“E ngā pakiaka haere whenua, tēnei te tangi kōrihi a Te Tuawhenua ki a koutou katoa kia rarau mai ki ōna pūrongo mo te tau 2024.”
Well, another year with all its surprises to take us through the next stages of the journey of the Tuawhenua Trust. We’re ten years on now for Manawa Honey NZ so we’re glad to report on this key part of our business.
In 2024 we also completed research with Manaaki Whenua on how we can get “More Birds In the Bush”. This kaupapa has now become a real focus for theTuawhenua.
The project revolved around understanding two main questions:
• The role of rats and possums on the availability of kai for kererū, and
• How different frequency and coverage of predator control might influence populations of kererū.
For the first time, through this research with Manaaki Whenua, the Tuawhenua Trust has a picture of what it will take to really make a difference for our forest birds.
Kererū are one of our iconic forest birds affected by rats and possums as predators and food competitors. (Photo Credit: Manaaki Whenua)
Tuawhenua Trust in 2024
Who’s Involved
Trustees of the Tuawhenua: Richard Tūmarae (Chair), Hekenoa Te Kurapa, Puke Tīmoti, Rangi Mātaamua, Hinerau
Rāmeka, Brenda Tahi (Executive Trustee)
Te Kaupapa o Te Tuawhenua
The Trust has just come to the end of its fourth strategic plan covering 2022-24. Our long term goals remain Te Iwi me Te Whenua (developing our land and people); Kaitiakitanga (protection and enhancement of Tuawhenua ecosystems); Te Mātauranga me te Tūhonohono (Knowledge and Networks).
Key matters advanced in 2024 were:
• Moving forward on our research project in traditional knowledge systems and transmission.
• Completing the modelling of pest control options for More Birds in the Bush
• Completing the new food production hub and starting our own honey production.
• Advancing preliminary research on Te WaiMāori(freshwater)matters
• Setting up the first season of Tūhoe astro-gardening.
• Contributing to research in biophages and other endeavours, locally, nationallyandoverseas.
The People: Job Creation & Training
Brandyn Kōroa and Haylee Tākao are staff that joined our ranks in 2024. Brandyn has developed through the year, training on the job as a beekeeper, and he will take on increasing responsibility in the next year for this key function. Haylee has also developed throughout the last year in her role that primarilyfocusesonProductionandSales.
Karioi White continues her development in digital marketing with a focus on Google Ads
and Amazon. Earlier in the year, Karioi also learnt the finance function to expand her businesscompetencies.
Hinerangi Biddle came back to work with us early in 2024 for a role in Sales & Marketing, and to learn the finance function, which she nowalsofulfilsthatrolefortheTrust.
Networking & Contribution
Chair Richard Tūmarae continues to expand his networks in 2024, this time overseas. Accompanied by Fred Heurea, Richard represented the Tuawhenua at the conference of the International Mountain Tourism Association in Xingyi in China. They also took a tour through the highlands of the Guizhou province of southern China, which is home to many indigenous ‘minority’ cultures of China, that are of particular interest to the Tuawhenua because they are mountain people like us, although they have lived there for millenia.
Trustees Puke Timoti and Rangi Mātaamua are active across mātauranga research networks, including working with Ngāi Tahu on eel restoration and tītī management.
Brenda Tahi presented the story of Manawa Honey as a case study in indigenous enterprise for ‘He Kāhui Mano - Tribal Summit’ in New Plymouth in October 2024. The event was designed for ‘indigenous communities to reimagine and redefine our future through a community-led, kaupapadrivencirculareconomy’.
In 2024, Tuawhenua received a delegation from Native Nations Tracing Indigenous Footsteps. This kaupapa has developed ‘a regenerative and global approach to indigenous tourism trails told through the eyes of young people and has received accolades for its innovation. This visit was a great opportunity to link into this global collaboration by Nadine Toetoe of nearby Kohutapu Lodge and other indigenous peoples inAustralia and NorthAmerica.
Tuawhenua
in Guizhou, China visited by Trust Chair Richard Tumarae in October 2024. Hundreds of layers have been cut into the hillsides and paddies created in terraces extending over 4000 ha. Jiabang is an example of how mountain-dwelling people in other parts of the world utilise their lands. (Photo Credit: Richard Tūmarae)
Below: Rangi Mātaamua is working alongside Ngāi Tahu to protect the long fin tuna that are found in and around the lakesof the central South Island. These eelswere caught, measured, weighed and released. they have matured theywill be transportedbelow a number of hydro dam so they can migrate to the ocean to
Left: Richard and Fred’s tour of Guizhou mountain communities took them to villages still living in another time. Here this woman is cooking rice in bulk using an effective fire cooker. You wonder how they manage to get a perfect result using this method.
