California Code of Regulations, Title 8 General Industry Safety Orders and Electrical Safety Orders

California Code of Regulations, Title 8 General Industry Safety Orders and Electrical Safety Orders Including: Selected Sections from Chapter 3.2 - California Occupational Safety and Health Regulations Selected Sections from Chapter 4 - Division of Industrial Safety Selected Sections from Chapter 7 - Department of Industrial Relations Cal/OSHA District Offices Directory CAL/OSHA Sharps Injury Log

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Chapter 3.2 – California Occupational Safety and Health Regulations

Chapter 3.2 – California Occupational Safety and Health Regulations

§332.1(a)

Article 2. Advance Notice of Inspections §331

Ch. 3.2

Advance Notice

§330

§331.1 When Advance Notice Justified

Definitions

In this chapter unless otherwise specifically indicated: (a)  "Chief" means the Chief of the Division of Occupational Safety and Health. (b)  "Working days" means Mondays through Fridays but shall not include Saturday, Sunday or State Holidays. In computing working days, the day of receipt of any notice shall not be included, and the last day of the working days shall be included. (c) "Inspection” means any inspection of an employer's factory, plant, establishment, construction site, or other area, workplace or environment where work is performed by an employee of an employer and includes any inspection conducted pursuant to a complaint, any reinspection, or follow-up inspection. (d) "Code” means the California Labor Code. (e) "Order” included within the term "order" are the General Orders adopted by the Industrial Safety Board or the Industrial Accident Commission, Rules and Regulations promulgated by the Director of the Department of Industrial Relations and the Division of Occupational Safety and Health, decisions, requirements and orders made by the Division of Occupational Safety and Health. (f) "Carcinogen” includes the following recognized cancer causing substances for which standards have been adopted: (1) Any of the following substances and any compound, mixture, or product containing such substances: (A) 2-acetylaminofluorene.

(B) 4-aminodiphenyl.

(C) Benzidine (and its salts).

(D) Bis (chloromethyl) ether.

(E) 3,3'-dichlorobenzidine (and its salts).

(F) 4-dimethylaminoazobenzene.

(G) Beta-naphthylamine.

(H) 4-Nitrobiphenyl.

(I) N-nitrosodimethylamine.

(J) Beta-propriolactone.

(K) Methyl chloromethyl ether.

(L) Alpha-naphthylamine.

(M) 4,4'-Methylenebis (2-Chloroaniline.)

(N) Ethyleneimine.

(2) Asbestos, including chrysotile, amosite, crocidolite, tremolite, anthophyllite, and actinolite.

(3) Vinyl chloride.

(4) 1,2- dibromo -3 chloropropane (DBCP).

(5) Coke oven emissions (6) Acrylonitrile.

(7) Inorganic Arsenic.

(8) Ethylene Dibromide (EDB) (9) Ethylene Oxide (10) Any other substance for which standards are adopted and in effect due to cancer causing properties and any compound, mixture, or product containing such a substance, except as specifically exempted from such standards. (g) "Order To Take Special Action” means any order written by the Chief or his or her authorized representative which requires the employer to comply with applicable provisions of Division 5 of the California Labor Code, or with specific standards, orders or regulations of the Standards Board whose enforcement upon the employer are at the discretion of the Division (h)  "Serious injury or illness" means any injury or illness occurring in a place of employment or in connection with any employment that requires inpatient hospitalization for other than medical observation or diagnostic testing, or in which an employee suffers an amputation, the loss of an eye, or any serious degree of permanent disfigurement, but does not include any injury or illness or death caused by an accident on a public street or highway, unless the accident occurred in a construction zone.

(a) Except when the investigation or inspection is to be made as the result of an employee complaint, situations justifying advance notice include the following: [§331.1(a)] (1) Situations of apparent imminent danger where prompt abatement is essential; [§331.1(a)(1)] (2) Situations when, to be effective, the inspection must be arranged to assure availability of essential personnel or access to the site, equipment, or process; [§331.1(a)(2)] (3) Other situations where, in the judgment of the Chief or his designee, the giving of advance notice is advantageous for achieving a thorough inspection. [§331.1(a)(3)] (b) When the investigation or inspection is to be made as the result of an employee complaint, advance notice is to be authorized only if the situation appears to present imminent danger to the health or safety of an employee or employees. [§331.1(b)]

§331.2 Time of Advance Notice The lapse of time between advance notice and the inspection shall not exceed a minimum that is consistent with the reason for such notice. In no instance will advance notice be given more than 24 hours prior to the scheduled inspection or investigation except in unusual circumstances, where imminent danger exists or where practical considerations mandate a longer period.

§331.3 Notification to Employee Representative Any employer receiving advance notice shall promptly inform the employee representative of this fact, if there is one.

§331.4 Arrangement for Inspection The employer receiving advance notice shall make any necessary arrangements at his place of business so that the inspection can proceed on schedule as planned.

Article 3. Citation, Notice, Special Order, Order to Take Special Action, Notice of No Violations After Investigation: Procedures §332

Form of Citation

The citation form shall set forth: (a) The name of the employer, the employer's address and the workplace inspected; [§332(a)] (b) The nature of the violation, in specific terms with reference to the provision of the code, standard, regulation or order alleged to have been violated; [§332(b)] (c) Time allowed for correction of alleged violation; [§332(c)] (d) Rights of employees respecting the time fixed for correction of violations; [§332(d)] (e) Posting requirements [§332(e)] (f) Time within which an employer may contest a citation; and [§332(f)]

(g) Such other information as the Division of Occupational Safety and Health deems appropriate for clear understanding of the form issued. [§332(g)]

§332.1 Issuance of Notice (a) If, after an inspection or investigation, the Division determines that a violation exists which is not classified as willful, serious, repeated, or related to a failure to abate, the Division may issue a Notice in lieu of citation if either of the following requirements are met: [§332.1(a)] (1) The violation does not bear a direct relationship upon employee safety or health, or; [§332.1(a)(1)] (2) The violation bears a direct, but not immediate relationship upon employee safety or health, and is general or regulatory in nature. [§332.1(a)(2)]

1

California Occupational Safety and Health Regulations

Article 1. Definitions Under California Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1973

The intent of these regulations is the complete avoidance of the advance notice to employers of pending inspections or investigations unless there are important advantages in performance of inspections to be gained by the Division of Occupational Safety and Health. Any advance notification not allowed under these rules may constitute a violation of Labor Code Section 6321, punishable by a fine of not more than $1,000 or by imprisonment for not more than six months, or by both.

Subchapter 1. Regulations of the Director of Industrial Relations

Article 4.

Chapter 3.2 – California Occupational Safety and Health Regulations

The Base Penalty for the General violation determined under this subsection is then subjected to an adjustment for Extent (as provided in section 335(a)(2) of this article). If the Extent is: LOW — 25% of the Base Penalty shall be subtracted.

MEDIUM — No adjustment shall be made.

HIGH — 25% of the Base Penalty shall be added.

The Base Penalty for the General violation thus far determined is further subjected to an adjustment for Likelihood (as provided in section 335(a)(3) of this article). If Likelihood is: LOW — 25% of the Base Penalty shall be subtracted.

MEDIUM — No adjustment shall be made.

HIGH — 25% of the Base Penalty shall be added.

The resulting figure is called the Gravity-based penalty. (c) Serious Violation [§336(c)] (1) In General — Any employer who violates any occupational safety and health standard, order, or special order, and such violation is determined to be a Serious violation (as provided in section 334(c)(1) of this article) shall be assessed a civil penalty of up to $25,000 for each such violation. Because of the extreme gravity of a Serious violation an initial base penalty of $18,000 shall be assessed. [§336(c)(1)] The Base Penalty for the Serious violation determined under this subsection is then subjected to an adjustment for Extent (as provided in section 335(a)(2) of this article). If the Extent is: LOW — 25% of the Base Penalty shall be subtracted.

MEDIUM — No adjustment shall be made.

HIGH — 25% of the Base Penalty shall be added.

The Base Penalty for the Serious violation thus far determined is further subjected to an adjustment for Likelihood (as provided in section 335(a)(3) of this article). If Likelihood is: LOW — 25% of the Base Penalty shall be subtracted.

MEDIUM — No adjustment shall be made.

HIGH — 25% of the Base Penalty shall be added.

The resulting figure is called the Gravity-based penalty.

(2) Serious Violation Causing Death or Serious Injury, Illness or Exposure — If the employer commits a Serious violation and the Division has determined that the violation caused death or serious injury, illness or exposure as defined pursuant to Labor Code section 6302, the penalty shall not be reduced pursuant to this subsection, except the penalty may be reduced for Size as set forth in subsection (d)(1) of this section. The penalty shall not exceed $25,000. [§336(c)(2)] (3) Operation of an Elevator in an Unsafe Condition or in Violation of an Order Prohibiting Use. [§336(c)(3)] Any person owning or having custody, management or operation of an elevator who operates or permits the operation of the elevator in a condition which is dangerous to life or the safety of any person, or who operates or permits the operation of the elevator in violation of any Order Prohibiting Use issued by the Division, may be assessed a civil penalty pursuant to the provisions of this article of up to $2000. (d) Further Adjustment of Regulatory, General, and Serious Violations — Subject to the provisions of parts (5) through (9) of this subsection, the Gravity-based Penalty established under either subsection (a), (b) or (c) of this section, shall be appropriately adjusted by giving due consideration to the following factors: [§336(d)] (1) The Size of the Business If the Size of the Business (as provided under section 335(b) of this article) is: [§336(d)(1)] 10 or fewer employees — 40% of the Gravity-based Penalty shall be subtracted.

11-25 employees — 30% of the Gravity-based Penalty shall be subtracted.

26-60 employees — 20% of the Gravity-based Penalty shall be subtracted.

61-100 employees — 10% of the Gravity-based Penalty shall be subtracted.

More than 100 employees — No adjustment shall be made.

(2) The Good Faith of the Employer — If the Good Faith of the Employer (as provided under section 335(c) of this article) is: [§336(d)(2)]

GOOD — 30% of the Gravity-based Penalty shall be subtracted.

FAIR — 15% of the Gravity-based Penalty shall be subtracted.

POOR — No adjustment shall be made.

(3) The History of Previous Violations — If the employer's History of Compliance (as provided under section 335(d) of this article) is: [§336(d)(3)] GOOD — 10% of the Gravity-based Penalty shall be subtracted.

FAIR — 5% of the Gravity-based Penalty shall be subtracted.

POOR — No adjustment shall be made.

4

Following the preceding adjustments of the Gravity-based Penalty, the resultant penalty is termed Adjusted Penalty.

(4) If an employer cited for a violation of a safety and health provision within title 8 of the California Code of Regulations was, at the time of citation, making a good faith effort to abate the alleged violation, pursuant to written recommendations of a Consultant of the CAL/OSHA Consultation Service, the following penalty adjustments may apply: [§336(d)(4)] (A) General Violation. All penalties assessed for such General violations may be waived by the Division. [§336(d)(4)(A)] (B) Serious Violation. All penalties for such Serious violations may be subject to an additional adjustment reducing the proposed penalty 50%. [§336(d)(4)(B)] (5) Serious Violations Respecting the Use of a Carcinogen — The penalty for any Serious violation respecting the use of a carcinogen as set forth in subsection (c)(2) of this section is not subject to adjustment pursuant to this subsection and shall not be otherwise reduced. [§336(d)(5)] (6) Regulatory Violations of the Permit and Registration Requirements — The minimum penalty for any Regulatory violation of the permit or registration requirements as set forth in subsection (a)(4) of this section is $250. [§336(d)(6)] (7) Serious Violations Causing Death or Serious Injury, Illness or Exposure — Subject to the provisions of subsection (c)(3) of this section, the penalty for any Serious violation determined by the Division to have caused death or serious injury, illness or exposure as defined pursuant to Labor Code section 6302, shall not be adjusted pursuant to this subsection, except for Size set forth in part (1) of this subsection. [§336(d)(7)] (8) Injury Prevention Program — The penalty for any Serious violation shall not be subject to adjustment pursuant to this subsection other than for Size as set forth in part (1) of this subsection where the employer does not have an operative injury prevention program as set forth in Labor Code section 6401.7 and applicable regulations of the California Occupational Safety and Health Standards Board. [§336(d)(8)] (9) False Declarations of Abatement — Subject to the provisions of subsection (e) of this section, where it is determined after reinspection that the employer has not complied with the abatement requirements of the Division and employer has previously submitted a statement affirming compliance therewith, the recomputed penalty shall not be adjusted pursuant to this subsection, except for Size as set forth in part (1) of this subsection. [§336(d)(9)] (10) No civil penalty shall be assessed against any new employer for a period of one year after the date the new employer establishes a business in the state for a regulatory or general violation of the Injury and Illness Prevention Program Standard adopted pursuant to Labor Code section 6401.7 and applicable regulations of the California Occupational Safety and Health Standards Board, if the employer has made a good faith effort to comply with the requirement set forth therein. [§336(d)(10)]

(11) No civil penalty shall be assessed against an employer who adopts, posts, and implements in good faith the Model Injury and Illness Prevention Program for Non-High-Hazard Employment prepared by the Division for a first violation of the Injury and Illness Prevention Program standard adopted pursuant to Labor Code section 6401.7 and applicable regulations of the California Occupational Safety and Health Standards Board. [§336(d)(11)]

(12) For an employer who commits a repeat violation (as provided under section 334(d) of this article), the penalty shall not be subject to adjustment pursuant to this subsection, other than for Size as set forth in part (1) of this subsection. [§336(d)(12)] (e) Abatement Credit for General and Serious Violations — [§336(e)]

(1) The Adjusted Penalty for General violations is reduced by 50% on the presumption that the employer will correct the violations by the abatement date. The resultant penalty is termed Proposed Penalty. Violations classified as "Repeat General" or "Willful General" are not subject to an abatement credit. [§336(e)(1)]

(2) For Serious violations not listed in paragraph (3), the Division shall not grant a 50% abatement credit unless the employer has done either one of the following: [§336(e)(2)] (A) Abated the Serious violation at the time of the initial or a subsequent visit during an inspection and prior to the issuance of a citation. [§336(e)(2)(A)] (B) Submitted a statement signed under penalty of perjury, together with supporting evidence when necessary to prove abatement, that the employer has abated the Serious violation within the period fixed for abatement in the

Article 4.5. Multi-Employer Worksites

[§336(e)(3)(C)]

(D) Serious violations causing death or serious injury, illness or exposure as defined pursuant to Labor Code section 6302. [§336(e)(3)(D)]

(f) Penalty for Failure to Abate Regulatory, General or Serious Violations — If the employer fails to abate the violation by the date permitted for its correction or fails to submit to the Division a signed statement of abatement of a violation within ten working days of the date set by the Division for correction of the violative condition, any abatement credit extended pursuant to subsection (e) of this Section shall be rescinded and this amount assessed as part of the failure to abate penalty. In addition, a penalty shall be assessed that is based upon the initial Gravity-based penalty for each calendar day that the previously cited violation continues unabated after expiration of the abatement period. Subject to the provisions of part (1) hereof, the Gravity-based penalty is reduced by the reevaluated adjustment factors. The adjustment factors of Size, Good Faith, and History shall be determined by evaluation of the circumstances at the time of the subsequent inspection when the failure to abate is discovered. The daily additional penalty for failure to abate a violation shall not exceed $15,000. [§336(f)] Limitations: (1) Except [§336(f)(1)] (A) where the gravity of the violation is high and exposure to employees is continuous, or [§336(f)(1)(A)] (B) the employer has exhibited a high degree of negligence in failing to correct the violation, the daily penalty for failure to abate a Regulatory or General violation may be further reduced up to 90% for the first 120 days the violation continues to exist and up to 50% thereafter where the violation does not bear a direct relationship on employee health and safety. The daily penalty for a Serious violation may be reduced up to 50% where the adjustment factors calculated pursuant to subsection (c) of this section are Low and the History and Good Faith calculated pursuant to subsection (d) of this section are Good. [§336(f)(1)(B)] (2) When a violation consisted of a number of instances and upon subsequent inspection some instances are found to have been abated and others have not, the daily penalty shall be calculated in proportion to the extent that the violation has been abated. [§336(f)(2)] (3) Failure to Abate a Serious Violation Causing Death or Serious Injury, Illness or Exposure — If the employer fails to abate a Serious violation and the Division has determined that the failure to abate caused death or serious injury, illness, or exposure as defined pursuant to Labor Code section 6302, the penalty shall not be adjusted pursuant to this subsection, except for Size as set forth in subsection (d)(1) of this section. [§336(f)(3)] (4) Failure to Abate a Serious Violation of Crane Standard, Order, or Special Order Causing Death or Serious Injury — If the employer fails to abate a serious violation of a crane standard, order, or special order and the Division has determined that the failure to abate caused death or serious injury as defined pursuant to Labor Code 6302, the penalty shall be $14,000 for each calendar day. The penalty is not subject to adjustment. [§336(f)(4)]

(5) False Declaration of Abatement — If it is determined after reinspection that the employer has not complied with the abatement requirements of the Division, and the employer has previously submitted a statement affirming compliance therewith, the recomputed penalty shall not be adjusted pursuant to this subsection, except for Size pursuant to part (1) of subsection (d) of this section. [§336(f)(5)] (g) Repeat Violation — [§336(g)] (1) In General — If a Regulatory, General, or Serious violation is repeated (as provided under section 334(d) of this article) the Proposed Penalty is adjusted upward as follows: [§336(g)(1)] 1st repeat — the Proposed Penalty is multiplied by two.

2nd repeat — the Proposed Penalty is multiplied by four.

3rd repeat — the Proposed Penalty is multiplied by ten.

The resultant penalty shall not exceed $127,254.

(2) For Carcinogens — If a Serious violation respecting the use of a carcinogen or a Regulatory violation concerning a reporting

requirement respecting the use of a carcinogen is repeated (as provided in section 334(d) of this article), the total civil penalty shall be as follows: [§336(g)(2)] (A) For repeated Regulatory violations concerning a reporting requirement. [§336(g)(2)(A)] 1st repeat — $5,000 2nd repeat — $10,000 3rd repeat — $20,000 (B) For repeated Serious violations respecting the use of a carcinogen. [§336(g)(2)(B)] 1st repeat — $10,000 2nd repeat — $20,000 3rd repeat — $40,000 These penalties are not subject to adjustment.

(3) Repeated Violation Causing Death or Serious Injury, Illness or Exposure — The computation of the Proposed Penalty for a repeated violation shall not be subject to reduction, other than the Size pursuant to part (1) of subsection (d) of this section, where the violation is determined by the Division to have caused death or serious injury, illness or exposure within the meaning of Labor Code section 6302. [§336(g)(3)] (h) Willful Violation — If a Regulatory, General, or Serious violation is determined to be willful (as provided under section 334(e) of this article) the Proposed Penalty is adjusted upward as follows: [§336(h)]

 Regulatory, General and Serious — the Proposed Penalty is

multiplied by five. However, the penalty for any willful violation shall not be less than $9,483 and shall not exceed $132,765.

(1) Willful Violation Causing Death or Serious Injury, Illness or Exposure — The computation of the Proposed Penalty for a willful violation shall not be subject to reduction, other than the Size pursuant to part (1) of subsection (d) of this section, where the violation is determined by the Division to have caused death or serious injury, illness or exposure within the meaning of Labor Code section 6302. [§336(h)(1)] (i) Serious Repeated or Willful Repeated Violation of Crane Standard, Order, or Special Order Causing Death or Serious Injury — If the employer commits a serious repeated or willful repeated violation of a crane standard, order, or special order, and the Division has determined that the violation caused death or serious injury as defined pursuant to Labor Code 6302, the penalty shall be $140,000. This penalty is not subject to adjustment. [§336(i)] (j) Rounding of the Fractions Amounts of the civil penalties are rounded down to the next whole dollar during the calculation stages, and final figures are adjusted downward to the next lower five dollar ($5) value. [§336(j)] (k) Multiple Violations Pertaining To A Single Hazard. When a single hazard is the subject matter of multiple violations resulting in civil penalties, the Division may, in its discretion, depart from the preceding criteria to mitigate the cumulative effect of such penalties. [§336(k)]

(1) This subsection does not apply to any penalty assessed for a Serious, Willful or Repeated violation or a failure to abate a Serious violation where such violation or violations have been determined by the Division to have caused death or serious injury, illness or exposure pursuant to Labor Code section 6302. This subsection does not apply to any Regulatory, General or Serious violation where the employer does not have an operative injury prevention program as set forth in subsection (d) of this section. [§336(k)(1)]

§336.1 Single Violation. [Repealed]

Article 4.5. Multi-Employer Worksites §336.10 Determination of Citable Employer On multi-employer worksites, both construction and non-construction, citations may be issued only to the following categories of employers when the Division has evidence that an employee was exposed to a hazard in violation of any requirement enforceable by the Division: (a) The employer whose employees were exposed to the hazard (the exposing employer); [§336.10(a)] (b) The employer who actually created the hazard (the creating employer); [§336.10(b)] (c) The employer who was responsible, by contract or through actual practice, for safety and health conditions on the worksite; i.e., the employer who had the authority for ensuring that the hazardous condition is corrected (the controlling employer); or [§336.10(c)]

(d) The employer who had the responsibility for actually correcting the hazard (the correcting employer). [§336.10(d)] Note: The employers listed in subsections (b) through (d) may be cited regardless of whether their own employees were exposed to the hazard.

5

Ch. 3.2 California Occupational Safety and Health Regulations

citation. The signed statement and supporting evidence must be received within 10 working days after the end of the period fixed in the citation for abatement. [§336(e)(2)(B)] (3) The following types of Serious violations are not subject to an abatement credit: [§336(e)(3)] (A) Serious violations for which extent and likelihood are rated high; [§336(e)(3)(A)] (B) Serious violations designated as "Repeat Serious" or "Willful Serious;" [§336(e)(3)(B)] (C) Serious violations respecting the use of a carcinogen; and

§336.10(d)

Article 5.

Chapter 3.2 – California Occupational Safety and Health Regulations

§336.11 Determination of Applicability of Defenses Prior to issuing any citation to an exposing employer, the Division shall first determine whether available information indicates that the employer meets each of the defenses listed below. If the Division concludes that all five defenses have been met, the citation shall not be issued. These defenses are: (a) The employer did not create the hazard. [§336.11(a)] (b) The employer did not have the responsibility or the authority to have the hazard corrected. [§336.11(b)] (c) The employer did not have the ability to correct or remove the hazard. [§336.11(c)] (d) The employer can demonstrate that the creating, the controlling and/or the correcting employers, as appropriate, were specifically notified or were aware of the hazards to which his/her employees were exposed. [§336.11(d)] (e) The employer took appropriate feasible steps to protect his/her employees from the hazard, instructed them to recognize the hazard and, where necessary, informed them how to avoid the dangers associated with it. For the purposes of this section, where an extreme hazard is involved, appropriate feasible steps include removing the employer's employees from the job, if there is no other way to protect them from the hazard. [§336.11(e)]

Article 5. Hazardous Substances Information and Training §337

Development and Maintenance of List

(a) Establishment of Initial List. Substances designated in the sources specified in Labor Code section 6382(b) shall be considered in formulating the initial list. [§337(a)] The Director shall presume all such substances to be potentially hazardous to human health when present occupationally except those which the Director determines do not pose any adverse acute or chronic risk to human health as present occupationally.

Those substances which do not pose any risk shall be removed from the list. Evidence of risk shall include any immediate or longterm adverse effect which causes impairment of function, alteration of structure, or increased susceptibility to disease or contributes to adverse effects of other substances. In making a determination of risk, the Director shall consider available scientific data including, but not limited to, data from human epidemiological studies, data from short-term in vitro studies, and data from animal bioassay tests.

Animal bioassay data is admissible and generally indicative of potential effects in humans.

For purposes of this regulation, substances are present occupationally when there is a possibility of exposure either as a result of normal work operations or a reasonably foreseeable emergency resulting from workplace operations. A reasonably foreseeable emergency is one which a reasonable person should anticipate based on usual work conditions, a substance's particular chemical properties (e.g., potential for explosion, fire, reactivity), and the potential for human health hazards. A reasonably foreseeable emergency includes, but is not limited to, spills, fires, explosions, equipment failure, rupture of containers, or failure of control equipment which may or do result in a release of a hazardous substance into the workplace. (b) Administrative Procedure Followed by the Director for the Development of the Initial List. The Director shall hold a public hearing concerning the initial list. The record will remain open 30 days after the public hearing for additional written comment.

Requests to exempt a substance in a particular physical state, volume, or concentration from the provisions of Labor Code sections 6390 to 6399.2 may be made at this time. If no comments in opposition to such a request are made at the public hearing or received during the comment period, or if the Director can find no valid reason why the request should not be considered, it will be incorporated during the Director's preparation of the list. [§337(b)] After the public comment period the Director shall formulate the initial list and send it to the Standards Board for approval. After receipt of the list or a modified list from the Standards Board, the Director will adopt the list and file it with the Office of Administrative Law. (c) Concentration Requirement. In determining whether the concentration requirement of a substance should be changed pursuant to Labor Code section 6383, the Director shall consider valid and substantial evidence. Valid and substantial evidence shall consist of clinical evidence or toxicological studies including, but not limited to, animal bioassay tests, short-term in vitro tests, and human epidemiological studies. Upon adoption, a regulation indicating the concentration requirement for a substance shall consist of a footnote on the list. [§337(c)]

6

(d) Procedures for Modifying the List. The Director will consider petitions from any member of the public to modify the list or the concentration requirements, pursuant to the procedures specified in Government Code section 11347.1. With petitions to modify the list, the Director shall make any necessary deletions or additions in accordance with the procedures herein set forth for establishing the list. The Director will review the existing list at least every two years and shall make any necessary additions or deletions in accordance with the procedures herein set forth for establishing the list. [§337(d)] (e) Criteria for Modifying the List. Petitions to add or remove a substance on the list, modify the concentration level of a substance, or reference when a particular substance is present in a physical state which does not pose any human health risk must be accompanied with relevant and sufficient scientific data which may include, but is not limited to, short-term tests, animal studies, human epidemiological studies, and clinical data. If the applicant does not include the complete content of a referenced study or other document, there must be sufficient information to permit the Director to identify and obtain the referenced material. The petitioner bears the burden of justifying any proposed modification of the list. [§337(e)] The Director shall consider all evidence submitted, including negative and positive evidence. All evidence must be based on properly designed studies for toxicological endpoints indicating adverse health effects in humans, e.g., carcinogenicity, mutagenicity, neurotoxicity, organ damage/effects.

For purposes of this regulation, animal data is admissible and generally indicative of potential effects in humans. The absence of a particular category of studies shall not be used to prove the absence of risk.

Negative results generally indicate the absence of statistically positive results in appropriate studies. As all tests for toxicological effects have inherent insensitivities, negative results must be reevaluated in light of the limits of sensitivity of each study, its test design, and the protocol followed.

In evaluating different results among proper tests, as a general rule, positive results shall be given more weight than negative results for purposes of including a substance on the list or modifying the list in reference to concentration, physical state or volume, so that appropriate information may be provided regarding those positive results. In each case, the relative sensitivity of each test shall be a factor in resolving such conflicts.

§338

Special Procedures for Supplementary Enforcement of State Plan Requirements Concerning Proposition 65

(a) This section sets forth special procedures necessary to comply with the terms of the approval by the United States Department of Labor of the California Hazard Communication Standard, pertaining to the incorporation of the occupational applications of the California Safe Drinking and Toxic Enforcement Act (hereinafter Proposition 65), as set forth in 62 Federal Register 31159 (June 6, 1997). This approval specifically placed certain conditions on the enforcement of Proposition 65 with regard to occupational exposures, including that it does not apply to the conduct of manufacturers occurring outside the State of California. Any person proceeding "in the public interest" pursuant to Health and Safety Code §25249.7(d) (hereinafter "Supplemental Enforcer") or any district attorney or city attorney or prosecutor pursuant to Health and Safety Code §25249.7(c) (hereinafter "Public Prosecutor"), who alleges the existence of violations of Proposition 65, with respect to occupational exposures as incorporated into the California Hazard Communication Standard (hereinafter "Supplemental Enforcement Matter"), shall comply with the requirements of this section. No Supplemental Enforcement Matter shall proceed except in compliance with the requirements of this section. [§338(a)] (b) 22 CCR §12903, setting forth specific requirements for the content and manner of service of sixty-day notices under Proposition 65, in effect on April 22, 1997, is adopted and incorporated by reference. In addition, any sixty-day notice concerning a Supplemental Enforcement Matter shall include the following statement: [§338(b)]

"This notice alleges the violation of Proposition 65 with respect to occupational exposures governed by the California State Plan for Occupational Safety and Health. The State Plan incorporates the provisions of Proposition 65, as approved by Federal OSHA on June 6, 1997. This approval specifically placed certain conditions with regard to occupational exposures on Proposition 65, including that it does not apply to the conduct of manufacturers occurring outside the State of California. The approval also provides that an employer may use the means of compliance in the general hazard communication requirements to comply with Proposition 65. It also requires that supplemental enforcement is subject to the supervision of the California Occupational Safety and Health

Article 1. Employers' Obligation to Provide Information to Employees

[§338(d)]

(e) A Supplemental Enforcer or Public Prosecutor who agrees to a settlement of a Supplemental Enforcement Matter shall serve the settlement upon the Attorney General within two working days after the agreement is signed by the parties. Where the settlement is submitted to a court for its approval, the Supplemental Enforcer or Public Prosecutor shall notify the court in writing upon presentation of the settlement of its submission to the Attorney General pursuant to this regulation. The submission to the Attorney General shall contain the entire agreement between the parties. [§338(e)]

(f) When this section requires that any document or information be provided to the Attorney General, service shall be in a manner prescribed by Code of Civil Procedure §1010 et seq. The envelope in which the document is transmitted shall state prominently "Hazard Communication Standard/Proposition 65 Supplemental Enforcement Matter." The Attorney General may then specify that further documents be served upon a particular office and deputy. [§338(f)]

(g) The special procedures set forth in subsections (a) through (f) shall be followed for motions or other applications for judicial enforcement of any existing or future settlement agreements pertaining to Proposition 65, with reference to occupational exposures. [§338(g)] (h) Where, in the judgment of the Director and the Attorney General, a Supplemental Enforcer or Public Prosecutor has not complied with the provisions of this section, or the provisions of the OSHA approval decision of June 6, 1997, the Attorney General may seek to intervene in the action, or take such actions within his authority as he deems appropriate to assure compliance. [§338(h)]

§339

The Hazardous Substances List

(a) Purpose. The following is the List of Hazardous Substances prepared by the Director pursuant to Labor Code Section 6380. The substances on this list are subject to the provisions of Labor Code Sections 6360 through 6399.7 and Section 5194 in Title 8 of the California Code of Regulations. [§339(a)] (b) Definitions. [§339(b)] (1) CAS number means the unique identification number assigned by the Chemical Abstracts Service to specific chemical substances.

(2) Source means the sublists which the Director used in preparing the Hazardous Substances List pursuant to Labor Code 6382. The source(s) of each hazardous substance on the list is designated by a number in the middle column of the list. The numbers represent the following sources: (1) International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC); [§339(b)(2)(1)]

(2) Environmental Protection Agency lists pursuant to the Clean Air and Clean Water Acts; [§339(b)(2)(2)] (3) General Industry Safety Order Section 5155; [§339(b)(2)(3)] (4) California Department of Pesticide Regulation's list of Restricted Materials; [§339(b)(2)(4)] (5) Information Alerts put out by the Hazard Evaluation and Information Service pursuant to Labor Code Section 147.2. [§339(b)(2)(5)]

(3) Synonym means an entry in the list which refers to another entry. This type of entry may identify alternate names for a given substance or associate a particular substance with a class of substances. Synonyms appear in the list as entries of the form: Substance x; see Substance y. The synonym entries included in this list are not all inclusive.

Hazardous Substances List * *Editor’s Note: For the complete Hazardous Substances List, please visit www.regs2go.com.

Article 6. Workers' Compensation Loss Control Consultation Services, Annual Health and Safety Loss Control Plan — Requirements and Procedures Editor's Note: Only selected sections of Chapter 3.2 are printed in this edition.

Subchapter 2. Regulations of the Division of Occupational Safety and Health Article 1. Employers' Obligation to Provide Information to Employees §340

Contents and Posting Requirements of CAL/OSHA Notice

Every employer shall be required to post immediately upon receipt and to keep posted the CAL/OSHA Notice of Employee Protections and Obligations entitled "Safety and Health Protection on the Job," which is furnished pursuant to Labor Code Section 6328 by the Division of Occupational Safety and Health, Department of Industrial Relations, State of California, containing information on pertinent safety laws, regulations and certain rights of employees under the California Labor Code.

Each employer must post at least one Notice (CAL/OSHA Notice) in each establishment in a conspicuous place where notices to employees are customarily posted. "Establishment" as used in this regulation means a single physical location where business is conducted or where services or industrial operations are performed. Where employers are engaged in activities which are physically dispersed such as construction or transportation, the notice required by this section shall be posted at each location to which employees report each day. Where employees do not usually work at, or report to, a single establishment, such notice or notices shall be posted at the location or locations from which the employees operate to carry out their activities.

Each employer shall take steps to insure that such notices are not altered, defaced or covered by other material.

This notice shall contain the address and telephone number of the nearest Division of Occupational Safety and Health office, and shall inform the employees of their right to report any unsafe working conditions in their place of employment to the Division of Occupational Safety and Health and their right to request a safety inspection by the Division of Occupational Safety and Health for unsafe conditions.

The Notice shall also inform the employees that no employee shall be laid off or discharged for refusing to perform work in the performance of which the provisions of the California Labor Code, any occupational safety or health standard or any safety order of the Division will be violated, where such violation would create a real and apparent hazard to the employee or his fellow employees.

The Notice shall contain the information that each citation issued under Section 6317 of the California Labor Code, Special Order or Order to Take Special Action issued under Section 6308 or a copy or copies thereof shall be prominently displayed at or near each place a violation referred to in the citation or order occurred.

The Notice shall inform employees that employers who use any substance listed as a hazardous substance in Section 339 of Title 8 of the California Administrative Code must provide employees with information on the contents of material safety data sheets (MSDS) or equivalent information about the substance which trains employees to use the substance safely. That the employer is required to make available on a timely and reasonable basis a MSDS on each hazardous substance in the workplace upon request of an employee, collective bargaining representative, or an employee's physician. Further, that employees have the right to see and copy the medical record and other records of employee exposure to potentially toxic materials or harmful physical agents.

The Notice shall inform the employees that the employer shall provide an opportunity for employees or their representatives to observe monitoring or measuring of employee exposure to hazards conducted pursuant to standards promulgated under California Labor Code Section 142.3, and shall allow the employee or his representative access to accurate records of employee exposures to potentially toxic materials or harmful physical agents.

The Notice shall contain a statement that every employer and every employee shall comply with occupational safety and health standards and all rules, regulations and orders pursuant to Division 5 of the California Labor Code which are applicable to his or her own actions and conduct.

Failure of any employer to post the CAL/OSHA Notice entitled "Safety and Health Protection on the Job" as required by this regulation may result in imposition of a fine of up to $1,000 upon the employer for each violation as set forth in Labor Code Section 6431.

7

Ch. 3.2 California Occupational Safety and Health Regulations

Administration. Accordingly, any settlement, civil complaint, or substantive court orders in this matter must be submitted to the Attorney General." (c) A Supplemental Enforcer or Public Prosecutor who commences a Supplemental Enforcement Matter shall serve a file-endorsed copy of the complaint upon the Attorney General within ten days after filing with the Court. [§338(c)] (d) A Supplemental Enforcer or Public Prosecutor shall serve upon the Attorney General a copy of any motion, or opposition to a motion for summary judgment or summary adjudication of issues, a demurrer, motion for preliminary or injunctive relief, or other dispositive motion, and all memoranda of points and authorities in support of or opposing such motions. These materials shall be served upon the Attorney General on the same day which they are served on the opposing party. A Supplemental Enforcer or Public Prosecutor shall serve upon the Attorney General any decision or order of a court granting or denying summary adjudication, a demurrer, preliminary or final injunctive relief, penalties, or damages relating to a Supplemental Enforcement Matter within five working days after receipt.

§340

Article 1.5.

Chapter 3.2 – California Occupational Safety and Health Regulations

§340.1 Rights of Employees to Observe Monitoring or Measuring (a) Whenever an employer is required to conduct tests or to engage in monitoring or measuring, to determine employee exposure to hazards by specific standards promulgated under Labor Code Section 142.3, the employer shall notify the affected employee or employees or their representative, prior to commencement of the date, time and place of the testing, monitoring or measuring of employee exposure. The employer shall provide the affected employee or employees, or their representatives with the opportunity to observe the testing, sampling, monitoring or measuring undertaken pursuant to such standards. [§340.1(a)] (b) The affected employee, employees or their representatives shall be allowed access to the records and reports of the results of the testing monitoring or measuring when carried out under the requirements of a standard promulgated under Labor Code Section 142.3. [§340.1(b)]

§340.2 Notification to Employee of Exposure Required Whenever any employee has been or is being exposed to toxic materials or harmful physical agents in concentrations or at levels exceeding those prescribed by applicable standard, order, or special order, the employer of the affected employee must promptly notify any employee so affected in writing of the fact that the employee has been exposed, and of the corrective action being taken by the employer.

§340.3 Employee Access to Accurate Records.

[Repealed]

Article 1.5. Employer's Declaration of Abatement and Other Documentation of Abatement — Employee Notification — Posting Requirements

E m pl oyerD e'clsar aA tbaoitf o em n ent

§340.4 Declaration of Abatement, Other Documentation, Employee Notification and Posting Requirements (a) Scope and application. This section applies to employers who receive a citation for a violation of Title 8 of the California Code of Regulations. [§340.4(a)] (b) Definitions. [§340.4(b)] (1) Abatement means action by an employer to comply with a cited standard or regulation or to eliminate a recognized hazard identified by the Division during an inspection.

(2) Abatement date means: (i) For an uncontested citation item, the later of: [§340.4(b)(2)(i)] (A) The date in the citation for abatement of the violation; [§340.4(b)(2)(i)(A)]

(B) The date otherwise approved by the Division as the result of an informal conference; or [§340.4(b)(2)(i)(B)] (C) The date established in a citation by an informal settlement agreement. [§340.4(b)(2)(i)(C)] (ii) For a contested citation item for which the Occupational Safety and Health Appeals Board (OSHAB) has issued a final order affirming the violation, the later of: [§340.4(b)(2)(ii)] (A) The date identified in the final order for abatement; or [§340.4(b)(2)(ii)(A)]

(B) The date computed by adding the period allowed in the citation for abatement to the final order date; or [§340.4(b)(2)(ii)(B)]

(C) The date established by a formal settlement agreement. [§340.4(b)(2)(ii)(C)] (3) Affected employees means those employees who are exposed to the hazard(s) identified as violation(s) in a citation.

(4) Final order date means: (i) For an uncontested citation item, the fifteenth working day after the employer's receipt of the citation; [§340.4(b)(4)(i)] (ii) For a contested citation item: [§340.4(b)(4)(ii)] (A) The thirty-fifth day after the date on which a decision or order of an administrative law judge has been issued, unless a Petition for Reconsideration or Order of Reconsideration has been filed with or by OSHAB; or [§340.4(b)(4)(ii)(A)]

(B) Where a Petition for Reconsideration or Order of Reconsideration has been filed, the thirty-fifth day after the date on which OSHAB issues its decision or order disposing of the matter; or [§340.4(b)(4)(ii)(B)] (C) The date on which the superior court issues a decision affirming the violation in a case in which a final order of OSHAB has been stayed. [§340.4(b)(4)(ii)(C)] (5) Movable equipment means a hand-held or non-hand-held machine or device, powered or unpowered, that is used to do work and is moved within or between worksites.

