GRAMMAR APPENDIX PRESENT SIMPLE AFFIRMATIVE
NEGATIVE
INTERROGATIVE
I study He/she studies USES
I don't study He/she doesn't study EXAMPLES
Do you study ? Does he/she study? ADVERBS OF FREQUENCY TIME EXPRESSIONS Always, usually, often, sometimes, regularly, seldom, rarely, never, at 3 o'clock, in the morning, on Fridays, at weekends, once a day, twice a week
My sister works as a tour ► A regular habit or guide routine The sun rises in the East ► A general truth I think he is an explorer ► Stative verbs (non-action verbs) USOS 1 ►Hablar de acciones habituales o rutinas 2 ►Hablar de hechos generales o científicos 3 ►Con los verbos ESTATIVOS: indican un estado más que una acción y suelen usarse en PRESENT SIMPLE. Están relacionados con: ► las emociones y sentimientos: dislike, enjoy, hate, hope, like, love, prefer, want, ► el pensamiento y la opinión: believe, forget, guess, know, remember, think, suppose ► la percepción y los sentidos: feel, hear, see, smell, sound, taste, touch ► los precios y las medidas: cost, measure, weigh ► la posesión: belong, have, own 4 ►Con horarios y programas
PRESENT CONTINUOUS AFFIRMATIVE I am learning They are learning USES ►An action happening now
NEGATIVE I am not learning They are not learning EXAMPLES Sue is flying to London now
INTERROGATIVE Am I learning? Are they learning? TIME EXPRESSIONS Now, right now, at the moment,
►A temporary action
They are learning to ski this year
►A definite plan for the near future
Mar is meeting Mel tonight
This year, at present, today, these days, this month, this week, this term, currently, This evening, today, tonight, tomorrow, next Friday, next week, next course
USOS 1 ►Decir lo que está pasando en el momento en que se está hablando 2 ►Expresar acciones prolongadas que están ocurriendo en un presente más amplio 3 ►Expresar lo que haremos con toda seguridad en un futuro próximo porque lo hemos fijado de antemano. ► + Con el adverbio always para expresar una queja: He is always telling me what to do
GRAMMAR APPENDIX PAST SIMPLE AFFIRMATIVE I went to the cinema She travelled to Paris USES ► A completed action in the past ► A series of completed actions in the past.
NEGATIVE You didn't go to the movies She didn't travel by train EXAMPLES I visited Amsterdam last month Lou took a shower, brushed his teeth and went to bed.
INTERROGATIVE Did you go to the movies? Did she travel by plane? TIME EXPRESSIONS Yesterday, last week/year, two days ago, in 2008, in the 90's, in the XVIII century, when, then,
USOS 1 ► Hablar de acciones acabadas que ocurrieron en us momento concreto del pasado 2 ► Expresar acciones consecutivas del pasado 3 ► + Indicar que una acción corta (introducida por when) ocurrió cuando otra más larga estaba en proceso: Sara was returning home when her car broke down.
►+ La expresión temporal AGO, va detrás del periodo de tiempo indicado y se traduce por "hace": She left home two hours ago.
PAST CONTINUOUS AFFIRMATIVE She was writing USES ► An incomplete action in progress at a specific time in the past. ► An incomplete action interrupted by another action in the past ►Two incomplete actions in progress at the same time in the past
NEGATIVE He wasn't writing EXAMPLES Yesterday night I was reading a wonderful book I was cooking dinner when the phone rang
INTERROGATIVE Were they writing? TIME EXPRESSIONS Last night week/month At 7 o'clock, between 3 and 4 o'clock, yesterday night When, while, as
While I was walking to school I saw a terrible car accident
USOS 1 ► Decir lo que estaba ocurriendo en un momento concreto del pasado 2 ► Expresar que una acción larga estaba en proceso cuando ocurrió otra acción más corta. La larga va precedida de WHILE o AS y la corta, de WHEN 3 ► Expresar que varias acciones ocurrían simultáneamente en el pasado. En este caso van unidas por WHILE o AS. 4 ► Con Always indicamos que una acción pasada nos desagradaba por repetida y monótona. He was always talking about his trips.
GRAMMAR APPENDIX PRESENT PERFECT AFFIRMATIVE I have lived in London
NEGATIVE She hasn't lived in Paris
USES ► An action that began in the past and continues to the present ► An action that took place at an undetermined time in the past, but is connected to the present ► A past experience (we don't say when it happened) ► Recent past actions
EXAMPLES I haven't talked to him for a week. I have known her since 2000 She has lost 5 kilos She has moved to London
INTERROGATIVE Have you ever lived in Moscow? TIME EXPRESSIONS Never, ever, already, yet, lately, recently, lately, how long ...? for, since, in recent years
I have been to America many times
Several times, many times, twice, never, ever?
I have just bought a lap computer
just
USOS 1 ► Hablar de acciones que empezaron en el pasado y aún continúan en el presente (por eso a veces el verbo se traduce en presente) 2 ► Con acciones pasadas cuyos efectos son evidentes, visibles actualmente. 3 ► Acciones y hechos recientes (noticias) 4 ► Hablar de cuánto tiempo ha pasado desde que una acción (que aún continúa) empezó. 5 ► Hablar de experiencias pasadas sin especificar el momento en que ocurrieron. 6 ► Contraste entre PAST SIMPLE y PRESENT PERFECT SIMPLE La principal diferencia es que el PAST SIMPLE indica lo que ocurrió en un momento concreto, mientras que el PRESENT PERFECT SIMPLE sitúa la acción en un periodo de tiempo.
PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS AFFIRMATIVE NEGATIVE INTERROGATIVE I have been studying She hasn't been studying Have they been studying? USES EXAMPLES TIME EXPRESSIONS I have been learning English For a year, since last month, all ► An unfinished action that for 5 years. morning, all day, all week, started in the past and How long ...? continues to the present time I'm tired. I have been ► A continuous action which studying all night. has recently finished and whose results are still apparent USOS 1 ► Expresar acciones que empezaron en el pasado y que aún continúan. Solemos traducirlo por "llevar"+ un verbo en gerundio: I've been learning English for five years (Levo aprendiendo inglés cinco años) 2 ► Expresar acciones terminadas pero recientes cuyos efectos son visibles todavía. I'm tired. I have been studying all night. (Estoy cansada. Llevo estudiando toda la noche)
GRAMMAR APPENDIX PAST PERFECT AFIRMATIVE I had seen him before yesterday USES ► A completed action that took place before another action in the past
NEGATIVE She hadn't seen him before EXAMPLES By the time I arrived to the classroom, the exam had already started.
INTERROGATIVE Had they seen you before? TIME EXPRESSIONS Alreday, by the time, after, before, until, never, just,
USOS 1 ► Indicar que una acción ocurrió antes que otra, la cual va en PAST SIMPLE.
PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS AFIRMATIVE I had been travelling
NEGATIVE He hadn't been travelling
INTERROGATIVE Had they been travelling?
USES
EXAMPLES
TIME EXPRESSIONS
► A long continuous action that was going on before the main event happened.
Pete had been working as a pilot for 25 years before he retired last year.
For hours, since last summer, since last January, when, until, before,
USOS 1 ►Hablar de una acción prolongada que ocurrió en el pasado antes que otra acción breve también pasada. Es común traducirlo como "llevar" en pretérito imperfecto + un verbo en gerundio. Lo habitual es que estas dos acciones vayan unidas por una conjunción (when, until, before, although, because El PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS enfatiza la continuidad de una actividad y el PAST PERFECT SIMPLE pone el énfasis en la finalización de la actividad