Below left: Of the 20 highest bridges in the world, Guizhou has 12 of them. This statistic reflects the massive investment in infrastructure made by China for this mountainous province in order to open up the region to tourism and development. Previously isolated villages are now accessible through a modern roading network that cuts straight through mountains and spans bridges across great valleys. This development is one of many parts of China’s plan to alleviate rural poverty in their country.
Below right: Richard gets an opportunity to thresh rice from the stalk, just as the villagers do, in one of his visits in the
Manaaki Whenua Scholarship 2024
Scholarship Awards in 2024
In 2024, for the first time, the Tuawhenua ManaakiWhenuaScholarship was awarded to two recipients to receive $3000 each. This decision reflects the quality of the applications submitted as well as the commitment of the Tuawhenua Trust to invest more in young peoplekeentoembraceforestkaitiakitanga.
Māreikura Tāwhara
Mareikura Tāwhara (below) descends from a number of whānau of Ruatāhuna including those of Horohau, Rangiahua, and Tāwhara. Mareikura's deep connection to Tuawhenua is evident in her passion for learning and contributing to the well-being of the land and its people. Her interests align closely with Tuawhenua's work, particularly in utilising mātaurangaMāoritocareforthetaiao.
Mareikura aspires to gain the knowledge and confidence to educate others about environmental stewardship and is looking to the ngahere of Te Urewera for conservation and restoration projects, and local employment.
Currently studying at Te Whare Wānanga o Awanuiarangi in Te Aka Pūtaiao (environmental studies), Mareikura plans to pursueaBachelorofEnvironmentalScience.
Keita Newbury
Keita Newbury (above) connects to the Tuawhenua mainly through the Apirana whānau and Ngāti Manunui hapū. Keita is drawn to Tuawhenua's mātauranga-led approach to research and practice, and how the Trust prioritises rangatahi and te taiao, inspiring the next generation to connect with their ngahere environment and to strengthen theirTūhoeidentity.
She believes that understanding the natural world cultivates a passion for its protection. Keita sees Tuawhenua as empowering rangatahi to embrace their roles as kaitiaki, fostering a strong sense of identity as tangata whenua.
KeitaisstudyingHekeKaitiakitangaPūtaiaoat Te Wānanga o Raukawa, Keita is completing her diploma and plans to pursue a Bachelor’s degreeinEnvironmentalManagement.
Hekenoa Te Kurapa (Trustee and Beekeeping Operations); Brenda Tahi (Trustee and Marketing);
Beekeeping Operations
Our hives remained at low numbers in 202324 season.As it turned out, the season was a good one for tāwari so we continue to get different honeys in each season from our forests of Te Urewera.
We are continuing to build hive numbers back up so that we can grown our beekeeping operation in the coming years.
Marketing Manawa Honey
We are continuing to rebuild Manawa Honey markets post-Covid through export and ecommerce, whilst maintaining a presence in New Zealand supermarkets and tourist stores.
In 2024, we launched our Pua-ā-Tāne Wild Forest Honey with a te reo Māori label, which was a rewarding achievement for us. This label is a celebration of our commitment to our people, our heritage and to support revitalization of Te Reo inAotearoa.
We also celebrated our Pua-ā-Tāne Wild Forest Honey when it gained a finalist position (Top 30) for the World’s Best Tasting Honey Contest in 2024
In 2024, Manawa Honey enjoyed media coverage in New Zealand and abroad. We were featured in the popular television show "Home, Land & Sea," which aired on Whakaata Māori. This exposure led to a feature article about Manawa Honey and the Tuawhenua Trust in the Whakatane newspaper, ‘TheBeacon’.
Our journey developing as a business was also highlighted internationally when the esteemed German newspaper, Die Zeit, published an article exploring the remarkable
rise of Mānuka honey from the ‘rejected to the revered’
We were honoured to have Manawa Honey promoted by Professor Taiarahia Black of Te Wananga o Awanuiarangi when he attended the World Indigenous Tourism Summit 2024 inTaiwan.