8

(c) Abatement certification. [§340.4(c)] (1) Within 10 calendar days after the abatement date, the employer must certify to the Division that each cited violation has been abated, except as provided in paragraph (c)(2) of this section. [§340.4(c)(1)] (2) The employer is not required to certify abatement if the OSHA Compliance Officer, during the on-site portion of the inspection: [§340.4(c)(2)] (i) Observes, within 24 hours after a violation is identified, that abatement has occurred; and [§340.4(c)(2)(i)] (ii) Notes in the citation that abatement has occurred. [§340.4(c)(2)(ii)]

(3) The employer's certification that abatement is complete must include, for each cited violation, in addition to the information required by paragraph (h) of this section, the date and method of abatement and a statement that affected employees and their representatives have been informed of the abatement. [§340.4(c)(3)]

(4) For serious violations the certification of abatement must be submitted under penalty of perjury as required pursuant to Labor Code section 6320(b). [§340.4(c)(4)] Note: See Appendix A for sample content and form of Abatement Certification Letter.

(d) Abatement documentation. [§340.4(d)] (1) The employer must submit to the Division, along with the information on abatement certification required by paragraph (c)(3) of this section, documents demonstrating that abatement is complete for each willful or repeat violation and for any serious violation for which the Division indicates in the citation that such abatement documentation is required. [§340.4(d)(1)] (2) Documents demonstrating that abatement is complete may include, but are not limited to, evidence of the purchase or repair of equipment, photographic or video evidence of abatement, or other written records. [§340.4(d)(2)] (e) Abatement plans. [§340.4(e)] (1) The Division may require an employer to submit an abatement plan for each cited violation (except non-serious violations) when the time permitted for abatement is more than 90 calendar days. If an abatement plan is required, the citation must so dictate. [§340.4(e)(1)] (2) The employer must submit an abatement plan for each cited violation within 25 calendar days from the final order date when the citation indicates that such a plan is required. The abatement plan must identify the violation and the steps to be taken to achieve abatement, including a schedule for completing abatement and, where necessary, how employees will be protected from exposure to the violative condition in the interim until abatement is complete. [§340.4(e)(2)] Note: See Appendix B for sample content and form of Abatement Plan.

(f) Progress reports. [§340.4(f)] (1) An employer who is required to submit an abatement plan may also be required to submit periodic progress reports for each cited violation. The citation must indicate: [§340.4(f)(1)] (i) That periodic progress reports are required and the citation items for which they are required; [§340.4(f)(1)(i)] (ii) The date on which an initial progress report must be submitted, which may be no sooner than 30 calendar days after submission of an abatement plan; [§340.4(f)(1)(ii)] (iii) Whether additional progress reports are required; and [§340.4(f)(1)(iii)]

(iv) The date(s) on which additional progress reports must be submitted. [§340.4(f)(1)(iv)] (2) For each violation, the progress report must identify, as briefly as possible, the action taken to achieve abatement and the date the action was taken. [§340.4(f)(2)] Note: See Appendix B for sample content and form of Progress Report.

(g) Employee notification. [§340.4(g)] (1) The employer must inform affected employees and their representative(s) about abatement activities covered by this section by posting a copy of each document submitted to the Division, or a summary of the document(s), near the place where the violation occurred. [§340.4(g)(1)] (2) Where such posting does not effectively inform employees and their representatives about abatement activities (for example, for employers who have mobile work operations), the employer must: [§340.4(g)(2)] (i) Post each document or a summary of the document(s) in a location where it will be readily observable by affected employees and their representatives; or [§340.4(g)(2)(i)] (ii) Take other steps to communicate fully to affected employees and their representatives about abatement activities. [§340.4(g)(2)(ii)]

Article 1.5. Employer's Declaration of Abatement

[§340.4(g)(3)(ii)]

(4) The employer must ensure that notice to employees and employee representatives is provided at the same time or before the information is provided to the Division and that abatement documents are: [§340.4(g)(4)] (i) Not altered, defaced, or covered by other material; and [§340.4(g)(4)(i)]

(ii) Remain posted for three working days after submission to the Division. [§340.4(g)(4)(ii)] (h) Transmitting abatement documents. [§340.4(h)] (1) The employer must include, in each submission required by this section, the following information: [§340.4(h)(1)] (i) The employer's name and address; [§340.4(h)(1)(i)] (ii) The inspection number to which the submission relates; [§340.4(h)(1)(ii)]

(iii) The citation and item numbers to which the submission relates; [§340.4(h)(1)(iii)] (iv) A statement that the information submitted is accurate; and [§340.4(h)(1)(iv)]

(v) The signature of the employer or the employer's authorized representative. [§340.4(h)(1)(v)] (vi) For serious violations the documentation must be submitted under penalty of perjury as required pursuant to Labor Code section 6320(b). [§340.4(h)(1)(vi)] (2) The date of postmark is the date of submission for mailed documents. For documents transmitted by other means, the date the Division receives the document is the date of submission. [§340.4(h)(2)]

(i) Moveable equipment.[§340.4(i)] (1) For serious,, repeat, and willful violations involving movable equipment, the employer must attach a warning tag or a copy of the citation to the operating controls or to the cited component of equipment that is moved within the worksite or between worksites. [§340.4(i)(1)] Note: Attaching a copy of the citation to the equipment will satisfy the tagging requirement of paragraph (i)(1) of this section as well as the posting requirements of section 332.4 of Title 8 of the California Code of Regulations.

(2) If the employer attaches a warning tag, in lieu of the citation, it must warn employees about the nature of the violation involving the equipment and identify the location of the citation issued. [§340.4(i)(2)] Note: See Appendix C for sample form and content of a Warning Tag.

(3) If the violation has not already been abated, a warning tag or copy of the citation must be attached to the equipment: [§340.4(i)(3)]

(i) For hand-held equipment, immediately after the employer receives the citation; or [§340.4(i)(3)(i)] (ii) For non-hand-held equipment, prior to moving the equipment within or between worksites. [§340.4(i)(3)(ii)] (4) The employer must assure that the tag or copy of the citation attached to movable equipment is not altered, defaced, or covered by other material. [§340.4(i)(4)] (5) The employer must assure that the tag or copy of the citation attached to movable equipment remains attached until: [§340.4(i)(5)]

(i) The violation has been abated and all abatement verification documents required by this regulation have been submitted to the Division; [§340.4(i)(5)(i)] (ii) The cited equipment has been permanently removed from service or is no longer within the employer's control; or [§340.4(i)(5)(ii)]

§340.4 Appendix A Sample Abatement - Certification Letter (Non-Mandatory)

Ch. 3.2

(Name), District Manager Division of Occupational Safety and Health Address of the District Office (on the citation) [Company's Name] [Company's Address] The hazard referenced in Inspection Number [insert 9-digit #] for violation identified as: Citation [insert #] and item [insert #] was corrected on [insert date] by: ________________________________.

Citation [insert #] and item [insert #] was corrected on [insert date] by: _____________________.

(NOTE: Follow sample format for each citation or item)

I attest that the information contained in this document is accurate. _________________________ Signature _______________________________________________ Typed or Printed Name ___________________________________ Note: For serious violations the submittal must be made under penalty of perjury. For Example:

"I declare under penalty of perjury the foregoing is true and correct.

Executed this ____ day of (month) in the city of _________________, California. __________" (Signature) ____________________________________________ Full-size forms available free of charge at www.caloshaccr.com

§340.4 Appendix B Sample Abatement Plan or Progress Report (Non-Mandatory) (Name), District Manager Division of Occupational Safety and Health Address of the District Office (on the citation) [Company's Name] [Company's Address] Check one: Abatement Plan [ ] Progress Report [ ] Inspection Number: Page __________ of __________ Citation Number(s)* _______________________________________ Item Numbers ___________________________________________ Action

Proposed Completion Date (for abatement plans only)

Completion Date (for progress reports only)

1.

2.

Date required for final abatement:

I attest that the information contained in this document is accurate.

(NOTE: For serious violations the document must be submitted under penalty of perjury. See Appendix A, above)

Signature_______________________________________________ Typed or Printed Name ____________________________________ Name of primary point of contact for questions: _________________ [optional] Telephone Number _______________________________________ *Abatement plans or progress reports for more than one citation item may be combined in a single abatement plan or progress report if the abatement actions, proposed completion dates, and actual completion dates (for progress reports only) are the same for each of the citation items.

Full-size forms available free of charge at www.caloshaccr.com

(iii) OSHAB issues a final order vacating the citation; or [§340.4(i)(5)(iii)]

(iv) As otherwise directed by the Division. [§340.4(i)(5)(iv)] Note: Appendices A through C provide information and non-mandatory guidelines to assist employers and employees in complying with the appropriate requirements of this section.

9

California Occupational Safety and Health Regulations

(3) The employer must inform employees and their representatives of their right to examine and copy all abatement documents submitted to the Division. [§340.4(g)(3)] (i) An employee or an employee representative must submit a request to examine and copy abatement documents within 3 working days of receiving notice that the documents have been submitted. [§340.4(g)(3)(i)] (ii) The employer must comply with an employee's or employee representative's request to examine and copy abatement documents within 5 working days of receiving the request.

§340.4 Appendix B

Article 1.6.

Chapter 3.2 – California Occupational Safety and Health Regulations

§340.4 Appendix C Sample Warning Tag (Non-Mandatory)

result in the Division's action being considered final and not subject to review, except where review is otherwise provided by law. [§340.42(b)]

WARNING: EQUIPMENT HAZARD CITED BY CAL/OSHA EQUIPMENT CITED: ________________________________________________ ________________________________________________ HAZARD CITED: ________________________________________________ ________________________________________________ FOR DETAILED INFORMATION SEE CAL/OSHA CITATION POSTED AT: ________________________________________________ ________________________________________________

Article 1.6. Adjudicative Hearings — General Rules of Practice and Procedure — Denial, Suspension or Revocation of Permits, Licenses, Certifications, Registrations or Other Authorizations and Orders Prohibiting Use, Issued by the Division of Occupational Safety and Health Adj udi cat i ve H ear i ngs — G ener al R ul es of Pr act i ce and Pr ocedur e

§340.40 Scope and Application (a) These general rules of practice and procedure of the Division of Occupational Safety and Health (hereinafter "the Division") are applicable to proceedings involving the denial, suspension or revocation of any license, permit, certification, registration or other authorization issued by the Division, and proceedings involving an Order Prohibiting Use (for purposes of this article, hereinafter referred to as "OPU") issued pursuant to Labor Code section 6325. [§340.40(a)] (b) These general rules of practice and procedure may supplement, but shall not replace, other codified administrative notice and appeal procedures. In case of conflict with codified notice and appeal procedures, the more-specific procedures shall apply. [§340.40(b)]

§340.41 Notification of Division Proceedings for Denial, Suspension or Revocation (a) When, after review, examination, investigation or inspection, the Division determines that good cause exists to deny, suspend or revoke any permit, license, certification, registration, or other authorization issued by the Division, written notification shall be provided to the person or entity against whom the Division intends to take such action. [§340.41(a)] (b) The notification shall cite the statute or regulation authorizing the action taken by the Division, and shall state the grounds constituting good cause for the denial. suspension, revocation or other action proposed by the Division. [§340.41(b)] (c) The notification may be served personally, by facsimile, by overnight delivery, or by certified mail. The provisions of this article are subject to Section 1013 of the California Code of Civil Procedure. [§340.41(c)]

(d) The Director of the Department of Industrial Relations (for purposes of this article, the Director of the Department of Industrial Relations shall hereinafter be referred to as "the Director") or the Division shall make a copy of these regulations available to appellants, and shall advise appellants that the appeal proceedings shall not be subject to the provisions of Chapter 5 (commencing with Section 11500) of Part 1, Division 3, of Title 2 of the California Government Code. [§340.41(d)]

§340.42 Request for Hearing (a) Within five working days after receipt of the Division's denial of an application for any license, permit, certification, registration or other authorization, or the suspension or revocation of a permit, license, certification, registration or other authorization, or the issuance of an Order Prohibiting Use, the affected applicant or employer may request a hearing to review the validity of the Division's action. [§340.42(a)] (b) The request for hearing must be in writing and must set forth specific reasons why the Division's action was improper. An appellant's failure to mail or otherwise deliver a request for hearing within five working days of receipt of notification of the action will

10

(1) For the denial of an application for a permit, license, certification, registration or other authorization, the written request for hearing shall be mailed or otherwise delivered to the headquarters office of the Director. [§340.42(b)(1)] (2) For the suspension or revocation of a permit, license, certification, registration, or other authorization, the written request for hearing shall be mailed or otherwise delivered to the headquarters of the Division. [§340.42(b)(2)] (3) For the issuance of an Order Prohibiting Use, the request for hearing shall be mailed or otherwise delivered to the District Manager of the district office which issued the Order Prohibiting Use. [§340.42(b)(3)]

§340.43 Designation of Presiding Officer and Notification of Hearing (a) Upon receipt of a request for an appeal hearing regarding the Division's denial of an application for a permit, license, certification, registration, or other authorization, the Director or the Director's Chief Counsel shall designate a Presiding Officer to conduct the hearing. Upon receipt of a request for hearing regarding the suspension or revocation of a permit, license, certification, registration, or other authorization, the Chief of the Division shall designate a Presiding Officer to conduct the hearing. The Presiding Officer may be a Deputy Chief, Regional Manager, or other designated representative. For hearings regarding the issuance of Orders Prohibiting Use, the District Manager shall serve as Presiding Officer. [§340.43(a)] (b) The Department or Division shall notify the appellant of the date, time and location of the hearing, and of the name of the Presiding Officer. The date and time of the hearing shall be subject to the specific provisions of the statute or regulation, if any, authorizing the action. Where no statute or regulation imposes specific time limitations, a hearing shall be set so as to provide sufficient time for preparation and attendance at the hearing, but in no event less than five working days following the receipt of a request for hearing, unless appellant agrees to or requests an earlier hearing.

Hearings regarding the issuance of an OPU shall be held within 24 hours following receipt of the appellant's request for a hearing, unless appellant agrees to or requests a later hearing. [§340.43(b)] (c) The Presiding Officer may change the date, time and location of the hearing for good cause upon his or her own motion or upon the written motion of either party at any time prior to the hearing. [§340.43(c)]

(d) The appellant must immediately notify all affected employees, former employees, and employee representatives, if any, of the date, time and location of the hearing along with a description of the purpose for the hearing, by posting the notification of hearing or otherwise providing written notice. The notification of hearing must remain posted in a conspicuous place for at least three working days or until the date of the hearing, whichever is less. [§340.43(d)] (e) The Division or Department may serve the notification of hearing, as required under subsection (b), personally, by facsimile or by overnight delivery. [§340.43(e)]

§340.44 Conduct of Hearing (a) The Presiding Officer shall be responsible for receiving evidence both from Division representatives and the appellant and shall issue a decision as set forth in this article. Parties shall have the opportunity to present relevant documentary or other evidence through the presentation of direct testimony, the cross-examination of witnesses, and the rebuttal of any evidence presented during hearing. The Presiding Officer may also examine witnesses or request the presentation of additional relevant evidence. [§340.44(a)] (1) Upon motion, the Presiding Officer may exclude witnesses from the hearing room. Each party may designate one representative who may stay in the hearing room, even if the representative will also serve as a witness. [§340.44(a)(1)] (2) A party may appear in person or through a representative who is not required to be an attorney. [§340.44(a)(2)] (3) Designated employee representatives may make written request to participate in the hearing if it is established that such participation will be relevant to any issues presented at the hearing. [§340.44(a)(3)]

(4) The Presiding Officer shall receive evidence under oath or affirmation under penalty of perjury. The hearing shall be taperecorded, unless the parties agree to some other method of recording the hearing. If the parties do not agree to an alternative method of recording, the Presiding Officer shall make the official record of the hearing by tape recording, and may allow each party to make and pay for an additional record if, in the Presiding Officer's opinion, the making of the additional record or records would not unduly disrupt the proceedings. [§340.44(a)(4)]

Article 6. Branch Circuits §2340.21 Marking (a) Identification of Manufacturer and Ratings. Electric equipment shall not be used unless the following markings have been placed on the equipment: [§2340.21(a)] (1) The manufacturer's name, trademark, or other descriptive marking by which the organization responsible for the product may be identified; and [§2340.21(a)(1)] (2) Other markings giving voltage, current, wattage, or other ratings. [§2340.21(a)(2)]

(b) Durability. The marking shall be of sufficient durability to withstand the environment involved. [§2340.21(b)]

§2340.22 Identification of Equipment

§2340.23 Openings [Repealed] §2340.24 Discontinued Circuits

When a circuit is abandoned or discontinued, its conductors shall be removed from the raceways, or be maintained as if in use.

§2340.26 Mechanical Protection

In locations where electric equipment would be exposed to physical damage, enclosures or guards shall be so arranged and of such strength as to prevent such damage.

§2340.27 Location of Control and Protective Devices

All switches, circuit breakers, fuses and other control and protective devices shall be so located or arranged that they may be safely operated, removed or repaired.

Article 5. Use and Identification of Grounded and Grounding Conductors §2350.2 General (a) Identification of Conductors. [§2350.2(a)] (1) A conductor used as a grounded conductor shall be identifiable and distinguishable from all other conductors. [§2350.2(a)(1)] (2) A conductor used as an equipment grounding conductor shall be identifiable and distinguishable from all other conductors. [§2350.2(a)(2)]

(b) Polarity of Connections. No grounded or grounding conductor shall be attached to any terminal or lead so as to reverse designated polarity. [§2350.2(b)] (c) Use of Grounding Terminals and Devices. A grounding terminal or grounding-type device on a receptacle, cord connector, or attachment plug shall not be used for purposes other than grounding. [§2350.2(c)]

§2350.3 Connection to Grounded System [Repealed] §2350.6 Means of Identifying Grounded Conductors [Repealed] §2350.7 Use of White or Natural Gray Color [Repealed] §2350.9 Means of Identification of Terminals [Repealed] §2350.10 Identification of Terminals [Repealed]

§2350.11 Polarity of Connections [Repealed]

Article 6. Branch Circuits §2360.1 Identification of Multiwire Branch Circuits

For installations built on or after May 5, 2008 where more than one nominal voltage system exists in a building containing multiwire branch circuits, each ungrounded conductor of a multiwire branch circuit, where accessible, shall be identified by phase and system. The means of identification shall be permanently posted at each branchcircuit panelboard.

§2360.2 Receptacles and Cord Connectors (a) Receptacles installed on 15- and 20-ampere branch circuits shall be of the grounding type except as permitted for replacement receptacles in subsection (d) of this section. Grounding-type receptacles shall be installed only on circuits of the voltage class and current for which they are rated, except as provided in Table 2360.4(b)(2) and Table 2360.4(b)(3). [§2360.2(a)] (b) Receptacles and cord connectors having grounding contacts shall have those contacts effectively grounded except for receptacles mounted on portable and vehicle-mounted generators in accordance with Section 2395.6 of these Orders and replacement receptacles installed in accordance with subsection (d) of this section. [§2360.2(b)] (c) The grounding contacts of receptacles and cord connectors shall be grounded by connection to the equipment grounding conductor of the circuit supplying the receptacle or cord connector. The branch circuit wiring method shall include or provide an equipment grounding conductor to which the grounding contacts of the receptacle or cord connector shall be connected. [§2360.2(c)] (d) Replacement of receptacles shall comply with the following requirements: [§2360.2(d)] (1) Where a grounding means exists in the receptacle enclosure or a grounding conductor is installed, grounding-type receptacles shall be used and shall be connected to the grounding means or conductor; [§2360.2(d)(1)] (2) Ground-fault circuit-interrupter protected receptacles shall be provided where replacements are made at receptacle outlets that are required to be so protected elsewhere in these Orders; and [§2360.2(d)(2)] (3) Where a grounding means does not exist in the receptacle enclosure, the installation shall comply with one of the following provisions: [§2360.2(d)(3)] (A) A nongrounding-type receptacle may be replaced with another nongrounding-type receptacle; or [§2360.2(d)(3)(A)] (B) A nongrounding-type receptacle may be replaced with a ground-fault circuit-interrupter-type of receptacle that is marked "No Equipment Ground;" an equipment grounding conductor shall not be connected from the ground-fault circuit-interrupter-type receptacle to any outlet supplied from the ground-fault circuit-interrupter receptacle; or [§2360.2(d)(3)(B)]

(C) A nongrounding-type receptacle may be replaced with a grounding-type receptacle where supplied through a ground-fault circuit-interrupter; the replacement receptacle shall be marked "GFCI Protected" and "No Equipment Ground;" an equipment grounding conductor shall not be connected to such grounding-type receptacles. [§2360.2(d)(3)(C)]

(e) Receptacles connected to circuits having different voltages, frequencies, or types of current (ac or dc) on the same premises shall be of such design that the attachment plugs used on these circuits are not interchangeable. [§2360.2(e)]

§2360.3 Ground-Fault Circuit Interrupter Protection for Personnel — General Industry (a) All 120-volt (nominal), single-phase, 15- and 20-ampere receptacles installed in bathrooms or on rooftops shall have ground-fault circuit-interrupter protection for personnel. [§2360.3(a)] (b) The following requirements apply to temporary wiring installations that are used during maintenance, remodeling, or repair of buildings, structures, or equipment or during similar activities. [§2360.3(b)]

(1) All 120-volt (nominal), single-phase, 15-, 20-, and 30-ampere receptacle outlets that are not part of the permanent wiring of the building or structure and that are in use by personnel shall have ground-fault circuit-interrupter protection for personnel. [§2360.3(b)(1)] Note 1 to subsection (b)(1): A cord connector on an extension cord set is considered to be a receptacle outlet if the cord set is used for temporary electric power.

Note 2 to subsection (b)(1): Cord sets and devices incorporating the required ground-fault circuit-interrupter that are connected to the receptacle closest to the source of power are acceptable forms of protection.

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(a) Motors and Appliances. Each disconnecting means required by this Safety Order for motors and appliances shall be legibly marked to indicate its purpose, unless located and arranged so the purpose is evident. [§2340.22(a)] (b) Services, Feeders, and Branch Circuits. Each service, feeder, and branch circuit, at its disconnecting means or overcurrent device, shall be legibly marked to indicate its purpose, unless located and arranged so the purpose is evident. [§2340.22(b)] (c) Each service disconnecting means shall plainly indicate whether it is in the open or closed position. [§2340.22(c)] (d) Durability of Markings. The markings shall be of sufficient durability to withstand the environment involved. [§2340.22(d)] (e) Capable of Accepting a Lock. Effective with installations made after May 5, 2008 disconnecting means required by these Orders shall be capable of being locked in the open position. [§2340.22(e)] (f) Marking for Series Combination Ratings. Effective with installations made after May 5, 2008: [§2340.22(f)] (1) Where circuit breakers or fuses are applied in compliance with the series combination ratings marked on the equipment by the manufacturer, the equipment enclosures shall be legibly marked in the field to indicate that the equipment has been applied with a series combination rating. [§2340.22(f)(1)] (2) The marking required by subsection (f)(1) of this section shall be readily visible and shall state [§2340.22(f)(2)] CAUTION SERIES COMBINATION SYSTEM RATED — AMPERES. IDENTIFIED REPLACEMENT COMPONENT REQUIRED.

§2360.3(b)

§2360.4

Group 1. Low-Voltage Electrical Safety Orders (2) Receptacles other than 120 volt (nominal), single-phase, 15-, 20-, and 30-ampere receptacles that are not part of the permanent wiring of the building or structure and that are in use by personnel shall have ground-fault circuit-interrupter protection for personnel. [§2360.3(b)(2)] (3) Where the ground-fault circuit-interrupter protection required by subsection (b)(2) of this section is not available for receptacles other than 120-volt (nominal), single-phase, 15-, 20-, and 30-ampere, the employer shall establish and implement an assured equipment grounding conductor program covering cord sets, receptacles that are not a part of the building or structure, and equipment connected by cord and plug that are available for use or used by employees on those receptacles.

This program shall comply with the following requirements: [§2360.3(b)(3)]

(A) A written description of the program, including the specific procedures adopted by the employer, shall be available at the jobsite for inspection and copying by the Division of Occupational Safety and Health and any affected employee; [§2360.3(b)(3)(A)] (B) The employer shall designate one or more qualified persons as defined in Section 2300 to implement the program;

Table 2360.4(b)(2) — Maximum Cord- and Plug-Connected Load to Receptacle Circuit Rating (Amperes)

Receptacle Rating (Amperes)

Maximum Load (Amperes)

15 or 20

15

12

20

20

16

30

30

24

(3) Where connected to a branch circuit supplying two or more receptacles or outlets, receptacle ratings shall conform to the values listed in Table 2360.4(b)(3); or, where larger than 50 amperes, the receptacle rating may not be less than the branch-circuit rating. [§2360.4(b)(3)] Exception: Receptacles for one or more cord- and plug-connected arc welders shall have ampere ratings not less than the minimum branch-circuit conductor ampacity.

Table 2360.4(b)(3) — Receptacle Ratings for Various Size Circuits Circuit Rating (Amperes)

Receptacle Rating (Amperes)

15

Not over 15

20

15 or 20

[§2360.3(b)(3)(B)]

(C) Each cord set, attachment cap, plug, and receptacle of cord sets, and any equipment connected by cord and plug, except cord sets and receptacles which are fixed and not exposed to damage, shall be visually inspected before each day's use for external defects, such as deformed or missing pins or insulation damage, and for indications of possible internal damage. Equipment found damaged or defective shall not be used until repaired; [§2360.3(b)(3)(C)] (D) The following tests shall be performed on all cord sets and receptacles which are not a part of the permanent wiring of the building or structure, and cord- and plug-connected equipment required to be grounded: [§2360.3(b)(3)(D)] 1. All equipment grounding conductors shall be tested for continuity and shall be electrically continuous; [§2360.3(b)(3)(D)1.]

2. Each receptacle and attachment cap or plug shall be tested for correct attachment of the equipment grounding conductor. The equipment grounding conductor shall be connected to its proper terminal; and [§2360.3(b)(3)(D)2.]

3. All required tests shall be performed before first use; before equipment is returned to service following any repairs; before equipment is used after any incident which can be reasonably suspected to have caused damage (for example, when a cord set is run over); and at intervals not to exceed 3 months, except that cord sets and receptacles which are fixed and not exposed to damage shall be tested at intervals not exceeding 6 months; [§2360.3(b)(3)(D)3.]

(E) The employer shall not make available or permit the use by employees of any equipment which has not met the requirements of subsection b)(3) of this section; and [§2360.3(b)(3)(E)]

(F) Tests performed as required in subsection (b)(3) of this section shall be recorded. This test record shall identify each receptacle, cord set, and cord- and plug-connected equipment that passed the test and shall indicate the last date it was tested or the interval for which it was tested.

This record shall be kept by means of logs, color coding, or other effective means and shall be maintained until replaced by a more current record. The record shall be made available on the jobsite for inspection by the Division and any affected employee. [§2360.3(b)(3)(F)]

§2360.4 Outlet Devices

Outlet devices shall have an ampere rating not less than the load to be served and shall comply with the following provisions: (a) Where connected to a branch circuit having a rating in excess of 20 amperes, lampholders shall be of the heavy-duty type. A heavy-duty lampholder shall have a rating of not less than 660 watts if of the admedium type and not less than 750 watts if of any other type; and [§2360.4(a)] (b) Receptacle outlets shall comply with the following provisions:

24

30

40

40 or 50

50

50

§2360.5 Cord Connections

A receptacle outlet shall be installed wherever flexible cords with attachment plugs are used. Where flexible cords are permitted to be permanently connected, receptacles may be omitted.

Article 7. Feeders [Repealed] Article 8. Outdoor Wiring §2375.1 Scope

This Article applies to branch-circuit, feeder, and service conductors rated 600 volts, nominal, or less and run outdoors as open conductors.

§2375.7 Conductors on Poles

Conductors on poles shall have a separation of not less than 1 foot (305 mm) where not placed on racks or brackets. Conductors supported on poles shall provide a horizontal climbing space not less than the following: (a) Power conductors below communication conductors — 30 in.

(762 mm); [§2375.7(a)] (b) Power conductors alone or above communication conductors: [§2375.7(b)]

(1) 300 volts or less — 24 in. (610 mm), [§2375.7(b)(1)] (2) Over 300 volts — 30 in. (762 mm); [§2375.7(b)(2)] (c) Communication conductors below power conductors — same as power conductors; and [§2375.7(c)] (d) Communications conductors alone — no requirement. [§2375.7(d)]

§2375.10 Wiring on Buildings [Repealed] §2375.12 Open-Conductor Supports [Repealed] §2375.13 Festoon Supports [Repealed] §2375.18 Clearance from Ground

Open conductors, open multiconductor cables, and service-drop conductors of not over 600 volts, nominal, shall conform to the following minimum clearances: Installations built before May 5, 2008: Above areas (other than thoroughfares) where it is possible to drive vehicles

16 feet (4.88 m)

Above areas accessible to pedestrians only

12 feet (3.66 m)

Installations built on or after May 5, 2008: Table 2375.18 Clearances from Ground.

[§2360.4(b)]

(1) A single receptacle installed on an individual branch circuit shall have an ampere rating of not less than that of the branch circuit; [§2360.4(b)(1)] (2) Where connected to a branch circuit supplying two or more receptacles or outlets, a receptacle may not supply a total cord- and plug-connected load in excess of the maximum specified in Table 2360.4(b)(2). [§2360.4(b)(2)]

30

Distance

12 feet (3.66 m)

Installations built on or after May 5, 2008 Voltage to ground

Conditions

<300 V

Above finished grade or sidewalks, or from any platform or projection from which they might be reached. Over residential property and driveways. Over commercial areas subject to pedestrian traffic or to vehicular traffic other than truck traffic.

Article 11. Grounding Installations built on or after May 5, 2008: Table 2375.18 Clearances from Ground.

Distance

(continued)

Installations built on or after May 5, 2008 Voltage to ground

Conditions

16 ft. (4.88 m)

301 to 600 V

Over residential property and driveways. Over commercial areas subject to pedestrian traffic or to vehicular traffic other than truck traffic.

(This category includes conditions covered under the 12 ft. (3.66 m) category where the voltage exceeds 300 V.)

18 ft. (5.49 m)

<600 V

Note: California Public Utilities Commission (CPUC) General Order No. 95 applies in areas subject to CPUC jurisdiction.

§2375.19 Clearances from Buildings (a) Over roofs. Open wiring and cables shall have a clearance of not less than 8 feet from the highest point of roofs over which they pass. [§2375.19(a)]

(b) Horizontal Clearances. Open wiring and cables not attached to a building shall have a minimum horizontal clearance of 3 feet. [§2375.19(b)]

(c) Final Spans. [§2375.19(c)] (1) Open wiring and cables to a building they supply or from which they are fed shall be permitted to be attached to the building, but they shall be kept 3 feet from windows that are designed to be opened, doors, porches, balconies, ladders, stairs, fire escapes, or similar locations. [§2375.19(c)(1)] (2) Conductors run above the top level of a window shall be permitted to be less than 3 feet above the window provided that they are at the maximum practical distance and that in no case are they less than 1 foot above the window. [§2375.19(c)(2)] (3) Vertical clearance of final spans above, or within 3.0 feet measured horizontally of, platforms, projections, or surfaces from which they might be reached shall be maintained in accordance with Section 2375.18. [§2375.19(c)(3)] (4) Overhead service conductors shall not be installed beneath openings through which materials may be moved, such as openings in farm and commercial buildings, and may not be installed where they will obstruct entrance to these building openings. [§2375.19(c)(4)]

§2375.25 Location of Outdoor Lamps

Lamps for outdoor lighting shall be located below all energized conductors, transformers, or other electric equipment, unless such equipment is controlled by a disconnecting means that can be locked in the open position, or unless adequate clearances or other safeguards are provided for relamping operations.

Article 9. Services §2380.1 Disconnecting Means (a) Means shall be provided to disconnect all conductors in a building or other structure from the service-entrance conductors. The service disconnecting means shall plainly indicate whether it is in the open or closed position and shall be installed at a readily accessible location nearest the point of entrance of the service-entrance conductors. [§2380.1(a)] (b) Each service disconnecting means shall simultaneously disconnect all ungrounded conductors. [§2380.1(b)] (c) Each service disconnecting means shall be suitable for the prevailing conditions. [§2380.1(c)]

Article 10. Overcurrent Protection §2390.1 General

Conductors and equipment shall be protected from overcurrent in accordance with their ability to safely conduct current.

§2390.10 Grounded Conductors

Except for motor running overload protection, overcurrent devices shall not interrupt the continuity of the grounded conductor unless all conductors of the circuit are opened simultaneously.§2390.20

Disconnecting Means for Fuses

A disconnecting means shall be provided on the supply side of all fuses in circuits over 150 volts to ground and cartridge fuses in circuits of any voltage where accessible to other than qualified persons so that each individual circuit containing fuses can be independently disconnected from the source of power. However, a current-limiting device without a disconnecting means is permitted on the supply side of the service disconnecting means. In addition, a single disconnecting means is permitted on the supply side of more than one set of fuses as permitted by the exception in Section 2530.112 for group operation of motors, and a single disconnecting means is permitted for fixed electric space-heating equipment.

§2390.24 Location

Overcurrent devices shall be readily accessible to each employee or authorized building management personnel. These overcurrent devices shall not be located where they will be exposed to physical damage or in the vicinity of easily ignitable material.

§2390.41 Arcing or Suddenly Moving Parts

Arcing or suddenly moving parts shall comply with the following: (a) Location. Fuses and circuit breakers shall be so located or shielded that persons will not be burned or otherwise injured by their operation. [§2390.41(a)] (b) Suddenly Moving Parts. Handles or levers of circuit breakers, and similar parts which may move suddenly in such a way that persons in the vicinity are likely to be injured by being struck by them, shall be guarded or isolated. [§2390.41(b)]

§2390.42 Indicating [Renumbered] §2390.43 Circuit Breakers Used as Switches [Renumbered] §2390.81 Circuit Breakers (a) Circuit breakers shall clearly indicate whether they are in the open "off" or closed "on" position. [§2390.81(a)] (b) Where circuit breaker handles on switchboards or in panelboards are operated vertically rather than rotationally or horizontally, the up position of the handle shall be the "on" position. [§2390.81(b)]

(c) Circuit Breakers Used as Switches. Where used as switches in 120-volt and 277-volt fluorescent lighting circuits, circuit breakers shall be listed and shall be marked "SWD." [§2390.81(c)] (d) Applications. [§2390.81(d)] (1) A circuit breaker with a straight voltage rating, such as 240 V or 480 V, shall only be installed in a circuit in which the nominal voltage between any two conductors does not exceed the circuit breaker's voltage rating. A two-pole circuit breaker shall not be used for protecting a 3-phase, corner-grounded delta circuit unless the circuit breaker is marked 1 - 3 to indicate such suitability. [§2390.81(d)(1)] (2) A circuit breaker with a slash rating, such as 120/240 V or 480Y/277V, shall only be installed in a circuit where the nominal voltage of any conductor to ground does not exceed the lower of the two values of the circuit breaker's voltage rating and the nominal voltage between any two conductors does not exceed the higher value of the circuit breaker's voltage rating. [§2390.81(d)(2)]

§2390.83 Circuit Breakers Used as Switches [Repealed]

Article 11. Grounding §2395.1 Scope

This Article covers general requirements for grounding and bonding of electrical installations, and specific requirements in Section 2395.1(a) through (g) below. (a) Systems, circuits, and equipment required, permitted, or not permitted to be grounded. [§2395.1(a)] (b) Circuit conductor to be grounded on grounded systems. [§2395.1(b)]

(c) Location of grounding connections. [§2395.1(c)] (d) Types and sizes of grounding and bonding conductors and electrodes. [§2395.1(d)] (e) Methods of grounding and bonding. [§2395.1(e)] (f) Conditions under which guards, isolation, or insulation may be substituted for grounding. [§2395.1(f)] (g) Connections for lightning rods. [§2395.1(g)] Note: Circuits are grounded to limit excessive voltages from lightning line surges, or unintentional contact with higher voltage lines and to limit the voltage to ground during normal operation.

Note: Conductive materials enclosing electric conductors or equipment, or forming part of such equipment, are grounded for the purpose of preventing a voltage above ground on these materials.§2395.3

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Exception: No. 1: Where the voltage between conductors does not exceed 300 and the roof has a slope of not less than 4 inches in 12 inches, a reduction in clearance to 3 feet shall be permitted.

Exception: No. 2: Where the voltage between conductors does not exceed 300, a reduction in clearance over the overhanging portion of the roof to 18 inches shall be permitted if: a.They do not pass over more than 4 feet of the overhang portion of the roof; and b.They are terminated at a (through-the-roof) raceway or approved support.

Exception: No. 3: The area above a roof surface subject to pedestrian or vehicular traffic shall have a vertical clearance from the roof surface in accordance with the clearance requirements of Section 2375.18.

§2395.1(g)

§2395.3

Group 1. Low-Voltage Electrical Safety Orders

§2395.3 Direct-Current Systems

Systems to be Grounded. Systems that supply premises wiring shall be grounded as follows: (a) Two-Wire Direct Current Systems. Two-wire DC systems operating at over 50 volts through 300 volts between conductors shall be grounded. [§2395.3(a)] Exceptions: 1. A system equipped with a ground detector and supplying only industrial equipment in limited areas.

2. A rectifier derived DC system supplied from a grounded AC system.

3. DC Fire Alarm Circuits having a maximum current of 0.030 amperes.

(b) Three-Wire Direct-Current Systems. The neutral conductor of all 3-wire DC systems shall be grounded. [§2395.3(b)]

§2395.5 Alternating-Current Circuits and Systems to Be Grounded

AC circuits and systems supplying premises wiring shall be grounded as provided for in this Section. (a) AC circuits of less than 50 volts shall be grounded under any of the following conditions: [§2395.5(a)] (1) Where supplied by transformers if the transformer primary supply system exceeds 150 volts to ground. [§2395.5(a)(1)] (2) Where supplied by transformers if the transformer primary supply system is ungrounded. [§2395.5(a)(2)] (3) Where installed as overhead conductors outside of buildings. [§2395.5(a)(3)]

(b) AC systems of 50 volts or more shall be grounded under any of the following conditions: [§2395.5(b)] (1) Where the system can be so grounded that the maximum voltage to ground on the ungrounded conductors does not exceed 150 volts. [§2395.5(b)(1)] (2) Where the system voltage is rated 3-phase, 4-wire wye-connected in which the neutral is used as a circuit conductor. [§2395.5(b)(2)]

(3) Where the system voltage is rated 3-phase, 4-wire delta-connected in which the midpoint of one phase is used as a circuit conductor. [§2395.5(b)(3)] (4) Where a service conductor is uninsulated. [§2395.5(b)(4)] Exceptions: AC systems of 50 volts or more are not required to be grounded under any of the following conditions: 1. Electric systems used exclusively to supply industrial electric furnaces for melting, refining, tempering, and the like.

2. Separately derived systems used exclusively for rectifiers supplying only adjustable speed industrial drives.

3. Separately derived systems supplied by transformers that have a primary voltage rating less than 1000 volts provided that all of the following conditions are met: a. The system is used exclusively for control circuits. b. The conditions of maintenance and supervision assure that only qualified persons will service the installation. c. Continuity of control power is required.d.Ground detectors are installed on the control system.

4. Isolated power systems that supply circuits in health care facilities.

5. The system is a high-impedance grounded neutral system in which a grounding impedance, usually a resistor, limits the ground-fault current to a low value for 3phase ac systems of 480 volts to 1000 volts provided all of the following conditions are met: (a) The conditions of maintenance and supervision ensure that only qualified persons will service the installation; (b) Continuity of power is required;(c)Ground detectors are installed on the system; and (d) Line-to-neutral loads are not served.

