenant:
TheDavidicCovenantisabiblicalcovenantmadebetweenGodandKingDavidintheOld TestamentoftheBible.Thecovenantisfoundin2Samuel7:8-16andstatesthatGodpromises toestablishadynastyofkingsfromthedescendantsofDavid.20
Accordingtothecovenant,GodpromisesDavidthathisdescendantswillruleoverthekingdom ofIsraelforever.GodalsopromisestoestablishakingdomforDavidthatwillendureforever. ThiscovenantisseenasacontinuationofthepromisesmadetoAbrahamandhisdescendantsin theAbrahamicCovenant.21
Inthepropheticbooks,theDavidiccovenantisoftenreferencedasasourceofhopeand expectationforthecomingofarighteousandjustrulerfromthelineofDavid.Theprophets speakofafutureking,oftenreferredtoasthe"Messiah,"whowillbringaboutthefulfilmentof theDavidiccovenantandestablishakingdomofpeaceandrighteousness.22
Forinstance,inthebookofIsaiah,theprophetspeaksofacomingrulerfromthelineofDavid whowillreignwithjusticeandrighteousness.Isaiah9:6-7states,"Fortousachildisborn,tous asonisgiven,andthegovernmentwillbeonhisshoulders.AndhewillbecalledWonderful Counselor,MightyGod,EverlastingFather,PrinceofPeace.Ofthegreatnessofhisgovernment andpeace,therewillbenoend.HewillreignonDavid’sthroneandoverhiskingdom, establishingandupholdingitwithjusticeandrighteousnessfromthattimeonandforever."23
TheconceptoftheDavidiccovenantandthepromiseddescendantofDavidisalsoprominentin thebookofJeremiah,wheretheprophetspeaksofarighteousBranchfromthelineofDavid whowillreignaskingandexecutejusticeandrighteousnessintheland(Jeremiah23:5-6).24
18 C,HassellBullock, AnIntroductiontotheOldTestament:PropheticBooks (Bangalore:OmegaBook World,2007),240.
19 C,HassellBullock, AnIntroductiontotheOldTestament, 111.
20 PaulEnns, TheMoodyHandbookofTheology, 63.
21 WilliamDyrness, ThemesinOldTestamentTheology, 121.
22 JosephBlenkinsopp, AHistoryofProphecyinIsrael (Louisville:WestminsterJohnKnoxPress,1996), 152.
23 JosephBlenkinsopp, AHistoryofProphecyinIsrael, 153.
24 JosephBlenkinsopp, AHistoryofProphecyinIsrael, 156.
-TheNewCovenant:
TheconceptofthenewcovenantisaprominentthemeinthepropheticbooksoftheOld Testament.Thisnewcovenantisoftenassociatedwithatimeofrenewalandrestoration,in whichGodpromisestoforgivethesinsofhispeopleandestablishacloserrelationshipwith them.Itisacovenantthatisoftenseenasanimprovementupontheoldcovenant,whichwas giventotheIsraelitesatMountSinai.25
InthebookofJeremiah,theprophetspeaksofanewcovenantthatGodwillmakewithhis people.InJeremiah31:31-34,Godpromisestowritehislawontheheartsofhispeopleandto forgivetheirsins,establishinganewandlastingcovenant.Thisnewcovenantisseenasa departurefromtheoldcovenant,whichthepeoplehadbrokenthroughtheirdisobedience.26
Similarly,inthebookofEzekiel,theprophetspeaksofanewcovenantthatGodwillmakewith hispeople,inwhichhewillgivethemanewheartandanewspirit,andputhisSpiritwithin themtoenablethemtofollowhiscommands(Ezekiel36:26-27).Thisnewcovenantisseenasa timeofspiritualrenewalandtransformationforthepeopleofIsrael.27
InthebookofIsaiah,theprophetspeaksofanewcovenantthatwillbringaboutaneraofpeace andrighteousness.Isaiah42:6and49:8mentionacovenantthatwillbealighttothenations,and bringsalvationtotheendsoftheearth.28
TheideaofthenewcovenantinthePropheticBookspointstoafuturetimeofrestorationand renewalforGod'speople,inwhichtheywillexperienceforgivenessofsins,transformationof theheart,andthepresenceofGod'sSpirit.Thisthemeofthenewcovenantisoftenseenasa foreshadowingofthecomingofJesusChrist,whoisseenastheultimatefulfillmentofthenew covenantintheNewTestament.29
7.PropheticInterpretationsofCovenant
-Propheticcritiqueofcovenantaldisobedienceandidolatry
TheProphetsintheOldTestamentoftendeliveredstrongmessagesofcritiqueandrebuke againstthecovenantaldisobedienceandidolatryofthepeopleofIsrael.Theconceptofcovenant intheOldTestamentreferstothespecialrelationshipbetweenGodandthepeopleofIsrael, whichwasestablishedthroughthegivingoftheLawandthepromisesmadetothepatriarchs. ThepeoplewereexpectedtoobeyGod'scommandmentsandworshipHimalone,buttheyoften