Back home in New Zealand, we once again participated in the Christchurch Food Show, connecting with consumers from across that region. And we have grown our online presence, serving customers not only in Aotearoa New Zealand but also in various countriesacrosstheworld.
Contributions to Research
In 2024, Brenda Tahi as CEO of Manawa Honey was interviewed as part of two research projects.
• Stephanie Lau’s doctoral research at Auckland University of Technology is examining ‘well-being’ accounting as per a framework developed by the Treasury of the NZ government.
• Pauline Marie is also completing doctoral research with a focus on matters of regenerative tourism.
Manawa Online Store
The Manawa Honey online store continued to expand in 2024 with the addition of new items such as
Above: Our Chief Beekeeper Hekenoa Te Kurapa is gains the Finalist Award in the World’s Best Tasting Honey Contest in 2024. In this year, he won the award with our Pua-ā-Tāne Wild Forest Honey.
Below: We celebrated Te Reo Māori in 2024 with our launch of te reo Māori version of Pua -ā-Tāne Wild Forest Honey. In general we’ve used our own dialect here in Ruatāhuna for this label. However, for some words we had to refer to modern Māori dictionaries, especially for special terms in the panel for nutrition information.
Tuawhenua Connects to NASA
Who’s involved
Rangi Mātaamua (Tuawhenua Trust); NASA Outreach
Visiting NASA 2024
In August 2024, Rangi Mataamua was part of a group of Māori that was hosted by NASA in the United States to explore how indigenous peoples can inform space policy. This work was supported by MBIE and aimed to provide a platform for indigenous groups and NASA to work together. The aim of the programme is mostly for educational purposes, but also for understanding how NASA and Māori can collaborate as NASA continues to explore space.
The first part of the visit took place in California, at the NASA Ames Research Centre in Silicon Valley and the NASA Jet Propulsion Lab in Pasadena. Then the group visited the NASA Johnson Space Centre in HoustonTexas.
Tuawhenua and NASA
Rangi identified a number of possible opportunities for the Tuawhenua in the relationship with NASA, including internships for youth, technical support for say earth sciences in particular, and access to people who are world leading experts in power supply, water technology, communications and many other fields.
Rangi found that the Tuawhenua could benefit from data coming out of different NASA satellites that are already in space, and the increasing number that will be launched in the next few years. Whilst there, Rangi was able to get NASA to direct a satellite towards Ruatāhuna and quite quickly, they were able to identify areas where there is canopy growth and where the forest is thinning out. The data shows where parts of the forest have been
warming up or cooling down, and how much regrowth is happening in different parts.
Currently NASA is able to identify the heights of trees and they are now working on tools to identify what species of trees are growing in different places. The tools on these space craft are so sensitive that it even showed the heat signatures coming off the Manawa beehives!
NASA and Indigenous Peoples
One of NASA’s programmes seeks to empower indigenous people “to increase their use of earth observations, to maintain and sustain healthy ecosystems and communities”. In essence, the programme reaches out to engage indigenous peoples in the realm of space policy and practice, where in general indigenous people have little opportunity to venture.
Rangi was informed that one of these programmes moving forward will be a training package to teach indigenous people how to access and use the information coming off the satellites. Our particular interest in this programme for the Tuawhenua has been signalled by Rangi, as we can see the huge benefits for the Tuawhenua in having real time accurate information about what is happening with our forests and waterways, and to be able to compare the changes that have taken place in recent times, even back to the early 1980s.
Future Development
This relationship with NASA is an exciting development for the Tuawhenua. Rangi is continuing to work with NASA on our behalf with a view to bringing this collaboration to
Contact: Rangi Mātaamua E: rangimatamua@gmail.com P: 07 3663 166
model of the kind of space land rover being used on Mars for collecting samples of rocks and other matter for analysis by NASA. (Photo Credit: Rangi Mātaamua)
Left: The Johnson Space Center in Houston, Texas is NASA's facility for human spaceflight, where human spaceflight training, research, and flight control are conducted. On display in the public area of the facilitiy is a model of the space craft designed by NASA for the future. (Photo Credit: Rangi Mātaamua)
Above: This photo was originally taken to show the collection of samples from seed traps, but it also clearly shows how our forest undergrowth has been seriously depleted.