§2395.6 Portable and Vehicle-Mounted Generators (a) The frame of a portable generator need not be grounded and may serve as the grounding electrode for a system supplied by the generator under the following conditions: [§2395.6(a)] (1) The generator supplies only equipment mounted on the generator or cord- and plug-connected equipment through receptacles mounted on the generator, or both; and [§2395.6(a)(1)] (2) The noncurrent-carrying metal parts of equipment and the equipment grounding conductor terminals of the receptacles are bonded to the generator frame. [§2395.6(a)(2)] (b) The frame of a vehicle need not be grounded and may serve as the grounding electrode for a system supplied by a generator located on the vehicle under the following conditions: [§2395.6(b)] (1) The frame of the generator is bonded to the vehicle frame, and [§2395.6(b)(1)]

(2) The generator supplies only equipment located on the vehicle and cord- and plug-connected equipment through receptacles mounted on the vehicle, and [§2395.6(b)(2)] (3) The noncurrent-carrying metal parts of equipment and the equipment grounding conductor terminals of the receptacles are bonded to the generator frame, and [§2395.6(b)(3)]

26

(4) The system complies with all other provisions of Article 11 of these Low-Voltage Electrical Safety Orders. [§2395.6(b)(4)] (c) A system conductor that is required to be grounded by the provisions of Section 2395.25 shall be bonded to the generator frame where the generator is a component of a separately derived system. [§2395.6(c)]

§2395.7 Circuits Not to Be Grounded [Repealed]

LOCATION OF SYSTEM GROUNDING CONNECTIONS §2395.21 Objectionable Current over Grounding Conductors [Repealed] §2395.23 Grounding Connections (a) For a grounded system, a grounding electrode conductor shall be used to connect both the equipment grounding conductor and the grounded circuit conductor to the grounding electrode. Both the equipment grounding conductor and the grounding electrode conductor shall be connected to the grounded circuit conductor on the supply side of the service disconnecting means, or on the supply side of the system disconnecting means or overcurrent devices if the system is separately derived. [§2395.23(a)] (b) For an ungrounded service-supplied system, the equipment grounding conductor shall be connected to the grounding electrode conductor at the service equipment. For an ungrounded separately derived system, the equipment grounding conductor shall be connected to the grounding electrode conductor at, or ahead of, the system disconnecting means or overcurrent devices. [§2395.23(b)] (c) On extensions of existing branch circuits that do not have an equipment grounding conductor, grounding-type receptacles may be grounded to a grounded cold water pipe near the equipment if the extension was installed before May 5, 2008. [§2395.23(c)] (1) When any element of this branch circuit is replaced, the entire branch circuit shall use an equipment grounding conductor that complies with all other provisions of Article 11. [§2395.23(c)(1)]

§2395.25 Conductor to Be Grounded — AlternatingCurrent Systems

For AC premises wiring systems the conductor required to be grounded by Section 2395.5 shall be as follows: (a) One conductor of a single-phase, two-wire system shall be grounded; [§2395.25(a)] (b) The neutral conductor of a single-phase, three-wire system shall be grounded; [§2395.25(b)] (c) The common conductor of a multiphase system having one wire common to all phases shall be grounded; [§2395.25(c)] (d) One phase conductor of a multiphase system where one phase is grounded shall be grounded; and [§2395.25(d)] (e) The neutral conductor of a multiphase system in which one phase is used as a neutral conductor shall be grounded. [§2395.25(e)]

§2395.26 Grounding Separately Derived AlternatingCurrent Systems [Repealed]

ENCLOSURE GROUNDING §2395.32 Supports, Enclosures, and Equipment to be Grounded (a) Metal cable trays, metal raceways, and metal enclosures for conductors shall be grounded, except that: [§2395.32(a)] (1) Metal enclosures such as sleeves that are used to protect cable assemblies from physical damage need not be grounded; and [§2395.32(a)(1)] (2) Metal enclosures for conductors added to existing installations of open wire, knob-and-tube wiring, and nonmetallicsheathed cable need not be grounded if all of the following conditions are met: [§2395.32(a)(2)] (A) Runs are less than 25.0 feet (7.62 meters); [§2395.32(a)(2)(A)] (B) Enclosures are free from probable contact with ground, grounded metal, metal laths, or other conductive materials; and [§2395.32(a)(2)(B)] (C) Enclosures are guarded against employee contact. [§2395.32(a)(2)(C)]

(b) Metal enclosures for service equipment shall be grounded. [§2395.32(b)]

(c) Frames of electric ranges, wall-mounted ovens, countermounted cooking units, clothes dryers, and metal outlet or junction boxes that are part of the circuit for these appliances shall be grounded. [§2395.32(c)]

Article 11. Grounding §2395.33 Other Conductor Enclosures [Repealed]

§2395.50 Equipment Grounding Connections [Repealed]

EQUIPMENT GROUNDING §2395.42 Equipment Fastened in Place or Connected by Permanent Wiring Methods (Fixed)

Exposed noncurrent-carrying metal parts of fixed equipment that may become energized shall be grounded under any of the following conditions: (a) Where within 8 feet vertically or 5 feet horizontally of ground or grounded metal objects and subject to contact by persons. [§2395.42(a)]

(b) Where located in a wet or damp location and not isolated. [§2395.42(b)]

(c) Where in electrical contact with metal. [§2395.42(c)] (d) Where in a hazardous (classified) location as covered by Article 59. [§2395.42(d)]

Exceptions: to Section 2395.42: Exposed noncurrent-carrying metal parts of the following types of fixed equipment need not be grounded: 1. Enclosures for switches or circuit breakers used for other than service equipment and accessible to qualified persons only; 2. Electrically heated appliances that are permanently and effectively insulated from ground; 3. Distribution apparatus, such as transformer and capacitor cases, mounted on wooden poles, at a height exceeding 8 feet (2.44 m) above ground or grade level; and 4. Listed equipment protected by a system of double insulation, or its equivalent, and distinctively marked as such.

§2395.44 Nonelectrical Equipment

The metal parts of nonelectrical equipment described in (a) through (d) below shall be grounded. (a) Frames and tracks of electrically operated cranes and hoists. [§2395.44(a)]

(b) Frames of nonelectrically driven elevator cars to which electric conductors are attached. [§2395.44(b)] (c) Metal partitions, grill work, and similar metal enclosures around equipment. [§2395.44(c)] (d) Hand-operated metal shifting ropes or cables of electric elevators. [§2395.44(d)]

§2395.45 Equipment Connected by Cord and Plug (a) The exposed noncurrent-carrying metal parts of cord- and plug-connected equipment that may become energized shall be grounded under any of the following conditions: [§2395.45(a)] (1) Utilization equipment used in hazardous (classified) locations (See Article 59). [§2395.45(a)(1)] (2) Any electric equipment which is operated at over 150 volts to ground. [§2395.45(a)(2)] (3) If the equipment is of the following types: [§2395.45(a)(3)] (A) Refrigerators, freezers, and air conditioners. [§2395.45(a)(3)(A)]

(B) Clothes-washing, clothes-drying and dishwashing machines, sump pumps, and electrical aquarium equipment. [§2395.45(a)(3)(B)]

(C) Hand-held motor-operated tools, stationary and fixed motoroperated tools, and light industrial motor-operated tools. [§2395.45(a)(3)(C)]

(D) Motor-operated tools and utilization equipment of the following types: drills, hedge clippers, lawn mowers, snow blowers, wet scrubbers, sanders and saws. [§2395.45(a)(3)(D)] (E) Cord- and plug-connected appliances used in damp or wet locations or by persons standing on the ground or on metal or exposed concrete floors or working inside of metal tanks or boilers. [§2395.45(a)(3)(E)] (F) Portable and mobile x-ray and associated equipment. [§2395.45(a)(3)(F)]

(G) Portable hand lamps. [§2395.45(a)(3)(G)] (H) Tools likely to be used in wet and conductive locations. [§2395.45(a)(3)(H)] Exceptions to 2395.45: The following equipment shall not be required to be grounded: (1) Listed portable tools or utilization equipment likely to be used in wet and conductive locations if supplied through an isolating transformer with an ungrounded secondary of not over 50 volts.

(2) Listed or labeled portable tools and utilization equipment protected by an approved system of double insulation. Where such a system is employed, the equipment shall be distinctively marked.

METHODS OF GROUNDING §2395.51 Effective Grounding (a) The path to ground from circuits, equipment, and conductor enclosures shall: [§2395.51(a)] (1) be permanent and continuous, and [§2395.51(a)(1)] (2) have ample carrying capacity to conduct safely any currents liable to be imposed on it, and [§2395.51(a)(2)] (3) have impedance sufficiently low to limit the potential above ground and to facilitate the operation of the overcurrent devices in the circuit. [§2395.51(a)(3)]

§2395.54 Common Grounding Electrode

Where an AC system is connected to a grounding electrode in or at a building as specified in Section 2395.23, the same electrode shall be used to ground conductor enclosures and equipment in or on that building.

Note: Two or more electrodes that are effectively bonded together shall be considered as a single electrode in this sense.

§2395.57 Equipment Fastened in Place or Connected by Permanent Wiring Methods (Fixed) — Grounding

Noncurrent-carrying metal parts of fixed equipment, raceways, and other enclosures, where required to be grounded, shall be grounded by an equipment grounding conductor that is contained within the same raceway, cable, or cord, or runs with or encloses the circuit conductors. For dc circuits only, the equipment grounding conductor may be run separately from the circuit conductors.

§2395.58 Electric Equipment Considered Effectively Grounded

The following electric equipment, under the conditions specified in (a) and (b) below, shall be considered effectively grounded: (a) Electric equipment secured to, and in electrical contact with, a metal rack or structure that is provided for its support and the metal rack or structure is grounded by the method specified for the noncurrent-carrying metal parts of fixed equipment in Section 2395.57. [§2395.58(a)] (1) For installations made before April 16, 1981, electric equipment is also considered to be effectively grounded if it is secured to, and in metallic contact with, the grounded structural metal frame of a building. The structural metal frame of a building shall not be used as the required AC equipment grounding conductor for installations made on or after April 16, 1981. [§2395.58(a)(1)] (2) Effective with installations on or after April 16, 1981, when any element of this branch circuit is replaced, the entire branch circuit shall use an equipment grounding conductor that complies with all other provisions of Article 11 of these Safety Orders. [§2395.58(a)(2)]

(b) Metal Car Frames. Metal car frames supported by metal hoisting cables attached to or running over metal sheaves or drums of grounded elevator machines. [§2395.58(b)]

§2395.59 Cord- and Plug-Connected Equipment

Noncurrent-carrying metal parts of cord- and plug-connected equipment, where required to be grounded, shall be grounded by one of the methods indicated in (a), (b), or (c) below: (a) By means of the metal enclosure of the conductors supplying such equipment if grounding-type attachment plug with one fixed grounding contact is used for grounding the metal enclosure, and if the metal enclosure of the conductors is secured to the attachment plug and to equipment by connectors approved for the purpose. [§2395.59(a)]

(b) By means of a grounding conductor run with the power supply conductors in a cable assembly or flexible cord properly terminated in grounding-type attachment plug with one fixed grounding contact. An uninsulated grounding conductor shall be permitted but, if individually covered, the covering shall have a continuous outer finish that is either green or green with one or more yellow stripes. [§2395.59(b)] (c) By means of a separate flexible wire or strap, insulated or bare, protected as well as practicable against physical damage, where part of an approved portable equipment. [§2395.59(c)]

§2395.61 Use of Grounded Circuit Conductor for Grounding Equipment (a) Supply-Side Equipment. A grounded circuit conductor shall be permitted to ground noncurrent-carrying metal parts of equipment on the supply side of the service disconnecting means, such as meter enclosures, service raceways, etc., and on the supply side of the main disconnecting means of separate buildings and of separately derived systems. (Title 24, Part 3, Section 250-61(a).) [§2395.61(a)]

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(e) Where supplied by a metal-clad, metal-sheathed, or grounded metal-raceway wiring method. [§2395.42(e)] (f) Where equipment operates with any terminal at over 150 volts to ground. [§2395.42(f)] (g) Grounding of equipment mounted on poles shall comply with the Rules of Overhead Electric Line Construction of the California Public Utilities Commission, General Order No. 95. [§2395.42(g)]

§2395.61(a)

§2395.70

Group 1. Low-Voltage Electrical Safety Orders

(b) Load-Side Equipment. A grounded circuit conductor shall not be used for grounding noncurrent-carrying metal parts of equipment on the load side of the service disconnecting means or on the load side of a separately derived system disconnecting means or the overcurrent devices for a separately derived system not having a main disconnecting means. [§2395.61(b)] Exception: It shall be permissible to ground meter enclosures by connection to the grounded circuit conductor on the load-side of the service disconnect if: a. No service ground-fault protection is installed; and b. All meter enclosures are located adjacent to the service disconnecting means.

BONDING §2395.70 General

Bonding shall be provided where necessary to assure electrical continuity and the capacity to conduct safely any fault current likely to be imposed.

§2395.71 Bonding Service Equipment

The metal noncurrent-carrying parts of equipment indicated in (a), (b), and (c) below shall be effectively bonded together: (a) Service raceways cable trays or service cable armor or sheath; [§2395.71(a)]

(b) All service equipment enclosures containing service-entrance conductors, including meter fittings, boxes, or the like, interposed in the service raceway or armor; [§2395.71(b)] (c) Any metallic raceway or armor enclosing a grounding electrode conductor. (Title 24, Part 3, Section 250-71(a).) [§2395.71(c)]

§2395.74 Connecting Receptacle Grounding Terminal to Box An equipment bonding jumper shall be used to connect the grounding terminal of a grounding-type receptacle to a grounded box.

Exception: No. 1: Where the box is surface-mounted, direct metal-to-metal contact between the device yoke and the box shall be permitted to ground the receptacle to the box. This Exception shall not apply to cover-mounted receptacles unless the box and cover combination are listed as providing satisfactory ground continuity between the box and the receptacle.

Exception: No. 2: Contact devices or yokes designed and listed for the purpose shall be permitted in conjunction with the supporting screws to establish the grounding circuit between the device yoke and flush-type boxes.

Exception: No. 3: Floor boxes designed for and listed as providing satisfactory ground continuity between the box and the device.

Exception: No. 4: Where required for the reduction of electrical noise (electromagnetic interference) on the grounding circuit, a receptacle in which the grounding terminal is purposely insulated from the receptacle mounting means shall be permitted. The receptacle grounding terminal shall be grounded by an insulated equipment grounding conductor run with the circuit conductors. This grounding conductor shall be permitted to pass through one or more panelboards without connection to the panelboard grounding terminal so as to terminate directly at and equipment grounding conductor terminal of the applicable derived system or service.

§2395.75 Bonding Other Enclosures

Metal raceways, cable trays, cable armor, cable sheath, enclosures, frames, fittings and other metal noncurrent-carrying parts that are to serve as grounding conductors, shall be effectively bonded.

§2395.78 Bonding in Hazardous Locations

Regardless of the voltage of the electrical system, the electrical continuity of metal noncurrent-carrying parts of equipment, raceways, and other enclosures in any hazardous location as defined in Article 59 of these Orders shall be assured by any of the methods specified for services that are approved for the wiring method used.

§2395.79 Equipment Bonding Jumpers (a) Material. Equipment bonding jumpers shall be of copper or other corrosion-resistant material. [§2395.79(a)] (b) Attachment. Equipment bonding jumpers shall be attached in the manner specified by the applicable provisions of Section 2395.113 for circuits and equipment. [§2395.79(b)] (c) Installation. The equipment bonding jumper shall be permitted to be installed inside or outside of a raceway or enclosure. Where installed on the outside, the length of the equipment bonding jumper shall not exceed six (6) feet and shall be routed with the raceway or enclosure. [§2395.79(c)]

GROUNDING ELECTRODES §2395.81 Water Pipe Electrode

Where available on the premises, a metal underground water pipe shall always be used as the grounding electrode, regardless of its length and whether supplied by a community or a local underground water piping system or by a well on the premises. Where the buried portion of the water pipe (including any metal well casing effectively bonded to the pipe) is less than 10 feet long or where the water pipe is or is likely to be isolated by insulated sections or joints so that the effectively grounded portion is less than 10 feet long, it shall be supplemented by the use of an additional electrode of a type specified by Section 2395.82 or Section 2395.83. The interior metal cold water piping system shall always be bonded to the serviceequipment enclosure, the grounded conductor at the service, the grounding electrode conductor where of sufficient size, or to the one or more grounding electrodes used.

Note: Expanding use of nonmetallic piping for water systems and insulating couplings on metal water systems makes it more important that water piping within a building be adequately grounded without depending on connections to an outside piping system.

28

§2395.82 Other Available Electrodes

Where a water system as described in Section 2395.81 is not available, the grounding connection shall be made to any of the electrodes specified in (a) through (d) below, where available. (a) The metal frame of the building, where effectively grounded.

(Title 24, Part 3, Section 250-81(b).) [§2395.82(a)] (b) An electrode encased by at least 2 inches of concrete, located within and near the bottom of a concrete foundation or footing that is in direct contact with the earth, consisting of at least 20 feet of one or more steel reinforcing bars or rods of not less that 1⁄2-inch diameter, or consisting of at least 20 feet of bare copper conductor not smaller than No. 4 AWG. (Title 24, Part 3, Section 250-81(c).) [§2395.82(b)]

(c) An electrically continuous metal underground gas piping system that is uninterrupted with insulating sections or joints and without an outer nonconductive coating, and then only if acceptable to and expressly permitted by both the serving gas supplier and the authority having jurisdiction. (Title 24, Part 3, Section 250-83(a).) [§2395.82(c)]

(d) Other local metal underground systems or structures, such as piping systems and underground tanks. (Title 24, Part 3, Section 250-83(b).) [§2395.82(d)]

§2395.83 Made Electrodes

Where none of the electrodes specified in Sections 2395.81 and 2395.82 is available, one or more of the electrodes specified in (a) or (b) below shall be used. Where practicable, electrodes shall be embedded below permanent moisture level. Where more than one electrode is used (including those used for signaling or communication circuits, radio or television installations, or lightning rods), each electrode shall not be less than 6 feet from any other electrodes. All electrodes shall be free from nonconductive coatings, such as paint or enamel.

Note: Two or more electrodes that are effectively bonded together are to be treated as a single electrode in this sense.

(a) Rod and Pipe Electrodes. Rod and pipe electrodes shall not be less than 8 feet in length and shall consist of the following materials, and shall be installed in the following manner: [§2395.83(a)] (1) Electrodes of pipe or conduit shall not be smaller than 3⁄4-inch trade size and, where of iron or steel, shall have the outer surface galvanized or otherwise metal-coated for corrosion protection. [§2395.83(a)(1)]

(2) Electrodes of rods of steel or iron shall be at least 5⁄8-inch in diameter. Nonferrous rods or their equivalent shall be listed and shall be not less than 1⁄2-inch in diameter. [§2395.83(a)(2)] (3) The electrode shall be installed such that at least 8 feet of length is in contact with the soil. It shall be driven to a depth of not less than 8 feet except that where rock bottom is encountered, the electrode shall be driven at an oblique angle not to exceed 45 degrees from the vertical or shall be buried in a trench that is at least 21⁄2 feet deep. The upper end of the electrode shall be flush with or below ground level unless the aboveground end and the grounding electrode conductor attachment are protected against physical damage. [§2395.83(a)(3)]

(b) Plate Electrodes. Each plate electrode shall expose not less than 2 square feet of surface to exterior soil. Electrodes of iron or steel plates shall be at least 1⁄4-inch in thickness. Electrodes of nonferrous metal shall be at least 0.06-inch in thickness. [§2395.83(b)]

§2395.84 Resistance of Made Electrodes

A single electrode consisting of a rod, pipe, or plate which does not have a resistance to ground of 25 ohms or less shall be augmented by one additional electrode of any of the types specified in Sections 2395.82 or 2395.83.

§2395.86 Use of Lightning Rods

Lightning rod conductors and driven pipes, rods, or other made electrodes used for grounding lightning rods shall not be used in lieu of the made grounding electrodes required by Section 2395.83 for grounding wiring systems and equipment. This provision shall not prohibit the bonding together of grounding electrodes of different systems.

Note: Bonding together of all separate electrodes will limit potential differences between them and between their associated wiring systems.

GROUNDING CONDUCTORS §2395.91 Material [Repealed] §2395.95 Size of Equipment Grounding Conductors [Repealed] §2395.113 Connection Devices for Grounding Conductors Connection devices or fittings that depend on solder shall not be used.

Article 60. Oil and Gas Wells (e) Special Precaution. This Article (Article 59) requires equipment construction and installation that will ensure safe performance under conditions of proper use and maintenance. [§2540.11(e)]

(1) Classification of areas and selection of equipment and wiring methods shall be under the supervision of a qualified registered professional engineer. [§2540.11(e)(1)] (2) In instances of areas within the same facility classified separately, Class I, Zone 2 locations may abut, but not overlap, Class I, Division 2 locations. Class I, Zone 0 or Zone 1 locations shall not abut Class I, Division 1 or Division 2 locations. [§2540.11(e)(2)]

(3) A Class I, Division 1 or Division 2 location may be reclassified as a Class I, Zone 0, Zone 1, or Zone 2 location only if all of the space that is classified because of a single flammable gas or vapor source is reclassified. [§2540.11(e)(3)]

(f) Listing and Marking. [§2540.11(f)] (1) Equipment that is listed for a Zone 0 location may be installed in a Zone 1 or Zone 2 location of the same gas or vapor. Equipment that is listed for a Zone 1 location may be installed in a Zone 2 location of the same gas or vapor. [§2540.11(f)(1)] (2) Equipment shall be marked in accordance with subsections (f)(2)(A) or (f)(2)(B) as follows: [§2540.11(f)(2)] (A) Division equipment. Equipment approved for Class I, Division 1 or Class 1, Division 2 shall, in addition to being marked in accordance with Section 2540.3(b)(2)(B), be marked with the following: [§2540.11(f)(2)(A)] 1. Class I, Zone 1 or Class I, Zone 2 (as applicable); [§2540.11(f)(2)(A)1.]

2. Applicable gas classification groups; and [§2540.11(f)(2)(A)2.]

3. Temperature classification; or [§2540.11(f)(2)(A)3.]

(B) Zone equipment. Equipment meeting one or more of the protection techniques described in subsection (d) of this section shall be marked with the following in the order shown: [§2540.11(f)(2)(B)] 1. Class, except for intrinsically safe apparatus; [§2540.11(f)(2)(B)1.]

2. Zone, except for intrinsically safe apparatus; [§2540.11(f)(2)(B)2.]

3. Symbol "AEx;" [§2540.11(f)(2)(B)3.]

4. Protection techniques; [§2540.11(f)(2)(B)4.]

5. Applicable gas classification groups; and [§2540.11(f)(2)(B)5.]

6. Temperature classification, except for intrinsically safe apparatus. [§2540.11(f)(2)(B)6.]

Note to subsection (f)(2)(B): An example of such a required marking is "Class I, Zone 0, AEx ia IIC T6." See Figure S-1 for an explanation of this marking.

Exception to (f)(2): Equipment that the employer demonstrates will provide protection from the hazards arising from the flammability of the gas or vapor and the zone of location involved and will be recognized as providing such protection by employees need not be marked.

Note for Exception: The National Electrical Code, NFPA 70, contains guidelines for determining the type and design of equipment and installations that will meet this provision.

Figure S-1 — Example Marking for Class I, Zone 0, AEx ia IIC T6

(b) Scope. This section shall be applicable to oil or gas wells located over water, on man-made islands offshore, or at land-based locations. Areas adjacent to oil or gas wells shall be classified as Class I Locations as outlined below, and installations shall comply with the requirements for such locations. [§2548.21(b)] (c) Definitions. [§2548.21(c)] Adequate Ventilation . (As applied to enclosed areas) a mechanical ventilation system supplied from a nonhazardous source that provides for a minimum of 12 air changes per hour.

Enclosed Area . Roofed areas having at least three (3) walls, or open sumps or pits into which highly volatile liquids are run, or areas surrounded by buildings or walls in which flammable vapors may accumulate.

Locomotive Cable . Cable having the physical property of being oil resistant and constructed as to be suitable for application on power and control circuits in diesel or electric locomotives and suitable for oil rigging applications.

Positive Pressure Ventilation . A mechanical ventilation system capable of providing a minimum outward air velocity of 60 feet per minute through all openings.

Hazardous Location . See Section 5416 of the General Industry Safety Orders, Title 8, CAC.

§2548.22 Drilling Wells (a) The following areas shall be classified as Class I, Division I Locations: [§2548.22(a)] (1) Below grade well cellars, sumps or ditches (see Figures 2 and 6). [§2548.22(a)(1)]

(2) Enclosed and inadequately ventilated areas below the derrick floor (see Figure 1). [§2548.22(a)(2)] (3) Enclosed areas containing mud tanks or shale shakers (see Figures 3, 4, 5 and 6). [§2548.22(a)(3)] Exception: Adequately enclosed areas shall be permitted to be classified as Class I, Division 2 Locations.

(b) The following areas shall be classified as Class I, Division 2 Locations: [§2548.22(b)] (1) Within 10 feet horizontally and 18 inches vertically from the edge of well cellars or other below grade, Class I, Division I Locations. [§2548.22(b)(1)] (2) Within 10 feet radially of the center of the bell nipple in open derricks. [§2548.22(b)(2)] (3) The entire area above the derrick floor in enclosed derricks. [§2548.22(b)(3)]

(4) Areas adjacent to mud tanks as required in Figures 3 and 4; pits as required in Figure 2; shale shakers as required in Figure 5; or openings as required in Figure 2; in enclosures classified Class I, Division I Location in subsection (a) above. [§2548.22(b)(4)]

§2548.23 Producing Wells (a) The following areas shall be classified as Class I, Division I Locations: [§2548.23(a)] (1) Below grade well cellars (see Figures 7 and 9). [§2548.23(a)(1)] (2) Enclosed areas; such as, wellhead, compressor or pump rooms where volatile flammable liquids or gases may be present in concentrations sufficient to render the area a hazardous location (see Figures 8, 9 and 10). [§2548.23(a)(2)] Exception: Adequately ventilated enclosed areas shall be permitted to be classified as Class I, Division 2 Locations (see Figure 7).

(b) The following areas shall be classified as Class I, Division 2 Locations: [§2548.23(b)] (1) Within 10 feet horizontally and 18 inches vertically from the well casing and 3 feet radially from the stuffing box of all producing wells equipped with beam pumping units (see Figures 8 and 9). [§2548.23(b)(1)] (2) Within 10 feet horizontally and 18 inches vertically above grade from the edge of well cellars or other below grade Class I, Division I Locations. [§2548.23(b)(2)] (3) Within 10 feet horizontally and vertically from openings in enclosed areas classified as Class I, Division I Locations in Subsection (a) above (see Figures 3, 4, 5 and 10). [§2548.23(b)(3)]

Article 60. Oil and Gas Wells §2548.21 General (a) Other Orders. The requirements of this Section shall be deemed to be additional to, or amendatory of, those prescribed in Articles 1 through 59. [§2548.21(a)]

(c) Areas within a 10-foot radius of oil field auxiliary equipment, such as gas vents, oil-gas separator vessels, tanks, pumps, compressors and similar equipment, shall be classified in accordance with Figures 11 through 19. [§2548.23(c)]

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Note to subsection (e): Low ambient conditions require special consideration. Electric equipment depending on the protection techniques described by subsection (d)(1) of this section may not be suitable for use at temperatures lower than -20° C (-4° F) unless they are approved for use at lower temperatures. However, at low ambient temperatures, flammable concentrations of vapors may not exist in a location classified Class I, Zone 0, 1, or 2 at normal ambient temperature.

§2548.23(c)

§2548.23

42

Group 1. Low-Voltage Electrical Safety Orders

Article 60. Oil and Gas Wells

§2548.23(c)

Elec.

Low-Voltage Electrical Safety Orders

FIGURE 14 OIL-GAS SEPARATION VESSEL OR PROTECTED FIRED VESSEL

10'

10'

10'

10'

GRADE BELOW GRADE SUMP OR TRENCH Division 1

Division 2

43

§2548.24

Group 1. Low-Voltage Electrical Safety Orders §2548.24 Overload Protection

No overload protection will be required for drilling rigs using railroad locomotive power systems for the draw works, rotary table and mud pumps.

Note: In this electrical system, generators, generator power leads, and DC motors are automatically protected against overload by inherent characteristics of compound and differential field windings in the DC motor and generator, respectively.

§2548.25 Wiring Methods (a) Where drilling platforms are not enclosed around the drilling operation, all wiring and equipment within 25 feet of the casing of the well being drilled shall be of the type required for Class I, Division 2, or be installed in enclosed areas supplied with adequate ventilation. The electrical power supply to wiring and equipment within positive pressure ventilated areas shall be arranged to prevent energizing the electrical wiring and apparatus until air pressure has been established, for not less than 2 minutes, and arranged to automatically actuate an audible and visual alarm with a 5-minute shutdown time delay to allow safe operational shutdown prior to de-energizing the wiring and apparatus when the ventilation fails. [§2548.25(a)] Enclosed areas supplied with positive pressure ventilation from a nonhazardous area shall be permitted to be classified as nonhazardous areas, provided no flammable vapor source exists within the enclosed areas. (b) Special locomotive cables and other equivalent portable cables may be run in cable trays under the following conditions in all locations: [§2548.25(b)]

(1) Open cable trays may be run horizontally under floors or ceilings. [§2548.25(b)(1)]

(2) In all locations, solid covers shall be installed on horizontal runs where persons or materials may accidentally contact the conductors. [§2548.25(b)(2)] (3) Vertical runs of trays shall be totally enclosed. [§2548.25(b)(3)] (4) Where the rig moves over a series of wellholes and a transverse section of cable tray drops trailing cables in a long fixed runway tray, cleats or other means shall be used to secure the cable against shifting in the moving section of the tray. [§2548.25(b)(4)] (5) For single hole setups onshore, cables may be buried in the earth or run in covered, wooden troughs between outdoor units of equipment. A substantial nominal 2-inch thick wooden cover, or equivalent, shall be installed over the trough. [§2548.25(b)(5)]

§2548.26 Lighting

FIGURE 18 RELIEF VALVE

Lighting systems for oil or gas well drilling rigs, production hoists, derricks or masts shall be permitted to be wired using an approved prefabricated assembly of flexible cables with vulcanized, molded or other approved terminating receptacle devices so designed that electric arcs will be confined within the receptacle enclosure which shall be of the concealed contact-type. The lighting fixture shall be of the type permitted for Class I, Division 1 Locations, or of the enclosed gasketed-type. Such assemblies shall be securely fastened to the drilling rig or hoist structure and so located that they will be protected from physical damage.

Article 69. Places of Assembly 10' R

§2551.1 Scope

This Article covers all buildings or that part of a building or structure designed or intended for use by 100 or more persons for assembly purposes, such as dining, meetings, entertainment, lectures, bowling, worship, dancing or exhibition, and includes museums, gymnasiums, armories, group rooms, mortuaries, skating rinks, pool rooms, places of awaiting transportation, places for deliberation (court rooms), places for sporting events, and similar purposes.

When any such building structures or portion thereof contain a projection booth or stage platform or area for the presentation of theatrical or musical production, either fixed or portable, the wiring for that area shall comply with all applicable provisions of Article 70. (For methods of determining population capacity, see local building code or in its absence Life Safety Code (NFPA No. 101-1981).

§2551.2 Other Articles Division 2

(a) Hazardous areas located in any assemblage occupancy shall be installed in accordance with Article 59. [§2551.2(a)] (b) In exhibition halls used for display booths, as in trade shows, the temporary wiring shall be installed in accordance with Article 13, except that approved portable cables and cords shall be permitted to be laid on floors where protected from contact by the general public. [§2551.2(b)] (c) Control of emergency systems shall comply with Article 80, Emergency Systems. [§2551.2(c)]

§2551.3 Wiring Methods

The fixed wiring methods shall be metal raceways, nonmetallic raceways encased in not less than 2 inches of concrete. Type ALS cable, Type CS cable, mineral-insulated metal-sheathed cable, or Type MC cable.

Exception: No. 1: Nonmetallic-sheathed cable, Type AC metal-clad cable, and rigid nonmetallic conduit shall be permitted to be installed in those buildings or portions thereof that are not required to be fire rated construction by the applicable building code.

Exception: No. 2: As provided in Article 76, Sound Recording and Similar Equipment, and for communication circuits, remote control and signaling circuits, and for fire protective signaling circuits.

(Fire rated construction is the fire-resistive classification used in building codes.)

44

Article 19. Outdoor Wiring (continued) Overhead Conductors Nature of Vertical Clearance

Minimum Clearance 750-20,000 volts

Over 20,000 volts

4. Above areas (other than thoroughfares) where it is possible to drive vehicles

25 feet

30 feet

5. Above areas accessible to pedestrians only

17 feet

25 feet

6. Above structures

12 feet

12 feet

7. Vertical clearance above all signs upon which men can walk

12 feet

12 feet

8. Vertical clearance above all signs upon which men cannot walk

8 feet

8 feet

9. Vertical clearance under signs

Prohibited

Prohibited

10. Horizontal clearance from signs

6 feet

6 feet

(c) Clearance from Buildings. Open high-voltage conductors shall be substantially supported independently of buildings or structures and shall have a clearance from buildings or structures as follows: [§2824(c)]

§2825

Outdoor Lighting

§2826

Raceways Above Ground

Location of Lamps. Lamps for outdoor lighting shall, where practicable, be located below all energized high-voltage conductors, transformers, or other electrical equipment. Adequate clearance shall be provided for relamping operations. (a) Protection Against Corrosion. Raceways and equipment, unless constructed of corrosion-resistant material, shall be suitably protected against corrosion inside and outside (except threads at joints). [§2826(a)] (b) Secured in Place. Raceways shall enter and be secured to pull boxes, terminal enclosures and to cases, shields or enclosures of apparatus, except in vaults, substations or the space under highvoltage switchboards. Raceways shall be securely supported. [§2826(b)]

(c) Protection Against Weather. Raceways exposed to the weather shall be weatherproof. [§2826(c)]

§2827

Raceways (or Ducts) Below Ground

(a) Protection Against Physical Damage. Underground ducts of rigid metallic steel conduit, Schedule 80 PVC conduit, or equivalent, containing cables operating at a potential above 35,000 volts, shall be installed at a depth of at least 36 inches. A lesser depth is permitted for ducts containing cables operating at 35,000 volts or less, if the duct is rigid metallic conduit, Schedule 80 PVC conduit, or equivalent, or if the duct has a layer of concrete at least 3 inches thick above the duct. [§2827(a)] Exception: No. 1: Direct buried conduits to contain cables for series street lighting circuits operating at less than 7,500 volts shall be installed at a depth of at least 24 inches below the surface under which they are located.

Exception: No. 2: Where it is impractical to obtain the depth of cover specified, the depth shall be permitted to be reduced, provided that the duct has sufficient strength itself or adequate protection is installed above the duct to prevent damage to the duct system by any surface traffic.

(b) Protection Against Corrosion. Metallic underground ducts shall be suitably protected from corrosion. [§2827(b)]

§2828

Risers

(a) Pole-Supported Risers. Conductors installed in the form of lateral or vertical runs or risers supported by poles shall conform to the provisions of Rule 54.6, General Order No. 95, 1981 Edition, Rules for Overhead Electric Line Construction of the California Public Utilities Commission, wherein such conductors are specifically treated, and which is hereby incorporated by reference [§2828(a)]

(b) Structure-Supported Risers (Risers Not Covered in (a) above.)

Risers installed outdoors on structures other than poles or installed indoors shall comply with the following: [§2828(b)] (1) Riser conductors shall be protected from physical damage by grounded rigid metallic conduit, Schedule 80 PVC conduit, or U-shaped moldings, or equivalent, from the ground line to a minimum height of 8 feet. Suitable protection shall be continued to within 2 feet of the terminal. [§2828(b)(1)] (2) The riser terminal and exposed cables at the terminal shall be suitably guarded or isolated. [§2828(b)(2)] (3) Risers and protective covering shall be securely supported by means of corrosion-resistant straps at intervals not exceeding 3 feet. [§2828(b)(3)] (4) Metallic conduit risers shall be effectively grounded. Adjacent metallic conduit risers shall be bonded together. [§2828(b)(4)]

§2829

Terminal Enclosures

(a) Accessible. Terminal enclosures shall be so installed that the wiring within is readily accessible. [§2829(a)] (b) Covers. Terminal enclosures shall be effectively closed by suitable covers, mechanically secured against unauthorized entry. [§2829(b)]

(c) Size. The dimensions of terminal enclosures shall be adequate to permit the minimum bending radii of the cables installed therein. [§2829(c)]

(d) Protection. Terminal enclosures shall be of corrosion-resistant and fire-resistant material. Terminal enclosures and their covers must be able to withstand the structural loading to which they may be subjected. [§2829(d)] (e) Number of Conductors. The number of conductors installed in any terminal enclosure shall be compatible with safe working practice. [§2829(e)]

(f) Identification. The covers of all terminal enclosures shall be posted with a permanent "HIGH VOLTAGE" warning sign having letters at least 1⁄2 inch high. [§2829(f)]

§2830

Insulated Conductors

(a) General. Insulated cables shall be of a type suitable for the voltage and service conditions. All cables installed underground shall have a grounded metallic sheath, shield, or a bare concentric grounded conductor, or shall be installed in grounded metallic conduit. [§2830(a)] (b) Cable Installed in Buildings. Where installed in buildings, cables energized above 35,000 volts shall be encased in at least 3 inches of concrete or equivalent fire-resistant material. [§2830(b)] (c) Direct Buried Cables. Direct buried cables or cables in flexible nonmetallic enclosures shall be installed at a depth of at least 36 inches. Lesser depths shall be permitted to be employed if the cable is armored with a minimum of No. 12 BWG steel wire closely wound or two layers of steel tape each at least 0.020 inch thick, or if the cable is protected by a layer of concrete at least 3 inches thick above the cable. [§2830(c)] Exception: Lesser depths than those listed are permitted where cables rise for terminations and splices or where access is otherwise required.

(d) Identification. Cables shall be labeled at all circuit terminals, sectionalizing points, vaults, rooms, etc. The labels shall, as a minimum, show phase and circuit designation and nearest sectionalizing points. [§2830(d)] (1) Changes in labeling shall be made concurrently with changes in circuit. [§2830(d)(1)] (e) Neutral Conductor. The size and insulation of neutral conductors shall be in accordance with Section 2818. [§2830(e)] (f) Shielding. All cables normally operated above 5,000 volts shall have insulation shielding, except that shielding shall not be required for series street lighting circuits operating at less than 7,500 volts. Metallic shielding at terminations shall be effectively grounded. If shielding is sectionalized, each section shall be effectively grounded. [§2830(f)] (g) Terminations. Cable terminations shall be suitable for the voltage and service conditions. [§2830(g)]

§2831

Circuit Feedback

(a) Identification. Circuits shall be labeled at all accessible points with suitable warning signs stating the locations from which feedback may occur because of: [§2831(a)] (1) Circuits energized by manually or automatically operated equipment, or [§2831(a)(1)] (2) Circuit configurations or connections, or [§2831(a)(2)] (3) Circuits feeding a load which can be connected to auxiliary generating equipment, or [§2831(a)(3)] (4) Circuits feeding synchronous motor-driven generator sets which can be energized by reverse power flow from batteries or other sources. [§2831(a)(4)]

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(1) They shall be maintained not less than 6 feet horizontally from buildings or other structures or any portion thereof. Where the vertical distance above ground of conductors of 7,500 volts or less is in excess of 35 feet, this horizontal clearance from buildings shall be permitted to be less than 6 feet, but shall be not less than 4 feet. [§2824(c)(1)] (2) They shall be kept not less than 12 feet vertically above any part of buildings or structures over which they pass. [§2824(c)(2)] (3) High-voltage conductors shall be permitted to be attached to a building at only one point, and shall be suitably guarded against accidental contact. There shall be not more than 3 feet of open conductor between the point of attachment and the point where the conductor enters the conduit or is connected to a bushing. [§2824(c)(3)] (4) A conspicuous and permanent "HIGH VOLTAGE" sign shall be placed on the outside at the point where a high-voltage conductor enters the building. Where the conductors are not in conduit, a similar sign shall be placed on the inside of the building also, at the point of entrance. [§2824(c)(4)]

§2831(a)

§2832

Group 2. High-Voltage Electrical Safety Orders

Article 20. Interrupting and Isolating Devices §2832

A means shall be provided to completely isolate equipment for inspection and repairs. Isolating means that are not designed to interrupt the load current of the circuit shall be either interlocked with an approved circuit interrupter or provided with a sign warning against opening them under load.