25 H.G.M.Williamson, TheNewCovenantintheOldTestament (Sheffield:SheffieldAcademicPress, 1995),45.
26 C,HassellBullock, AnIntroductiontotheOldTestament,243.
27 B.Lalnunzira, PropheticDiscourseinaCrisisofExile:PurityandGroupidentity intheBookofEzekiel (Delhi:ChristianWorldImprint,2020),136-137.
28 IvanD.Friesen, BelieversChurchBibleCommentary:Isaiah (Scottdale,Pennsylvania:HeraldPress, 2009),308
29 H.G.M.Williamson, TheNewCovenantintheOldTestament, 48.
turnedawayfromGodandengagedinidolatry,worshippingfalsegodsandbreakingtheir covenantalcommitments.30
TheProphets,asmessengersofGod,weretaskedwithchallengingandcondemningthe disobedienceofthepeopleandcallingthemtorepentance.Theyspokeoutagainstthepracticeof idolatry,whichinvolvedtheworshipoffalsegodsandtherelianceonman-madeidols.This disobedienceandidolatrywereseenasabetrayalofthecovenantalrelationshipwithGodanda rejectionofHisauthority.31
OneexampleofthispropheticcritiquecanbefoundinthebookofJeremiah.Inhisprophecy, JeremiahdeliversascathingindictmentofthepeopleofIsraelfortheiridolatryand disobedience.HeaccusesthemofforsakingthetrueGodandturningtoworthlessidols, proclaiming,"Formypeoplehavecommittedtwoevils:theyhaveforsakenme,thefountainof livingwaters,andhewedoutcisternsforthemselves,brokencisternsthatcanholdnowater" (Jeremiah2:13).Thisimageryportraysthepeople'srejectionofGodasthesourceoflifeand theirfutileattempttofindsatisfactioninfalsegodsandemptyidols.32
TheProphetsalsowarnedoftheconsequencesofcovenantaldisobedienceandidolatry, proclaimingthatGod'sjudgmentwouldcomeuponthepeopleiftheydidnotturnawayfrom theirsinfulways.TheycalledforrepentanceandareturntothetrueworshipofGod,urgingthe peopletoremembertheircovenantalcommitmentsandtheblessingsthatwouldcomefrom obedience.33
-Callsforrepentance,justice,andcovenantrenewalglimpsesofcovenantalrestoration andfulfillment
Propheticinterpretationofcovenantcallsforrepentance,justice,andcovenantrenewal. Accordingtoacademicsources,thepropheticinterpretationofcovenantemphasizesthe importanceofrepentanceforthepeople'stransgressionsagainstthecovenantwithGod.The prophetscallforaturningawayfromsinfulbehaviorandareturntoobediencetothetermsof thecovenant.Thisideaissupportedbyacademicsourcessuchas"TheProphets"byAbrahamJ. Heschel,whichdiscussestheprophets'focusonthemoralandethicalaspectsofthecovenant andtheircallsforrepentanceinordertoupholdthecovenantalrelationshipwithGod.34
Moreover,thepropheticinterpretationofcovenantalsocallsforjusticeandrighteousnessinthe community.Theprophetscondemnsocialinjustices,oppressionofthemarginalized,andcorrupt practicesthatviolatethetermsofthecovenant.Academicsourcessuchas"TheMessageofthe
30 AbrahamJoshuaHeschel,TheProphets (Philadelphia:JewishPublicationSociety,2001),135
31 AbrahamJoshuaHeschel,TheProphets, 135.
32 WalterBrueggemann, ThePropheticImagination,72.
33 WalterBrueggemann, ThePropheticImagination, 72.
34 AbrahamJoshuaHeschel,TheProphets, 32.
Prophets"byJ.DanielHaysandTremperLongmanIIIhighlighttheprophets'emphasisonsocial justiceasanessentialaspectofcovenantalfaithfulness. 35
Thepropheticinterpretationofcovenantemphasizestheneedforcovenantrenewal.This involvesarecommitmenttothecovenantalrelationshipwithGod,arededicationtoobedience andfaithfulness,andarenewedcommitmenttolivingaccordingtothetermsofthecovenant. Academicsourcessuchas"ThePropheticImagination"byWalterBrueggemanndiscussthe prophets'messagesofhopeandrenewal,callingforareturntocovenantallivinganda restorationofthecovenantalrelationshipwithGod.36
Thepropheticinterpretationofcovenantemphasizestheneedforrepentance,justice,and covenantrenewalinordertoupholdthecovenantalrelationshipwithGod.Thisinterpretationis supportedbyacademicsourcesthathighlighttheprophets'focusontheseaspectsofcovenantal faithfulness.
