MBB Report - June 2015

The potential for energy and water savings within the EU through flow rate regulation and greywater treatment

June 2015

Contents 1. General Summary ............................................................................................................................... 2 1.1 Conclusions ................................................................................................................................... 2 1.2 Water consumption analysis......................................................................................................... 3 1.2.1 Objective ................................................................................................................................ 3 1.2.2 Analytical Procedure .............................................................................................................. 3 1.2.3 Estimating potential water savings ........................................................................................ 6 1.2.4 Estimated fuel savings through water reduction ................................................................... 7 1.3 Energy and water savings – information on awareness levels ..................................................... 8 1.4 Implications for the hotel industry on a Europeanbasis ............................................................... 9 2. Questionnaire ................................................................................................................................... 11 3. Data tables ........................................................................................................................................ 13

Report compiled by: Malta Business Bureau in collaboration with the Irish Hotels Federation, the Malta Hotels and Restaurants Association, HORECA Vlaanderen (HORECA Flanders), Asociace hotelů a restaurací ČR (Association of Hotels and Restaurants Czech Republic), Magyar Szállodák és Éttermek Szövetsége (Hungarian Association of Hotels and Restaurants), Turistično gostinska zbornica Slovenije (Tourism and Hospitality Chamber of Slovenia).

Study carried out with co-financing from HSBC Water Programme.

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1. General Summary This report shows the results of a study carried out by the Malta Business Bureau (MBB), in collaboration with the HOTREC national partners in Malta, Belgium, Czech Republic, Hungary, Ireland and Slovenia, and with the co-financing from the HSBC Water Programme. The study is based on findings by the MBB’s award winning EU LIFE+ Investing in Water project that flow rate regulation and greywater treatment could lead to significant energy and water savings in Malta’s hotel industry. These savings are based on the project’s experiencing strong elements of over-design in most hotel systems, leading to the delivery of more water to facilities than is needed to provide a quality level of service, and on the potential of the largely under-exploited greywater treatment technology.

The purpose of this study is to identify the state of affairs in the European hotel industry with regards to flow rate regulation and greywater treatment. The study explores levels of awareness relating to both measures, and also looks into data relating to water consumption. The data gathered includes total water consumption and related cost, as well as number of guest nights, per respondent. Each respondent is a hotel in one of the study partner countries, with a total of 247 respondents, representing 5,551,302 guest nights – or 3.8% of total.

1.1 Conclusions It is clear that the potential energy and water savings by the European hotel industry, based on just flow rate regulation and greywater treatment, is staggering. Of the two measures, awareness is high on flow rate regulation but negligible on greywater treatment. With regards to the former, despite relatively widespread adoption a very high savings potential remains. This indicates that the measure, even when applied, is not tapping the full potential savings. To better meet the savings potential, the hotel industry could benefit from improved guidance on its adoption, while suppliers could benefit from a more coordinated standardisation of product specifications. This would enable hotels to source suppliers which would better meet the savings potential, while also allowing more suppliers to provide products which better meet the savings potential. With regards to greywater treatment, it is clear that awareness is very low, and take-up of this technology is negligible. This indicates that the industry could benefit from increased awareness of the technology, and that suppliers or developers could benefit from improved feedback from industry on the application of this technology, to better stream their products to industry’s needs. This latter is particularly important as any technology with as low a take-up as greywater treatment will inevitably need further development to reach its full potential for widespread market penetration.

The willingness for hotels to explore measures which will better exploit their energy and water savings potential clearly exists to a high degree. This is probably mainly due to the financial savings that are recognised as resulting from such interventions. Quantifying such savings on the basis of information returned by hotels as part of this study, indicates the staggering figure of c.a. 1.6 billion Euros per annum of savings on a European hotel industry-wide basis. The study also looked into what hotels consider to be reasonable, and the longest acceptable, returns of investment period.