§2833

Interrupter Switches

(a) Rating. [§2833(a)] (1) Continuous Current Rating. The continuous current rating of interrupter switches shall equal or exceed the maximum continuous current at the point of installation. [§2833(a)(1)] (2) Interrupting Rating. The current interrupting rating of interrupter switches shall equal or exceed the maximum current which the switch will be required to interrupt. [§2833(a)(2)] (3) Momentary Rating. The momentary rating of interrupter switches shall equal or exceed the asymmetrical short circuit current available at the switch location. The asymmetrical short circuit current shall include contributions from all connected sources of energy, such as other lines, generators, large motors, etc. [§2833(a)(3)] (4) Fault Closing Rating. Interrupter switches shall have a fault closing rating equal to or greater than the asymmetrical short circuit current which can occur at the switch location, unless suitable interlocks or operating procedures preclude the possibility of closing into a fault. [§2833(a)(4)] (5) Voltage Rating. The maximum voltage rating of interrupter switches shall equal or exceed the maximum circuit voltage. [§2833(a)(5)]

(b) Enclosure. Circuit breaker installations located indoors shall consist of metal-enclosed units or fire-resistant cell-mounted units, or shall be installed in a room of at least 2-hour fire-resistive construction, or in a transformer vault. [§2833(b)] (1) In locations accessible only to qualified electrical workers, open mounting of circuit breakers is permitted. [§2833(b)(1)] (2) A means of indicating the open and closed position of circuit breakers shall be provided. [§2833(b)(2)] (c) Installation Requirements. Interrupter switches shall be so installed that the center of the grip of the operating handle of the switch, when in its uppermost position, will be not more than 6 1⁄2 feet above the floor or working platform. [§2833(c)] (d) Enclosures as Raceways. Switch enclosures shall not be used as raceways for conductors feeding through, or tapping off, to other switches, unless adequate space is provided for this purpose. [§2833(d)] (e) Switching of Conductors. The switching mechanism shall be arranged to be operated from a location where the operator is not exposed to energized parts and shall be arranged to open all ungrounded conductors of the circuit simultaneously with one operation. Switches shall be arranged to be locked in the open position. Metal-enclosed switches shall be operable from outside the enclosure. [§2833(e)] (f) Fuses. Fuses installed with interrupter switches shall comply with the requirements of Article 24. [§2833(f)] (g) Readily and Safely Accessible. Interrupter switches, except those installed on poles or structures, shall be so located that they may be operated or maintained from a readily and safely accessible place. [§2833(g)] (h) Identification. Interrupter switches shall have a permanent and legible nameplate including the following information: manufacturer's type or designation, continuous current rating, interrupting current rating, momentary current rating, fault closing rating, and maximum voltage rating. [§2833(h)] (i) Stored Energy for Opening. The stored energy operator shall be permitted to be left in the uncharged position after the switch has been closed if a single movement of the operating handle charges the operator and opens the switch. [§2833(i)]

§2833.1 Knife Switches (a) Single-throw knife switches. Single-throw knife switches shall be so placed that gravity will not tend to close them. Single-throw knife switches approved for use in the inverted position shall be provided with a locking device that will ensure that the blades remain in the open position when so set. [§2833.1(a)] (b) Double-throw knife switches. Double-throw knife switches shall be mounted so that the throw will be either vertical or horizontal.

However, if the throw is vertical, a locking device shall be provided to ensure that the blades remain in the open position when so set. [§2833.1(b)]

(c) Connection of switches. [§2833.1(c)] (1) Single-throw knife switches and switches with butt contacts shall be connected so that the blades are deenergized when the switch is in the open position. [§2833.1(c)(1)]

72

(2) Single-throw knife switches, molded-case switches, switches with butt contacts, and circuit breakers used as switches shall be connected so that the terminals supplying the load are deenergized when the switch is in the open position. [§2833.1(c)(2)]

(3) Blades and terminals supplying the load of a switch may be energized when the switch is in the open position where the switch is connected to circuits or equipment inherently capable of providing a backfeed source of power. For such installations, a permanent sign shall be installed on the switch enclosure or immediately adjacent to open switches that reads: [§2833.1(c)(3)]

WARNING — LOAD SIDE TERMINALS MAY BE ENERGIZED BY BACKFEED

§2833.2 Load Interrupter Switches

Load interrupter switches may be used only if suitable fuses or circuits are used in conjunction with these devices to interrupt fault currents. (a) Where these devices are used in combination, they shall be coordinated electrically so that they will safely withstand the effects of closing, carrying, or interrupting all possible currents up to the assigned maximum short-circuit rating. [§2833.2(a)] (b) Where more than one switch is installed with interconnected load terminals to provide for alternate connection to different supply conductors, each switch shall be provided with a conspicuous sign reading: [§2833.2(b)] WARNING — SWITCH MAY BE ENERGIZED BY BACKFEED

§2834

Fused Interrupter Switches

(a) Fused interrupter switches shall be so installed that all supply terminals shall be at the top of the switch enclosure. [§2834(a)] Exception: Supply terminals are not required to be at the top of the switch enclosure if barriers are installed to prevent persons from accidentally contacting energized parts or dropping tools or fuses into energized arts.

(b) Where fuses can be energized by backfeed, a sign shall be placed on the enclosure door reading, [§2834(b)] WARNING — FUSES MAY BE ENERGIZED BY BACKFEED.

§2835

Disconnecting (Isolating) Switches

(a) General. Disconnecting switches shall be permitted to be singlepole or multiple-pole. [§2835(a)] (b) Isolating Means. A suitable air break switching device shall be installed to isolate each oil switch or group of oil switches from all sources of supply unless automatic disconnecting switchgear equipment of the metal-clad draw-out type is used. [§2835(b)] Exception: In highly corrosive or flammable atmospheres, suitable isolating means other than air break shall be used, or the isolating means shall be installed in an enclosure approved for use in such locations of the particular hazard involved.

(c) Accessible to Qualified Persons Only. Disconnecting switches installed in locations where only qualified persons are permitted access shall be installed in suitable enclosures, or shall be elevated above the floor not less than clearances shown in Section 2934. [§2835(c)] (d) Accessible to Other Than Qualified Persons. Disconnecting switches installed in any location where other than qualified persons have access shall be installed in suitable enclosures. [§2835(d)]

The door or cover of the enclosure shall be kept closed, except when opened for operation or inspection. If installed so that the bottom of the enclosure is less than 8 feet above the floor, the door or cover shall be kept locked.

When disconnecting switches are operable from outside the enclosure by a remote control mechanism, the operating handle or lever shall be kept locked when in either the open or closed position. (e) Operation. Isolating switches shall be provided with suitable means for safe normal operation. This operating means shall be permitted to be an insulated hookstick, an insulated external operating handle, or remote control mechanism. Disconnecting switches shall provide a visible gap in the circuit adequate for the operating voltage. [§2835(e)] Provision shall be made to observe the position of the blades of disconnecting switches. If viewing windows are provided, they shall be shatterproof, of adequate size, and suitably located to permit viewing of all contacts. Metal-enclosed switches other than those designed for hookstick operation shall be arranged to be locked in the open position. Multiple switches in the same enclosure shall be equipped with a connection diagram. (f) Rating. Disconnecting switches shall have current and voltage ratings not less than the full-load current and operating voltage of the circuit. The momentary rating of disconnecting switches shall equal or exceed the asymmetrical short circuit current available at the switch location. The asymmetrical short circuit current shall include

Article 20. Interrupting and Isolating Devices contributions from all connected sources of energy, such as other lines, generators, large motors, etc. [§2835(f)] (g) Identification. The disconnecting switches shall have a permanent and legible nameplate including the following information: continuous current rating, maximum voltage rating, momentary current rating. [§2835(g)] (h) Warning Signs. Unless so interlocked that they cannot be opened under load, disconnecting switches shall be provided with permanent warning signs having letters at least 2 inches high and reading as follows: "Warning — Disconnecting Switch — Do Not Open Under Load." When a group of disconnecting switches is installed in one room or enclosure, a single sign may be sufficient. [§2835(h)]

(i) Barriers. Suitable barriers shall be installed on both sides of each pole of disconnecting switches mounted indoors. [§2835(i)]

§2837

Ratings

(a) The continuous current rating of a circuit breaker shall equal or exceed the maximum continuous current at the point of installation. [§2837(a)] (b) The interrupting rating of a circuit breaker shall equal or exceed the maximum fault current the circuit breaker will be required to interrupt, including contributions from all connected sources of energy. [§2837(b)] (c) The closing rating of a circuit breaker shall equal or exceed the maximum asymmetrical fault current into which the circuit breaker can be closed. [§2837(c)] (d) The momentary rating of a circuit breaker shall equal or exceed the maximum asymmetrical fault current at the point of installation. [§2837(d)] (e) The rated maximum voltage of a circuit breaker shall equal or exceed the maximum circuit voltage. [§2837(e)]

Grounding

§2839

General

Metallic enclosures for circuit breakers shall be grounded as required

by Article 6.

Circuit breakers shall comply with all the provisions of American National Standard ANSI/IEEE C37.04 — 1979, Rating Structure for AC High-Voltage Circuit Breakers Rated on a Symmetrical Current Basis, which is hereby incorporated by reference, and shall be permitted to be single pole or multi-pole. They shall: (a) Have an accessible mechanical or other approved means for manual tripping, independent of control power. [§2839(a)] (b) Be release free (trip free). [§2839(b)] (c) Have positive means to prevent unintended operation during inspection or maintenance. [§2839(c)] (d) When operated manually while energized, open and close the main contacts independent of the speed of the manual operation. [§2839(d)]

(e) Be equipped with a mechanical position indicator to show the open or closed position of the main contacts. [§2839(e)]

§2840

Identification

(a) Circuit breakers shall have a permanent and legible nameplate including the following information: manufacturer's name or trademark, manufacturer's type or identification number, continuous current rating, interrupting rating in MVA or amperes, and maximum voltage rating. [§2840(a)] (b) Modifications of a circuit breaker affecting its rating(s) shall be accompanied by an appropriate change in the identification data on the nameplate. [§2840(b)]

§2841

Isolation

(a) Means shall be provided to isolate each circuit breaker or circuit breaker installation from all sources of potential. [§2841(a)] (b) The isolating means shall provide a visible gap in the electrical circuit adequate for the operating voltage. [§2841(b)] (c) Isolating or disconnecting switches (with no interrupting rating) shall be mechanically interlocked with the circuit breaker or shall be provided with prominently displayed caution signs in accordance with Section 2835 to prevent switching load current. [§2841(c)]

(d) The isolating means shall be permitted to be individually or group operated. [§2841(d)]

§2843

General

Automatic circuit reclosers shall comply with all the provisions of American National Standard ANSI/IEEE C37.60-1981, Requirements for Overhead, Pad Mounted, Dry Vault, and Submersible Automatic Circuit Reclosers and Fault Interrupters for AC Systems, which is hereby incorporated by reference, and with all the requirements of Article 21, except that the provisions of ANSI/IEEE C37.04-1979 referenced in Article 21 do not apply to circuit reclosers.

Power Fuses

(a) Use. Where fuses are used to protect conductors and equipment, a fuse shall be placed in each ungrounded conductor. [§2845(a)] (1) Parallel (Multiple) Power Fuses. Two power fuses shall be permitted to be used in parallel (multiple) to protect the same load, provided: [§2845(a)(1)] (A) Both fuses have identical ratings, and [§2845(a)(1)(A)] (B) Both fuses are installed in an identified common mounting with electrical connections that will divide the current equally. [§2845(a)(1)(B)] (b) Vented Power Fuses. Power fuses of the vented type shall not be used indoors, underground or in metal enclosures unless identified for the use. [§2845(b)] (c) Interrupting Rating. The interrupting rating of power fuses shall equal or exceed the maximum fault current the fuse will be required to interrupt, including contributions from all connected sources of energy. [§2845(c)] (d) Voltage Rating. The maximum voltage rating of power fuses shall equal or exceed the maximum circuit voltage. Fuses having a minimum recommended operating voltage shall not be applied below this voltage. [§2845(d)] (e) Installation. Fuses shall be installed in suitable metal enclosures. [§2845(e)] Exception: Fuses shall be permitted to be installed without metal enclosures in substations, vaults, or outdoor locations.

(f) Structure Mounted Indoor or Outdoor. The height of fuse mountings on structures shall provide safe clearance between lowest energized part (open or closed position) and standing surface. For mounting heights, see Article 35. [§2845(f)] (g) Disconnecting Means. A suitable means shall be installed to isolate each fuse from all sources of potential. Provision for installation and removal of the fuse by suitable live line tools meets this requirement. [§2845(g)] (h) Identification of Fuse Mountings and Fuse Units. The fuse mountings and fuse units shall be permanently and legibly identified to include the following information: manufacturer's type or designation, continuous current rating, interrupting current rating, and maximum voltage rating. [§2845(h)] (i) Clear Workspace. Space shall be provided for fuse handling in accordance with Article 35. [§2845(i)] (j) Door Interlock. Means shall be provided to prevent access to fuses installed in metal enclosures until all sources of energy are disconnected. [§2845(j)] (k) Enclosed Fuse Types. Fuses installed in metal enclosures shall be of the non-vented or controlled-vented type. Adequate volume or other means shall be provided to prevent the operation of fuses from causing dangerous pressures in enclosures. [§2845(k)] (l) Fused cutouts installed in buildings or transformer vaults shall be of a type approved for the purpose. They shall be readily accessible for fuse replacement. [§2845(l)]

§2847

Distribution Cutouts and Fuse Links — Expulsion Type

(a) Installation. The cutouts shall be so located that they may be readily and safely operated and refused, and so that the exhaust of the fuses will not endanger persons. Distribution cutouts shall not be used indoors, underground, or in metal enclosures. [§2847(a)]

(b) Interrupting Rating. The interrupting rating of distribution cutouts shall equal or exceed the maximum fault current which can occur at the fuse location. The available fault current at the fuse location shall include contributions from all connected sources of energy, such as the other lines, generators, large motors, etc. [§2847(b)] (c) Voltage Rating. The maximum voltage rating of cutouts shall equal or exceed the maximum circuit voltage. [§2847(c)] (d) Operation. Where fused cutouts are not suitable to interrupt the circuit manually while carrying full load, an approved means shall be installed to interrupt the entire load. [§2847(d)] Unless the fused cutouts are interlocked with the switch to prevent opening of the cutouts under load, a conspicuous sign shall be placed at such cutouts reading, WARNING — DO NOT OPERATE UNDER LOAD. (e) Identification. Distribution cutouts and fuse links shall have a permanent and legible nameplate or identification including the following information: [§2847(e)] (1) Cutout Body, Door, or Fuse Tube. Manufacturer's type or designation, continuous current rating, maximum voltage rating, interrupting rating. [§2847(e)(1)] (2) Fuse Links. Continuous current rating, type identification following the continuous current rating. [§2847(e)(2)] (f) Structure Mounted Outdoors. The height of cutouts mounted outdoors on structures shall provide safe clearance between lowest

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High-Voltage Electrical Safety Orders

§2838

§2845

§2847(f)

§2849

Group 2. High-Voltage Electrical Safety Orders

energized parts (open or closed position) and standing surfaces. For mounting heights, see Articles 19 and 35. [§2847(f)] (g) Clear Workspace. Space shall be provided for fuse handling in accordance with Article 35. [§2847(g)]

§2849

Continuous Current Rating

The continuous current rating of oil-filled cutouts shall equal or exceed the maximum continuous current at the point of installation.

§2850

Interrupting Rating

§2851

Voltage Rating

§2852

Fault Closing Rating

§2853

Location

§2854

Identification

The interrupting rating of oil-filled cutouts shall equal or exceed the maximum fault current available at the cutout location, including contributions from all connected sources of energy, such as other lines, generators, large motors, etc.

The maximum voltage rating of oil-filled cutouts shall equal or exceed the maximum circuit voltage.

Oil-filled cutouts shall have a fault closing rating equal to or greater than the available fault current which can occur at the cutout location, unless suitable interlocks or operating procedures preclude the possibility of closing into a fault.

The cutouts shall be so located that they will be readily and safely accessible for refusing, with the top of the cutout not more than 5 feet above the floor or platform.

Oil-Filled Cutouts. Oil-filled cutouts shall have a permanent and legible nameplate showing the rated continuous current, rated maximum voltage, and rated interrupting current. [§2854] (b) Fuses. Fuse links shall have a permanent and legible identification showing the rated continuous current. [§2854(b)]

§2855

Enclosure

Suitable barriers or enclosures shall be provided to prevent contact with non-shielded cables or energized parts of oil-filled cutouts.

Article 26. Metal-Enclosed Power Switchgear and Industrial Control Assemblies §2857

Scope

§2858

Metal-Enclosed Power Switchgear

This article covers assemblies of metal-enclosed power switchgear and industrial control, including but not limited to switches, interrupting devices and their control, metering, protection and regulating equipment, when an integral part of the assembly, with associated interconnections and supporting structures. This article also includes metal-enclosed power switchgear assemblies which form a part of unit substations, power centers, or similar equipment. (a) Metal-enclosed power switchgear assemblies shall be constructed in accordance with American National Standard ANSI/ IEEE C.37.20-1969 and supplements to and including C37.20d1978, Switchgear Assemblies Including Metal-Enclosed Bus, which is hereby incorporated by reference. [§2858(a)] (b) Metal-enclosed industrial control assemblies shall be constructed in accordance with American National Standard ANSI/ NEMA ICS 2-1978, Standards for Industrial Control Devices, Controllers and Assemblies, which is hereby incorporated by reference. [§2858(b)]

§2859

Arrangement of Devices in Assemblies

§2860

Guarding of High-Voltage Energized Parts Within a Compartment

Arrangement of devices in assemblies shall be such that individual components can safely perform their intended function without adversely affecting the safe operation of other components in the assembly.

When access for other than visual inspection is required to a compartment which contains energized high-voltage parts, barriers shall be provided (a) to prevent accidental contact with energized parts, and [§2860(a)]

(b) to prevent tools or other equipment from being dropped on energized parts. [§2860(b)]

§2861

Guarding of Low-Voltage Energized Parts Within a Compartment

Energized bare parts mounted on doors shall be effectively guarded or enclosed where the door must be opened for maintenance of equipment or removal of drawout equipment.

74

§2862

Clearance for Cable Conductors Entering Enclosure

The unobstructed space opposite terminals or opposite conduits or other raceways entering a switchgear or control assembly shall be adequate for the type of conductor and method of termination.

§2863

Accessibility of Energized Parts

(a) Doors or removable panels which could provide non-qualified persons access to high-voltage energized parts shall be locked or secured by other approved means. When high-voltage metalenclosed switchgear or control assemblies are accessible only to qualified persons, bolted-on or hinged and bolted cover plates shall be permitted to be used. [§2863(a)] (b) Low-voltage control equipment, relays, motors, and the like (except instrument or control transformers which are connected to the high voltage) shall not be installed in compartments with exposed high-voltage energized parts or high-voltage wiring unless the access door or cover is interlocked with the high-voltage switch or disconnecting means to prevent the door or cover from being opened or removed unless the switch or disconnecting means is in the open position. [§2863(b)] (c) Switchboards with exposed live parts. Switchboards that have any exposed live parts shall be located in permanently dry locations and shall be accessible only to qualified persons. [§2863(c)] (d) Panelboard enclosures. Panelboards shall be mounted in cabinets, cutout boxes, or enclosures designed for the purpose and shall be dead front. However, panelboards other than the dead front externally-operable type are permitted where accessible only to qualified persons. [§2863(d)] (e) Knife switches mounted in switchboards or panelboards. Exposed blades of knife switches mounted in switchboards or panelboards shall be dead when open. [§2863(e)]

§2864

Grounding

§2865

Grounding of Devices

§2866

Door Stops and Cover Plates

§2867

Gas Discharge from Interrupting Devices

§2868

Inspection Windows

§2869

Location of Devices

Frames of switchgear and control assemblies shall be grounded in accordance with Article 6.

Devices with metal cases and/or frames, such as instruments, relays, meters, and instrument and control transformers, located in or on switchgear or control, shall have the frame or case effectively grounded.

External hinged doors or covers for outdoor equipment shall be provided with stops to hold them in the open position. Cover plates intended to be removed for inspection of energized parts or wiring shall be locked or secured by other approved means and equipped with lifting handles and shall not exceed 12 square feet in area or 60 pounds in weight. If they exceed 12 square feet in area or 60 pounds in weight, they shall be hinged and bolted or locked.

Gas discharged during operation of interrupting devices shall be so directed as not to endanger personnel.

Windows intended for inspection of disconnecting switches or other devices shall be of suitable transparent material.

Control and instrument transfer switch handles or push buttons shall be located in a readily accessible location at an elevation not in excess of 78 inches.

Exception: No. 1: Operating handles requiring more than 50 pounds of force shall not be higher than 66 inches in either the open or closed position.

Exception: No. 2: Operating handles for infrequently operated devices, such as drawout fuses, fused potential or control transformers and their primary disconnects, and bus transfer switches, need not be readily accessible, provided they are otherwise safely operable and serviceable from a portable platform.

§2870

Interlocks — Interrupter Switches

§2871

Interlocks — Circuit Breakers

Interrupter switches equipped with stored energy mechanisms shall have mechanical interlocks to prevent access to the switch compartment unless the stored energy mechanism is in the discharged or blocked position. (a) Circuit breakers equipped with stored energy mechanisms shall be designed to prevent the release of the stored energy unless the mechanism has been fully charged. [§2871(a)] (b) Mechanical interlocks shall be provided in the housing to prevent the complete withdrawal of the circuit breaker from the housing when the stored energy mechanism is in the fully charged position. In lieu of the above interlock, a suitable device may be provided which prevents the complete withdrawal of the circuit breaker until the closing function is blocked. [§2871(b)]

Article 36. Work Procedures and Operating Procedures

Article 36 Appendix E

each object and ground. (Bonding an object outside the work area can increase the touch potential to that object, however.) Section III.D of this appendix discusses equipotential zones for employees working on deenergized and grounded power lines.

2. Insulating equipment, such as rubber gloves, can protect employees handling grounded equipment and conductors from hazardous touch potentials. The insulating equipment shall be rated for the highest voltage that can be impressed on the grounded objects under fault conditions (rather than for the full system voltage).

3. Restricting employees from areas where hazardous step or touch potentials could arise can protect employees not directly involved in performing the operation. The employer shall ensure that employees on the ground in the vicinity of transmission structures are at a distance where step voltages would be insufficient to cause injury. Employees shall not handle grounded conductors or equipment likely to become energized to hazardous voltages unless the employees are within an equipotential zone or protected by insulating equipment.

Energize Grounde Object

Figure 2 — Step and Touch Potentials

Voltage Distribution Curve

Elec.

High-Voltage Electrical Safety Orders

III. Protecting Workers From Hazardous Differences in Electrical Potential A. Definitions. The following definitions apply to section III of this appendix: Bond. The electrical interconnection of conductive parts designed to maintain a common electric potential.

Bonding cable (bonding jumper). A cable connected to two conductive parts to bond the parts together.

Cluster bar. A terminal temporarily attached to a structure that provides a means for the attachment and bonding of grounding and bonding cables to the structure.

Ground. A conducting connection between an electric circuit or equipment and the earth, or to some conducting body that serves in place of the earth.

Grounding cable (grounding jumper). A cable connected between a deenergized part and ground. Note that grounding cables carry fault current and bonding cables generally do not.

A cable that bonds two conductive parts but carries substantial fault current (for example, a jumper connected between one phase and a grounded phase) is a grounding cable.

Ground mat (grounding grid). A temporarily or permanently installed metallic mat or grating that establishes an equipotential surface and provides connection points for attaching grounds.

B. Analyzing the hazard. The employer can use an engineering analysis of the power system under fault conditions to determine whether hazardous step and touch voltages will develop.

The analysis should determine the voltage on all conductive objects in the work area and the amount of time the voltage will be present. Based on the this analysis, the employer can select appropriate measures and protective equipment, including the measures and protective equipment outlined in Section III of this appendix, to protect each employee from hazardous differences in electric potential. For example, from the analysis, the employer will know the voltage remaining on conductive objects after employees install bonding and grounding equipment and will be able to select insulating equipment with an appropriate rating, as described in Section III.C.2 of this appendix.

C. Protecting workers on the ground. The employer may use several methods, including equipotential zones, insulating equipment, and restricted work areas, to protect employees on the ground from hazardous differences in electrical potential.

1. An equipotential zone will protect workers within it from hazardous step and touch potentials. (See Figure 3.) Equipotential zones will not, however, protect employees located either wholly or partially outside the protected area. The employer can establish an equipotential zone for workers on the ground, with respect to a grounded object, through the use of a metal mat connected to the grounded object. The employer can use a grounding grid to equalize the voltage within the grid or bond conductive objects in the immediate work area to minimize the potential between the objects and between

Figure 3 — Protection from Ground-Potential Gradients

D. Protecting employees working on deenergized and grounded power lines. This Section III.D of Appendix E establishes guidelines to help employers comply with requirements in Section 2940.15 for using protective grounding to protect employees working on deenergized power lines. Section 2940.15 applies to grounding of transmission and distribution lines and equipment for the purpose of protecting workers. Subsection (e) of Section 2940.15 requires temporary protective grounds to be placed at such locations and arranged in such a manner that the employer can demonstrate will prevent exposure of each employee to hazardous differences in electric potential.1 Sections III.D.1 and III.D.2 of this appendix provide guidelines that employers can use in making the demonstration required by Section 2940.15(e). Section III.D.1 of this appendix provides guidelines on how the employer can determine whether particular grounding practices expose employees to hazardous differences in electric potential. Section III.D.2 of this appendix describes grounding methods that the employer can use in lieu of an engineering analysis to make the demonstration required

by Section 2940.15(e). The Division of Occupational Safety and Health will consider employers that comply with the criteria in this appendix as meeting Section 2940.15(e).

1. The protective grounding required by Section 2940.15 limits to safe values the potential differences between accessible objects in each employee's work environment. Ideally, a protective grounding system would create a true equipotential zone in which every point is at the same electric potential. In practice, current passing through the grounding and bonding elements creates potential differences. If these potential differences are hazardous, the employer may not treat the zone as an equipotential zone.

111

Article 36 Appendix E

Group 2. High-Voltage Electrical Safety Orders

Finally, Section III.D.3 of this appendix discusses other safety considerations that will help the employer comply with other requirements in Section 2940.15. Following these guidelines will protect workers from hazards that can occur when a deenergized and grounded line becomes energized.

1. Determining safe body current limits. This Section III.D.1 of Appendix E provides guidelines on how an employer can determine whether any differences in electric potential to which workers could be exposed are hazardous as part of the demonstration required by Section 2940.14(e).

Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers (IEEE) Standard 1048-2003, IEEE Guide for Protective Grounding of Power Lines, provides the following equation for determining the threshold of ventricular fibrillation when the duration of the electric shock is limited:

mA where I is the current through the worker's body, and t is the duration of the current in seconds. This equation represents the ventricular fibrillation threshold for 95.5 percent of the adult population with a mass of 50 kilograms (110 pounds) or more. The equation is valid for current durations between 0.0083 to 3.0 seconds.

To use this equation to set safe voltage limits in an equipotential zone around the worker, the employer will need to assume a value for the resistance of the worker's body.

IEEE Std 1048-2003 states that "total body resistance is usually taken as 1000 O for determining . . . body current limits." However, employers should be aware that the impedance of a worker's body can be substantially less than that value. For instance, IEEE Std 1048-2003 reports a minimum hand-to-hand resistance of 610 ohms and an internal body resistance of 500 ohms. The internal resistance of the body better represents the minimum resistance of a worker's body when the skin resistance drops near zero, which occurs, for example, when there are breaks in the worker's skin, for instance, from cuts or from blisters formed as a result of the current from an electric shock, or when the worker is wet at the points of contact.

Employers may use the IEEE Std 1048-2003 equation to determine safe body current limits only if the employer protects workers from hazards associated with involuntary muscle reactions from electric shock (for example, the hazard to a worker from falling as a result of an electric shock). Moreover, the equation applies only when the duration of the electric shock is limited. If the precautions the employer takes, including those required by applicable standards, do not adequately protect employees from hazards associated with involuntary reactions from electric shock, a hazard exists if the induced voltage is sufficient to pass a current of 1 mill amperes through a 500-ohm resistor. (The 500-ohm resistor represents the resistance of an employee. The 1-milliampere current is the threshold of perception.) Finally, if the employer protects employees from injury due to involuntary reactions from electric shock, but the duration of the electric shock is unlimited (that is, when the fault current at the work location will be insufficient to trip the devices protecting the circuit), a hazard exists if the resultant current would be more than 6 milliamperes (the recognized let-go threshold for workers1).

2. Acceptable methods of grounding for employers that do not perform an engineering determination. The grounding methods presented in this section of this appendix ensure that differences in electric potential are as low as possible and, therefore, meet Section 2940.15(e) without an engineering determination of the potential differences.

These methods follow two principles: (i) The grounding method shall ensure that the circuit opens in the fastest available clearing time, and (ii) the grounding method shall ensure that the potential differences between conductive objects in the employee's work area are as low as possible.

1. Electric current passing through the body has varying effects depending on the amount of the current. At the let-go threshold, the current overrides a person's control over his or her muscles. At that level, an employee grasping an object will not be able to let go of the object. The let-go threshold varies from person to person; however, the recognized value for workers is 6 milliamperes.

112

Subsection (e) of Section 2940.15 does not require grounding methods to meet the criteria embodied in these principles. Instead, the subsection requires that protective grounds be "placed at such locations and arranged in such a manner that the employer can demonstrate will prevent exposure of each employee to hazardous differences in electric potential." However, when the employer's grounding practices do not follow these two principles, the employer will need to perform an engineering analysis to make the demonstration required by Section 2940.15(e). i. Ensuring that the circuit opens in the fastest available clearing time. Generally, the higher the fault current, the shorter the clearing times for the same type of fault. Therefore, to ensure the fastest available clearing time, the grounding method shall maximize the fault current with a low impedance connection to ground. The employer accomplishes this objective by grounding the circuit conductors to the best ground available at the worksite. Thus, the employer shall ground to a grounded system neutral conductor, if one is present. A grounded system neutral has a direct connection to the system ground at the source, resulting in an extremely low impedance to ground. In a substation, the employer may instead ground to the substation grid, which also has an extremely low impedance to the system ground and, typically, is connected to a grounded system neutral when one is present. Remote system grounds, such as pole and tower grounds, have a higher impedance to the system ground than grounded system neutrals and substation grounding grids; however, the employer may use a remote ground when lower impedance grounds are not available. In the absence of a grounded system neutral, substation grid, and remote ground, the employer may use a temporary driven ground at the worksite.

In addition, if employees are working on a three-phase system, the grounding method shall short circuit all three phases. Short circuiting all phases will ensure faster clearing and lower the current through the grounding cable connecting the deenergized line to ground, thereby lowering the voltage across that cable. The short circuit need not be at the worksite; however, the employer shall treat any conductor that is not grounded at the worksite as energized because the ungrounded conductors will be energized at fault voltage during a fault. ii. Ensuring that the potential differences between conductive objects in the employee's work area are as low as possible. To achieve as low a voltage as possible across any two conductive objects in the work area, the employer shall bond all conductive objects in the work area. This section of this appendix discusses how to create a zone that minimizes differences in electric potential between conductive objects in the work area.

The employer shall use bonding cables to bond conductive objects, except for metallic objects bonded through metal-to-metal contact. The employer shall ensure that metal-to-metal contacts are tight and free of contamination, such as oxidation, that can increase the impedance across the connection. For example, a bolted connection between metal lattice tower members is acceptable if the connection is tight and free of corrosion and other contamination. Figure 4 shows how to create an equipotential zone for metal lattice towers.

Wood poles are conductive objects. The poles can absorb moisture and conduct electricity, particularly at distribution and transmission voltages. Consequently, the employer shall either: (1) Provide a conductive platform, bonded to a grounding cable, on which the worker stands or (2) use cluster bars to bond wood poles to the grounding cable.

The employer shall ensure that employees install the cluster bar below, and close to, the worker's feet. The inner portion of the wood pole is more conductive than the outer shell, so it is important that the cluster bar be in conductive contact with a metal spike or nail that penetrates the wood to a depth greater than or equal to the depth the worker's climbing gaffs will penetrate the wood.

For example, the employer could mount the cluster bar on a bare pole ground wire fastened to the pole with nails or staples that penetrate to the required depth. Alternatively, the employer may temporarily nail a conductive strap to the pole and connect the strap to the cluster bar.

Figure 5 shows how to create an equipotential zone for wood poles.

Article 37. Provisions for Preventing Accidents Due to Proximity to Overhead Lines

Notes: 1. Employers shall ground overhead ground wires that are within reach of the employee.

2. The grounding cable must be as short as practicable; therefore, the attachment points between the grounding cable and the tower may be different from that shown in the figure.

Figure 4 - Equipotential Zone for Metal Lattice Tower

§2946(b)

potential any time there is no bond between the mat and the cable (for example, before the worker installs the bonds).

3. Other safety-related considerations. To ensure that the grounding system is safe and effective, the employer should also consider the following factors:1 i. Maintenance of grounding equipment. It is essential that the employer properly maintain grounding equipment. Corrosion in the connections between grounding cables and clamps and on the clamp surface can increase the resistance of the cable, thereby increasing potential differences.

In addition, the surface to which a clamp attaches, such as a conductor or tower member, shall be clean and free of corrosion and oxidation to ensure a low-resistance connection. Cables shall be free of damage that could reduce their current-carrying capacity so that they can carry the full fault current without failure. Each clamp shall have a tight connection to the cable to ensure a low resistance and to ensure that the clamp does not separate from the cable during a fault. ii. Grounding cable length and movement. The electromagnetic forces on grounding cables during a fault increase with increasing cable length. These forces can cause the cable to move violently during a fault and can be high enough to damage the cable or clamps and cause the cable to fail. In addition, flying cables can injure workers.

Consequently, cable lengths should be as short as possible, and grounding cables that might carry high fault current should be in positions where the cables will not injure workers during a fault.

Article 37. Provisions for Preventing Accidents Due to Proximity to Overhead Lines §2946

Provisions for Preventing Accidents Due to Proximity to Overhead Lines

Elec.

[§2946(b)]

(1) Over Lines. The operation, erection, or handling of tools, machinery, apparatus, supplies, or materials, or any part thereof, over energized overhead high-voltage lines shall be prohibited. [§2946(b)(1)]

Figure 5 — Equipotential Grounding for Wood Poles Figure reprinted with permission from Hubbel Power Systems, Inc. (Hubbell).

OSHA revised the figure from Hubbell's original.

For underground systems, employers commonly install grounds at the points of disconnection of the underground cables. These grounding points are typically remote from the manhole or underground vault where employees will be working on the cable. Workers in contact with a cable grounded at a remote location can experience hazardous potential differences if the cable becomes energized or if a fault occurs on a different, but nearby, energized cable. The fault current causes potential gradients in the earth, and a potential difference will exist between the earth where the worker is standing and the earth where the cable is grounded. Consequently, to create an equipotential zone for the worker, the employer shall provide a means of connecting the deenergized cable to ground at the worksite by having the worker stand on a conductive mat bonded to the deenergized cable. If the cable is cut, the employer shall install a bond across the opening in the cable or install one bond on each side of the opening to ensure that the separate cable ends are at the same potential. The employer shall protect the worker from any hazardous differences in

Exception: 1: Aircraft over energized overhead high-voltage lines operating in conformance with: (A) Applicable regulations administered by the Federal Aviation Administration, and/or (B) Helicopter Operations, Article 35, Construction Safety Orders, California Administrative Code, Title 8.

Exception: 2: Tower cranes (Hammerhead) installed not closer than the minimum clearances set forth in Table 2, whereon the trolley or boom travel is controlled by limit switches which will prevent carrying a load over energized overhead high-voltage lines or within a horizontal distance closer than the minimum clearances set forth in Table 2.

(2) The operation, erection, handling, or transportation of tools, machinery, materials, structures, scaffolds, or the moving of any house or other building, or any other activity where any parts of the above or any part of an employee's body will come closer than the minimum clearances from energized overhead lines as set forth in Table 1 shall be prohibited. [§2946(b)(2)] Exception: Amusement rides or attractions shall not be located under or within 15 ft.

(4.57 m) horizontally of conductors operating in excess of 600 volts.

Operation of boom-type equipment shall conform to the minimum clearances set forth in Table 2, except in transit where

1. This appendix only discusses factors that relate to ensuring an equipotential zone for employees. The employer shall consider other factors in selecting a grounding system that is capable of conducting the maximum fault current that could flow at the point of grounding for the time necessary to clear the fault, as required by Section 2940.14(f)(2). IEEE Std 1048-2003 contains guidelines for selecting and installing grounding equipment that will meet Section 2940.14(f)(2).

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High-Voltage Electrical Safety Orders

(a) General. No person, firm, or corporation, or agent of same, shall require or permit any employee to perform any function in proximity to energized high-voltage lines; to enter upon any land, building, or other premises and there engage in any excavation, demolition, construction, repair, or other operation; or to erect, install, operate, or store in or upon such premises any tools, machinery, equipment, materials, or structures (including scaffolding, house moving, well drilling, pile driving, or hoisting equipment) unless and until danger from accidental contact with said highvoltage lines has been effectively guarded against. [§2946(a)] (b) Clearances or Safeguards Required. Except where overhead electrical distribution and transmission lines have been de-energized and visibly grounded, the following provisions shall be met:

§2947

Group 2. High-Voltage Electrical Safety Orders the boom is lowered and there is no load attached, in which case the distances specified in Table 1 shall apply.

Table 1 — General Clearances Required from Energized Overhead High-Voltage Conductors Nominal Voltage (Phase to Phase)

Minimum Required Clearance (Feet)

600

50,000

6

over 50,000

345,000

10

over 345,000

750,000

16

over 750,000

1,000,000

20

(3) Boom-type lifting or hoisting equipment. The erection, operation or dismantling of any boom-type lifting or hoisting equipment, or any part thereof, closer than the minimum clearances from energized overhead high-voltage lines set forth in Table 2 shall be prohibited. [§2946(b)(3)] (4) Storage. The storage of tools, machinery, equipment, supplies, materials, or apparatus under, by, or near energized overhead high-voltage lines is hereby expressly prohibited if at any time during such handling or other manipulation it is possible to bring such tools, machinery, equipment, supplies, materials, or apparatus, or any part thereof, closer than the minimum clearances from such lines as set forth in Table 2. [§2946(b)(4)] (c) The specified clearance shall not be reduced by movement due to any strains impressed (by attachments or otherwise) upon the structures supporting the overhead high-voltage line or upon any equipment, fixtures, or attachments thereon. [§2946(c)] (d) Any overhead conductor shall be considered to be energized unless and until the person owning or operating such line verifies that the line is not energized, and the line is visibly grounded at the work site. [§2946(d)]

Article 38. Line Clearance Tree Trimming Operations §2950

Exception No. 1: A qualified tree worker as defined in the General Industry Safety Orders (GISO), Section 3420(b) may perform tree trimming activities within 10 feet, but no closer than 1 foot, of energized low voltage (600 volts or less) power lines and conductors, provided the provisions in GISO Section 3423 related to such work are met.