8.CovenantalThemesinSelectedPropheticBooks
-Isaiah:Covenantalmotifsofsalvation,sufferingservant,andnewcreation
ThebookofIsaiahisrichincovenantalthemes,reflectingthecovenantrelationshipbetween GodandHispeople.TheprophetIsaiahspeaksofthecovenantalmotifofsalvation,emphasizing God'spromisetoredeemHispeopleandbringthembackintoarightrelationshipwithHim.The sufferingservantpassagesinIsaiahalsohighlightthecovenantalaspectofGod'sredemptive plan,astheservantisportrayedasbearingthesinsofthepeopleinordertobringabouttheir salvation.Additionally,theprophetspeaksofthenewcreationthatGodwillbringaboutthrough Hiscovenantalpromises,whereallthingswillbemadenewandrestoredtotheirintended glory.
37
-Jeremiah:Covenantalimageryofpotterandclay,newheart,andrestoration
InthebookofJeremiah,covenantalimageryisprevalentastheprophetspeaksofGod's relationshipwithHispeopleusingthemetaphorofapotterandclay.Thisimageryhighlightsthe covenantalaspectofGod'ssovereigntyandHisabilitytoshapeandmoldHispeopleaccording toHiswill.JeremiahalsospeaksofthepromiseofanewheartthatGodwillgivetoHispeople, acovenantalthemeemphasizingspiritualrenewalandrestoration.Theprophet'smessageof restorationforGod'speoplealsoreflectsthecovenantalnatureofGod'sfaithfulnesstoHis promises.38
35 J.DanielHaysandTremperLongmanIII, TheMessageoftheProphets (GrandRapids:Zondervan, 2010),78.
36 WalterBrueggemann, ThePropheticImagination, 45.
37 JohnD.W.Watts, "Isaiah1-33"inWordBiblicalCommentary,vol.24(Dallas,TX:WordBooks,1985), 32-59.
38 PeterC.Craigie, "Jeremiah1-25"inWordBiblicalCommentary,vol.26(Waco,TX:WordBooks,1976), 78-105.
-Ezekiel:Covenantalsymbolismofdrybones,shepherding,andtemplerestoration
ThebookofEzekielcontainscovenantalsymbolismthatemphasizesGod'sfaithfulnesstoHis peopleandHispromisetorestorethem.Thevisionofthedrybonescomingbacktolifeserves asapowerfulimageofGod'scovenantalpromisetobringaboutrevivalandrenewalforHis people.Additionally,Ezekiel'sportrayalofGodasashepherdguidingandcaringforHispeople underscoresthecovenantalrelationshipbetweenGodandHischosenones.Theimageryof templerestorationinEzekielalsoreflectsthecovenantalpromiseofGod'spresenceanddwelling amongHispeople.39
9.Conclusion
Inconclusion,theconceptofcovenantinthepropheticbooksoftheBibleservesasa foundationalframeworkforunderstandingtherelationshipbetweenGodandHispeople. Throughoutthepropheticliterature,thethemeofcovenantunderscorestheenduring commitmentofGodtoHischosenpeople,despitetheirrecurrentdisobedienceandfaithlessness.
Theprophetsactasintermediaries,remindingthepeopleoftheircovenantalresponsibilitiesand callingthemtorepentancewhentheystrayfromthepathofrighteousness.Throughtheir messages,theprophetsemphasizetheconsequencesofcovenantaldisobediencewhilealso offeringhopeforrestorationandrenewalthroughGod'sfaithfulnesstoHispromises.
Thepropheticbooksdepictthecovenantnotmerelyasalegalisticcontract,butasadynamicand relationalbondcharacterizedbylove,mercy,andgrace.God'scovenantalfaithfulnessis portrayedasunwavering,eveninthefaceofhumanfailureandrebellion.
Theunderstandingthesignificanceofcovenantinthepropheticbooksinvitesustoreflectonour ownrelationshipwithGodandtheresponsibilitiesthatcomewithbeingpartofHiscovenant community.Itchallengesustoheedthewarningsoftheprophets,toturnawayfromsin,andto embracethecalltolivefaithfullyincovenantrelationshipwithGodandoneanother.
39 LeslieC.Allen,"Ezekiel1-19"inWordBiblicalCommentary,vol.28(Dallas,TX:WordBooks,1994), 67-92.
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