The figures returned are 3 and 5 years respectively. While these figures need to take into consideration the current economic climate, they are nevertheless useful for suppliers to inform

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their pricing and product offers. The length of return on investment period is also an indication of economic stability.

It would appear that the energy and water savings potential using existing flow rate regulation and greywater treatment technologies is very high for the European hotel industry. It is also clear that the financial incentive to tap into these savings is present and would result in significant financial savings for the industry. Willingness to exploit this potential is clearly high amongst hotels, which also appear willing to carry out financial investments subject to a business case being made within existing investment parameters. While efforts have already been taken by the industry on flow rate regulation, there is potential for both wider implementation of this measure, as well as improving its implementation to tap further into the remaining energy and water savings potential. Greywater treatment on the other hand, is not as yet industry common knowledge as a water management tool, and take up is negligible. The efforts already taken by industry can therefore be summed up as a good base from which to increase energy and water savings through these two measures, while the remaining existing potential in terms of take-up as well as effectiveness remains high, with willingness to take such measures also high.

1.2 Water consumption analysis 1.2.1 Objective The objective of this technical assessment was to: -

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Establish, in as far as possible, consumption figures (in water consumed per guest) for the individual countries participating in the questionnaire, and on a cumulative basis, and this for all hotel categories (e.g. 1-star, 2-star, 3-star, 4-star and 5-star), Determine the cost of water in the participating counties (in â‚Ź /m3 and in â‚Ź per year per hotel), Estimate potential savings arising from introducing water saving measures on taps and showers in guest rooms, as well as from greywater recycling, Estimate the CO2 savings arising from installing water saving measures in hotels in Europe (some of the water saved is hot water which has a carbon footprint attributed to the energy needed to heat the water).

1.2.2 Analytical Procedure Data was provided for 6 countries – Malta, Belgium, Czech Republic, Hungary, Ireland, and Slovenia.

The raw data, made available on a spreadsheet was first screened to remove entries that did not provide any data regarding guest nights, hotel category, and number of rooms, water consumption, and water cost.

The remaining data set amounted to 154 hotels for all the 6 countries, which can be considered to be an adequate amount to provide reliable averages for the 6 countries as a whole. However the data set available was not comprehensive enough to obtain figures for the countries with few completed questionnaires. The averages and results obtained from these countries cannot be considered to be reliable if assessed singularly.

The responses were categorised according to hotel rating (from 1-star to 5-star). Most of the respondents were 3-star hotels, followed by 2-star and 4-star.

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Number of guest nights The number of guest nights for the 125 responses which provided data on guest nights was 5,551,302 guest nights in 2014. This means that average hotel had 44,410 guest nights.

The average hotel occupancy was estimated at 46% – this from 117 responses providing data on guest nights and number of rooms, and assuming that each room can accommodate 2 guests.

Water Consumption The declared water consumption for 115 responses was 2,188,995 m3/y (which translates to the average hotel – generally 3-star – consuming 52 m3 of water per day. This gives an idea of the amount of water used by a hotel in Europe, which is of course proportionate to the size of the hotel, and the hotel category.

Cost of water The average cost of water (from 106 hotels which provided info about water costs) was €2.41/m3 with the lowest cost being recorded in Malta at €1.30/m3 and the highest at €4.13/m3 in Belgium.

So it follows that the 115 hotels who used 2,188,995 m3/y of water cumulatively paid €5,275,478 for water in 2014.

Consumption per guest night This was calculated from the information supplied for guest nights in 2014 and water consumption (in cubic metres per year) with the result presented as litres per guest night.