Exception No. 2: A qualified telecommunication worker as defined in Section 8601 of the Telecommunication Safety Orders when performing restoration work or other emergency work, provided the employee is trained and experienced in the special techniques and work procedures required to avoid the hazards of line clearance tree trimming operations.

Exception No. 3: A qualified electrical worker as defined in Section 2700 of the High Voltage Electrical Safety Orders when performing restoration work or other emergency work, provided the employee is trained and experienced in the special techniques and work procedures required to avoid the hazards of line clearance tree trimming operations.

Table 1. Minimum approach distances to energized conductors for persons other than qualified line-clearance tree trimmers and trainees

Minimum Required Clearance (Feet)

Distance

Nominal voltage in kilovolts (kV) phase to phase*

ft-in

Meters

0.0 to 1.0

10-00

3.05

1.1 to 15.0

10-00

3.05

15.1 to 36.0

10-00

3.05

TABLE 2 - Material Storage and Boom-type lifting or hoisting equipment clearances required from energized overhead high-voltage lines.

Nominal Voltage (Phase to Phase)

Application

(a) This article shall apply to all line clearance tree trimming operations performed in the vicinity of exposed energized overhead conductors and equipment where any part of the employee's body, tools or equipment being used, or parts of trees being worked upon, is likely to come within the distances specified in Table 1 of this section. [§2950(a)] (b) Minimum approach distances to energized conductors for persons other than qualified line clearance tree trimmers and trainees shall be maintained in accordance with Table 1. [§2950(b)]

36.1 to 50.0

10-00

3.05

50.1 to 72.5

10-09

3.28 3.76

600....... 50,000

10

72.6 to 121.0

12-04

over 50,000...... 75,000

11

138.0 to 145.0

13-02

4

over 75,000..... 125,000

13

161.0 to 169.0

14-00

4.24

over 125,000.... 175,000

15

230.0 to 242.0

16-05

4.97

over 175,000.... 250,000

17

345.0 to 362.0

20-05

6.17

26-08

8.05

35-00

10.55

over 250,000.... 370,000

21

500.0 to 550.0

over 370,000.... 550,000

27

785.0 to 800.0

over 550,000... 1,000,000

42

§2947

Warning Signs Required

The owner, agent, or employer responsible for the operations of equipment shall post and maintain in plain view of the operator and driver on each crane, derrick, power shovel, drilling rig, hay loader, hay stacker, pile driver, or similar apparatus, a durable warning sign legible at 12 feet reading: "Unlawful To Operate This Equipment Within 10 Feet Of High-Voltage Lines of 50,000 Volts Or Less."

In addition to the above wording, the following statement in small lettering shall be provided on the warning sign: "For Minimum Clearances of High-Voltage Lines In Excess of 50,000 Volts, See California Code of Regulations, Title 8, Article 37, High-Voltage Electrical Safety Orders."

§2948

Notification to the Operators of High-Voltage Lines and Responsibility for Safeguards

When any operations are to be performed, tools or materials handled, or equipment is to be moved or operated within the specified clearances of any energized high-voltage lines, the person or persons responsible for the work to be done shall promptly notify the operator of the high-voltage line of the work to be performed and shall be responsible for the completion of the safety measures as required by Section 2946(b) before proceeding with any work which would impair the aforesaid clearance.

§2949

Special Exemption

The provisions of the foregoing Sections 2946 through 2948 shall not apply to the construction, reconstruction, maintenance, or operation of any energized overhead high-voltage lines or their supporting structures or appurtenances by qualified electrical workers, authorized by the owner of such lines, nor to work performed in proximity to energized overhead high-voltage lines by qualified persons using approved equipment and work procedures specified in these orders in accordance with Penal Code Section 385D.

*Exceeds phase to ground minimum approach distances per the federal standard, 29 CFR 1910.333.

NOTE 1: Minimum approach distances to energized conductors for qualified line clearance tree trimmers and trainees as defined in Section 2700 are provided in the provisions and references of Section 2951 of these Orders.

NOTE 2: Additional requirements for Tree Work, Maintenance or Removal, are contained in Article 12 of the General Industry Safety Orders, Title 8, California Code of Regulations.

§2951

Line Clearance (Tree Trimming) Operations

(a) Prior to commencing line clearance tree trimming operations, the employer shall ensure that an inspection of the work locations is made in order to identify potential hazards and a tail gate briefing is conducted to discuss the work procedures to be followed. A determination shall be made of the nominal voltage of electric power lines posing a hazard to employees. However, a determination of the maximum nominal voltage to which an employee will be exposed may be made instead, if all lines are considered as energized at this maximum voltage. [§2951(a)] (b) Only qualified line clearance tree trimmers, or trainees under the direct supervision and instruction of qualified line clearance tree trimmers, shall be permitted to perform line clearance tree trimming operations as described in Section 2950. Under no circumstances shall the minimum approach distances specified in Section 2940.2, be violated. [§2951(b)] (c) The employee in charge of each independent crew shall coordinate the de-energizing and re-energizing of high-voltage lines with the operator of the high-voltage line(s). [§2951(c)] (d) During all tree trimming operations performed in accordance with the requirements of subsection (b) above, there shall be another qualified line clearance tree trimmer or trainee within normal (that is, unassisted) voice communication at each work location to render immediate assistance. [§2951(d)] Note: A qualified high-voltage electrical worker shall be permitted to be the second employee, provided the employee doing the line clearance tree trimming is a qualified line clearance tree trimmer.

(e) Branches contacting energized conductors or equipment shall be removed only by using nonconductive equipment. [§2951(e)]

114

Article 40. Electronic News Gathering (f) With the exception of emergency restoration procedures, line clearance tree trimming work shall not be performed when adverse weather conditions such as thunderstorms in the immediate vicinity, high winds, snow storms or ice storms, make the work hazardous in spite of the work practices required by this section. [§2951(f)] Note: A high wind is one which would expose an employee to being blown from an elevated location, or cause an employee or material handling equipment to lose control of the material being handled, or expose the employee to other hazards not controlled by the requirements of this section. Winds exceeding 40 miles per hour, or 30 miles per hour if material handling is involved, meet this criteria unless precautions are taken to protect employees from the hazards described herein.

(g) Ladders, platforms and aerial devices shall not be brought closer to an energized part than the distances listed in Section 2940.2. [§2951(g)] (h) Sprayers and Related Equipment. [§2951(h)] (1) Walking and working surfaces of sprayers and related equipment shall be covered with slip-resistant material. If slipping hazards cannot be eliminated, slip-resistant footwear or handrails and stair rails meeting the requirements of Section 3214 of the General Industry Safety Orders may be used instead of slip-resistant material. [§2951(h)(1)] (2) Equipment on which employees stand to spray while the vehicle is in motion shall be equipped with guardrails around the working area. The guardrail shall be constructed in accordance with the requirements of Article 2, Section 3209 of the General Industry Safety Orders. [§2951(h)(2)] (i) Rope. [§2951(i)] (1) When stored, rope shall be coiled and piled, or shall be suspended, so that air can circulate through the coils. [§2951(i)(1)] (2) A rope that is wet, that is contaminated to the extent that its insulating capacity is impaired, or that is otherwise not considered to be insulated for the voltage involved shall not be used near exposed energized lines. [§2951(i)(2)]

§2970

Installation of Conductors

Conductors shall be installed as follows: (a) Wiring Method. Conductors shall be installed in rigid metal conduit, in flexible metal conduit, in liquidtight flexible metal conduit, or in electrical metallic tubing. [§2970(a)] (b) Conductors in Raceways. Where the conductors are covered with lead or other metal sheathing, the covering shall extend beyond the end of the raceway, and the surface of the cable shall not be injured where the covering terminates. [§2970(b)]

§2971

Transformers

Transformers shall comply with the following: (a) Voltage. The transformer secondary open-circuit voltage shall not exceed 15 kilovolts with an allowance on test of 1 kilovolt additional. In end-grounded transformers the secondary, open-circuit voltage shall not exceed 7.5 kilovolts with an allowance on test of 500 volts additional. [§2971(a)] (b) Type. Transformers shall be of a type approved for the purpose and shall be limited in rating to a maximum of 4.5 kilovoltamperes. [§2971(b)] Open core-and-coil type transformers shall be limited to 5 kilovolts with an allowance on test of 500 volts, and to indoor applications in small portable signs.

Transformers for outline lighting installations shall have secondary current ratings not in excess of 30 milliamperes. (c) Transformer Secondary Connections. The high voltage windings of transformers shall not be connected in parallel; and shall not be connected in series, except that two transformers each having one end of its high voltage winding connected to the metal enclosure shall be permitted to have their high voltage windings connected in series to form the equivalent of a midpoint-grounded transformer. The grounded ends shall be connected by insulated conductors not smaller than No. 14. [§2971(c)] Exception: Transformers for small portable signs, show windows, and similar locations that are equipped with leads permanently attached to the secondary winding within the transformer enclosure and that do not extend more than 8 feet beyond the enclosure for attaching to the line ends of the tubing shall be permitted to have leads smaller than No. 14, but shall not be smaller than No. 18 and shall be of a type approved for the purpose.

Electric-Discharge Tubing

§2973

Terminals and Electrode Receptacles for Electric-Discharge Tubing

Electric-discharge tubing shall conform to the following: (a) Support. Tubing shall be adequately supported on noncombustible, nonabsorptive supports. [§2972(a)] (b) Contact with Flammable Material and Other Surfaces. The tubing shall be free from contact with flammable material and shall be located where not normally exposed to physical damage. Where operating in excess of 7.5 kilovolts, the tubing shall be supported on noncombustible, nonabsorptive, insulating supports which maintain a spacing of not less than 1⁄4 inch between the tubing and the nearest surface. [§2972(b)]

Terminals and electrode receptacles for electric-discharge tubing shall comply with the following: (a) Terminals. Terminals of the tubing shall be inaccessible to unqualified persons and isolated from combustible material and grounded metal or shall be enclosed. [§2973(a)] (b) Tube Connections. Where tubes do not terminate in receptacles designed for the purpose, all live parts of tube terminals and conductors shall be so supported as to maintain a separation of at least 1 1⁄2 inches between conductors or between conductors and any grounded metal. [§2973(b)] (c) Bushings. Where electrodes enter the enclosure of outdoor signs or of an indoor sign operating at a voltage in excess of 7.5 kilovolts, bushings shall be used unless receptacles are provided or the sign is wired with bare wire mounted on approved supports which maintain the tubing in proper position. [§2973(c)]

§2974

Elec.

Switches on Doors

Doors or covers giving access to uninsulated parts of indoor signs or outline lighting exceeding 600 volts and accessible to other than qualified persons, shall either be provided with interlock switches which on the opening of the doors or covers disconnect the primary circuit, or shall be so fastened that the use of other than ordinary tools will be necessary to open them.

Article 40. Electronic News Gathering §2980

Definitions

Electronic News Gathering (ENG). A task or series of tasks applied to capturing news, sporting or other live events on location using cameras and support equipment and using recorded media for live transmission and/or reception. For the purposes of this regulation, ENG includes Satellite News Gathering (SNG), Electronic Field Production (EFP), and other activities which are functionally similar to ENG. ENG Vehicle. An ENG vehicle has a transmitter and may also have a receiver. An ENG vehicle employs an elevating antenna, dish, laser, or similar device or structure in order to transmit, receive, or relay video, audio, or data signal to or from a broadcasting station, fixed or mobile relay point, including satellite or other spacecraft, or other facility for immediate or delayed processing for use in broadcasts or closed circuit transmission. Excluded from this Article are mobile cellular telephone sites, sometimes referred to as cells-on-wheels (COWS) used exclusively for cellular telephone communications.

Step potential. "Step potential" is the voltage between the feet of a person standing near an energized grounded object. It is equal to the difference in voltage, given by the voltage distribution curve, between two points at different distances from the "electrode." A person could be at risk of injury during a fault simply by standing near the grounding point.

Touch potential. "Touch potential" is the voltage between the energized object and the feet of a person in contact with the object. It is equal to the difference in voltage between the energized object and a point some distance away. It should be noted that the touch potential could be nearly the full voltage across the grounded object if that object is grounded at a point remote from the place where the person is in contact with it.

Step and touch potentials are illustrated in Figure 1.

(d) Accessibility. Transformers shall be accessible. [§2971(d)]

115

High-Voltage Electrical Safety Orders

Article 39. Signs and Outline Lighting — Exceeding 600 Volts

§2972

§2980(c)

§2981

Group 2. High-Voltage Electrical Safety Orders (A) How to safely operate the elevating mast or antenna. [§2981(f)(1)(A)]

Energized Grounded Object

Voltage Distribution Curve Touch Potential Step Potential

(B) Original equipment manufacturer (OEM) vehicle owner/operator's manual. [§2981(f)(1)(B)] (C) Predictable hazards associated with ENG vehicles. [§2981(f)(1)(C)] (2) Prior to permitting an employee to operate an ENG vehicle, the employer shall ensure that the vehicle operator is familiar with the Vehicle Safety Manual specific to the vehicle they will be operating. [§2981(f)(2)] (A) EXCEPTION: Service personnel performing vehicle maintenance functions. [§2981(f)(2)(A)] (g) Work performed as described in this Article shall be in accordance with Article 37 of the High-Voltage Electrical Safety Orders. [§2981(g)]

(h) Effective dates: [§2981(h)] (1) Provisions of this Section (2981(a)-(f)) shall apply to all ENG vehicles manufactured on or after December 18, 2003, which are operated in California. [§2981(h)(1)] (2) Provisions of this Section (2981(a)-(f)) shall apply to all ENG vehicles manufactured prior to December 18, 2003, which are operated in California on or after December 18, 2004. [§2981(h)(2)]

§2982

FIGURE 1 - Step and Touch Potentials

FIGURE 1 - Step and Touch Potentials

§2981

Provisions for Preventing Accidents Due to Operation of Electronic News Gathering Vehicles in Proximity of Overhead Power Lines

(a) Positive means, such as momentary contact (continuous pressure) switches, shall be used to raise or rotate elevating antennas, such as microwave masts, dishes, or similar structures. The switch shall be located to assure that personnel operating the elevating antenna will be where they can continuously and responsibly observe the environment overhead during the raising or rotating operation. [§2981(a)] (b) Level indication devices shall be provided in an observable location on the ENG vehicle to indicate the level of the vehicle front to rear and across the width. [§2981(b)] (c) A spotlight or functionally equivalent means of illumination shall be provided on all ENG vehicles equipped with an elevating antenna, such as a microwave mast, dish, or similar structure. Illumination shall be adequate to assist operating personnel in locating overhead hazards, such as power lines within the proximity of the elevating device during periods of darkness or reduced available light. [§2981(c)] (d) Audible and visual warnings shall be provided to warn the driver when movement of the ENG vehicle is attempted while the mast, dish, or similar structure (antenna) is not stowed. A visual warning readily observable to the driver shall occur when the engine is running and the antenna is not stowed. A non-cancelable audible alarm with a nominal sound loudness of 80-85dB at the driver's position shall occur when movement of the vehicle is attempted unless the elevating antenna is stowed. [§2981(d)] (e) Warning Signs. Each ENG vehicle equipped with elevating mast, dish, antenna, or similar apparatus, shall be posted with durable, permanent warning signs. [§2981(e)] (1) A warning sign shall be posted in plain view of the mast operator's position with lettering not less than 1⁄2 inch in height on a contrasting background reading: "Unlawful to operate this equipment within 10 feet of high-voltage lines of 50,000 volts or less." [§2981(e)(1)] (A) In addition to the above wording, the following statement in small lettering shall be provided on each mast operator warning sign: "For minimum clearances of high-voltage lines in excess of 50,000 volts, see California Code of Regulations, Title 8, Article 37, High-Voltage Electrical Safety Orders." [§2981(e)(1)(A)] (2) A warning sign shall be posted in plain view of the mast operator and the ENG vehicle driver with lettering not less than 1⁄4 inch in height on a contrasting background listing the vehicle heights with the antenna in the raised and stowed positions. [§2981(e)(2)]

(f) ENG Vehicle Safety Manual: [§2981(f)] (1) The owner, agent, or employer responsible for the operations of ENG vehicles shall maintain a durably bound document in each vehicle containing the following information: [§2981(f)(1)]

116

Employee Training

(a) Scope and Application: [§2982(a)] (1) The requirements of this Section shall apply in addition to training required by General Industry Safety Orders, Section 3203(a)(7). [§2982(a)(1)] (2) Safety training shall be conducted at least annually for all personnel employed in electronic news gathering operations, including, but not limited to, all elements described in subsection 2982(b). [§2982(a)(2)] (3) Safety training shall be given to: [§2982(a)(3)] (A) Field personnel. All employees, including reporters, assigned to operate ENG vehicles or work in the proximity of ENG vehicles under field conditions. [§2982(a)(3)(A)] (B) Supervisory personnel. All employees who assign or supervise field personnel, and those with field personnel under their immediate and direct control. [§2982(a)(3)(B)] (4) Prior to permitting an employee to operate or work in the proximity of an ENG vehicle under field conditions, the employer shall ensure that such employee has successfully completed training required by this Section, including, but not limited to all elements described in Section 2982(b). [§2982(a)(4)] (A) Exception: Supervised operations performed during the actual training required by this Article. [§2982(a)(4)(A)] (5) Prior to permitting an employee to assign or supervise field personnel as defined above, the employer shall ensure that such supervisory personnel has successfully completed training required by this Section including, but not limited to, all elements described in Section 2982(b). [§2982(a)(5)] (A) Exception: The requirements for training of supervisory personnel, as defined in subsection 2982(a)(3)(B), may be suspended during a major natural disaster or major civil emergency as necessary to permit compliance with Penal Code Section 409.5(d). [§2982(a)(5)(A)] (b) Training. [§2982(b)] (1) Employees shall be trained to understand the specific hazards associated with electrical energy in relationship to ENG vehicle operations. They shall be trained in safety-related work practices and procedural requirements as necessary to provide protection from electrical hazards. Employees shall be trained to identify and understand the relationship between electrical hazards and possible injury. [§2982(b)(1)] (2) The employer shall establish, implement, and maintain a written Code of Safe Practices for ENG operations. The written Code of Safe Practices shall include, but not necessarily be limited to, the following elements: [§2982(b)(2)] (A) Hazards common to ENG vehicles [§2982(b)(2)(A)] 1. Overhead power lines. [§2982(b)(2)(A)1.]

2. Downed power lines. [§2982(b)(2)(A)2.]

3. Step potential and touch potential. [§2982(b)(2)(A)3.]

4. Generators. [§2982(b)(2)(A)4.]

5. Carbon monoxide poisoning. [§2982(b)(2)(A)5.]

6. Wind, lightning, and other severe weather conditions. [§2982(b)(2)(A)6.]

(B) Safe ENG vehicle operation. [§2982(b)(2)(B)] 1. Pre-operation equipment inspection criteria. [§2982(b)(2)(B)1.]

2. Vehicle controls and equipment indicators. [§2982(b)(2)(B)2.]

Article 9. Sanitation

Article 8. Labor Camps §3350

§3363

Labor Camp Permits

Every employer operating a labor camp under the provisions of the California Employee Housing Act shall obtain a valid permit issued by the Department of Housing and Community Development or by a local governmental agency authorized to issue such permits by the Department. The employer shall either post or have available a valid and current permit.

Article 9. Sanitation §3360

Scope and Application

This article applies to all places of employment.

Exception: Mobile crews or normally unattended work locations provided employees have readily available potable water for drinking, and readily available transportation or other effective arrangements to nearby toilet and washing facilities.

§3361

Definitions

Lavatory. A plumbing fixture used for washing the hands, arms, face and head. (Title 24, Part 5, Section 5-113).

Number of employees. The maximum number of employees present at any one time on a regular shift. (Title 24, Part 5, Section 5-115).

Personal Service Room. A room which is not directly connected with the production or service function performed by the establishment.

Such rooms may include, but are not limited to, first aid or medical rooms, toilet rooms, change rooms, wash rooms, shower rooms, kitchens and lunch rooms. (Title 24, Part 5, Section 5-117).

Potable Water. Potable water is water which is satisfactory for drinking, culinary and domestic purposes and meets the requirements of the health authority having jurisdiction. Title 22, California Code of Regulations, Division 4, Chapter 15.



Single-User Toilet Facility. A toilet facility with a locking mechanism, controlled by the user, with one toilet, or one toilet and one urinal.



Toilet. A fixture, maintained within a toilet room, which may be used for defecation or urination, or both. (Title 24, Part 5, Section 5-121).

Toilet Room. A room within or on the premises containing water closets, urinals and other required facilities. (Title 24, Part 5, Section 5-121).

Toxic Material. A material in concentration or amount which exceeds the applicable limit established by a standard, such as Section 5155, 5208 or 5209 of Title 8, CAC or, in the absence of an applicable standard, which has the capacity to produce personal injury or illness to persons through ingestion, inhalation, or absorption through any body surface. (Title 24, Part 5, Section 5-121) Urinal. A plumbing fixture which is used only for urination. (Title 24, Part 5, Section 5-122).

Water Closet. A plumbing fixture (which may be used for both defecation and urination) in which the waste matter is removed by flushing with water. (Title 24, Part 5, Section 5-124).

§3362

(f) Every enclosed workplace and personal service room shall be equipped and maintained, insofar as is practicable, to prevent the entrance or harborage of insects, rodents or other vermin. An effective program of extermination and control shall be instituted whenever their presence is detected. [§3362(f)] (g) When exterior water intrusion, leakage from interior water sources, or other uncontrolled accumulation of water occurs, the intrusion, leakage or accumulation shall be corrected because of the potential for these conditions to cause the growth of mold. [§3362(g)]

General Requirements

(a) To the extent that the nature of the work allows, workplaces, storerooms, personal service rooms and passageways shall be kept clean, orderly and in a sanitary condition. The interiors, exteriors and environs of buildings that contribute to a hazard to which these orders apply shall be cleaned and maintained in such conditions as will not give rise to harmful exposure, as defined in Section 5140. [§3362(a)] (b) Cleaning and sweeping shall be done in such a manner as to minimize the contamination of the air and, insofar as is practicable, shall be performed at such time and in such a manner that will avoid harmful exposures as defined in Section 5140. [§3362(b)] (c) To facilitate cleaning, every floor, workroom, personal service room and passageway shall be kept free from protruding nails, splinters, loose boards and unnecessary holes and openings. [§3362(c)] (d) All putrescible waste or refuse shall be stored in a receptacle so constructed that it does not leak and may be conveniently and thoroughly cleaned. Such a receptacle shall be maintained in a sanitary condition and shall be equipped with a tight fitting cover if it cannot be maintained in a sanitary condition without one. (This provision does not prohibit the use of receptacles which are designed to permit the maintenance of a sanitary condition without regard to the above requirements.) [§3362(d)] (e) All sweepings, putrescible wastes, refuse and garbage shall be removed in such a manner as to avoid creating a nuisance and shall be removed as often as necessary to avoid creating a menace to health through the development of unsanitary conditions. [§3362(e)]

Water Supply

(a) Potable water in adequate supply shall be provided in all places of employment for drinking and washing and, where required by the employer of these orders, for bathing, cooking, washing of food, washing of cooking and eating utensils, washing of food preparation or processing premises, and personal service rooms. [§3363(a)] (b) All sources of drinking water shall be maintained in a clean and sanitary condition. Drinking fountains and portable drinking water dispensers shall not be located in toilet rooms. [§3363(b)] (c) Portable drinking water dispensers shall be equipped with a faucet or drinking fountain, shall be capable of being tightly closed and shall be otherwise designed, constructed and serviced so that sanitary conditions are maintained. Such dispensers shall be clearly marked as to their contents. [§3363(c)] (d) The dipping or pouring of drinking water from containers, such as from barrels, pails or tanks, is prohibited regardless of whether or not the containers are fitted with covers. [§3363(d)] (e) The common use of a cup, glass or other vessel for drinking purposes is prohibited. [§3363(e)] (f) Nonpotable water shall not be used for drinking, washing, or bathing, washing of clothing, cooking, washing of food, washing of cooking or eating utensils, washing of food preparation or processing premises or other personal service rooms. [§3363(f)] (g) Outlets for nonpotable water, such as water for industrial or firefighting purposes, shall be posted in a manner understandable to all employees to indicate that the water is unsafe and shall not be used for drinking, washing, cooking or other personal service purposes. [§3363(g)] (h) Nonpotable water systems or systems carrying any other nonpotable substance shall be installed so as to prevent backflow or back-siphonage into a potable water system. [§3363(h)]

§3364

Sanitary Facilities

(a) Separate toilet facilities shall be provided for each sex according to the following table: [§3364(a)] Number of Employees

Minimum Number of Water Closets *

1 to 15

1

16 to 35

2

36 to 55

3

56 to 80

4

81 to 110

5

111 to 150

6

over 150

1 additional for each additional 40 employees or fraction thereof

* Urinals may be installed instead of water closets in toilet rooms to be used only by men provided that the number of water closets shall not be less than two-thirds of the minimum number of toilet facilities specified. The length of trough urinals to equivalent number of individual urinals shall be based on the following:

Length of Trough Urinal

Equivalent Number of Individual Urinals

24"

1

36"

2

48"

2

60"

3

72"

4

Exceptions:

 (1) Where there are less than five (5) employees, one (1) single-user toilet facility designated for all-gender use is sufficient.

 (2) Each single-user toilet facility designated for all-gender use counts as one of the

required separate toilet facilities if all of the following conditions are met: 1) the total number of toilet facilities provided is in accordance with subsection (a); 2) all singleuser toilet facilities are designated for all-gender use, and; 3) all multi-user separate toilet facilities are provided in equal number to each sex.

 (3) Employees engaged in hand-labor operations at agricultural establishments are subject to the sanitation provisions of Section 3457.

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Gr. 2 Safe Practices and Personal Protection

Ergonomics Study of Custodial, Housekeeping and Environmental Services Positions at University of California. May 2011. The UC System-wide Ergonomics Team. http://ucanr.org/sites/ucehs/files/ 97141.pdf Government of Western Australia, Checklist and information Accommodation industry. https://www.commerce.wa.gov.au/sites/ default/files/atoms/files/accommodation_2016.pdf

§3364

§3365

Group 2. Safe Practices and Personal Protection

(b) Toilet facilities shall be kept clean, maintained in good working order and be accessible to the employees at all times. Where practicable, toilet facilities should be within 200 feet of locations at which workers are regularly employed and should not be more than one floor-to-floor flight of stairs from working areas. [§3364(b)] (c) All water-carried sewage shall be disposed of by means of either a public sewage system or by a sewage disposal system in conformance with applicable State and local laws, ordinances, and regulations. The sewage disposal method shall not endanger the health of employees. [§3364(c)] (d) An adequate supply of toilet paper shall be provided for every water closet. [§3364(d)]

§3365

Toilet Rooms

§3366

Washing Facilities

Each water closet shall occupy a separate compartment which shall be equipped with a door and door latch. The door and the walls or partitions between fixtures shall be sufficient to assure privacy. (a) Washing facilities for maintaining personal cleanliness shall be provided in every place of employment. These facilities shall be reasonably accessible to all employees. [§3366(a)] (b) Washing facilities shall be maintained in good working order and in a sanitary condition. [§3366(b)] (c) Lavatories, including those associated with toilet rooms shall be made available according to the following table: [§3366(c)] Type of Employment

Number of Employees

Minimum Number of Lavatories

1 to 15

1

16 to 35

2

36 to 60

3

Nonindustrial — office buildings, public buildings, and similar establishments

Industrial — factories, warehouses, loft buildings, and similar establishments thereof

[§3368(a)]

(b) Prohibited Areas. Food and beverages shall not be stored or consumed in a toilet room or in an area where they may be contaminated by any toxic material. [§3368(b)] Exemption: Penal institution gun posts containing a water closet and lavoratory and only one occupant per shift.

(c) Waste Disposal Containers. Receptacles constructed of smooth, corrosion-resistant, easily cleanable or disposable materials shall be provided and used for the disposal of food waste. The number, size and location of such receptacles shall encourage their use and not result in over filling. Receptacles containing food waste shall be emptied not less than once each working day and shall be maintained in a clean and sanitary condition. They shall be provided with solid, tightfitting covers unless sanitary conditions can be maintained without the use of covers. [§3368(c)] (d) Food Handling/Service. All facilities providing food or beverage service for employees shall be operated in accordance with sound hygienic principles. Food shall be processed, prepared, handled, served and stored in such a manner as to be protected against contamination and spoilage. [§3368(d)]

§3369

Public Health [Repealed]

§3370

Nonwater Carriage Disposal Systems [Repealed]

§3371

Privy Specifications [Repealed]

§3372

Chemical Toilet Specifications [Repealed]

§3373

Seepage Pit Construction [Repealed]

§3374

Combustion Toilet [Repealed]

61 to 90

4

§3375

Recirculating Toilet Specifications [Repealed]

5

§3376

Portable Toilet Construction [Repealed]

over 125

1 additional for each additional 45 employees or fraction thereof

Article 10. Personal Safety Devices and Safeguards

1 to 100

1 for each 10 employees

§3380

over 100

1 additional for each additional 15 employees or fraction

Exception: Employees engaged in hand-labor operations at agricultural establishments are subject to the sanitation provisions of Section 3457.

(d) Each lavatory shall be provided with running water and suitable cleansing agents. The water shall be available at temperatures of at least 85 °F in those instances where: [§3366(d)] (1) Substances regulated as carcinogens in these orders are used; or [§3366(d)(1)] (2) Skin contact may occur with substances designated skin (S) in Section 5155. [§3366(d)(2)] Note: This section does not prevent local health departments from enforcing more stringent standards contained in the Health and Safety Code for food handlers.

(e) Clean individual hand towels, or sections thereof, of cloth or paper or warm-air blowers convenient to the lavatories shall be provided. [§3366(e)] (f) Where showering is required by the employer or these orders: [§3366(f)]

(1) Separate shower rooms shall be provided for each sex. One shower facility with hot and cold water feeding a common discharge line shall be provided for each ten employees, or numerical fraction thereof, who are required to shower during the same shift. When there are less than five employees, the same shower room may be used by both sexes provided the shower room can be locked from the inside. [§3366(f)(1)] (2) Body soap or other appropriate cleansing agents convenient to the shower shall be provided. [§3366(f)(2)] (3) Employees who use showers shall be provided with individual clean towels. [§3366(f)(3)]

Change Rooms

(a) Whenever employees are required to change from street clothes into protective clothing, change rooms equipped with storage facilities for street clothes and separate storage facilities for the protective clothing shall be provided. [§3367(a)] (b) Where working clothes are provided by the employer and become wet or are washed between shifts, provision shall be made to ensure that such clothing is dry before reuse. [§3367(b)]

186

Consumption of Food and Beverages

(a) Application. This section shall apply only where employees are permitted to consume food or beverages, or both, on the premises.

91 to 125

In a multiple-use lavatory, 24 lineal inches of sink or 18 inches of circular basin, when provided with individual faucet, shall be considered equivalent to one lavatory.

§3367

§3368

Personal Protective Devices

(a) (1) The terms "protection" and "protective" where modified by the words head, eye, body, hand, foot and as used in subsection (d), per the orders in this article mean the safeguarding obtained by safety devices and safeguards of the proper type for the exposure and of such design, strength and quality as to eliminate, preclude or mitigate the hazard. [§3380(a)(1)] (2) Personal protective equipment shall be approved for its intended use as provided in Section 3206 of these Orders. [§3380(a)(2)]

(b) Protective equipment shall be distinctly marked so as to facilitate identification of the manufacturer. [§3380(b)] Exception: Employer manufactured shields, barriers, etc.

(c) The employer shall assure that the employee is instructed and uses protective equipment in accordance with the manufacturer's instructions. [§3380(c)] (d) The employer shall assure that all required safety devices and safeguards, whether employer or employee provided, including personal protective equipment for the eyes, face, head, hand, foot, and extremities (limbs), protective clothing, respiratory protection, protective shields and barriers, comply with the applicable Title 8 standards and are maintained in a safe, sanitary condition. [§3380(d)]

(e) Protectors shall be of such design, fit and durability as to provide adequate protection against the hazards for which they are designed. They shall be reasonably comfortable and shall not unduly encumber the employee's movements necessary to perform his or her work. [§3380(e)] (f) Hazard assessment and equipment selection. [§3380(f)] (1) The employer shall assess the workplace to determine if hazards are present, or are likely to be present, which necessitate the use of personal protective equipment (PPE). If such hazards are present, or likely to be present, the employer shall: [§3380(f)(1)]

(A) Select, and have each affected employee use, the types of PPE that will protect the affected employee from the hazards identified in the hazard assessment; [§3380(f)(1)(A)] (B) Communicate selection decisions to each affected employee; and, [§3380(f)(1)(B)] (C) Select PPE that properly fits each affected employee. [§3380(f)(1)(C)] NOTE: Non-mandatory Appendix A contains an example of procedures that would comply with the requirement for a hazard assessment.

(2) The employer shall verify that the required workplace hazard assessment has been performed through a written certification

Article 10. Personal Safety Devices and Safeguards

[§3380(f)(4)]

(A) When PPE is necessary; [§3380(f)(4)(A)] (B) What PPE is necessary; [§3380(f)(4)(B)] (C) How to properly don, doff, adjust, and wear PPE; [§3380(f)(4)(C)] (D) The limitations of the PPE; and, [§3380(f)(4)(D)] (E) The proper care, maintenance, useful life and disposal of the PPE. [§3380(f)(4)(E)] (5) Each affected employee shall demonstrate an understanding of the training specified in subsection (f)(4) of this section, and the ability to use PPE properly, before being allowed to perform work requiring the use of PPE. [§3380(f)(5)] (6) When the employer has reason to believe that any affected employee who has already been trained does not have the understanding and skill required by subsection (f)(5) of this section, the employer shall retrain each such employee. Circumstances where retraining is required include, but are not limited to, situations where: [§3380(f)(6)] (A) Changes in the workplace render previous training obsolete; or [§3380(f)(6)(A)] (B) Changes in the types of PPE to be used render previous training obsolete; or [§3380(f)(6)(B)] (C) Inadequacies in an affected employee's knowledge or use of assigned PPE indicate that the employee has not retained the requisite understanding or skill. [§3380(f)(6)(C)] (7) The employer shall verify that each affected employee has received and understood the required training through a written certification that contains the name of each employee trained, the date(s) of training, and that identifies the subject of the certification. [§3380(f)(7)] (8) Subsections (f)(1) and (2) and (f)(4) through (7) of this section apply only to Sections 3381, 3382, 3384 and 3385 of these Orders. Subsections (f)(1) and (2) and (f)(4) through (7) of this section do not apply to Section 5144 of these Orders and Section 2940.6 of the High Voltage Electrical Safety Orders. Subsection (f) does not apply to workplace operations regulated by the Construction Safety Orders or the Mine Safety Orders. [§3380(f)(8)]

§3380 Appendix A (Non-Mandatory)

This Appendix is intended to provide compliance assistance for employers and employees in implementing requirements for a hazard assessment and the selection of personal protective equipment.

1. Controlling hazards. PPE devices alone should not be relied on to provide protection against hazards, but should be used in conjunction with guards, engineering controls, and sound manufacturing practices.

2. Assessment and selection. It is necessary to consider certain general guidelines for assessing the foot, head, eye and face, and hand hazard situations that exist in an occupational or educational operation or process, and to match the protective devices to the particular hazard. It should be the responsibility of the safety officer to exercise common sense and appropriate expertise to accomplish these tasks.

3. Assessment guidelines. In order to assess the need for PPE the following steps should be taken: a. Survey. Conduct a walk-through survey of the areas in question.

The purpose of the survey is to identify sources of hazards to workers and co-workers. Consideration should be given to the basic hazard categories: (a) Impact (b) Penetration (c) Compression (roll-over) (d) Chemical (e) Heat (f) Harmful dust (g) Light (optical) radiation b. Sources. During the walk-through survey the safety officer should observe:

(a) sources of motion; i.e., machinery or processes where any movement of tools, machine elements or particles could exist, or movement of personnel that could result in collision with stationary objects; (b) sources of high temperatures that could result in burns, eye injury or ignition of protective equipment, etc.; (c) types of chemical exposures; (d) sources of harmful dust; (e) sources of light radiation, i.e., welding, brazing, cutting, furnaces, heat treating, high intensity lights, etc.; (f) sources of falling objects or potential for dropping objects; (g) sources of sharp objects which might pierce the feet or cut the hands; (h) sources of rolling or pinching objects which could crush the feet; (i) layout of workplace and location of co-workers; and (j) any electrical hazards. In addition, injury/accident data should be reviewed to help identify problem areas. c. Organize data. Following the walk-through survey, it is necessary to organize the data and information for use in the assessment of hazards. The objective is to prepare for an analysis of the hazards in the environment to enable proper selection of protective equipment. d. Analyze data. Having gathered and organized data on a workplace, an estimate of the potential for injuries should be made.

Each of the basic hazards (subsection 3.a.) should be reviewed and a determination made as to the type, level of risk, and seriousness of potential injury from each of the hazards found in the area. The possibility of exposure to several hazards simultaneously should be considered.

4. Selection guidelines. After completion of the procedures in subsection 3, the general procedure for selection of protective equipment is to: (a) Become familiar with the potential hazards and the type of protective equipment that is available, and what it can do; i.e., splash protection, impact protection, etc.; (b) compare the hazards associated with the environment; i.e., impact velocities, masses, projectile shape, radiation intensities, with the capabilities of the available protective equipment; (c) select the protective equipment which ensures a level of protection greater than the minimum required to protect employees from the hazards; and (d) fit the user with the protective device and give instructions on care and use of the PPE. It is very important that end users be made aware of all warning labels for and limitations of their PPE. 5. Fitting the device. Careful consideration must be given to comfort and fit. PPE that fits poorly will not afford the necessary protection.

Continued wearing of the device is more likely if it fits the wearer comfortably. Protective devices are generally available in a variety of sizes. Care should be taken to ensure that the right size is selected.

6. Devices with adjustable features. Adjustments should be made on an individual basis for a comfortable fit that will maintain the protective device in the proper position. Particular care should be taken in fitting devices for eye protection against dust and chemical splash to ensure that the devices are sealed to the face. In addition, proper fitting of helmets is important to ensure that it will not fall off during work operations. In some cases a chin strap may be necessary to keep the helmet on an employee's head. (Chin straps should break at a reasonably low force, however, so as to prevent a strangulation hazard). Where manufacturer's instructions are available, they should be followed carefully.

7. Reassessment of hazards. It is the responsibility of the safety officer to reassess the workplace hazard situation as necessary, by identifying and evaluating new equipment and processes, reviewing accident records, and reevaluating the suitability of previously selected PPE. 8. Selection chart guidelines for eye and face protection. Some occupations (not a complete list) for which eye protection should be routinely considered are: carpenters, electricians, machinists, mechanics and repairers, millwrights, plumbers and pipe fitters, sheet metal workers and tinsmiths, assemblers, sanders, grinding machine operators, lathe and milling machine operators, sawyers, welders, laborers, chemical process operators and handlers, and timber cutting and logging workers. The following chart provides general guidance for the proper selection of eye and face protection to protect against hazards associated with the listed hazard "source" operations.