Left: Kono were woven by the weavers of Ruatāhuna as a special item in the Matariki Ahunga Nui Hampers in 2024, exemplifying how this initiative is a catalyst for reviving a range of traditional practices.
(Photo Credit for both photos: Tuawhenua Collection)
Tuawhenua Forest Fund & Matariki Ahunga Nui
Tuawhenua Forests are in Decline
The forests in the Tuawhenua region, and actually the whole of Te Urewera, are suffering under the impacts of introduced pests. The undergrowth has been cleared out in many places or changed significantly in composition because of browsing by deer, and the population of many of our native birds is in serious decline from the impact of predation by possums and rats.
Our long-term goal as the Tuawhenua Trust is to support and enhance our forest life to flourish into the future. But we do not have the funds to support ongoing programmes for this purpose, and government funding is erratic without the long-term focus needed to make a sustained difference to the vitality of our forest.
Indeed, one of the reasons we started Manawa Honey was our intention to use this commercial enterprise to support development of our people and enhancement of our forests. With Covid and other factors impacting on Manawa Honey however these benefits have been slow to realise.
Matariki Ahunga Nui
So, in 2022, we set up our initiative Matariki Ahunga Nui which was designed as a way to establish a capital fund with the purpose of enhancing our forests. This fund we have called theTuawhenua Forest Fund.
In 2024, we continued the tradition of celebrating Matariki by preparing feast hampers containing a prime selection of natural and delicious home-produced foods. As before, most of the items were sourced from our forests of the Tuawhenua, our gardens and orchards, or through the traditional practice of trading, using Manawa Honeyasoursideofthetrade!
Through the efforts for the Matariki hampers, we aim to strengthen traditional
knowledge and practice around Matariki, as well as deepening our understanding of our food systems, our relationship with the environment, and the importance of connections within and between our communities. We’re promoting food sovereignty for securing healthy food that is sustainably produced for our community.
It was particularly rewarding to have our Matariki Ahunga Nui initiative featured on TV by ‘Marae’ covering the celebration of Matariki in 2024. The programme neatly connected our hampers to the underlying goals of the Tuawhenua for forest and bird restoration.
Tuawhenua Forest Fund
In 2024, we successfully raised $54,000 through our Matariki hampers, which becomes a significant contribution to the Tuawhenua Forest Fund. A huge thank you to everyone who supported us in this year. We’re looking forward to this support again in 2025.
The Tuawhenua Forest Fund has now reached over $150,000, which we consider a real achievement from such small beginnings. In the short term we have set a goal of taking the fund to $1 million before we will draw from its investment income for programmes for revitalizing our forests. So we are well aware that we will need other avenues for growing the Tuawhenua Forest Fund and for funding pest control and other programmes for our forest.
The Tuawhenua Trust is open to considering partners who may be interested in investing in the enhancement of the Tuawhenua forests. If you know of any organisation or individual that may have such an interest then please let us know.
Contact:
Brenda Tahi E: brenda@tuawhenua.biz P: (07) 366 3166
Astro-Gardening Knowledge & Practice
Who’s involved
Tūhoe Tuawhenua Trust: Rangi Mātaamua, Brenda Tahi, Toko White
Plant & Food Research: Christina Roigard, Wei Hu
Tradition
of Astro-Gardening
“KoWhānui ē, koWhānui ē!”
Our ancestors used the astronomical bodies to tell them when to plant, harvest, trap, fish, preserve food and to store it. They looked to the sun to determine the season. The different stars told them many things including if birds were fat, if the trees were fruiting or if it was time to plant their gardens. Finally, the lunar phases informed them as to when they should undertake different food related activities. Therefore, the different stars in the sky are named after various flora and fauna and when they were seen in the sky the people knew it was time to complete certain tasks.
One example of this is Whānui, most commonly known as Vega. This star rises in the early morning during mid-autumn and according to Tūhoe, Whānui is the atua of the kūmara. When this star appeared before the sun rose those observing the sky would call out, ‘ko Whānui ē, ko Whānui ē!’
This announced the return of Whānui to the sky and marked the start of the kūmara harvest.
There are stars connected to all of the traditional crops that were grown by our ancestors and those that were collected from the forest. This includes the hue, taro, uwhi, kiekie, rarauwhe, perei and many others. Therefore, our ancestors were astro -gardeners and used the sun, stars and moon as markers to help them to grow and harvest food.