There were 93 complete responses, for which this calculation was possible, from which these results were obtained: 1 star: 2 respondents: average consumption – 188 litres per guest night 2 star: 27 respondents: average consumption – 236 litres per guest night 3 star: 49 respondents: average consumption – 343 litres per guest night 4 star: 13 respondents: average consumption – 523 litres per guest night 5 star: 2 respondents: average consumption – 756 litres per guest night It can be seen that the amount of water used per guest night increases with hotel category, as expected. That is, a 5-star hotel uses more water than a 4-star hotel, which uses more water than a 3-star hotel and so on. This is attributed to the fact that hotels of higher categories have more water-consuming facilities such as swimming pools, public restrooms, laundries, gym etc. than hotels of a lower category.

The highest number of respondents was for 3-star hotels. The higher the number of respondents, the more reliable the calculated figure for water consumption.

These figures were compared with the results obtained through the Malta Business Bureau’s EU LIFE+ Investing in Water project which established, to a relatively high degree of accuracy, the water consumption of hotels in Malta, in the 3-star, 4-star and 5-star categories.

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Comparing the result we got for 3-star hotels from this EU–wide questionnaire (343 l/gn) with the EU LIFE+ Investing in Water Project 3-star benchmark for 3-star hotels in Malta (199 l/gn) we can see that the consumption of water on mainland Europe is higher than in Malta, by as much as 72%. For 4- star hotels, the figure for mainland Europe is 79% higher than that for Malta.

This is attributed to the fact that: - Malta, being a water scarce country has an inherent culture of water saving (and some hotels have implemented some water saving initiatives) - Flow rates from taps and showers in Maltese hotels are probably less than on the mainland because of a tradition of feeding rooms by gravity via roof tanks (i.e. the delivery pressure in the bathrooms is less, resulting in a lower-than-normal flow rates and therefore consumption) The EU LIFE+ Investing in Water project established that water consumption figures for hotels having different rating categories in Malta were as follows: 5 star: 462 litres per guest night 4 star: 292 litres per guest night 3 star: 199 litres per guest night These benchmarks are considered to be quite reliable because 1) there was a verification process involved that cross-checked the information used to calculate water consumption on a per guest night basis and 2) these results were obtained from audits carried out for 30% of all hotels in Malta (i.e. the data set was larger and therefore errors were averaged out).

For the current project, the figures for water consumption for some countries were too few to be considered representative for individual countries, especially for some hotel categories, e.g. 5 star.

This was however, offset by more substantial datasets from other countries which are quite reliable and show the expected increasing consumption with higher hotel category – which is an indication of the validity of the responses received.

It was noted that the water consumption figures for some countries are in the region of being 50% higher than the Malta benchmark figures. That is, consumption in Malta is lower, and by a significant amount.

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1.2.3 Estimating potential water savings Experience gained from the EU LIFE+ Investing in Water project was the approach used to estimate the potential savings for: - Water-saving initiatives/devices for bathroom taps (e.g. an aerator fitted on the tap/s of the wash hand basin in the guest room) - Water-saving initiatives/devices for showers (e.g. fitting a restrictor on the water supply or replacing the shower head with a water-efficient one) - Water-saving initiatives/devices for toilets (e.g. Installing volume-displacement devices in standard toilets to reduce flushing volumes) - Grey water recycling in hotels This project had established that potential savings in Maltese hotels were as follows: - Bathroom tap: savings of 10 litres per guest night (down from a consumption of 20 litres per guest night, i.e. 50% savings) - Showers: savings of 30 litres per guest night (from consumption of 115 litres per guest night) - Toilets: savings of 13 litres per guest night (from consumption of 50 litres per guest night) These figures are for Malta hotels. On a Europe-wide scale, given that overall consumption is higher than in Malta, estimated savings can be multiplied by a ratio of 1.5 (i.e. 50% higher) to get: - Savings from bathroom tap: 15 litres per guest night (from consumption of 30 litres per guest night) - Savings from showers: 45 litres per guest night (from consumption of 173 litres per guest night) - Savings from toilets: 13 litres per guest night (from consumption of 75 litres per guest night) The average figure, across all hotel categories for Malta is 22% of total consumption of 292 litres per guest night (for an ‘average’ 3-star hotel), or around 65 litres per guest night.