187

Gr. 2 Safe Practices and Personal Protection

that identifies the workplace evaluated; the person certifying that the evaluation has been performed; the date(s) of the hazard assessment; and, which identifies the document as a certification of hazard assessment. [§3380(f)(2)] (3) Defective and damaged equipment. Defective or damaged personal protective equipment shall not be used. [§3380(f)(3)] (4) Training. The employer shall provide training to each employee who is required by this section to use PPE. Each such employee shall be trained to know at least the following:

§3380 Appendix A

§3380 Appendix A

Group 2. Safe Practices and Personal Protection

Eye and Face Protection Selection Chart Source IMPACT — Chipping, grinding machining, masonry work, woodworking, sawing, drilling, chiseling, powered fastening, riveting, and sanding

Assessment of Hazard

Spectacles with side protection, Flying fragments, goggles, face shields. See objects, large chips, notes (1), (3), (5), (6), (10). For particles sand, dirt, etc severe exposure, use faceshield.

Hot sparks HEAT — Furnace operations, pouring, casting, hot dipping, and Splash from molten welding metals

CHEMICALS — Acid and chemicals handling, degreasing plating

Protection

Faceshields, goggles, spectacles with side protection.

For severe exposure use faceshield.

See notes (1), (2), (3).

Faceshields worn over goggles.

See notes (1), (2), (3).

High temperature exposure

Screen face shields, reflective face shields.

See notes (1), (2), (3).

Splash

Goggles, eyecup and cover types. For severe exposure, use face shield.

See notes (3), (11).

Irritating mists

Special-purpose goggles.

DUST — Woodworking, buffing, Nuisance dust general dusty conditions

Goggles, eyecup and cover types. See note (8).

LIGHT and/or RADIATION — Welding: Electric arc

Optical radiation

Welding helmets or welding shields. Typical shades: 10-14.

See notes (9), (12)

Welding: Gas

Optical radiation

Welding goggles or welding face shield. Typical shades: gas welding 4-8, cutting 3-6, brazing 3-4. See note (9)

Cutting, Torch brazing, Torch Optical radiation soldering

Spectacles or welding faceshield. Typical shades, 1.53. See notes (3), (9)

Glare

Spectacles with shaded or special-purpose lenses, as suitable. See notes (9), (10).

Poor vision

Notes to Eye and Face Protection Selection Chart: (1) Care should be taken to recognize the possibility of multiple and simultaneous exposure to a variety of hazards. Adequate protection against the highest level of each of the hazards should be provided. Protective devices do not provide unlimited protection.

(2) Operations involving heat may also involve light radiation. As required by the standard, protection from both hazards must be provided.

(3) Faceshields should only be worn over primary eye protection (spectacles or goggles).

(4) As required by the standard, filter lenses must meet the requirements for shade designations in Section 3382. Tinted and shaded lenses are not filter lenses unless they are marked or identified as such.

(5) As required by the standard, persons whose vision requires the use of prescription (Rx) lenses must wear either protective devices fitted with prescription (Rx) lenses or protective devices designed to be worn over regular prescription (Rx) eyewear.

(6) Wearers of contact lenses must also wear appropriate eye and face protection devices in a hazardous environment. It should be recognized that dusty and/or chemical environments may represent an additional hazard to contact lens wearers.

(7) Caution should be exercised in the use of metal frame protective devices in electrical hazard areas.

(8) Atmospheric conditions and the restricted ventilation of the protector can cause lenses to fog. Frequent cleansing may be necessary.

(9) Welding helmets or faceshields should be used only over primary eye protection (spectacles or goggles).

(10) Non-sideshield spectacles are available for frontal protection only, but are not acceptable eye protection for the sources and operations listed for "impact."

(11) Ventilation should be adequate, but well protected from splash entry. Eye and face protection should be designed and used so that it provides both adequate ventilation and protects the wearer from splash entry.

(12) Protection from light radiation is directly related to filter lens density. See note (4).

Select the darkest shade that allows task performance.

9. Selection guidelines for head protection. All head protection (helmets) is designed to provide protection from impact and penetration hazards caused by falling objects. Head protection is also available which provides protection from electric shock and burn.

When selecting head protection, knowledge of potential electrical hazards is important. Class A helmets, in addition to impact and penetration resistance, provide electrical protection from low-voltage conductors (they are proof tested to 2,200 volts). Class B helmets, in addition to impact and penetration resistance, provide electrical protection from high-voltage conductors (they are proof tested to 20,000 volts). Class C helmets provide impact and penetration resistance (they are usually made of aluminum which conducts electricity), and should not be used around electrical hazards.

Where falling object hazards are present, helmets must be worn.

Some examples include: working below other workers who are using tools and materials which could fall; working around or under conveyor belts which are carrying parts or materials; working below machinery or processes which might cause material or objects to fall; and working on exposed energized conductors.

188

Some examples of occupations for which head protection should be routinely considered are: carpenters, electricians, linemen, mechanics and repairers, plumbers and pipe fitters, assemblers, packers, wrappers, sawyers, welders, laborers, freight handlers, timber cutting and logging, stock handlers, and warehouse laborers.

10. Selection guidelines for foot protection. Safety shoes and boots which meet either the ANSI Z41-1999 or the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) F2412-05 and ASTM F2413-5 Standards provide both impact and compression protection. Where necessary, safety shoes can be obtained which provide puncture protection. In some work situations, metatarsal protection should be provided, and in other special situations electrical conductive or insulating safety shoes would be appropriate. Safety shoes or boots with impact protection would be required for carrying or handling materials such as packages, objects, parts or heavy tools, which could be dropped; and, for other activities where objects might fall onto the feet.

Safety shoes or boots with compression protection would be required for work activities involving skid trucks (manual material handling carts) around bulk rolls (such as paper rolls) and around heavy pipes, all of which could potentially roll over an employee's feet. Safety shoes or boots with puncture protection would be required where sharp objects such as nails, wire, tacks, screws, large staples, scrap metal etc., could be stepped on by employees causing a foot injury.

Some occupations (not a complete list) for which foot protection should be routinely considered are: shipping and receiving clerks, stock clerks, carpenters, electricians, machinists, mechanics and repairers, plumbers and pipe fitters, structural metal workers, assemblers, drywall installers and lathers, packers, wrappers, craters, punch and stamping press operators, sawyers, welders, laborers, freight handlers, gardeners and grounds-keepers, timber cutting and logging workers, stock handlers and warehouse laborers.

11. Selection guidelines for hand protection. Gloves are often relied upon to prevent cuts, abrasions, burns, and skin contact with chemicals that are capable of causing local or systemic effects following dermal exposure. The Division of Occupational Safety and Health is unaware of any gloves that provide protection against all potential hand hazards, and commonly available glove materials provide only limited protection against many chemicals.

Therefore, it is important to select the most appropriate glove for a particular application and to determine how long it can be worn, and whether it can be reused.

It is also important to know the performance characteristics of gloves relative to the specific hazard anticipated; e.g., chemical hazards, cut hazards, flame hazards, etc. These performance characteristics should be assessed by using standard test procedures. Before purchasing gloves, the employer should request documentation from the manufacturer that the gloves meet the appropriate test standard(s) for the hazard(s) anticipated. Other factors to be considered for glove selection in general include: (A) As long as the performance characteristics are acceptable, in certain circumstances, it may be more cost effective to regularly change cheaper gloves than to reuse more expensive types; and, (B) The work activities of the employee should be studied to determine the degree of dexterity required, the duration, frequency, and degree of exposure of the hazard, and the physical stresses that will be applied.

With respect to selection of gloves for protection against chemical hazards: (A) The toxic properties of the chemical(s) must be determined; in particular, the ability of the chemical to cause local effects on the skin and/or to pass through the skin and cause systemic effects; (B) Generally, any "chemical resistant" glove can be used for dry powders; (C) For mixtures and formulated products (unless specific test data are available), a glove should be selected on the basis of the chemical component with the shortest breakthrough time, since it is possible for solvents to carry active ingredients through polymeric materials; and, (D) Employees must be able to remove the gloves in such a manner as to prevent skin contamination.

12. Cleaning and maintenance. It is important that all PPE be kept clean and properly maintained. Cleaning is particularly important for eye and face protection where dirty or fogged lenses could impair vision.

For the purposes of compliance with Section 3380(a) and (d), PPE should be inspected, cleaned, and maintained at regular intervals so that the PPE provides the requisite protection.

It is also important to ensure that contaminated PPE which cannot be decontaminated is disposed of in a manner that protects employees from exposure to hazards.

Article 10. Personal Safety Devices and Safeguards §3381

Head Protection

(continued) Shade number

Welding operation 5⁄16-, 3⁄8-inch diameter electrodes

14

Atomic hydrogen welding

10-14

Carbon-arc welding

[§3381(b)]

(1) American National Standards Institute (ANSI)/International Safety Equipment Association (ISEA) Z89.1-2009, "American National Standard for Industrial Head Protection;" [§3381(b)(1)] (2) ANSI Z89.1-2003, "American National Standard for Industrial Head Protection;" or [§3381(b)(2)] (3) ANSI Z89.1-1997, "American National Standard for Industrial Head Protection." [§3381(b)(3)] (c) (1) The employer shall ensure that the appropriate impact type helmet is selected and used. [§3381(c)(1)] Note: Protective helmets are described by impact type and electrical class. All protective helmets required by subsection (b) meet either Type I or Type II impact requirements. Type I helmets are intended to reduce the force of impact resulting from a blow only to the top of the head. Type II helmets are intended to reduce the force of impact resulting from a blow to the top or sides of the head.

(2) The employer shall ensure that the appropriate electrical class of ANSI designated helmet is selected and used in accordance with the following: [§3381(c)(2)] (A) When there is no risk of head injury from contact with electrical conductors, and protective helmets are only required to reduce the danger of injury from flying or falling objects, protective helmets shall be ANSI-Z89.1 designated Class C, E, or G. [§3381(c)(2)(A)] (B) When there is a risk of head injury from contact with conductors less than 600 volts, protective helmets shall be ANSI-Z89.1 designated Class E or G. [§3381(c)(2)(B)] (C) When there is a risk of head injury from contact with conductors greater than 600 volts, protective helmets shall be ANSI-Z89.1 designated Class E. [§3381(c)(2)(C)] (3) The employer shall ensure that the head protection provided for each employee exposed to high-voltage electric shock and burns also meets the specifications contained in Section 9.7 "Electrical Insulation" of any of the consensus standards identified in subsection (b) of this section. [§3381(c)(3)] (d) Each approved protective helmet required by subsection (b) shall bear the permanent markings required by the ANSI standard under which it was approved. At a minimum, the marking shall identify the manufacturer, ANSI designated standard number and date, and ANSI designated class and impact type of helmet. [§3381(d)]

(e) Where there is a risk of injury from hair entanglements in moving parts of machinery, combustibles or toxic contaminants, employees shall confine their hair to eliminate the hazard. [§3381(e)]

§3382

Table EP-1 — Filter Lens Shade Numbers for Protection Against Radiant Energy

Eye and Face Protection

(a) Employees working in locations where there is a risk of receiving eye injuries such as punctures, abrasions, contusions, or burns as a result of contact with flying particles, hazardous substances, projections or injurious light rays which are inherent in the work or environment, shall be safeguarded by means of face or eye protection. Suitable screens or shields isolating the hazardous exposure may be considered adequate safeguarding for nearby employees. [§3382(a)] The employer shall provide and ensure that employees use protection suitable for the exposure. (b) Where exposed to injurious light rays, the shade of lens to use in any instance shall be selected in accordance with the following table. [§3382(b)] Protection against radiant energy — Selection of shade numbers for welding filter. Table EP-1 shall be used as a guide for the selection of the proper shade numbers of filter lenses or plates used in welding. Shade more dense than those listed may be used to suit the individual's needs.

Table EP-1 — Filter Lens Shade Numbers for Protection Against Radiant Energy Welding operation

Shade number

Shielded metal-arc welding 1 1⁄16-, 3⁄32-, 1⁄8, 5⁄32-inch diameter electrodes

10

Gas-shielded arc welding (nonferrous) 1⁄16-, 3⁄32-, 1⁄8-, 5⁄32-inch diameter

11

electrodes Gas-shielded arc welding (ferrous) 1⁄16-, 3⁄32-, 1⁄8-, 5⁄32-inch diameter electrodes

12

Shielded metal-arc welding 3⁄16-,7⁄32-, 1⁄4-inch diameter electrodes

12

14

Soldering

2

Torch brazing

3 or 4

Light cutting, up to 1 inch

3 or 4

Medium cutting, 1 inch to 6 inches

4 or 5

Heavy cutting, over 6 inches

5 or 6

Gas welding (light), up to 1⁄8-inch

4 or 5

Gas welding (medium), 1⁄8-inch to 1⁄2-inch

5 or 6

1

6 or 8

Gas welding (heavy), over ⁄2-inch

(c) Where eye protection is required and the employee requires vision correction, such eye protection shall be provided as follows: [§3382(c)]

(1) Safety spectacles with suitable corrected lenses, or [§3382(c)(1)] (2) Safety goggles designed to fit over spectacles, or [§3382(c)(2)] (3) Protective goggles with corrective lenses mounted behind the protective lenses. [§3382(c)(3)] Note: Wearing of contact lens is prohibited in working environments having harmful exposure to materials or light flashes, except when special precautionary procedures, which are medically approved, have been established for the protection of the exposed employee.

(d) (1) Design, construction, testing and use of devices for eye and face protection purchased after January 12, 1995 shall be in accordance with American National Standard, Practice for Occupational and Educational Eye and Face Protection, Z87.1-1989, which is hereby incorporated by reference, except that integral lens and frame design will be allowed if the lens frame combination provides unit strength, as well as impact, penetration, heat and flammability resistance, optical qualities and eye zone coverage equal to or greater than is required by ANSI Z87.1-1989. [§3382(d)(1)] (2) Eye and face protection purchased on or before January 12, 1995 shall be designed, constructed, and used in accordance with American National Standard (ANSI) Z87.1-1968, which is hereby incorporated by reference. [§3382(d)(2)] (3) Side shield protection shall be used whenever the hazard of flying objects is angular as well as frontal. [§3382(d)(3)] (e) Laser Protection. Employees whose occupation or assignment requires exposure to laser beams shall be furnished suitable laser safety goggles which will protect for the specific wavelength of the laser and be of optical density (O.D.) adequate for the energy involved. Table EP-2 lists the maximum power or energy density for which adequate protection is afforded by glasses of optical densities from 5 through 8. [§3382(e)] TABLE EP-2 -SELECTING LASER SAFETY GLASS Intensity

Attenuation

CW maximum power density (watts/cm2)

Optical density (O.D.)

Attenuation factor

10-2

5

105

-1

10

6

106

1.0

7

107

10.0

8

108

Output levels falling between lines in this table shall require the higher optical density.

(1) All protective goggles shall bear a label identifying the following data: [§3382(e)(1)] (A) The laser wavelengths for which use is intended; [§3382(e)(1)(A)]

(B) The optical density of those wavelengths; [§3382(e)(1)(B)] (C) The visible light transmission. [§3382(e)(1)(C)]

§3383

Body Protection

(a) Body protection may be required for employees whose work exposes parts of their body, not otherwise protected as required by other orders in this article, to hazardous or flying substances or objects. [§3383(a)]

189

Gr. 2 Safe Practices and Personal Protection

(a) Employees working in locations where there is a risk of receiving head injuries from flying or falling objects and/or electric shock and burns shall wear approved head protection in accordance with this section. [§3381(a)] (b) When head protection is required, the employer shall provide each employee with head protection that meets the criteria in one of the following standards, which are hereby incorporated by reference:

§3383(a)

§3384

Group 2. Safe Practices and Personal Protection

(b) Clothing appropriate for the work being done shall be worn. Loose sleeves, tails, ties, lapels, cuffs, or other loose clothing which can be entangled in moving machinery shall not be worn. [§3383(b)] (c) Clothing saturated or impregnated with flammable liquids, corrosive substances, irritants or oxidizing agents shall be removed and shall not be worn until properly cleaned. [§3383(c)]

§3384

Hand Protection

(a) Employers shall select, provide and require employees to use appropriate hand protection when employee's hands are exposed to hazards such as those from skin absorption of harmful substances, cuts or lacerations, abrasions, punctures, chemical burns, thermal burns, radioactive materials, and harmful temperature extremes. [§3384(a)] Exception: Hand protection for cuts, lacerations, and abrasions shall not be required when the employer's personal protective equipment hazard assessment, required by Section 3380(f) of this Article, determines that the risk of such injury to the employee's hands is infrequent and superficial.

(b) Hand protection, such as gloves, shall not be worn where there is a danger of the hand protection becoming entangled in moving machinery or materials. [§3384(b)] Exception: Machinery or equipment provided with a momentary contact device as defined in Section 3941.

Note: 1. As used in subsection (b) the term entangled refers to hand protection (gloves) being caught and pulled into the danger zone of machinery/equipment. Use of hand protection around smooth surfaced rotating equipment does not constitute an entanglement hazard if it is unlikely that the hand protection will be drawn into the danger zone.

Note: 2. Wrist watches, rings, or other jewelry should not be worn while working with or around machinery with moving parts in which such objects may be caught, or around electrically energized equipment.

§3385

Foot Protection

(a) Appropriate foot protection shall be required for employees who are exposed to foot injuries from electrical hazards, hot, corrosive, poisonous substances, falling objects, crushing or penetrating actions, which may cause injuries or who are required to work in abnormally wet locations. [§3385(a)] (b) Footwear which is defective or inappropriate to the extent that its ordinary use creates the possibility of foot injuries shall not be worn. [§3385(b)] (c) (1) Protective footwear for employees purchased after January 26, 2007 shall meet the requirements and specifications in American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) F 2412-05, Standard Test Methods for Foot Protection and ASTM F 241305, Standard Specification for Performance Requirements for Foot Protection which are hereby incorporated by reference. [§3385(c)(1)]

(2) Protective footwear purchased on or before January 26, 2007 shall meet the requirements of either the American National Standard for Personal Protection — Protective Footwear, American National Standards Institute (ANSI) Z41-1999, or the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) F2412-05, Standard Test Methods for Foot Protection and ASTM F 241305, Standard Specification for Performance Requirements for Foot Protection which are hereby incorporated by reference. [§3385(c)(2)]

§3386

Jewelry [Renumbered]

§3387

Sanitation

Protectors shall be capable of being cleaned easily and disinfected.

These protectors shall be kept clean and in good repair. Safety devices, including protective clothing worn by the employee, shall not be interchanged among the employees until properly cleaned. Where the division has determined that ordinary cleaning will not remove risk of infection, additional precautionary measures may be required.

Exception: Safety devices worn over shoes or outer clothing, no part of which contacts the skin of the wearer, such as metal footguards.

§3388

Safety Belts and Life Lines [Repealed]

§3389

Life Rings and Personal Flotation Devices

(a) Except as specified in subsection (a)(1) for marine terminal operations, at least one U.S. Coast Guard approved 30-inch life ring with not less than 90 feet of 600 pound capacity line attached shall be kept in a readily accessible place where employees' work exposes them to the hazard of drowning or each employee so exposed shall wear a U.S. Coast Guard approved personal flotation device (PFD). [3389(a)] (1) Marine terminal operations regulated by Group 3, Article 14 (commencing with Section 3459) shall have at least one life ring kept in a readily accessible place where employees' work exposes them to the hazard of drowning and each employee so exposed shall also wear a PFD as specified in subsection (a).

[3389(a)(1)] Exception to Section 3389(a): Flume Patrol. The life ring or the PFD specified in subsection (a) is not required for patrol of flumes provided with caps as described in Section 3207, sufficient to guard against exposure to the hazard of drowning.

(b) Any personal flotation device shall be approved by the United States Coast Guard as a Type I PFD, Type II PFD, Type III PFD,

190

or their equivalent, pursuant to 46 CFR 160 (Coast Guard Lifesaving Equipment Specifications) and 33 CFR 175.23 (Coast Guard table of devices equivalent to personal flotation devices.) [3389(b)] (c) Personal flotation devices shall be maintained in good condition. The employer shall inspect each personal flotation device frequently enough to ensure that it does not have rot, mildew, water saturation, or any other condition that could render the device unsuitable for use. They shall be removed from service when damaged so as to affect their buoyant properties or capability of being fastened. [3389(c)]

§3390

Protection from Electric Shock

§3395

Heat Illness Prevention in Outdoor Places of Employment

Protection from electric shock shall be provided and used as required by the High- and Low-Voltage Electrical Safety Orders.

(a)  Title, Scope, and Application. [3395(a)] (1)  This section shall be known and may be cited as the Maria Isabel Vasquez Jimenez heat illness standard, and shall apply to all outdoor places of employment. [3395(a)(1)] Exception: If an industry is not listed in subsection (a)(2), employers in that industry are not required to comply with subsection (e), High-heat procedures.

(2) List of industries subject to all provisions of this standard, including subsection (e): [§3395(a)(2)] (A) Agriculture [§3395(a)(2)(A)] (B) Construction [§3395(a)(2)(B)] (C) Landscaping [§3395(a)(2)(C)] (D) Oil and gas extraction [§3395(a)(2)(D)] (E) Transportation or delivery of agricultural products, construction materials or other heavy materials (e.g. furniture, lumber, freight, cargo, cabinets, industrial or commercial materials), except for employment that consists of operating an air-conditioned vehicle and does not include loading or unloading. [§3395(a)(2)(E)] (3) This section applies to the control of risk of occurrence of heat illness. This is not intended to exclude the application of other sections of Title 8, including, but not necessarily limited to, sections 1512, 1524, 3203, 3363, 3400, 3439, 3457, 6251, 6512, 6969, 6975, 8420 and 8602(e). [§3395(a)(3)] NOTE NO. 1: The measures required here may be integrated into the employer's written Injury and Illness Program required by section 3203, or maintained in a separate document. [§3395(a)] NOTE NO. 2: This standard is enforceable by the Division of Occupational Safety and Health pursuant to Labor Code sections 6308 and 6317 and any other statutes conferring enforcement powers upon the Division. It is a violation of Labor Code sections 6310, 6311, and 6312 to discharge or discriminate in any other manner against employees for exercising their rights under this or any other provision offering occupational safety and health protection to employees. [§3395(a)] (b) Definitions. [§3395(b)] "Acclimatization" means temporary adaptation of the body to work in the heat that occurs gradually when a person is exposed to it. Acclimatization peaks in most people within four to fourteen days of regular work for at least two hours per day in the heat.

"Heat Illness" means a serious medical condition resulting from the body's inability to cope with a particular heat load, and includes heat cramps, heat exhaustion, heat syncope and heat stroke.

"Environmental risk factors for heat illness" means working conditions that create the possibility that heat illness could occur, including air temperature, relative humidity, radiant heat from the sun and other sources, conductive heat sources such as the ground, air movement, workload severity and duration, protective clothing and personal protective equipment worn by employees.

"Landscaping" means providing landscape care and maintenance services and/or installing trees, shrubs, plants, lawns, or gardens, or providing these services in conjunction with the design of landscape plans and/or the construction (i.e., installation) of walkways, retaining walls, decks, fences, ponds, and similar structures, except for employment by an employer who operates a fixed establishment where the work is to be performed and where drinking water is plumbed.

"Oil and gas extraction" means operating and/or developing oil and gas field properties, exploring for crude petroleum or natural gas, mining or extracting of oil or gas or recovering liquid hydrocarbons from oil or gas field gases.

"Personal risk factors for heat illness" means factors such as an individual's age, degree of acclimatization, health, water consumption, alcohol consumption, caffeine consumption, and use of prescription medications that affect the body's water retention or other physiological responses to heat.

"Shade" means blockage of direct sunlight. One indicator that blockage is sufficient is when objects do not cast a shadow in the area of blocked sunlight. Shade is not adequate when heat in the area of

Article 59. Woodworking Machines and Equipment §4298

§4305(e)

Hog Mills

(a) To minimize jamming, hog mills shall be provided with feed chutes and conveyors designed to handle the material being processed.

FENCE

SAW BLADE GUARD

[§4298(a)]

(b) Chutes shall be arranged so that the distance from any place on the rim to the cutter knives is no less than 40 inches. [§4298(b)] (c) The feed chutes shall be provided with suitable baffles, screens, or barriers which shall prevent material being thrown from the mill.

TABLE

[§4298(c)]

(d) The top rim of the chute shall extend no less than 36 inches above the floor or working platform, unless the chute opening is protected by other adequate means. [§4298(d)] (e) Employees feeding or tending hog mills shall be provided with and required to use safety belts and lines, unless they are otherwise protected from falling into the mill. [§4298(e)] (f) All conveyor-fed hog mills shall be equipped with a trip bar, or emergency stop, located where employees can readily reach it to immediately stop the conveyors. A metal detector shall be installed whenever possible. [§4298(f)]

§4299

(a) Access panels for maintenance and adjustment shall be closed and secured prior to operation of brush chippers. [§4299(a)] (b) Each rotary drum or disk-type chipper not equipped with a mechanical infeed system shall be equipped with an infeed hopper not less than 85 inches, measured from the blades or knives to ground level or working level over the centerline of the hopper, and shall have sufficient height on its side members so as to prevent personnel from contacting the blades or knives of the machine during normal operations. [§4299(b)] (c) Each rotary drum or disk-type chipper not equipped with a mechanical infeed system shall have a flexible anti-kickback device installed in the infeed hopper for the purpose of protecting the operator and other persons in the machine area from the hazards of flying chips and debris. [§4299(c)] (d) Each disk-type chipper equipped with a mechanical infeed system shall have a quick stop and reversing device on the infeed.

The activating lever for the quick stop and reversing device shall be located within easy reach of the operator. [§4299(d)]

§4300

FIGURE A. Table Saw

Brush and Slash Chippers

Circular Ripsaws Manual Feed (Class B)

(a) Each circular hand-fed ripsaw shall be guarded by a hood which shall completely enclose that portion of the saw blade above the table and that portion of the blade above the material being cut. [§4300(a)] (b) The hood shall automatically adjust itself to the thickness of and remain in contact with the material being cut at the point where the stock encounters the saw blade, or [§4300(b)] (c) The hood may be a fixed or manually adjusted hood or guard provided the space between the bottom of the guard and the material being cut does not exceed 1⁄4 inch. [§4300(c)] (d) The hood or other guard shall be so designed as to prevent a "kickback," or a separate attachment that will prevent a "kickback" shall be provided. "Anti-kickback" devices shall be designed to be effective for all thicknesses of material. [§4300(d)] (e) Except when grooving, dadoing or rabbeting, a spreader shall be provided and fastened securely to the saw. It shall be designed and installed in accordance with the Provisions of Section 4296. [§4300(e)] (f) Push sticks or push blocks shall be provided at the work place in the several sizes and types suitable for the work to be done. [§4300(f)]

§4300.1 Table Saws — Manual Feed (Class B)

[§4300.1(c)(2)]

Self-Feed Circular Ripsaws

(a) In addition to guards over blades as specified in Section 4296, feed rolls shall be protected by a hood or guard to prevent the hands of the operator from coming in contact with the in-running rolls at any point. [§4301(a)] (b) Hoods or guards on feed rolls shall be constructed of suitable material, as specified in Section 3942, preferably metal. The bottom of the guard shall come down to within 3⁄8-inch of the plane formed by the bottom or working surfaces of the feed rolls. This distance (3⁄8-inch) may be increased to 3⁄4-inch, provided the lead edge of the hood is extended to be not less than 5 1⁄2-inches in front of the nip point between the front roll and the work. [§4301(b)] (c) The employer shall ensure that power feed devices are properly adjusted for each piece of stock in order to reduce the possibility of kickback. [§4301(c)] (d) Every self-feed circular ripsaw shall be equipped with an antikickback device installed on the infeed side. Such an anti-kickback device shall be designed to be effective for all thicknesses of material and shall extend the full width of the rolls. [§4301(d)]

§4302

Circular Knives and Crosscut Saws (Class B)

(a) A hood shall be used that will cover the saw blade to at least the depth of the teeth or cover the cutting edge of the circular knife. [§4302(a)] (b) The hood shall automatically adjust itself to the thickness of and remain in contact with the material being cut at the point where the stock encounters the saw or knife blade, or [§4302(b)] (c) May be a fixed or manually adjusted hood or guard provided the space between the bottom of the guard and the material being cut does not exceed 1⁄2 inch. [§4302(c)] Exception: Circular crosscut saws with stationary table where the saw blade moves forward when cutting (e.g. cut-off saws and radial arm saws).

§4303

Cordwood and Similar Saws (Class B)

§4304

Box Shook Cut-off Saws (California Cut-off Saws)

All unused portions of the saw blade shall be guarded.

Box shook cut-off saws shall be guarded either by a hood or splittertype guard. Either type guard shall cover the top back quarter of the saw blade and shall be kept adjusted close to the saw blade.

§4305

Swing Cut-Off Saws and Sliding Cut-Off Saws Mounted Above the Table

(a) The saw blade shall be encased on both sides in such a way that at least the upper half of the blade and the arbor end will be completely covered. [§4305(a)] (b) There shall be an effective device to return the saw automatically to the back of the table when released at any point of its travel; such device shall prevent saw from rebounding and shall not depend on fibre rope, cord, or a spring for its functioning. [§4305(b)]

(c) If a counterweight is used all bolts supporting the bar and weight shall be provided with nuts and cotter pins. A bolt shall be put through the extreme end of counterweight bar, or where the weight does not enclose the rod, a safety chain shall be attached to the counterweight. [§4305(c)] (d) Limit chains or other positive stops shall be provided to prevent the saw blade from swinging beyond the front edge of the table, or the table shall be extended beyond the swing of the saw blade. [§4305(d)] (e) Where it is possible to pass behind a swing cut-off saw the rear of the saw shall be completely housed when the saw blade is in its back position. The housing shall enclose the swing frame as well as the saw blade. [§4305(e)]

265

Gr. 8 Points of Operation and Other Hazardous Parts of Machinery

(a) Each hand-fed table saw shall be guarded by a hood which completely encloses that portion of the saw blade above the table and that portion of the blade above the material being cut. [§4300.1(a)] (1) The hood shall automatically adjust itself to the thickness of and remain in contact with the material being cut at the point where the stock encounters the saw blade, or [§4300.1(a)(1)] (2) The hood may be a fixed or manually adjusted hood or guard provided the space between the bottom of the guard and the material being cut does not exceed 1⁄4 inch. [§4300.1(a)(2)] (b) Except when crosscutting, grooving, dadoing, or rabbeting, a spreader shall be provided and fastened securely to the saw. It shall be designed and installed in accordance with the provisions of Section 4296. [§4300.1(b)] (c) Ripping operations shall comply with the following requirements in addition to those in subsections (a) and (b): [§4300.1(c)] (1) The hood or other guard shall be so designed as to prevent a "kickback," or a separate attachment that will prevent a "kickback" shall be provided. "Anti-kickback" devices shall be designed to be effective for all thicknesses of material. [§4300.1(c)(1)] (2) Push sticks or push blocks shall be provided at the work place in the several sizes and types suitable for the work to be done.

§4301

§4306

Group 8. Points of Operation and Other Hazardous Parts of Machinery

§4306

Underhung Swing Cut-Off Saws, Inverted Swing Cut-Off Saws, Jump Saws, Underslung Saws

(a) All saws shall be effectively guarded above and below the table or roll case. The saw blade shall be fully enclosed when in the extreme back position, and the swing frame shall not pass the vertical position when at its extreme forward limit. A positive stop shall be furnished so that the saw cannot pass the front edge of the table. [§4306(a)] (b) A hood-type guard shall cover the blade and extend at least 2 inches in front of the saw teeth when the blade is in the back position and the guard shall be securely fastened to the table.

3. Blade exposure as depicted in Figures A and B is allowed in the lower blade quadrant furthest away from the operator's side of the saw, provided the blade exposure does not exceed 45 degrees within the quadrant.

(c) Employers shall instruct employees to keep hands and fingers outside the area below the blade until the blade has come to a complete stop. [§4307.1(c)] Blade exposure is allowed in the lower blade quadrant furthest away from the operator's side of the saw, provided the blade exposure does not exceed 45 degrees within the quadrant.

Carriage in the Full Retract (raised) Position Lower Blade Guard

[§4306(b)]

(c) A traveling guard shall be provided that moves with the blade over the material and covers the exposed part of the blade above the material. [§4306(c)] (d) The width of the hood of jump saws shall be limited so as to provide not more than 1⁄4-inch clearance on each side of the blade. [§4306(d)] (e) In addition to the guard required in subsection (b), the point of operation shall be guarded in a manner that will prevent the hands of the operator from entering the point of operation and coming in contact with the blade as the blade ascends, cuts the stock and drops below the table surface. [§4306(e)] NOTE: For point of operation guarding requirements see Sections 4184 and 4186(b) of these Orders.

§4307

Carriage in the Full Cut Position

Operator's Side

FIGURE A Miter and Compound Miter Saw

Blade exposure is allowed in the lower blade quadrant furthest away from the operator's side of the saw, provided the blade exposure does not exceed 45 degrees within the quadrant.

Carriage in the Full Retract (raised) Position Lower Blade Guard

Portable Power Driven Circular Hand Saws

Carriage in the Full Cut Position

(a) All portable, power-driven circular saws shall be equipped with guards above and below the base plate or shoe. The teeth on the upper half of the blade shall be permanently shielded from contact.

Operator's Side

[§4307(a)] EXCEPTION: The upper guard shall cover the saw to the depth of the teeth, except for the minimum arc required to permit the base to be tilted for bevel cuts.

(b) The lower half (point of operation) of the saw blade shall be guarded to the root of the teeth with a telescopic or hinged guard that, for normal operation, opens up as the saw is fed into the cut and automatically returns to the position covering the saw teeth when removed from the cut. When the tool is withdrawn from the work, the lower guard shall automatically and instantly return to the covering position. [§4307(b)] EXCEPTION: No. 1: The guard described in subsection (b) is not required on hand-held portable powered cut-off saws used by fire/rescue personnel for rescue procedures and/ or roof ventilation for smoke removal provided the operator is wearing appropriate eye, face, head and body protection as specified in Articles 10 and 10.1 of the General Industry Safety Orders. This exception also applies to qualified persons (e.g. instructors) wearing personal protective equipment as described herein to instruct personnel in safe roof ventilation/rescue techniques.

EXCEPTION: No. 2: The lower guard shall cover the saw to the depth of the teeth, except for the minimum arc required to allow proper retraction and contact with the work.

(1) Telescopic guards shall be equipped with a lifting lug or lever, remote from the blade teeth, that will permit the operator to safely shift the guard for starting unusual cuts. [§4307(b)(1)] (2) Saws with hinged guards shall be equipped with 2 handles so arranged that neither hand is exposed to the hazard of the rotating blade. One handle shall be on the hinged guard, and of such design that its use will avoid exposure of the hand or fingers between the retracted guard and the blade. [§4307(b)(2)] (c) Guards shall not be prevented from operating automatically by pins, wedges, or other devices that hold them back in an inoperative position. [§4307(c)] (d) Saws with hazardous defects, such as damaged guards or switches, shall be removed from service until repairs are complete. [§4307(d)]

§4307.1 Miter Saws (a) (1) With the carriage in the full cut position as depicted in Figures A and B, a guard shall enclose the upper half of the blade and at least 50 percent of the arbor end. [§4307.1(a)(1)] Exception: The guard may have an opening for ejection of sawdust provided the opening is located beyond the outer circumference of the blade, or is located in such a manner that a 1⁄2 inch diameter probe inserted 2 1⁄2 inches into the opening cannot contact the blade.

(2) The saw power shall be disconnected before cleaning or unjamming the guard opening designed for the ejection of sawdust. [§4307.1(a)(2)]

(b) With the carriage in the full retract (raised) position as depicted in Figures A and B, the periphery of the lower blade teeth shall be fully guarded and the guard shall extend at least 3⁄4 of an inch radially inward beyond the root of the teeth. [§4307.1(b)] Exceptions: 1. Saws with guards that shield the lower blade and teeth on both sides may have the necessary opening between the lower blade guards to allow the blade teeth to make contact with the material being cut.

1 2. Lower blade guards may also have a side slot up to 1- ⁄2 inches in width on the motor side extending from the motor-shaft to the bottom of the guard, for motor-shaft clearance.

266

FIGURE B Slide Miter and Slide Compound Miter Saw (Saws with sliding action as the cut is made)

§4308

Circular Knives [Repealed]

§4309

Horizontal Pull Saws (Radial Arm Saw)

(a) The saw blade shall be encased on both sides in such a way that at least the upper half of the blade and the arbor ends will be completely covered. [§4309(a)] (1) The upper hood shall be constructed in such a manner and of such material that it will protect the operator from flying splinters, broken saw teeth, etc., and will deflect sawdust away from the operator. [§4309(a)(1)] (2) The sides of the lower exposed portion of the blade shall be guarded to the full diameter of the blade by a device that provides a physical barrier and visual warning, such as a leaf guard or chain, that will automatically adjust itself to the thickness of the stock and remain in contact with stock being cut to give the maximum protection possible for the operation being performed. [§4309(a)(2)] (b) Limit chains or other positive means shall be used to prevent the saw blade from moving beyond the front edge of the table. Such limiting devices shall be so designed and located that they can be easily inspected and they shall be maintained in good condition. [§4309(b)]

(c) Where saw is used for ripping purposes, there shall be an antikickback device installed. Such a device shall be designed to be effective for any thickness and width of the stock to be cut. Where automatic feeding devices are used they shall be guarded. [§4309(c)]

(d) There shall be an effective device which will return the saw automatically to the back of the table when released at any point of its travel; such a device shall prevent the saw from rebounding.

As an alternative, the front of the table shall be raised to a height that will cause the saw to return to the rear of the table without rebounding. [§4309(d)] (e) When a saw is designed for ripping or ploughing, such operations shall be against the direction in which the saw blade turns, and the direction of the saw rotation shall be conspicuously marked on the hood. In addition, a permanent label not less than 1-1⁄2 inches by 3⁄4-inch shall be affixed to both sides of the rear of the guard at approximately the level of the arbor, reading as follows: DO NOT RIP FROM THIS END, or equivalent wording. [§4309(e)]

§4310

Band Knives and Band Saws

(a) Band knives and band saws (including band resaws having saw blades less than 7 inches in width or band wheels less than 5 feet in diameter) shall be guarded as follows: [§4310(a)] (1) All portions of the saw or knife blade shall be enclosed or guarded except that portion between the bottom of the guide rolls and the table. The guard shall be kept adjusted as close

Article 59. Woodworking Machines and Equipment

§4324(b)

as possible to the table without interfering with movement of the stock. The down travel guard from the upper wheel to the guide rolls shall be so adjusted that the blade will travel within the angle or channel. [§4310(a)(1)]

(3) Where the counterweight does not encircle the bar, a safety chain shall be attached to it. [§4316(c)(3)] (d) Bolts used to hold counterweights shall be equipped with nuts and cotter pins. [§4316(d)]

Exception: For meat band saw blade guarding requirements see Section 4543 of these Orders.

§4317

Tenoning Machines

§4318

Planing, Moulding, Sticking, and Matching Machines

(2) Band saw wheels shall be fully enclosed. [§4310(a)(2)] (3) Feed rolls of band resaws and band ripsaws shall be protected with a semicylindrical guard to prevent the hands of the employee from coming in contact with the in-running rolls at any point. [§4310(a)(3)] (4) The guard shall be constructed of heavy material, preferably metal and the edge of the guard shall come to within 1⁄2-inch of the plane formed by the inside face of the feed roll in contact with the stock being cut. [§4310(a)(4)] (b) A blade tension control device with indicator shall be provided and used on all band saws. [§4310(b)] (c) Band saws and band knives shall not be run at speeds in excess of the manufacturers recommended speed. [§4310(c)]

§4311

Jointers and Hand Fed Planers

(a) All jointers and hand fed planers shall be equipped with cylindrical cutting heads, the knife of which shall not project more than 1⁄8-inch. [§4311(a)] (b) A suitable guard which will automatically adjust itself to cover that portion of the cutting head not protected by material in process shall be used. [§4311(b)] The guard shall be capable of protecting the entire length of the cutting space in the table. (c) The exposed portion of the cutting head at the rear of the fence shall be covered. [§4311(c)] (d) Where equipped with automatic feed, the feeding mechanism shall be guarded. [§4311(d)] (e) Where knives are exposed beneath the table, they shall be guarded. [§4311(e)]

(f) A push stick of suitable design shall be provided and used. [§4311(f)] (g) The opening in the table shall be kept as small as possible.