Research into Astro-Gardening
Tūawhenua has partnered with Plant and Food Research – Rangahau Ahu Māra Kai
to explore how the connection between Māori astronomical knowledge and māra kai. We are keen to understand how our ancestors applied this knowledge and what the benefits are, not just in the amount of food we can produce, but how this broader knowledge can help us all to connect to the environment.
As part of this research, the Tuawhenua has established a māra at Te Umu Tōī and has embarked on a 3-year project. The 1st year has been about preparing the māra, enriching the soil and gathering seedlings. Year 2 is focused on growing the initial crop and fine tuning the process. The final year will be about embedding the knowledge and practice and re-establishing our astrogardening traditions.
The central element in this project is knowledge collection and retention, and across the duration of this endeavour we will be conducting a number of wānanga and hui to explore the practices of our ancestors and discuss learning.
This project is part of a research programme with Plant and Food Research to explore the potential application in an Aotearoa context of future food production methods such as controlled environment agriculture. The ultimate aims of this endeavour are for climate resilience and food security for future generations.
An important early stage of this project from the Tuawhenua perspective is grounding the project in the cultural and social significance of kai and kai exchange practices, before exploring innovative practices to produce more kai in less space, without compromising te taiao.
Contact: Rangi Matamua
E: rangimatamua@gmail.com
Contact: Brenda Tahi
E: brenda@tuawhenua.biz
P: (07) 3663 166
Below: The maara for the Tuawhenua ‘astro-gardening’ project has been planted out with taewa (Maori potatoes), kamokamo and kānga according to the Tūhoe maramataka. (Photo Credit: Tuawhenua Collection).
Tuawhenua
Above: Whānui (Vegas) is the bright star just above and left of the centre of this photo, shining into the night above a kumara garden. (Photo supplied by Rangi Mātāmua)
Pest Eradication or Not?
Who’s involved
Mahuru Wilcox; Puke Timoti (Manaaki Whenua Landcare Research); Rangi Mātaamua; Brenda Tahi, Richard Tūmarae (Tuawhenua Trust)
Research Outputs
This research project ended in 2024 with the main output of the development of the process and framework for “Strengthening Whakapapa Connections through Pest Control” (presented in the issue of Te Kaahu for 2023) as a case study in ‘Maranga Ake
Ai’ the Māori Predator Free Strategy written by Te Tira Whakamaataki (Māori Biosecurity Network). This case study is due to be released in by February 2025.
‘Restorying’ the Possum
The framework was also shared at the ‘(Re) Storying the Possum’ wānanga in Wellington, in May 2024, which was organised byTeTiraWhakamaataki.
At this conference, an Aboriginal delegation of possum skin cloak knowledge holders shared information on how this animal is sacred in Australia. An objective for the conference was to begin the conversation between Maori and Aboriginal people about our intent in Aotearoa to eradicate a species that is sacred to another indigenous group.
The discussion pointed to issues such as:
• Māori environmentalists starting to feel the ‘mamae constantly kill
• The possum initially being a colonisation’, brought over for the purpose of a fur trade. That is, it was not a decision of Aboriginal people to export possums from Australia, nor was it a decision of Māori to import possums toAotearoa.
possums skins for reviving their cultural practices isAotearoa New Zealand.
The Aboriginal delegation wanted to connect with iwi and hapū who are culling possums and harvesting skins, as a way to reconnect to practices that they are unable to undertake in Australia, due to wildlife protection laws.
The wānanga was also an opportunity for iwi and hapū here to understand the value of possum skins, and consider how we might be able to strengthen relationships with Aboriginal cloak makers and share knowledge across Indigenous Peoples.
Tuawhenua delegates to the conference, Chair Richard Tūmarae and Atamira Nuku (below) shared their thoughts and experiences with possums and pest control in Te Urewera with an audience of over 200 Māori taiao practitioners, government representatives, Pest Free 2050 staff and most importantly, the possum cloak makers fromTeWhenua Moemoeā (Australia).
Contact: Jo Carpenter
At the same time, because possums are protected in Australia, the only source of
Above: An Aboriginal possum skin cloak is held up by some of the delegation of Aborigine traditional knowledge holders that attended the conference ‘(Re)storying the Possum’ wānanga held in Wellington, May 2024. (Photo Credit: Te Tira Whakamātaki/Rawhitiroa Photography)
Below: Tuawhenua representatives Chair Richard Tumarae and Atamira Nuku (seated, left) join a panel at the conference to share the issues for our region in dealing with possums impacting on our forest vegetation and our forest birds.