It is not believed that the flushing volumes of hotels on mainland Europe are 1.5 times that used in Malta (Maltese hotels use imported toilets from Europe so make/models are essentially the same and there is no reason why a guest in Malta would flush the toilet more often), so it will not make sense to multiple this figure by 1.5. So the potential savings from interventions in toilets remains 13 litres per guest night, as for Malta.

The potential savings from greywater recycling equals the estimated consumption of water used in toilets, defined as: - Estimated toilet water consumption from multiplying volume of toilet cistern with usage, plus - 5% contingency for leaks in toilet bowls and - 10 – 15% additional annualized demand for some 2nd class water for landscaping, floor washing etc.

As for the EU LIFE+ Investing in Water project, this is estimated at 65 litres per guest night.

Potential savings for greywater recycling on a country-by-country basis or at a European level can be calculated by multiplying guest rooms with this figure.

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Compiling all results, potential savings are: 15 litres per guest night from taps 45 litres per guest night from showers 13 litres per guest night from devices on toilets The above results in a total of 73 litres per guest night for the ‘average’ hotel that uses 334 litres per guest night (this represents a 22% potential savings).

Savings for 5,551,302 guest nights therefore amount to 405,245 m3/year for a monetary savings of €976,640/year.

When it comes to greywater recycling we can assume that all the water used in toilets can be recovered from greywater recycling.

Earlier we had estimated that toilets account for 75 litres per guest night (22% of total consumption in an average hotel, so potential savings for 5,551,302 guest nights amount to 416,348 m3/year.

Given that the cost of water purchased by hotels €2.41/m3 and the estimated cost of greywater recycling is €0.35/m3 (EU LIFE+ Investing in Water project), then the monetary savings amount to €857,677/year.

1.2.4 Estimated fuel savings through water reduction In the EU LIFE+ Investing in Water paper ”Greening the economy – Greywater treatment and flow rate reduction as a job generator, water, energy and CO2 saver” dated 20 December 2013, it is said that: From empirical data obtained during the EU LIFE+ Investing in Water project, 8 litres of fuel are needed to heat 1 m3 of water, and that fuel costs € 0.87 per litre (in Malta).

It was also assumed that 50% of water used in taps and showers is hot water. So if potential (hot and cold) water savings from wash hand basins amounts to 15 litres per guest night and 45 litres per guest night from showers then the amount of hot water saved is 7.5 litres for taps and 22.5 litres from showers giving a total hot water savings of 30 litres per guest night.

For 5,551,302 guest nights (125 responses) this equates to 166,540 m3/year of hot water saved, which corresponds to 1,332,312 litres of fuel saved, or € 1,159,112 per year in saved energy costs.

In terms of guest night this equates to € 0.21 per guest night.

Calculating reduction in CO2 emissions from water savings: From first principles, the energy required to heat 1 litre from 10 deg C to 60 deg. C = 210 kJ Now 1 kg of heavy fuel oil has 43,000 kJ of energy (http://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/fuelshigher-calorific-values-d_169.html), so 4.9 kg of fuel is needed to heat up 1000 litres of water.

Given that the density of heavy fuel oil is 0.93 kg/litre (http://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/fuelsdensities-specific-volumes-d_166.html), 5.3 litres of fuel oil are required to heat up 1000 litres of water.

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The specific CO2 emission of heavy fuel oil is 3.2 kg CO2 per kg of fuel. http://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/co2-emission-fuels-d_1085.html So assuming that the heating equipment in a hotel uses 8 litres of fuel to heat 1000 litres, this means that 7.44 kg of heavy fuel oil are used, for 23.8 kg of CO2 emitted for each 1000 litres of water heated.