The clearance between the edge of the rear table and the cutter head shall be not more than 1⁄8-inch. The table throat opening shall be not more than 2-1⁄2 inches when tables are set or aligned with each other for zero cut. [§4311(g)]

§4312

Belt Sanders (Class B)

Belt sanders shall have both pulleys and the unused run of the sanding belt enclosed. Rim guards will be acceptable for pulleys with smooth disc wheels provided that in-running nip points are guarded.

Exception: Portable belt sanding machines provided with: (1) Guarding on one side at the nip point where the sanding belt runs onto a pulley.

(2) Handles located so that a barrier interrupts any straight line path between the gripping surface of a handle and the nip point of a pulley; and, (3) The unused run of the sanding belt guarded on one side and at the rear.

Note: Guards on stationary belt sanders may be hinged to permit sanding on the pulley.

§4313

Disc Sanders

Cutting heads and saw blades of tenoning machines shall be guarded.

(a) Each planing, molding, sticking and matching machine shall have all cutting heads, and saw blades, if used, covered by a metal guard. If such guard is constructed of sheet metal, the material used shall not be less than 1⁄16-inch in thickness, and if cast iron is used, it shall not be less than 3⁄16-inch in thickness. [§4318(a)] (b) Where an exhaust system is used, the guards shall form part or all of the exhaust hood and shall be constructed of metal of a thickness not less than that specified in Section 4318(a). [§4318(b)] (c) Feed rolls shall be guarded by a hood or suitable guard to prevent the hands of the operator from coming in contact with the in-running rolls at any point. The guard shall be fastened to the frame carrying the rolls so as to remain in adjustment for any thickness of stock. [§4318(c)] (d) Surfacers or planers used in thicknessing multiple pieces of material simultaneously shall be provided with sectional infeed rolls having sufficient yield in the construction of the sections to provide feeding contact pressure on the stock, over the permissible range of variation in stock thickness specified or for which the machine is designed. In lieu of such yielding sectional rolls, suitable anti-kickback devices shall be provided at the infeed end. [§4318(d)]

§4318.1 Wood Shapers and Similar Equipment (Class B) (a) The cutting heads of each wood shaper, hand-fed panel raiser, or other similar machine not automatically fed, shall be enclosed with a cage or adjustable guard so designed as to keep the operator's hand away from the cutting edge. The diameter of circular shaper guards shall be not less than the greatest diameter of the cutter. In no case shall a warning device of leather or other material attached to the spindle be acceptable. [§4318.1(a)] (b) All double-spindle shapers shall be provided with a spindle starting and stopping device for each spindle. [§4318.1(b)]

§4319

Automatic Lathes (Shoe Last, Spoke and All Other Automatic Lathes of the Rotating Knife Type)

(a) A hood or cover shall completely enclose the cutter blades while the stock is being worked. Hood or cover shall be of not less than 1 ⁄8-inch sheet steel. [§4319(a)] (b) Shoe last and spoke lathes, doweling machines, wood heel turning machines, and other automatic wood-turning lathes of the rotating knife type shall be equipped with hoods enclosing the cutter blades completely except at the contact points while the stock is being cut. [§4319(b)] (c) Lathes used for turning long pieces of wood stock held only between the two centers shall be equipped with long curved guards extending over the tops of the lathes in order to prevent the work pieces from being thrown out of the machines. [§4319(c)]

§4320

Combination Woodworking Machines (Class B)

(a) The exposed parts of the drum, except that portion where the material comes in contact with the abrasive surfaces, shall be guarded. [§4314(a)] (b) Feed rolls and pressure rolls shall be enclosed except such part as may be necessary to feed stock. [§4314(b)]

§4321

Cracked Saws

§4315

Elbow Sanders

§4322

Circular saw blades or knives shall not be operated at speeds in excess of those recommended by the manufacturer.

Speed of Circular Saw Blades or Knives

§4316

Boring and Mortising Machines

§4323

Wobble Saws

§4324

Dust Collection Systems

Disc sanders shall have the periphery and back of revolving disc guarded, and the space between revolving disc and edge of table shall not be greater than 1⁄4-inch.

§4314

Drum Sanders

The revolving head shall be fully guarded except where the abrasive comes in contact with the material.

[§4316(a)]

(b) The top of the cutting chain and driving mechanism on chain mortisers shall be enclosed. [§4316(b)] (c) Where counterweights are used, one of the following or equivalent means shall be used to prevent the counterweights from dropping: [§4316(c)]

(1) It shall be bolted to the bar by means of a bolt passing through both bar and counterweight; or [§4316(c)(1)] (2) A bolt shall be put through the extreme end of the bar; or [§4316(c)(2)]

Any band saw, band knife, circular saw or circular knife blade found to have developed a crack shall be removed from service until the width or diameter is so reduced as to eliminate the crack or the cracked section is repaired and the tension corrected.

Wobble saws shall not be used. (a) Use of dust collection systems for the removal of wood dust and chips produced by woodworking machines shall conform to this section. [§4324(a)] (1) Suitable dust collection systems shall be required whenever the chips and wood dust produced by woodworking machines accumulate so as to endanger employees. [§4324(a)(1)] Note: Additional requirements for all mechanical ventilation systems are contained in Section 5143.

(b) Definitions. [§4324(b)] (1) Dust Collection System . An exhaust system that is designed to capture wood dust, chips and other wood particulates at the point of

267

Gr. 8 Points of Operation and Other Hazardous Parts of Machinery

(a) Boring bits shall be provided with a guard that will enclose all portions of the bit and chuck above the material being worked.

Each point of operation of any tool shall be guarded as required for such tool in a separate machine. Such machines shall be equipped with a separate starting and stopping device for each point of operation.

§4325

Group 8. Points of Operation and Other Hazardous Parts of Machinery generation, usually from multiple sources, and to convey the material to a point of consolidation. A dust collection system includes the collection hood, the exhaust fan, the dust collector, and all ducts, flexible hoses or other devices used for conveying the material.

(2) Dust Collector . The part of the dust collection system where the material is separated from the air stream and consolidated.

Dust collectors include conventional solid-walled cyclones and baghouses, and enclosureless bag-type units.

(3) Enclosureless Bag-Type Dust Collector . A dust collector that possess all of the following characteristics: (A) The filtration is accomplished by passing dust-laden air through filter media, collecting the dust on the inside of the filter media, and allowing cleaned air to exit to the surrounding area. [§4324(b)(3)(A)] (B) The filter medium is not enclosed in a solid-walled container. [§4324(b)(3)(B)]

(C) The filter medium is hand shaken, not mechanically shaken or pressure-pulsed. [§4324(b)(3)(C)] (D) The filter medium is under positive pressure. [§4324(b)(3)(D)] (E) Removal of the collected dust is not continuous or mechanical. [§4324(b)(3)(E)]

(c) Location of dust collectors. Dust collectors having a maximum air-handling capacity greater than 500 cubic feet per minute (cfm) shall be located in accordance with one of the following: [§4324(c)] (1) Outdoors. [§4324(c)(1)] (2) In detached rooms of fire-resistant construction and provided with adequate explosion vents. [§4324(c)(2)] (3) Inside of buildings provided that the collectors are liquid-spray type collectors. [§4324(c)(3)] (4) Inside of buildings provided that the collectors are enclosureless bag-type dust collectors that meet all the following criteria: [§4324(c)(4)]

(A) The collector is used only for dust pickup from woodworking or wood processing machinery (i.e., no metal grinders, painting and finishing operations, or other operations that may increase the risk of fire or explosion). [§4324(c)(4)(A)] (B) The collector is not used on sanders or abrasive planers having mechanical feeds. [§4324(c)(4)(B)] Exceptions: Mechanically fed abrasive sanders and abrasive planers that meet all of the following conditions: 1. No more than one abrasive sander or abrasive planer is connected to the same enclosureless bag-type dust collector, and 2. The sander or planer is equipped with a cut limiting device that is set to prevent stock from being fed into the sander or planer if the thickness of the stock would cause the machine to make a cut that is deeper than can be safely accomplished without causing excessive friction and without causing burning of the wood and wood dust, and 3. The sander or planer is equipped with an emergency shutoff for operator use that shuts off the mechanical feed and the abrasive belt. The abrasive belt shall be equipped with a brake that stops the belt when the emergency shutoff is activated.

4. The machine operator shall hand feed stock into the mechanical feed and shall visually inspect the stock for any metal objects which shall be removed before feeding the stock into the machine. The operator shall be in close proximity to the machine to monitor the operation and activate the emergency stop when necessary.

(C) Each collector has a maximum air-handling capacity of 5000 cfm or less. [§4324(c)(4)(C)] (D) The fan motor is of a totally enclosed, fan-cooled design. [§4324(c)(4)(D)]

(E) The collected dust is removed daily or more frequently if necessary to ensure effective operation. [§4324(c)(4)(E)] (F) The collector is located at least 20 feet from the nearest emergency egress route. [§4324(c)(4)(F)] Exception: One enclosureless bag-type dust collector with a maximum air-handling capacity of 1500 cfm may be located within 20 feet of an emergency egress route provided that it is not within 10 feet of an emergency exit.

(G) The collector is located at least 20 feet from the nearest employee work station. [§4324(c)(4)(G)] Exception: One enclosureless bag-type dust collector with a maximum air-handling capacity of 1500 cfm may be located within 20 feet of the nearest employee workstation.

(H) Multiple collectors in the same room are separated from each other by at least 20 ft. [§4324(c)(4)(H)] Exception: A maximum of two enclosureless bag-type collectors may be located within 20 feet of each other in the same room provided that each collector has a maximum air-handling capacity of 1500 cfm or less.

(d) Bonding and grounding of ducts. Ducts and flexible hoses used to convey air and materials as part of dust collection systems shall be constructed of metal or other conductive material and shall be bonded and grounded to prevent the accumulation of static electricity generated by the airflow. Nonconductive ducts such as PVC pipes shall not be permitted. [§4324(d)] Exception: Nonconductive flexible ducts and hoses may be used for final machine connection in a length not exceeding the minimum required for machine operation provided that bonding to ground is maintained.

(e) Guards and collection hoods. Where a dust collection system is used the guard shall form part or all of the collection hood. [§4324(e)]

268

(f) Removal of other refuse. Provision for the removal of refuse shall be made in all operations having refuse too heavy, bulky, or otherwise unsuitable to be handled by the dust collection system. [§4324(f)]

§4325

Heading Bolt Sawing Machine [Repealed]

Article 60. Refuse and Trash Collection Equipment §4342

Scope

§4343

Definitions

§4344

Refuse and Trash Collection Equipment

The requirements of this Article apply to mobile refuse and trash collection equipment.

Hoist Equipment. The hoist arms, chains, and frame used to elevate, support, transport, dump, and unload refuse containers. Hoisting equipment is mounted on an engine-powered cab and chassis.

Refuse Collection Vehicle. An engine-powered cab and chassis upon which mobile equipment is mounted for the receiving, compacting, transporting, and unloading of refuse, or for the receiving, transporting, and unloading of containers.

Refuse Container. A receptacle that receives and holds refuse for unloading by mechanical means into the body of a refuse collection vehicle, or used in conjunction with tilt-frame and hoist equipment.

Tailgate. The hinged gate or door(s) that closes the rear of the body of a refuse collection vehicle.

Tilt-Frame Equipment. The tilt frame, tilt-frame support equipment, hoisting devices, tilt cylinders, and controls for operating the tilt-frame and hoisting devices for loading, dumping, and unloading refuse containers. (a) Mobile collection equipment which compacts refuse shall meet the applicable requirements of Article 61. [§4344(a)] (b) Every refuse collection vehicle shall be equipped with a back-up warning device or other method as required by Section 3706(b). [§4344(b)]

(c) The surfaces and edges of steps shall be slip-resistant and selfcleaning. [§4344(c)] (d) Grab handles shall be provided in conjunction with riding steps and be so located as to provide employees with a safe and comfortable riding stance. [§4344(d)] (e) The maximum height of the loading sill on curb service manual side-loading collection equipment shall be 42 inches above the standing/loading surface. [§4344(e)] (f) Automatic visual or audible warning devices shall be installed in the cab to indicate when any part of container-lifting mechanism, hopper covers, body, or tailgate is not in the safe position for travel, or other effective means shall be provided to prevent the vehicle from travelling when not in a travel mode. [§4344(f)] (g) The locking mechanism of unloading doors shall be designed to limit their sudden opening upon being unlatched to protect employees from being struck by the doors. [§4344(g)] (h) For side-hinged tailgate door(s), devices shall be provided to secure the tailgate in the open position to prevent it from swinging freely when refuse is being unloaded. [§4344(h)] (i) Adequate illumination of the loading/unloading location shall be assured. [§4344(i)]

§4345

Hoist and Tilt-Frame Refuse and Trash Collection Equipment

(a) Hoist and tilt-frame equipment placed in service on or after July 1, 2015, which is used for handling refuse containers, shall be equipped with a manufacturer-installed permanent plate or marking which states words to the effect that the equipment is designed and constructed in accordance with the applicable sections of ANSI Z245.1-2012, "American National Standard for Equipment Technology and Operations for Wastes and Recyclable Materials Mobile Wastes and Recyclable Materials Collection, Transportation, and Compaction Equipment-Safety Requirements." [§4345(a)] (b) Hoist and tilt-frame equipment placed in service before July 1, 2015, which is used for handling refuse containers, shall be equipped with a permanent plate or marking which states the equipment is designed and constructed in accordance with the ANSI Z245.1 standard in effect at the time the equipment was manufactured. [§4345(b)] (c) Every hoist and tilt-frame vehicle shall be equipped with a backup warning device or other method as required by Section 3706(b). [§4345(c)] (d) Employees shall not be permitted to ride on any part of the vehicle other than in the cab when the hoist or tilt-frame equipment is in motion. [§4345(d)] (e) The controls of hoist or tilt-frame equipment shall not be actuated if any employee is in a position to be endangered by the movement resulting from that actuation. [§4345(e)]

Article 101. Slings

§5049(g)

in Tables S-22 through S-24. Slings not included in these Orders shall be used only in accordance with the manufacturer's recommendations. [§5048(e)] (f) Environmental Conditions. When synthetic web slings are used, the following precautions shall be taken: [§5048(f)] (1) Nylon web slings shall not be used where fumes, vapors, sprays, mists or liquids of acids or phenolics are present. [§5048(f)(1)]

(2) Polyester and polypropylene web slings shall not be used where fumes, vapors, sprays, mists or liquids of caustics are present. [§5048(f)(2)] (3) Web slings with aluminum fittings shall not be used where fumes, vapors, sprays, mists or liquids of caustics are present. [§5048(f)(3)]

(g) Safe Operating Temperatures. Synthetic web slings of polyester and nylon shall not be used at temperatures in excess of 180 °F. Polypropylene web slings shall not be used at temperatures in excess of 150 °F. [§5048(g)] (h) Repairs. [§5048(h)] (1) Synthetic web slings which are repaired shall not be used unless repaired by a sling manufacturer or an equivalent entity. [§5048(h)(1)] (2) The employer shall retain a certificate of proof test, for the service life of the sling, and make it available for examination by the Division upon request. [§5048(h)(2)] (3) Slings, including webbing and fittings, which have been repaired in a temporary manner shall not be used. [§5048(h)(3)] (i) Removal from Service. Synthetic web slings shall be immediately removed from service if any of the following conditions are present: [§5048(i)] (1) Acid or caustic burns; [§5048(i)(1)] (2) Melting or charring of any part of the sling surface; [§5048(i)(2)] (3) Broken or worn stitches; [§5048(i)(3)] (4) Distortion of fittings; [§5048(i)(4)] (5) Snags, punctures, tears or cuts; or [§5048(i)(5)] (6) Those slings with other apparent defects shall be referred to the manufacturer or equivalent entity for determination of rated capacity and safety for continued use. [§5048(i)(6)] (j) Synthetic Web Sling Storage. Synthetic web slings shall be stored in an area or facility where they are not subject to heat above 150 °F or exposed to direct sunlight. [§5048(j)] (k) Slings not included in these Orders shall be used only in accordance with the manufacturer's recommendation. [§5048(k)]

§5049

HANDLE EYE FEMALE HANDLE MALE HANDLE

SLOT DEPTH

SLING WIDTH

OVERALL LENGTH BEARING TO BEARING LENGTH

FABRIC LENGTH

Defective Hoist or Sling Hooks and Rings

(a) Deformed or defective hooks or rings shall not be used. [§5049(a)]

(b) Deformed hooks or rings shall be replaced or repaired and reshaped under proper metallurgical control and proof tested.

SLING WIDTH

Gr. 13

(c) Annealing or normalizing shall be done only in accordance with the chain manufacturer's specifications. [§5049(c)] (d) Hooks and shackles shall be used in accordance with manufacturer's recommendations. [§5049(d)] (e) All hooks for which no applicable manufacturer's recommendations are available shall be tested to twice the intended safe working load before they are initially put into use. The employer shall maintain and keep readily available a certification record which includes the date of the test, the signature of the person who performed the test, and an identifier of the hook which was tested. [§5049(e)] (f) Special custom design grabs, hooks, clamps, or other lifting accessories for such units as modular panels, prefabricated structures and similar materials, shall be marked to indicate the safe working loads and shall be proof-tested to 125 percent of the rated load prior to use. [§5049(f)] (g) Shackles. Employers must ensure that shackles: [§5049(g)] (1) Have permanently affixed and legible identification markings as prescribed by the manufacturer that indicate the recommended safe working load; [§5049(g)(1)] (2) Not be loaded in excess of its recommended safe working load as prescribed on the identification markings by the manufacturer; and [§5049(g)(2)] (3) Not be used without affixed and legible identification markings as required by subsection (g) (1) of this section. [§5049(g)(3)]

MALE HANDLE

Cranes and Other Hoisting Equipment

[§5049(b)] MALE HANDLE

FIGURE S-2 FABRIC THICKNESS

CROSS RODS

SPIRAL

SPIRALS WELDED OR BRAZED TO CROSS RODS

FIGURE S-3

319

§5049

Group 13. Cranes and Other Hoisting Equipment FIGURE S-4 Basic Sling Configurations With Vertical Legs NOTE: Legs 5° or less from vertical may be considered vertical. For slings with legs more than 5° off vertical, the actual angle as shown in Figure S-5 must be considered.

Table S-1 — Rated Capacity (Working Load Limit), for Alloy Steel Chain Slings* Rated Capacity (Working Load Limit), Pounds (Horizontal angles shown in parentheses)

FORM OF HITCH BASKET HITCH

CHOKER HITCH

Single Branch Chain Size, Sling — 90 Inches Degree Loading

(Alternates have identical load ratings)

5° Max

KIND OF SLING

EYE & EYE

VERTICAL HITCH

5° Max

5° Max

5° Max

ENDLESS

5° Max

EXPLANATION OF SYMBOLS: Minimum Diameter of Curvature Represents a contact surface which shall have a diameter of curvature at least double the diameter of the rope from which the sling is made.

Represents a contact surface which shall have a diameter of curvature at least 8 times the diameter of the rope.

Represents a load in a choker hitch and illustrates the rotary force on the load and/or the slippage of the rope in contact with the load. Diameter of curvature of load surface shall be at least double the diameter of the rope.

NOTE: For vertical angles 5° or less, refer to Figure S-4 "Basic Sling Configurations with Vertical Legs".

The use of slings with vertical angles more than 60° (horizontal angles less than 30°) is not recommended.

VERTICAL HITCH

CHOKER HITCH

NOT APPLICABLE

NOT APPLICABLE

KIND OF SLING

EYE & EYE

FORM OF HITCH

NOT APPLICABLE

NOT APPLICABLE

Vertical Angle 1

30°

45°

60°

30°

45°

60°

Horizontal Angle 2

Horizontal Angle 2

(60°)

(45°)

(30°)

(60°)

(45°)

(30°)

5,650

4,550

3,250

8,400

6,800

4,900

3⁄8

6,600

17,000

14,000

9,900

6,600

11,400

9,300

1⁄2

11,250

19,500

15,900

11,250

29,000

24,000

17,000

5⁄8

16,500

28,500

23,300

16,500

43,000

35,000

24,500

3

23,000

39,800

32,500

23,000

59,500

48,500

34,500

74,500

7⁄8

28,750

49,800

40,600

28,750

61,000

43,000

1

38,750

67,100

54,800

38,750 101,000 82,000

58,000

1 ⁄8

1

44,500

77,000

63,000

44,500

66,500

1

1 ⁄4

57,500

99,500

81,000

57,500 149,000 121,500 86,000

3 1 ⁄8

67,000

116,000

94,000

67,000 174,000 141,000 100,500

1 ⁄2

1

80,000

138,000 112,500

80,000 207,000 169,000 119,500

3

100,000

172,000 140,000 100,000 258,000 210,000 150,000

115,500

94,500

1 Rating of multileg slings adjusted for angle of loading measured as the included angle

between the inclined leg and the vertical as shown in Figure S-5.

2 Rating of multileg slings adjusted for angle of loading between the inclined leg and the hori-

BASKET HITCH

zontal plane of the load, as shown in Figure S-5.

(Alternates have identical load ratings)

3 VERT. ANGLE

CROSS SECTION

VERT. ANGLE

HORIZ. ANGLE

HORIZ. ANGLE

VERT. ANGLE

Quadruple sling rating is same as triple sling because normal lifting practice may not distribute load uniformly to all 4 legs. * Other grades of proof tested steel chain include Proof Coil, BBB Coil and Hi-Test Chain.

These grades are not recommended for overhead lifting and therefore are not covered by this Order.

Table S-1a — Minimum Allowable Chain Size at Any Point of Link

LARGE SIZE LOAD

ENDLESS

Vertical Angle 1

3,250

1 ⁄4

FIGURE S-5 Sling Configurations With Angled Legs

Triple and Quadruple Sling 3

1⁄4

⁄4

These symbols represent load or support surfaces in contact with the sling.

For fiber rope slings, these surfaces have limitations as stated in Section 5047.

Double Sling

Chain Size (Inches)

Minimum Allowable Chain Size (Inches)

1

⁄4

13

3⁄8

19⁄64

1⁄2

25⁄64

5⁄8

31⁄64

3⁄4

19⁄32

7⁄8

45⁄64

1

13⁄16

1

29⁄32

CROSS SECTION

VERT. ANGLE

HORIZ. ANGLE

HORIZ. ANGLE LARGE SIZE LOAD

These symbols represent load or support surfaces in contact with the sling.

For fiber rope slings, these surfaces have limitations as stated in Section 5047.

FIGURE S-6 Basic Synthetic Web Sling Construction

⁄64

1 ⁄8

DOUBLE EYE TYPE

1 ⁄4

1

1

3 1 ⁄8

3 1 ⁄32

1

1 ⁄16

3

1 ⁄2

3

1 ⁄4

RETURN EYE TYPE

1

13⁄32

Table S-2 — Safe Working Loads for Wrought Iron Chain (In Pounds or Tons of 2000 Pounds) ENDLESS TYPE

CHOKER TYPE

TRIANGLE END TYPE

320

Angles from the Horizontal

Nominal Size Chain (Stock Inch)

Single Leg

60-Degree Angle

45-Degree Angle

30-Degree Angle

1⁄4*

1060 Pounds

1835 Pounds

1500 Pounds

1060 Pounds

1⁄16*

1655 Pounds

2865 Pounds

2340 Pounds

1655 Pounds

3⁄8

2385 Pounds

2.1 Tons

3370 Pounds

2385 Pounds

7⁄16*

3250 Pounds

2.8 Tons

2.3 Tons

3250 Pounds

Article 101. Slings Table S-2 — Safe Working Loads for Wrought Iron Chain (In Pounds or Tons of 2000 Pounds)

Angles from the Horizontal

Nominal Size Chain (Stock Inch)

Single Leg

1

2.1 Tons

9

⁄2

60-Degree Angle

45-Degree Angle

30-Degree Angle

3.7 Tons

3.0 Tons

2.1 Tons

2.7 Tons

⁄16*

5

(continued)

4.6 Tons

3.8 Tons

2.7 Tons

§5049(g)

Table S-4 - Rated Capacities for Single Leg Slings 6 × 19 and 6 × 37 Classification Improved Plow Steel Grade Rope With Independent Wire Rope Core (IWRC) Rope

Rated Capacities, Tons (2,000 lb)

Dia. Constr.

(Inches)

Vertical

Choker

Vertical basket *

HT

MS

S

HT

MS

S

HT

MS

S

1

⁄4

6 × 19

0.53

0.56

0.59

0.40

0.42

0.44

1.0

1.1

1.2

5

⁄16

6 × 19

0.81

0.87

0.92

0.61

0.65

0.69

1.6

1.7

1.8

3

⁄8

6 × 19

1.1

1.2

1.3

0.86

0.93

0.98

2.3

2.5

2.6

⁄8

3.3 Tons

5.7 Tons

4.7 Tons

3.3 Tons

3⁄4

4.8 Tons

8.3 Tons

6.7 Tons

4.8 Tons

7

6.5 Tons

11.2 Tons

9.2 Tons

6.5 Tons

7⁄16

6 × 19

1.5

1.7

1.8

1.2

1.3

1.3

3.1

3.4

3.5

⁄2

6 × 19

2.0

2.2

2.3

1.5

1.6

1.7

3.9

4.4

4.6 5.8

⁄8

1

8.5 Tons

14.7 Tons

12.0 Tons

8.5 Tons

1

1 1 ⁄8

10.0 Tons

17.3 Tons

14.2 Tons

10.0 Tons

9

⁄16

6 × 19

2.5

2.7

2.9

1.8

2.1

2.2

4.9

5.5

1 ⁄4

1

12.4 Tons

21.4 Tons

17.5 Tons

12.4 Tons

5

⁄8

6 × 19

3.0

3.4

3.6

2.2

2.5

2.7

6.0

6.8

7.2

1 ⁄8

3

15.0 Tons

25.9 Tons

21.1 Tons

15.0 Tons

3

⁄4

6 × 19

4.2

4.9

5.1

3.1

3.6

3.8

8.4

9.7

10.0

1 ⁄2

1

17.8 Tons

30.8 Tons

25.2 Tons

17.8 Tons

7⁄8

6 × 19

5.5

6.6

6.9

4.1

4.9

5.2

11.0

13.0

14.0

5

1 ⁄8

20.9 Tons

36.2 Tons

29.5 Tons

20.9 Tons

1

6 × 19

7.2

8.5

9.0

5.4

6.4

6.7

14.0

17.0

18.0

3 1 ⁄4

24.2 Tons

42.0 Tons

34.3 Tons

24.2 Tons

1 ⁄8

1

6 × 19

9.0

10.0

11.0

6.8

7.8

8.5

18.0

21.0

23.0

1 ⁄8

7

27.6 Tons

47.9 Tons

39.1 Tons

27.6 Tons

1 ⁄4

1

6 × 37

10.0

12.0

13.0

7.9

9.2

9.9

21.0

24.0

26.0

2

31.6 Tons

54.8 Tons

44.8 Tons

31.6 Tons

3

1 ⁄8

6 × 37

13.0

15.0

16.0

9.6

11.0

12.0

25.0

29.0

32.0

1

15.0

17.0

19.0

11.0

13.0

14.0

30.0

35.0

38.0

18.0

20.0

22.0

13.0

15.0

17.0

35.0

41.0

44.0

* These sizes of wrought iron chain are no longer manufactured in the United States. The source is ASTM A56-68, Specifications for Wrought Iron Crane Chain.

1 ⁄2

6 × 37

Table S-3 — Rated Capacities for Single Leg Slings 6 × 19 and 6 × 37 Classification Improved Plow Steel Grade Rope With Fiber Core (FC)

1 ⁄8

5

6 × 37

Rope Dia. Constr.

(Inches)

Rated Capacities, Tons (2,000 lb) Vertical

Choker

Vertical basket *

HT

MS

S

HT

MS

S

HT

MS

S

1⁄4

6 × 19

0.49

0.51

0.55

0.37

0.38

0.41

0.99

1.0

1.1

5⁄16

6 × 19

0.76

0.79

0.85

0.57

0.59

0.64

1.5

1.6

1.7

3

1 ⁄4

3

6 × 37

20.0

24.0

26.0

15.0

18.0

19.0

41.0

47.0

51.0

2

6 × 37

26.0

30.0

33.0

20.0

23.0

25.0

53.0

61.0

66.0

HT = Hand Tucked Splice.

For hidden tuck splice (IWRC) use Table I values in HT column.

MS = Mechanical Splice S = Swaged or Zinc Poured Socket * These values only apply when the D/d ratio for HT slings is 10 or greater, and for MS and S slings is 20 or greater where: D = Diameter of curvature around which the body of the sling is bent. d = Diameter of rope.

⁄8

6 × 19

1.1

1.1

1.2

0.80

0.85

0.91

2.1

2.2

2.4

7⁄16

6 × 19

1.4

1.5

1.6

1.1

1.1

1.2

2.9

3.0

3.3

1⁄2

6 × 19

1.8

2.0

2.1

1.4

1.5

1.6

3.7

3.9

4.3

9⁄16

6 × 19

2.3

2.5

2.7

1.7

1.9

2.0

4.6

5.0

5.4

5⁄8

6 × 19

2.8

3.1

3.3

2.1

2.3

2.5

5.6

6.2

6.7

3⁄4

6 × 19

3.9

4.4

4.8

2.9

3.3

3.6

7.8

8.8

9.5

Dia. (Inches)

Constr.

Vertical

Choker

Vertical basket *

7⁄8

6 × 19

5.1

5.9

6.4

3.9

4.5

4.8

10.0

12.0

13.0

1⁄4

7×7×7

0.50

0.38

1.0

Table S-5 — Rated Capacities for Single Leg Slings Cable Laid Rope — Mechanical Splice Only 7 × 7 × 7 & 7 × 7 × 19 Constructions Galvanized Aircraft Grade Rope 7 × 6 × 19 IWRC Construction Improved Plow Steel Grade Rope (Cont’d)Rope

6 × 19

6.7

7.7

8.4

5.0

5.8

6.3

13.0

15.0

17.0

3⁄8

7×7×7

1.1

0.81

2.0

6 × 19

8.4

9.5

10.0

6.3

7.1

7.9

17.0

19.0

21.0

1⁄2

7×7×7

1.8

1.4

3.7

1 ⁄4

1

6 × 37

9.8

11.0

12.0

7.4

8.3

9.2

20.0

22.0

25.0

5⁄8

7×7×7

2.8

2.1

5.5

1 ⁄8

3

6 × 37

12.0

13.0

15.0

8.9

10.0

11.0

24.0

27.0

30.0

3⁄4

7×7×7

3.8

2.9

7.6

1 ⁄2

1

6 × 37

14.0

16.0

17.0

10.0

12.0

13.0

28.0

32.0

35.0

5⁄8

7 × 7 × 19

2.9

2.2

5.8

1 ⁄8

5

6 × 37

16.0

18.0

21.0

12.0

14.0

15.0

33.0

37.0

41.0

3⁄4

7 × 7 × 19

4.1

3.0

8.1

1 ⁄4

3

6 × 37

19.0

21.0

24.0

14.0

16.0

18.0

38.0

43.0

48.0

7⁄8

7 × 7 × 19

5.4

4.0

11.0

2

6 × 37

25.0

28.0

31.0

18.0

21.0

23.0

49.0

55.0

62.0

1

7 × 7 × 19

6.9

5.1

14.0

1 ⁄8

1

7 × 7 × 19

8.2

6.2

16.0

1⁄4

7 × 7 × 19

9.9

7.4

20.0

3⁄4

7 × 6 × 19 IWRC

3.8

2.8

7.6

7⁄8

7 × 6 × 19 IWRC

5.0

3.8

10.0

1

7 × 6 × 19 IWRC

6.4

4.8

13.0

1

7 × 6 × 19 IWRC

7.7

5.8

15.0

For hidden tuck splice (IWRC) use values in HT columns.

MS = Mechanical Splice S = Swaged or Zinc Poured Socket * These values only apply when the D/d ratio for HT slings is 10 or greater, and for MS and S slings is 20 or greater where: D = Diameter of curvature around which the body of the sling is bent. d = Diameter of rope.

1

1 ⁄8

321

Cranes and Other Hoisting Equipment

1

1 1 ⁄8

HT = Hand Tucked Splice and Hidden Tuck Splice.

Gr. 13

Rated Capacities, Tons (2,000 lb)

§5049

Group 13. Cranes and Other Hoisting Equipment

Table S-5 — Rated Capacities for Single Leg Slings Cable Laid Rope — Mechanical Splice Only 7 × 7 × 7 & 7 × 7 × 19 Constructions Galvanized Aircraft Grade Rope 7 × 6 × 19 IWRC Construction Improved Plow Steel Grade Rope (continued) (Cont’d)Rope

Rated Capacities, Tons (2,000 lb)

Dia. (Inches)

Constr.

Vertical

Choker

1 ⁄4

1

7 × 6 × 19 IWRC

9.2

1 ⁄16

5

7 × 6 × 19 IWRC

3

7 × 6 × 19 IWRC

1 ⁄8

Table S-5 — Rated Capacities for Single Leg Slings Cable Laid Rope — Mechanical Splice Only 7 × 7 × 7 & 7 × 7 × 19 Constructions Galvanized Aircraft Grade Rope 7 × 6 × 19 IWRC Construction Improved Plow Steel Grade Rope (continued) (Cont’d)Rope

Rated Capacities, Tons (2,000 lb)

Vertical basket *

Dia. (Inches)

Constr.

Vertical

Choker

Vertical basket *

6.9

18.0

1 ⁄2

1

7 × 6 × 19 IWRC

13.0

9.6

26.0

10.0

7.5

20.0

11.0

8.2

22.0

* These values only apply when the D/d ratio is 10 or greater where: D = Diameter of curvature around which the body of the sling is bent. d = Diameter of rope.

Table S-6 — Rated Capacities for Single Leg Slings 8-Part and 6-Part Braided Rope 6 × 7 and 6 × 19 Construction Improved Plow Steel Grade Rope 7 × 7 Construction Galvanized Aircraft Grade Rope Component Ropes Diameter (Inches)

Constr.

3⁄32 1 3

Rated Capacities, Tons (2,000 lb) Vertical

Choker

Basket Vertical to 30° *

8-Part

6-Part

8-Part

6-Part

8-Part

6-Part

6×7

0.42

0.32

0.32

0.24

0.74

0.55

⁄8

6×7

0.76

0.57

0.57

0.42

1.3

0.98

⁄16

6×7

1.7

1.3

1.3

0.94

2.9

2.2

3⁄32

7×7

0.51

0.39

0.38

0.29

0.89

0.67

1

⁄8

7×7

0.95

0.71

0.71

0.53

1.6

1.2

3⁄16

7×7

2.1

1.5

1.5

1.2

3.6

2.7

3⁄16

6 × 19

1.7

1.3

1.3

0.98

3.0

2.2

1⁄4

6 × 19

3.1

2.3

2.3

1.7

5.3

4.0

5⁄16

6 × 19

4.8

3.6

3.6

2.7

8.3

6.2

3

6.8

5.1

5.1

3.8

12.0

8.9

⁄8

6 × 19

7⁄16

6 × 19

9.3

6.9

6.9

5.2

16.0

12.0

1⁄2

6 × 19

12.0

9.0

9.0

6.7

21.0

15.0

9⁄16

6 × 19

15.0

11.0

11.0

8.5

26.0

20.0

5⁄8

6 × 19

19.0

14.0

14.0

10.0

32.0

24.0

3⁄4

6 × 19

27.0

20.0

20.0

15.0

46.0

35.0

7⁄8

6 × 19

36.0

27.0

27.0

20.0

62.0

47.0

1

6 × 19

47.0

35.0

35.0

26.0

81.0

61.0

* These values only apply when the D/d ratio is 20 or greater where: D = Diameter of curvature around which the body of the sling is bent.

d = Diameter of component rope

Table S-7 — Rated Capacities for 2-Leg and 3-Leg Bridle Slings 6 × 19 and 6 × 37 Classification Improved Plow Steel Grade Rope With Fiber Core (FC) (Horizontal angles shown in parentheses) Rated Capacities, Tons (2,000 lb)

Rope 2-Leg Bridle Slings Diameter (Inches)

Constr.

Vertical 30° Horizontal (60°) HT

MS

HT

1⁄4

6 × 19

0.85

0.88

0.70

5⁄16

6 × 19

1.3

1.4

1.1

3-Leg Bridle Slings Vertical 60° Horizontal (30°)

Vertical 30° Horizontal (60°)

MS

HT

MS

HT

MS

HT

MS

HT

MS

0.72

0.49

0.51

1.3

1.3

1.0

1.1

0.74

0.76

1.1

0.76

0.79

2.0

2.0

1.6

1.7

1.1

1.2

45° Angle

45° Angle

Vertical 60° Horizontal (30°)

3⁄8

6 × 19

1.8

1.9

1.5

1.6

1.1

1.1

2.8

2.9

2.3

2.4

1.6

1.7

7⁄16

6 × 19

2.5

2.6

2.0

2.2

1.4

1.5

3.7

4.0

3.0

3.2

2.1

2.3

1⁄2

6 × 19

3.2

3.4

2.6

2.8

1.8

2.0

4.8

5.1

3.9

4.2

2.8

3.0

9⁄16

6 × 19

4.0

4.3

3.2

3.5

2.3

2.5

6.0

6.5

4.9

5.3

3.4

3.7

5⁄8

6 × 19

4.8

5.3

4.0

4.4

2.8

3.1

7.3

8.0

5.9

6.5

4.2

4.6

3⁄4

6 × 19

6.8

7.6

5.5

6.2

3.9

4.4

10.0

11.0

8.3

9.3

5.8

6.6

322

Article 101. Slings

§5049(g)

Table S-7 — Rated Capacities for 2-Leg and 3-Leg Bridle Slings 6 × 19 and 6 × 37 Classification Improved Plow Steel Grade Rope With Fiber Core (FC) (Horizontal angles shown in parentheses) (continued)

Rated Capacities, Tons (2,000 lb)

Rope 2-Leg Bridle Slings

Diameter (Inches)

Constr.

7

⁄8

6 × 19

(continued)

Vertical 30° Horizontal (60°)

45° Angle

3-Leg Bridle Slings Vertical 60° Horizontal (30°)

Vertical 30° Horizontal (60°)

45° Angle

Vertical 60° Horizontal (30°)

HT

MS

HT

MS

HT

MS

HT

MS

HT

MS

HT

MS

8.9

10.0

7.3

8.4

5.1

5.9

13.0

15.0

11.0

13.0

7.7

8.9

1

6 × 19

11.0

13.0

9.4

11.0

6.7

7.7

17.0

20.0

14.0

16.0

10.0

11.0

1 1

⁄8

6 × 19

14.0

16.0

12.0

13.0

8.4

9.5

22.0

24.0

18.0

20.0

13.0

14.0

1 ⁄4

1

6 × 37

17.0

19.0

14.0

16.0

9.8

11.0

25.0

29.0

21.0

23.0

15.0

17.0

3 1 ⁄8

6 × 37

20.0

23.0

17.0

19.0

12.0

13.0

31.0

35.0

25.0

28.0

18.0

20.0

1

1 ⁄2

6 × 37

24.0

27.0

20.0

22.0

14.0

16.0

36.0

41.0

30.0

33.0

21.0

24.0

5⁄8

6 × 37

28.0

32.0

23.0

26.0

16.0

18.0

43.0

48.0

35.0

39.0

25.0

28.0

1 ⁄4

3

6 × 37

33.0

37.0

27.0

30.0

19.0

21.0

49.0

56.0

40.0

45.0

28.0

32.0

2

6 × 37

43.0

48.0

35.0

39.0

25.0

28.0

64.0

72.0

52.0

59.0

37.0

41.0

1

HT = Hand Tucked Splice.