Manaaki Whenua Landcare Research: Adrian Monks, Jo Carpenter, Phil Lyver, Susan Walker
University of Auckland: Bruce Burns, Oscar Clendon, Gretel Boswijk
Final Stages of ‘More Birds in the Bush’
Manaaki Whenua and the “More Birds in the Bush” research program have partnered with the Tūhoe Tuawhenua Trust on several research projects linked to restoring kererū in Tuawhenua forests. Informed by Tuawhenua mātauranga we established two field projects, with the last of them finishing up in this past year.
Food Competition for Kererū
The last field project aimed to understand the role of rats and possums on the availability of kai (particularly fruit) for kererū. While we know something about the combined effect of possums and rats on fruit crops, we don’t know the effect of having one or the other.
This is important because while possums are relatively easy to control for long periods of time, ship rats are not and will often bounce back within months to even higher numbers than previous, following combined rat and possum control.
For the first two years of the project, Slaine Rangiahua collected seedfall from 240 seed traps every month from different areas in Te Tuawhenua to see how much fruit and flowers were produced when both rats and possums are unmanaged.
We targeted toromiro fruit particularly because it is an important kai for fattening kererū, so many of our traps were set up
beneath the trees to capture its fruit.
In the same vicinity, other traps captured fruit from tawa, hinau, and other plants to understand what other kai were available and when. During this period, we also monitored the abundance of possums and rats in these areas.
In the final year and a half of the project, Slaine Rangiahua and Paratēne Ripia carried out pest control in these areas using bait stations, cyanide, and traps. Some areas just targeted possums, others targeted rats, some targeted both species, and some had no pest control.
Research Results
We’ve now identified and counted all 79,327 seeds that were captured over the study period. The results showed that combined rat and possum control had the greatest impact on increasing overall seed availability, followed by possum only control.
Controlling only rats actually had a negative effect on the overall seeds available, perhaps because in blocks where only rats were controlled we saw more possum activity.
We also analysed the seed data by looking at the responses of each individual plant species, and found that pest control increased seed abundance of tawa, red beech, soft mingimingi, toromiro, and five finger, but not hīnau, makōmakō, kahikatea, rimu or Coprosma species.
Given the importance of toromiro and tawa for kererū, these results suggest that controlling possums and rats will help provide more kai for kererū, as well as decreasing predation on the birds.
Contact: Jo Carpenter E: carpenterj@landcareresearch.co.nz P: 03 4707214
More Birds in the Bush
Ways to Get More Birds in the Bush
This project has also examined the key factors causing the decline of our bird populations. We focused on three iconic birds of the Tuawhenua forests - kākā, kererū and kōkō. The following graphs are a selection of key results from that research.
Pest Control Options
Scientists also modelled different options for pest control for Tuawhenua lands so that we could get a good sense of what it will take in pest control programmes and nurturing of the bird species to make a difference and return ‘More Birds into Our Bush’.
Whilst we know that predators are the demise of kererū eggs and fledglings, the graph above shows that predation is the also main reason for the death of adult kereru. This impact dramatically shortens the life expectancy of kererū from up to 30 years to 5 years or less.
The graph below shows how long it takes for sustained pest control programme (in Waipapa forest) before the kākā population responded with an increase.
Low Fecundity Scenario
These graphs present two scenarios low fecundity (above) and high fecundity (below) of a kererū population - for its response to different intensities and methods of pest control (eradication; one off aerial rat and possum; four year aerial rat and possum; continuous ground control rats) over different land areas (1447, 2846, 8720 and 80,000 hectares).
Of course eradication is the ideal option, but it is not feasible. So low fecundity is not a good option as pest control can only manage at best to save kererū from further population decline. High fecundity is needed before pest control can begin to drive population growth. We concluded from this modelling exercise that:
• Kererū population decline is stabilised by just increasing kererū fecundity, but this factor cannot drive an increase in numbers.
• Decades of ongoing pest control is necessary to lift numbers of all our target bird species: kōkō can be small scale but kākā and kererū require large scale to get population growth.
• Pest control at the level of the Tuawhenua blocks alone can feasibly increase kererū under increased fecundity, which can be supported by increasing local food sources.