1.3 Energy and water savings – information on awareness levels The findings show a very large energy and water savings potential. Nearly half (45%) of respondent hotels have already adopted flow rate regulation as an energy and water saving measure. This reflects the ease with which this measure can be adopted, as at its simplest it is simply the installation of widely available, small, low cost, and very cost effective devices on sanitary ware, the installation of which requires no specialist knowledge. Only 21% of respondent hotels have adopted toilet flushing volume reduction as a water saving measure. This probably reflects the slight additional complexity in retro-fitting inefficient toilets with measures designed to increase their efficiency, and the comparatively high cost of purchasing newer more water-efficient models. It probably also reflects the hotel industry’s modus operandi involving long periods between the upgrades of sanitary ware such as toilets, and the relatively recent appearance of water efficient toilets leaving most currently fitted hotel restrooms equipped with older less efficient models.

It was noted that there is very little practice of rainwater harvesting in hotels. Interestingly, blackwater treatment is as popular as rainwater harvesting – despite the fact that blackwater treatment requires significantly higher investment and allocation of space than rainwater harvesting.

At the same time this probably reflects the higher savings potential to be made off blackwater treatment compared to rainwater harvesting. The main reason for this is the volume of output both produce – while most hotels have limited rainwater collection areas compared to the occupation density (multi-floored buildings with dense consumer occupancy in each floor), leading to the collection of only a small percentage of their 2nd class water requirements through rainwater harvesting, blackwater treatment easily caters for most of a hotels 2nd class water needs as the supply is largely proportional to the demand. The low take up of rainwater harvesting indicates that the opportunities for use are largely limited, probably due to supply and collection limitations. The low take up of blackwater treatment probably reflects the difficulty in sourcing sufficient space for plant construction and sourcing the high initial capital outlay for such plants, as well as the expertise required in operating them.

Most surprising is the negligible take-up of grey-water treatment, standing at a mere 1%. This is curious as the technology is widely available, has a relatively low initial financial investment requirements, provides water that can all be used within the same hotel, results in excellent water and financial savings, and requires little room or expertise in maintenance. The low take up is probably due to the technology’s relatively new appearance on international markets, lack of known successful showcases and it’s not yet being widespread practice amongst the industry. It is also important to factor in the requirement of a plumbing infrastructure upgrade, which hotels would normally only carry with their periodic hotel renovations. Only 27%of respondents have planned a renovation in the short term, and short term for most hotels (76%) is just one to two years in advance. Less than 20% of respondent hotels plan a renovation in three to four years’ time.

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The results above show that awareness of greywater treatment is relatively low with more than half of hotel respondents unaware of the technology. Interestingly, only 13% of respondents had ever considered implementing this technology. This indicates that knowledge of the technology is still at a theoretic level and it is not yet seen as a mainstream utilities management tool.

Only 15% of respondent hotels indicated a large landscaping demand. Such a demand could be met using second class water. Both blackwater and greywater treatment could provide second class water of irrigation quality, indicating that for 15% of hotels this could further increase the attractiveness of such units. When compared to the 4% take up of blackwater treatment and 1% take of greywater treatment, this indicates a significantly more potential for application of these units.

Some form of eco-certification/eco-label has been earned by 41 out of 247 respondents, representing just 15% of the total sample. 132 confirmed no eco-certification/eco-labelling, representing 53%, while 74 respondents – 30% - chose not to answer this question. Interesting to note is that Ireland has a comparatively strong take up of such schemes, with 26% of respondents having either a national or international certification/label – far outstripping the other sampled countries. This data brings out two key points: there exists a strong remaining potential for increased take up of eco-certification/eco-labelling schemes; and should an eco-labelling promotional push be required, it might prove helpful to examine the Irish case study to identify what led to increased take up in Ireland, and whether any best practices are transferable to other countries.

With regards to the amount of time considered reasonable for a returns on investment period, 42% voted less for a period smaller than three years with a strong preference for two and one years respectively, however the average appears to be three years. Strikingly only 3% voted for term longer than five years. With regards to the longest acceptable repayment on investment period, five is the most commonly acceptable longest repayment on investment period – the mean shows slightly reduced figure of 4.65 years. Longer than 5 years appears very unattractive with only 15% of respondents indicating such a period would be acceptable.