MS = Mechanical Splice.

Table S-8 — Rated Capacities for 2-Leg and 3-Leg Bridle Slings 6 × 19 and 6 × 37 Classification Improved Plow Steel Grade Rope With Independent Wire Rope Core (IWRC) (Horizontal angles shown in parentheses) Rope

Rated Capacities, Tons (2,000 lb) 2-Leg Bridle Slings

Diameter (Inches)

Constr.

Vertical 30° Horizontal (60°)

45° Angle

3-Leg Bridle Slings Vertical 60° Horizontal (30°)

Vertical 30° Horizontal (60°)

45° Angle

Vertical 60° Horizontal (30°)

HT

MS

HT

MS

HT

MS

HT

MS

HT

MS

HT

MS

0.92

0.97

0.75

0.79

0.53

0.56

1.4

1.4

1.1

1.2

0.79

0.84

1.1

1.2

0.81

0.87

2.1

2.3

1.7

1.8

1.2

1.3

1.6

1.8

1.1

1.2

3.0

3.2

2.4

2.6

1.7

1.9

2.2

2.4

1.5

1.7

4.0

4.4

3.3

3.6

2.3

2.5

1⁄4

6 × 19

5⁄16

6 × 19

1.4

1.5

3

⁄8

6 × 19

2.0

2.1

7⁄16

6 × 19

2.7

2.9

1⁄2

6 × 19

3.4

3.8

2.8

3.1

2.0

2.2

5.1

5.7

4.2

4.6

3.0

3.3

9⁄16

6 × 19

4.3

4.8

3.5

3.9

2.5

2.7

6.4

7.1

5.2

5.8

3.7

4.1

5⁄8

6 × 19

5.2

5.9

4.2

4.8

3.0

3.4

7.8

8.8

6.4

7.2

4.5

5.1

3⁄4

6 × 19

7.3

8.4

5.9

6.9

4.2

4.9

11.0

13.0

8.9

10.0

6.3

7.3

7⁄8

6 × 19

9.6

11.0

7.8

9.3

5.5

6.6

14.0

17.0

12.0

14.0

8.3

9.9

6 × 19

12.0

15.0

10.0

12.0

7.2

8.5

19.0

22.0

15.0

18.0

11.0

13.0

1

6 × 19

16.0

18.0

13.0

15.0

9.0

10.0

23.0

27.0

19.0

22.0

13.0

16.0

1 ⁄4

1

6 × 37

18.0

21.0

15.0

17.0

10.0

12.0

27.0

32.0

22.0

26.0

16.0

18.0

3⁄8

6 × 37

22.0

25.0

18.0

21.0

13.0

15.0

33.0

38.0

27.0

31.0

19.0

22.0

1 1 ⁄2

6 × 37

26.0

30.0

21.0

25.0

15.0

17.0

39.0

45.0

32.0

37.0

23.0

26.0

5

6 × 37

31.0

35.0

25.0

29.0

18.0

20.0

46.0

53.0

38.0

43.0

27.0

31.0

1

1 ⁄8 1 ⁄4

3

6 × 37

35.0

41.0

29.0

33.0

20.0

24.0

53.0

61.0

43.0

50.0

31.0

35.0

2

6 × 37

46.0

53.0

37.0

43.0

26.0

30.0

68.0

79.0

56.0

65.0

40.0

46.0

HT = Hand Tucked Splice.

MS = Mechanical Splice.

Table S-9 — Rated Capacities for 2-Leg and 3-Leg Bridle Slings Cable Laid Rope — Mechanical Splice Only 7 × 7 × 7 and 7 × 7 × 19 Construction Galvanized Aircraft Grade Rope 7 × 6 × 19 IWRC Construction Improved Plow Steel Grade Rope (Horizontal angles shown in parentheses) Rope

Rated Capacities, Tons (2,000 lb) 2-Leg Bridle Slings

Diameter (Inches)

Constr.

Vertical 30° Horizontal (60°)

1⁄4

7×7×7

3⁄8 1⁄2

3-Leg Bridle Slings

45° Angle

Vertical 60° Horizontal (30°)

Vertical 30° Horizontal (60°)

45° Angle

Vertical 60° Horizontal (30°)

0.87

0.71

0.50

1.3

1.1

0.75

7×7×7

1.9

1.5

1.1

2.8

2.3

1.6

7×7×7

3.2

2.6

1.8

4.8

3.9

2.8

323

Cranes and Other Hoisting Equipment

1 1 ⁄8

Gr. 13

§5049

Group 13. Cranes and Other Hoisting Equipment

Table S-9 — Rated Capacities for 2-Leg and 3-Leg Bridle Slings(continued) Cable Laid Rope — Mechanical Splice Only 7 × 7 × 7 and 7 × 7 × 19 Construction Galvanized Aircraft Grade Rope 7 × 6 × 19 IWRC Construction Improved Plow Steel Grade Rope (Horizontal angles shown in parentheses) Rope

(continued)

Rated Capacities, Tons (2,000 lb) 2-Leg Bridle Slings

Diameter (Inches)

Constr.

Vertical 30° Horizontal (60°)

5

⁄8

7×7×7

3

⁄4

5

3-Leg Bridle Slings

45° Angle

Vertical 60° Horizontal (30°)

Vertical 30° Horizontal (60°)

45° Angle

Vertical 60° Horizontal (30°)

4.8

3.9

2.8

7.2

5.9

4.2

7×7×7

6.6

5.4

3.8

9.9

8.1

5.7

5.0

4.1

2.9

7.5

6.1

4.3

⁄8

7 × 7 × 19

3⁄4

7 × 7 × 19

7.0

5.7

4.1

10.0

8.6

6.1

7

⁄8

7 × 7 × 19

9.3

7.6

5.4

14.0

11.0

8.1

1

7 × 7 × 19

12.0

9.7

6.9

18.0

14.0

10.0

1 ⁄8

1

7 × 7 × 19

14.0

12.0

8.2

21.0

17.0

12.0

1

1 ⁄4

7 × 7 × 19

17.0

14.0

9.9

26.0

21.0

15.0

3⁄4

7 × 6 × 19 IWRC

6.6

5.4

3.8

9.9

8.0

5.7

7

⁄8

7 × 6 × 19 IWRC

8.7

7.1

5.0

13.0

11.0

7.5

1

7 × 6 × 19 IWRC

11.0

9.0

6.4

17.0

13.0

9.6

1 ⁄8

1

7 × 6 × 19 IWRC

13.0

11.0

7.7

20.0

16.0

11.0

1 ⁄4

1

7 × 6 × 19 IWRC

16.0

13.0

9.2

24.0

20.0

14.0

1 ⁄16

5

7 × 6 × 19 IWRC

17.0

14.0

10.0

26.0

21.0

15.0

1 ⁄8

3

7 × 6 × 19 IWRC

19.0

15.0

11.0

28.0

23.0

16.0

1

7 × 6 × 19 IWRC

22.0

18.0

13.0

33.0

27.0

19.0

1 ⁄2

Table S-10 — Rated Capacities for 2-Leg and 3-Leg Bridle Slings 8-Part and 6-Part Braided Rope 6 × 7 and 6 × 19 Construction Improved Plow Steel Grade Rope 7 × 7 Construction Galvanized Aircraft Grade Rope (Horizontal angles shown in parentheses) Component Rope

Rated Capacities, Tons (2,000 lb) 2-Leg Bridle Slings

Diameter (Inches)

Vertical 30° Horizontal (60°)

Constr.

8-Part

6-Part

8-Part

3⁄32

6×7

0.74

0.55

0.60

3-Leg Bridle Slings Vertical 60° Horizontal (30°)

Vertical 30° Horizontal (60°)

6-Part

8-Part

6-Part

8-Part

6-Part

8-Part

6-Part

8-Part

6-Part

0.45

0.42

0.32

1.1

0.83

0.90

0.68

0.64

0.48

45° Angle

45° Angle

Vertical 60° Horizontal (30°)

1⁄8

6×7

1.3

0.98

1.1

0.80

0.76

0.57

2.0

1.5

1.6

1.2

1.1

0.85

3⁄16

6×7

2.9

2.2

2.4

1.8

1.7

1.3

4.4

3.3

3.6

2.7

2.5

1.9

3⁄32

7×7

0.89

0.67

0.72

0.55

0.51

0.39

1.3

1.0

1.1

0.82

0.77

0.58

1⁄8

7×7

1.6

1.2

1.3

1.0

0.95

0.71

2.5

1.8

2.0

1.5

1.4

1.1

3⁄16

7×7

3.6

2.7

2.9

2.2

2.1

1.5

5.4

4.0

4.4

3.3

3.1

2.3

3⁄16

6 × 19

3.0

2.2

2.4

1.8

1.7

1.3

4.5

3.4

3.7

2.8

2.6

1.9

1⁄4

6 × 19

5.3

4.0

4.3

3.2

3.1

2.3

8.0

6.0

6.5

4.9

4.6

3.4

5⁄16

6 × 19

8.3

6.2

6.7

5.0

4.8

3.6

12.0

9.3

10.0

7.6

7.1

5.4

3⁄8

6 × 19

12.0

8.9

9.7

7.2

6.8

5.1

18.0

13.0

14.0

11.0

10.0

7.7

7⁄16

6 × 19

16.0

12.0

13.0

9.8

9.3

6.9

24.0

18.0

20.0

15.0

14.0

10.0

1⁄2

6 × 19

21.0

15.0

17.0

13.0

12.0

9.0

31.0

23.0

25.0

19.0

18.0

13.0

9⁄16

6 × 19

26.0

20.0

21.0

16.0

15.0

11.0

39.0

29.0

32.0

24.0

23.0

17.0

5⁄8

6 × 19

32.0

24.0

26.0

20.0

19.0

14.0

48.0

36.0

40.0

30.0

28.0

21.0

3⁄4

6 × 19

46.0

35.0

38.0

28.0

27.0

20.0

69.0

52.0

56.0

42.0

40.0

30.0

7⁄8

6 × 19

62.0

47.0

51.0

38.0

36.0

27.0

94.0

70.0

76.0

57.0

54.0

40.0

1

6 × 19

81.0

61.0

66.0

50.0

47.0

35.0

122.0

91.0

99.0

74.0

70.0

53.0

324

Article 110. Regulated Carcinogens (D) A label shall be attached to the filter element(s) to indicate the date and time it is first installed on the respirator. [§5201(h)(2)(D)]

(E) If a NIOSH-approved end of service life indicator (ESLI) for BD becomes available for an air-purifying filter element, the element may be used until such time as the indicator shows no further useful service life or until replaced at the beginning of the next work shift, whichever comes first. [§5201(h)(2)(E)]

(F) Regardless of the air purifying element used, if an employee detects the odor of BD, the employer shall replace the air-purifying element(s) immediately. [§5201(h)(2)(F)]

(3) Respirator selection. [§5201(h)(3)] (A) The employer must select appropriate respirators from Table 1. [§5201(h)(3)(A)]

Table 1 - Minimum Requirements for Respiratory Protection for Airborne BD Minimum Required Respirator

(a) Air-purifying half mask or full facepiece respirator Less than or equal to 5 ppm (5 times equipped with approved BD or organic vapor PEL) cartridges or canisters. Cartridges or canisters shall be replaced every 4 hours.

Less than or equal to 10 ppm (10 times PEL)

(a) Air-purifying half mask or full facepiece respirator equipped with approved BD or organic vapor cartridges or canisters. Cartridges or canisters shall be replaced every 3 hours. (a) Air-purifying full facepiece respirator equipped with approved BD or organic vapor cartridges or canisters. Cartridges or canisters shall be replaced every 2 hours.

Less than or equal to 25 ppm (25 times PEL)

(b) Any powered air-purifying respirator equipped with approved BD or organic vapor cartridges.

PAPR cartridges shall be replaced every 2 hours. (c) Continuous flow supplied air respirator equipped with a hood or helmet.

Less than or equal to 50 ppm (50 times PEL)

Less than or equal to 1,000 ppm (1,000 times PEL)

(a) Air-purifying full facepiece respirator equipped with approved BD or organic vapor cartridges or canisters. Cartridges or canisters shall be replaced every (1) hour. (b) Powered air-purifying respirator equipped with a tight-fitting facepiece and an approved BD or organic vapor cartridges. PAPR cartridges shall be replaced every (1) hour. (a) Supplied air respirator equipped with a half mask or full facepiece and operated in a pressure demand or other positive pressure mode. (a) Self-contained breathing unknown concentration, or apparatus equipped with a firefighting full facepiece and operated in a pressure demand or other positive pressure mode.

Greater than 1,000 ppm

(b) Any supplied air respirator equipped with a full facepiece and operated in a pressure demand or other positive pressure mode in combination with an auxiliary self-contained breathing apparatus operated in a pressure demand or other positive pressure mode. (a) Any positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus with an appropriate service life.

Escape from IDLH conditions

(b) An air-purifying full facepiece respirator equipped with a front or back mounted BD or organic vapor canister.

Notes: Respirators approved for use in higher concentrations are permitted to be used in lower concentrations. Full facepiece is required when eye irritation is anticipated.

(B) Air purifying respirators must have filter element(s) approved by NIOSH for organic vapors or BD. [§5201(h)(3)(B)] (C) When an employee whose job requires the use of a respirator cannot use a negative pressure respirator, the employer must provide the employee with a respirator that has less breathing resistance, such as a powered air-purifying respirator or supplied air respirator, when the employee is able to use it and if it will provide adequate protection. [§5201(h)(3)(C)] (i) Protective clothing and equipment. Where appropriate to prevent eye contact and limit dermal exposure to BD, the employer shall provide protective clothing and equipment at no cost to the employee and shall ensure its use. Eye and face protection shall meet the requirements of Section 3382. [§5201(i)] (j) Emergency situations. Written plan. A written plan for emergency situations shall be developed, or an existing plan shall be modified,

to contain the applicable elements specified in Section 3220, Emergency Action Plan, Section 3221, Fire Prevention Plan, and in Section 5192, Hazardous Waste Operations and Emergency Responses, for each workplace where there is a possibility of an emergency. [§5201(j)] (k) Medical screening and surveillance. [§5201(k)] (1) Employees covered. The employer shall institute a medical screening and surveillance program as specified in this subsection for: [§5201(k)(1)] (A) Each employee with exposure to BD at concentrations at or above the action level on 30 or more days or for employees who have or may have exposure to BD at or above the PELs on 10 or more days a year; [§5201(k)(1)(A)] (B) Employers (including successor owners) shall continue to provide medical screening and surveillance for employees, even after transfer to a non-BD exposed job and regardless of when the employee is transferred, whose work histories suggest exposure to BD: [§5201(k)(1)(B)] 1. At or above the PELs on 30 or more days a year for 10 or more years; [§5201(k)(1)(B)1.]

2. At or above the action level on 60 or more days a year for 10 or more years; or [§5201(k)(1)(B)2.]

3. Above 10 ppm on 30 or more days in any past year; and [§5201(k)(1)(B)3.]

(C) Each employee exposed to BD following an emergency situation. [§5201(k)(1)(C)] (2) Program administration. [§5201(k)(2)] (A) The employer shall ensure that the health questionnaire, physical examination and medical procedures are provided without cost to the employee, without loss of pay, and at a reasonable time and place. [§5201(k)(2)(A)] (B) Physical examinations, health questionnaires, and medical procedures shall be performed or administered by a physician or other licensed health care professional. [§5201(k)(2)(B)]

(C) Laboratory tests shall be conducted by an accredited laboratory. [§5201(k)(2)(C)] (3) Frequency of medical screening activities. The employer shall make medical screening available on the following schedule: [§5201(k)(3)]

(A) For each employee covered under subsections (j)(1)(A)-(B), a health questionnaire and complete blood count with differential and platelet count (CBC) every year, and a physical examination as specified below: [§5201(k)(3)(A)] 1. An initial physical examination that meets the requirements of this rule, if twelve months or more have elapsed since the last physical examination conducted as part of a medical screening program for BD exposure; [§5201(k)(3)(A)1.]

2. Before assumption of duties by the employee in a job with BD exposure; [§5201(k)(3)(A)2.]

3. Every 3 years after the initial physical examination; [§5201(k)(3)(A)3.]

4. At the discretion of the physician or other licensed health care professional reviewing the annual health questionnaire and CBC; [§5201(k)(3)(A)4.]

5. At the time of employee reassignment to an area where exposure to BD is below the action level, if the employee's past exposure history does not meet the criteria of subsection (j)(1)(B) for continued coverage in the screening and surveillance program, and if twelve months or more have elapsed since the last physical examination; and [§5201(k)(3)(A)5.]

6. At termination of employment if twelve months or more have elapsed since the last physical examination. [§5201(k)(3)(A)6.]

(B) Following an emergency situation, medical screening shall be conducted as quickly as possible, but not later than 48 hours after the exposure. [§5201(k)(3)(B)] (C) For each employee who must wear a respirator, physical ability to perform the work and use the respirator must be determined as required by Section 5144. [§5201(k)(3)(C)] (4) Content of medical screening. [§5201(k)(4)] (A) Medical screening for employees covered by subsections (j)(1)(A)-(B) shall include: [§5201(k)(4)(A)] 1. A baseline health questionnaire that includes a comprehensive occupational and health history and is updated annually. Particular emphasis shall be placed on the hematopoietic and reticuloendothelial systems, including exposure to chemicals, in addition to BD, that may have an adverse effect on these systems, the presence of signs and symptoms that might be related to disorders of these systems, and any other information determined by

521

Gr. 16 Control of Hazardous Substances

Concentration of Airborne BD (ppm) or Condition of Use

§5201(k)

§5201

Group 16. Control of Hazardous Substances the examining physician or other licensed health care professional to be necessary to evaluate whether the employee is at increased risk of material impairment of health from BD exposure. Health questionnaires shall consist of the sample forms in Appendix C to this section, or be equivalent to those samples; [§5201(k)(4)(A)1.]

2. A complete physical examination, with special emphasis on the liver, spleen, lymph nodes, and skin; [§5201(k)(4)(A)2.]

3. A CBC; and [§5201(k)(4)(A)3.]

4. Any other test which the examining physician or other licensed health care professional deems necessary to evaluate whether the employee may be at increased risk from exposure to BD. [§5201(k)(4)(A)4.]

(B) Medical screening for employees exposed to BD in an emergency situation shall focus on the acute effects of BD exposure and at a minimum include: A CBC within 48 hours of the exposure and then monthly for three months; and a physical examination if the employee reports irritation of the eyes, nose, throat, lungs, or skin, blurred vision, coughing, drowsiness, nausea, or headache. Continued employee participation in the medical screening and surveillance program, beyond these minimum requirements, shall be at the discretion of the physician or other licensed health care professional. [§5201(k)(4)(B)] (5) Additional medical evaluations and referrals. [§5201(k)(5)] (A) Where the results of medical screening indicate abnormalities of the hematopoietic or reticuloendothelial systems, for which a non-occupational cause is not readily apparent, the examining physician or other licensed health care professional shall refer the employee to an appropriate specialist for further evaluation and shall make available to the specialist the results of the medical screening. [§5201(k)(5)(A)] (B) The specialist to whom the employee is referred under this subsection shall determine the appropriate content for the medical evaluation, e.g., examinations, diagnostic tests and procedures, etc. [§5201(k)(5)(B)] (6) Information provided to the physician or other licensed health care professional. The employer shall provide the following information to the examining physician or other licensed health care professional involved in the evaluation: [§5201(k)(6)] (A) A copy of this section including its appendices; [§5201(k)(6)(A)]

(B) A description of the affected employee's duties as they relate to the employee's BD exposure; [§5201(k)(6)(B)] (C) The employee's actual or representative BD exposure level during employment tenure, including exposure incurred in an emergency situation; [§5201(k)(6)(C)] (D) A description of pertinent personal protective equipment used or to be used; and [§5201(k)(6)(D)] (E) Information, when available, from previous employmentrelated medical evaluations of the affected employee which is not otherwise available to the physician or other licensed health care professional or the specialist. [§5201(k)(6)(E)] (7) The written medical opinion. [§5201(k)(7)] (A) For each medical evaluation required by this section, the employer shall ensure that the physician or other licensed health care professional produces a written opinion and provides a copy to the employer and the employee within 15 business days of the evaluation. The written opinion shall be limited to the following information: [§5201(k)(7)(A)] 1. The occupationally pertinent results of the medical evaluation; [§5201(k)(7)(A)1.]

2. A medical opinion concerning whether the employee has any detected medical conditions which would place the employee's health at increased risk of material impairment from exposure to BD; [§5201(k)(7)(A)2.]

3. Any recommended limitations upon the employee's exposure to BD; and [§5201(k)(7)(A)3.]

4. A statement that the employee has been informed of the results of the medical evaluation and any medical conditions resulting from BD exposure that require further explanation or treatment. [§5201(k)(7)(A)4.]

(B) The written medical opinion provided to the employer shall not reveal specific records, findings, and diagnoses that have no bearing on the employee's ability to work with BD. [§5201(k)(7)(B)] Note: However, this provision does not negate the ethical obligation of the physician or other licensed health care professional to transmit any other adverse findings directly to the employee.

(8) Medical surveillance. [§5201(k)(8)] (A) The employer shall ensure that information obtained from the medical screening program activities is aggregated

522

(with all personal identifiers removed) and periodically reviewed, to ascertain whether the health of the employee population of that employer is adversely affected by exposure to BD. [§5201(k)(8)(A)] (B) Information learned from medical surveillance activities must be disseminated to covered employees, as defined in subsection (k)(1), in a manner that ensures the confidentiality of individual medical information. [§5201(k)(8)(B)] (l) Communication of BD hazards to employees. [§5201(l)] (1) Hazard communication - general. [§5201(l)(1)] (A) Chemical manufacturers, importers, distributors and employers shall comply with all requirements of the Hazard Communication Standard (HCS) (Section 5194) for BD. [§5201(l)(1)(A)] (B) In classifying the hazards of BD at least the following hazards are to be addressed: Cancer; eye and respiratory tract irritation; central nervous system effects; and flammability. [§5201(l)(1)(B)]

(C) Employers shall include BD in the hazard communication program established to comply with the HCS (Section 5194). Employers shall ensure that each employee has access to labels on containers of BD and to safety data sheets, and is trained in accordance with the requirements of HCS and subsection (l)(2) of this section. [§5201(l)(1)(C)] (2) Employee information and training. [§5201(l)(2)] (A) The employer shall provide all employees exposed to BD with information and training in accordance with the requirements of Section 5194, Hazard Communication. [§5201(l)(2)(A)]

(B) The employer shall institute a training program for all employees who are potentially exposed to BD at or above the action level or the STEL, ensure employee participation in the program and maintain a record of the contents of such program. [§5201(l)(2)(B)]

(C) Training shall be provided prior to or at the time of initial assignment to a job potentially involving exposure to BD at or above the action level or STEL and at least annually thereafter. [§5201(l)(2)(C)] (D) The training program shall be conducted in a manner that the employee is able to understand. The employee shall ensure that each employee exposed to BD over the action level or STEL is informed of the following: [§5201(l)(2)(D)]

1. The health hazards associated with BD exposure, and the purpose and a description of the medical screening and surveillance program required by this section; [§5201(l)(2)(D)1.]

2. The quantity, location, manner of use, release, and storage of BD and the specific operations that could result in exposure to BD, especially exposures above the PEL or STEL; [§5201(l)(2)(D)2.]

3. The engineering controls and work practices associated with the employee's job assignment, and emergency procedures and personal protective equipment; [§5201(l)(2)(D)3.]

4. The measures employees can take to protect themselves from exposure to BD. [§5201(l)(2)(D)4.]

5. The contents of this standard and its appendices, and [§5201(l)(2)(D)5.]

6. The right of each employee exposed to BD at or above the action level or STEL to obtain: [§5201(l)(2)(D)6.] a. medical examinations as required by subsection (j) at no cost to the employee; [§5201(l)(2)(D)6.a.] b. the employee's medical records required to be maintained by subsection (m)(4); and [§5201(l)(2)(D)6.b.] c. all air monitoring results representing the employee's exposure to BD and required to be kept by subsection (m)(2). [§5201(l)(2)(D)6.c.]

(3) Access to information and training materials. [§5201(l)(3)] (A) The employer shall make a copy of this standard and its appendices readily available without cost to all affected employees and their designated representatives and shall provide a copy if requested. [§5201(l)(3)(A)] (B) The employer shall provide to the Chief or NIOSH, or the designated employee representatives, upon request, all materials relating to the employee information and the training program. [§5201(l)(3)(B)] (m) Recordkeeping. [§5201(m)] (1) Objective data for exemption from initial monitoring. [§5201(m)(1)]

(A) Where the processing, use, or handling of products or streams made from or containing BD are exempted from other requirements of this section under subsection (a)(2),

Article 110. Regulated Carcinogens or where objective data have been relied on in lieu of initial monitoring under subsection (d)(2)(B), the employer shall establish and maintain a record of the objective data reasonably relied upon in support of the exemption. [§5201(m)(1)(A)]

(B) This record shall include at least the following information: [§5201(m)(1)(B)]

1. The product or activity qualifying for exemption; [§5201(m)(1)(B)1.]

2. The source of the objective data; [§5201(m)(1)(B)2.]

3. The testing protocol, results of testing, and analysis of the material for the release of BD; [§5201(m)(1)(B)3.]

4. A description of the operation exempted and how the data support the exemption; and [§5201(m)(1)(B)4.]

5. Other data relevant to the operations, materials, processing, or employee exposures covered by the exemption. [§5201(m)(1)(B)5.]

(C) The employer shall maintain this record for the duration of the employer's reliance upon such objective data.

(6) Transfer of records. [§5201(m)(6)] (A) Whenever the employer ceases to do business, the employer shall transfer records required by this section to the successor employer. The successor employer shall receive and maintain these records. If there is no successor employer, the employer shall notify NIOSH, at least three (3) months prior to disposal, and transmit them to NIOSH if requested by NIOSH within that period. [§5201(m)(6)(A)]

(B) The employer shall transfer medical and exposure records as set forth in Section 3204(h). [§5201(m)(6)(B)] (n) Reporting requirements. See Section 5203. [§5201(n)] (o) Dates. [§5201(o)] (1) Effective date. This section shall become effective August 27, 1997. [§5201(o)(1)] (2) Start-up dates. [§5201(o)(2)] (A) The initial monitoring required under subsection (d)(2) shall be completed within sixty (60) days of the effective date of this standard or the introduction of BD into the workplace.

[§5201(m)(2)(A)]

(B) The record shall include at least the following information: [§5201(m)(2)(B)]

1. The date of measurement; [§5201(m)(2)(B)1.]

2. The operation involving exposure to BD which is being monitored; [§5201(m)(2)(B)2.]

3. Sampling and analytical methods used and evidence of their accuracy; [§5201(m)(2)(B)3.]

4. Number, duration, and results of samples taken; [§5201(m)(2)(B)4.]

5. Type of protective devices worn, if any; and [§5201(m)(2)(B)5.]

6. Name, social security number and exposure of the employees whose exposures are represented. [§5201(m)(2)(B)6.]

7. The written corrective action and the schedule for completion of this action required by subsection (d)(7)(B). [§5201(m)(2)(B)7.]

(C) The employer shall maintain this record for at least 30 years in accordance with Section 3204. [§5201(m)(2)(C)] (3) Respirator Fit-test. [§5201(m)(3)] (A) The employer shall establish a record of the fit tests administered to an employee including: [§5201(m)(3)(A)] 1. The name of the employee, [§5201(m)(3)(A)1.]

2. Type of respirator, [§5201(m)(3)(A)2.]

3. Brand and size of respirator, [§5201(m)(3)(A)3.]

4. Date of test, and [§5201(m)(3)(A)4.]

5. Where QNFT is used, the fit factor, strip chart recording or other recording of the results of the test. [§5201(m)(3)(A)5.]

(B) Fit test records shall be maintained for respirator users until the next fit test is administered. [§5201(m)(3)(B)] (4) Medical screening and surveillance. [§5201(m)(4)] (A) The employer shall establish and maintain an accurate record for each employee subject to medical screening and surveillance under this section. [§5201(m)(4)(A)] (B) The record shall include at least the following information: [§5201(m)(4)(B)]

1. The name and social security number of the employee; [§5201(m)(4)(B)1.]

2. Physician's or other licensed health care professional's written opinions as described in subsection (k)(7); [§5201(m)(4)(B)2.]

3. A copy of the information provided to the physician or other licensed health care professional as required by subsections (k)(7)(B)-(D). [§5201(m)(4)(B)3.]

(C) Medical screening and surveillance records shall be maintained for each employee for the duration of employment plus 30 years, in accordance with Section 3204. [§5201(m)(4)(C)] (5) Availability. [§5201(m)(5)] (A) The employer, upon written request, shall make all records required to be maintained by this section available for examination and copying to the Chief and NIOSH. [§5201(m)(5)(A)]

(B) Access to records required to be maintained by subsections (l)(1)-(3) shall be granted in accordance with Section 3204(e). [§5201(m)(5)(B)]

[§5201(o)(2)(A)]

(B) The requirements of subsections (c) through (m), including feasible work practice controls but not including engineering controls specified in subsection (f)(1), shall be complied with within one-hundred and eighty (180) days after the effective date of this section. [§5201(o)(2)(B)] (C) Engineering controls specified by subsection (f)(1) shall be implemented within two (2) years after the effective date of this section, and the exposure goal program specified in subsection (g) shall be implemented within three (3) years after the effective date of this section. [§5201(o)(2)(C)] (p) Appendices. [§5201(p)] (1) Appendix E to this section is mandatory. [§5201(p)(1)] (2) Appendices A, B, C, D, and F to this section are informational and are not intended to create any additional obligations not otherwise imposed or to detract from any existing obligations. [§5201(p)(2)] Note: Copies of the non-mandatory appendices can be obtained from any Cal/ OSHA Consultation Service office.

§5201 Appendix A Substance Safety Data Sheet for 1,3Butadiene (Non-Mandatory) See Title 29 Code of Federal Regulations Section 1910.1051 Appendix A.

§5201 Appendix B Substance Technical Guidelines for 1,3-Butadiene (Non-Mandatory) See Title 29 Code of Federal Regulations Section 1910.1051 Appendix B.

§5201 Appendix C Medical Screening and Surveillance for 1,3-Butadiene (Non-Mandatory) See Title 29 Code of Federal Regulations Section 1910.1051 Appendix C.

§5201 Appendix D Sampling and Analytical Method for 1,3-Butadiene (Non-Mandatory) See Title 29 Code of Federal Regulations Section 1910.1051 Appendix D.

§5201 Appendix E Respirator Fit Testing Procedures (Mandatory) [See Section 5144, Appendix A]

§5201 Appendix F Medical Questionnaires (NonMandatory) See Title 29 Code of Federal Regulations Section 1910.1051 Appendix F.

§5202

Methylene Chloride

This occupational health standard establishes requirements for employers to control occupational exposure to methylene chloride (MC). Employees exposed to MC are at increased risk of developing cancer, adverse effects on the heart, central nervous system and liver, and skin or eye irritation. Exposure may occur through inhalation, by absorption through the skin, or through contact with the skin.

MC is a solvent which is used in many different types of work activities, such as paint stripping, polyurethane foam manufacturing, and cleaning and degreasing. Under the requirements of subsection (d), each covered employer must make an initial determination of each employee's exposure to MC. If the employer determines that employees are exposed below the action level, the only other provisions of this section that apply are that a record must be made of the determination, the employees must receive information and training under subsection (l) and, where appropriate, employees must be protected from contact with liquid MC under subsection (h). The provisions of the MC standard are as follows: (a) Scope and application. This section applies to all occupational exposures to methylene chloride (MC), Chemical Abstracts Service Registry Number 75-09-2, in general industry, construction and shipyard employment. [§5202(a)]

523

Gr. 16 Control of Hazardous Substances

[§5201(m)(1)(C)]

(2) Exposure measurements. [§5201(m)(2)] (A) The employer shall establish and maintain an accurate record of all measurements taken to monitor employee exposure to BD as prescribed in subsection (d).

§5202(a)

§5202

Group 16. Control of Hazardous Substances

(b) Definitions. For the purposes of this section, the following definitions shall apply: [§5202(b)] Action level means a concentration of airborne MC of 12.5 parts per million (ppm) calculated as an eight (8)-hour time-weighted average (TWA).

Authorized person means any person specifically authorized by the employer and required by work duties to be present in regulated areas, or any person entering such an area as a designated representative of employees for the purpose of exercising the right to observe monitoring and measuring procedures under subsection (d), or any other person authorized by the Chief.

Chief means the Chief of the Division of Occupational Safety and Health, or designee.

Emergency means any occurrence, such as, but not limited to, equipment failure, rupture of containers, or failure of control equipment, which results, or is likely to result in an uncontrolled release of MC. If an incidental release of MC can be controlled by employees such as maintenance personnel at the time of release and in accordance with the leak/spill provisions required by subsection (f), it is not considered an emergency as defined by this standard.

Employee exposure means exposure to airborne MC which occurs or would occur if the employee were not using respiratory protection.

Methylene chloride (MC) means an organic compound with chemical formula, CH2Cl2. Its Chemical Abstracts Service Registry Number is 75-09-2. Its molecular weight is 84.9 g/mole.

NIOSH means the Director of the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, or designee.

Physician or other licensed health care professional is an individual whose legally permitted scope of practice (i.e., license, registration, or certification) allows him or her to independently provide or be delegated the responsibility to provide some or all of the health care services required by subsection (j).

Regulated area means an area, demarcated by the employer, where an employee's exposure to airborne concentrations of MC exceeds or can reasonably be expected to exceed either the 8hour TWA PEL or the STEL. Symptom means central nervous system effects such as headaches, disorientation, dizziness, fatigue, and decreased attention span; skin effects such as chapping, erythema, cracked skin, or skin burns; and cardiac effects such as chest pain or shortness of breath. (c) Permissible exposure limits (PELs). [§5202(c)] (1) Eight-hour time-weighted average (TWA) PEL. The employer shall ensure that no employee is exposed to an airborne concentration of MC in excess of twenty-five parts of MC per million parts of air (25 ppm) as an 8-hour TWA. [§5202(c)(1)] (2) Short-term exposure limit (STEL). The employer shall ensure that no employee is exposed to an airborne concentration of MC in excess of one hundred and twenty-five parts of MC per million parts of air (125 ppm) as determined over a sampling period of fifteen minutes. [§5202(c)(2)] (d) Exposure monitoring. [§5202(d)] (1) Characterization of employee exposure. [§5202(d)(1)] (A) Where MC is present in the workplace, the employer shall determine each employee's exposure by either:

results that are accurate to a confidence level of 95 percent, and are: [§5202(d)(1)(C)] 1. Within plus or minus 25 percent for airborne concentrations of MC above the 8-hour TWA PEL or the STEL; or [§5202(d)(1)(C)1.]

2. Within plus or minus 35 percent for airborne concentrations of MC at or above the action level but at or below the 8-hour TWA PEL. [§5202(d)(1)(C)2.]

(2) Initial determination. Each employer whose employees are exposed to MC shall perform initial exposure monitoring to determine each affected employee's exposure, except under the following conditions: [§5202(d)(2)] (A) Where objective data demonstrate that MC cannot be released in the workplace in airborne concentrations at or above the action level or above the STEL. The objective data shall represent the highest MC exposures likely to occur under reasonably foreseeable conditions of processing, use, or handling. The employer shall document the objective data exemption as specified in subsection (m); [§5202(d)(2)(A)] (B) Where the employer has performed exposure monitoring within 12 months prior to the effective date of this section and that exposure monitoring meets all other requirements of this section, and was conducted under conditions substantially equivalent to existing conditions; or [§5202(d)(2)(B)] (C) Where employees are exposed to MC on fewer than 30 days per year (e.g., on a construction site), and the employer has measurements by direct-reading instruments which give immediate results (such as a detector tube) and which provide sufficient information regarding employee exposures to determine what control measures are necessary to reduce exposures to acceptable levels. [§5202(d)(2)(C)]

(3) Periodic monitoring. Where the initial determination shows employee exposures at or above the action level or above the STEL, the employer shall establish an exposure monitoring program for periodic monitoring of employee exposure to MC in accordance with Table 1: [§5202(d)(3)] Table 1 - Initial Determination Exposure Scenarios and Their Associated Monitoring Frequencies Exposure Scenario

No 8-hour TWA or STEL monitoring required.

Below the action level and above the STEL

No 8-hour TWA monitoring required; monitor STEL exposures every three months.

At or above the action level, at or below the TWA, and at or below the STEL

Monitor 8-hour TWA exposures every six months.

At or above the action level, at the STEL

Monitor 8-hour TWA exposures every six months and monitor STEL exposures every three months.

Above the TWA and at or below the STEL

Monitor 8-hour TWA exposures every three months. In addition, without regard to the last sentence of the note to subsection (d)(3), the following employers must monitor STEL exposures every three months until either the date by which they must achieve the 8hour TWA PEL under subsection (n) of this section or the date by which they in fact achieve the 8-hour TWA PEL, whichever comes first: employers engaged in polyurethane foam manufacturing; foam fabrication; furniture refinishing; general aviation aircraft stripping; product formulation; use of MC-based adhesives for boat building and repair, recreational vehicle manufacture, van conversion, or upholstery; and use of MC in construction work for restoration and preservation of buildings, painting and paint removal, cabinet making, or floor refinishing or resurfacing.

Above the TWA and above the STEL

Monitor 8-hour TWA exposures and STEL exposures every three months.

[§5202(d)(1)(A)]

1. Taking a personal breathing zone air sample of each employee's exposure; or [§5202(d)(1)(A)1.]

2. Taking personal breathing zone air samples that are representative of each employee's exposure. [§5202(d)(1)(A)2.]

(B) Representative samples. The employer may consider personal breathing zone air samples to be representative of employee exposures when they are taken as follows: [§5202(d)(1)(B)]

1. 8-hour TWA PEL. The employer has taken one or more personal breathing zone air samples for at least one employee in each job classification in a work area during every work shift, and the employee sampled is expected to have the highest MC exposure. [§5202(d)(1)(B)1.]

2. Short-term exposure limits. The employer has taken one or more personal breathing zone air samples which indicate the highest likely 15-minute exposures during such operations for at least one employee in each job classification in the work area during every work shift, and the employee sampled is expected to have the highest MC exposure. [§5202(d)(1)(B)2.]

3. Exception. Personal breathing zone air samples taken during one work shift may be used to represent employee exposures on other work shifts where the employer can document that the tasks performed and conditions in the workplace are similar across shifts. [§5202(d)(1)(B)3.]

(C) Accuracy of monitoring. The employer shall ensure that the methods used to perform exposure monitoring produce

524

Required Monitoring Activity

Below the action level and at or below the STEL

Note to subsection (d)(3): The employer may decrease the frequency of 8-hour TWA exposure monitoring to every six months when at least two consecutive measurements taken at least seven days apart show exposures to be at or below the 8hour TWA PEL. The employer may discontinue the periodic 8-hour TWA monitoring for employees where at least two consecutive measurements taken at least seven days apart are below the action level. The employer may discontinue the periodic STEL monitoring for employees where at least two consecutive measurements taken at least seven days apart are at or below the STEL.

(4) Additional monitoring. [§5202(d)(4)] (A) The employer shall perform exposure monitoring when a change in workplace conditions indicates that employee exposure may have increased. Examples of situations that may require additional monitoring include changes in production,