1.4 Implications for the hotel industry on a European basis The data collected from six varied EU Member States could be considered indicative of the potential savings available to the European hotel industry. The EU hotel industry covers over 2.6 billion guest nights - when extrapolating the savings figures onto a European scale, the resulting savings potential is staggering. Taking the measures suggested – savings through flow rate regulation and greywater treatment, savings in excess of 360 million m3/annum are possible. Taken at the average cost identified through this study (€ 2.41/M3) this represents 880 million Euros on savings per annum.

Taking into consideration the heating requirement of water provided by hotels for use in showers and wash-hand basins, these interventions could result in reduced fuel consumption of 635 million litres of heating fuel, representing over 1.8 million tonnes of CO2 reduction, and assuming a cost similar to that identified by the EU LIFE+ Investing in Water Project, financial savings of € 550 million per annum. The savings resulting from reduced water and heating fuel resulting from flow rate regulation and greywater treatment would equal financial savings of in excess of € 1.4 billion per annum for the European hotel industry. The tables on the next page show the quantifications:

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EU28 guest nights

2,646,538,048

Savings from wash hand basins savings from showers savings from toilets greywater recycling

Reference figures Cost of water EUR/m3 Cost of fuel EUR/litre % hot water Density of fuel oil kg/litre Specific CO2 emissions kg CO2/kg fuel

15 45 13 65

litres/guest night litres/guest night litres/guest night litres/guest night Totals

Savings EUR/year Fuel saved Savings in fuel CO2 saved m3 m3/hot saved/year 2.41 EUR/m3 water saved litres/year EUR/year kg/year tonnes/year 39,698,071 95,672,350 19,849,035 158,792,283 138,149,286 147,676,823 472,566 119,094,212 287,017,051 59,547,106 476,376,849 414,447,858 443,030,469 1,417,698 34,404,995 82,916,037 0 0 0 0 0 172,024,973 414,580,185 0 0 0 0 0 365,222,251 880,185,624 79,396,141 635,169,132 552,597,144 590,707,292 1,890,264

2.41 0.87 50% 0.93 3.2

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2. Questionnaire A questionnaire was uploaded to an online surveying website. The questionnaire was a selfcompleted form, of which answers were designed to obtain general technical data as well as specific awareness data. The questionnaire was circulated by HOTREC partners in six EU Member States, to hotels on their contacts database.

In determining how representative the data gathered is with respect to its target audience, the population was considered to be guest nights for the countries concerned in 2014. Data for a total of 5,551,302 guest nights was representing 3.8% of population. The questionnaire generated 247 completed responses, of which the percentage of unanswered questions varied from country to country and from question to question. While in some cases the percentage of unanswered questions was as low as 5%, in others it hovered at 50%. Given the strong sample size (3.8% of population), even high percentages of unanswered questions are not considered to have negated the validity of gathered data.

Translations were provided for Flemish hotels in Belgium, Czech Hotels and Hungarian hotels. English language questionnaires were provided for Ireland, Malta and Slovenia. The following is the English version of the questionnaire: Water and energy savings questionnaire for hotels. This short questionnaire should take only a small amount of time to complete. Some technical help from the engineering or maintenance staff might be required. It is being forwarded to hotels in several European countries. The aim is to identify the potential of the hotel industries in each country for increased water and energy savings. The responses will allow the research partners to lobby for increased access to finance and technical support on water and energy saving measures for the hotel industry. We ask that you kindly complete this questionnaire by 23rd March 2015 latest. Thank you for your time.

Country in which you operate Hotel Name Contact Person Name Email Address Number of rooms: Hotel classification: 1. 2* 2. 3* 3. 4* 4. 5* 5. Other Does the hotel have an eco-certification/eco-label: 1. No 2. Regional eco-certification/eco label 3. National eco-certification/eco label 4. International eco-certification/eco label

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For 2014 can you provide the total number of guest nights: For 2014 can you provide the total volume of water used in m3/annum: For 2014 can you provide the total cost of water used in €:

Does the hotel use any of the following water saving measures: 1. Flow rate regulation (aerators/regulators/pressure control for end applications e.g. rooms) 2. Toilet flushing volume reduction (e.g. water saving toilets/displacement devices such as hippo bags etc.)

3. Rainwater harvesting and use 4. Black-water treatment (sewage treatment) 5. Grey-water treatment (recycling of waste-water from showers and wash-hand basins for use in toilet flushing and water for landscaping) Did you know of grey-water treatment before receiving this questionnaire? (Recycling of wastewater from showers and wash-hand basins for use in toilet flushing and water for landscaping) 1. Yes 2. No Is there a large landscaping demand at your hotel?

1. Yes 2. No Is your hotel planning an infrastructural renovation over the coming years?

1. Yes 2. No In which year is your hotel planning an infrastructural renovation?

Has the hotel ever considered using grey-water treatment as a water management measure?

1. Yes 2. No Investment decisions depend on initial capital outlay and return on investment period. For your hotel, what would be: A reasonable return on investment period (payback in years) The longest acceptable return on investment period (payback in years)

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

❏ ❏

❏ ❏

❏ ❏

❏ ❏

❏ ❏

❏ ❏

❏ ❏

❏ ❏

How interested would you be to participate in a project offering free technical consultation on how to decrease your water consumption and related utility bills?

0 1 not interested, 10 interested

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

❏ ❏ ❏ ❏ ❏ ❏ ❏ ❏ ❏ ❏ ❏

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3. Data tables In presenting the tables, 247 respondents completed the self-completion questionnaire. For each question there were a number of respondents who did not answer. The tables present information showing the number of respondents for each country for each answer, as well as those who did not answer the question. Percentages were calculated on two basis: for the first percentage those who did not answer the question were not considered and the number of responses for each answer was compared to the total number of answers for the question, while for the second percentage those who did not answer the question were considered and the number of responses for each answer was compared to the total number of completed questionnaires.

Does the hotel have an eco-certification/eco-label:

No Regional eco-certification/eco label National eco-certification/eco label International eco-certification/eco label No answers Responded Total: completed questionnaires

A 44 0 13 3 1 60 61

IE B C A 73% 72% 19 0% 0% 0 22% 21% 1 5% 5% 3 2% 13 23 36

CZ B C A 83% 53% 51 0% 0% 0 4% 3% 10 13% 8% 3 36% 32 64 96

HU B C A 80% 53% 10 0% 0% 1 16% 10% 0 5% 3% 2 33% 1 13 14

BE B C A 77% 71% 3 8% 7% 1 0% 0% 4 15% 14% 0 7% 18 8 26

A B

Number of answers Percentage awareness for those who answered the question

C

Percentage awareness for total completed questionnaires

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MT SL B C A B C A 38% 12% 5 100% 36% 132 13% 4% 0 0% 0% 2 50% 15% 0 0% 0% 28 0% 0% 0 0% 0% 11 69% 9 64% 74 5 173 14 247

Totals B C 76% 53% 1% 1% 16% 11% 6% 4% 30%

The below table was a multiple choice questionnaire. Some respondents provided information showing that they had adopted multiple measures from the below list. The total number shown as ‘responded’ therefore does not represent the number of individual respondents, but the total number of measures enacted. Since this figure is used to show the percentage of responses compared to the answers for this question, it does not represent the percentage of individual respondents which have adopted particular measures. For this reason the most important figures are those shown in Column C for the Totals section – this column shows the percentage of individual respondents which have adopted the particular measures.

Does the hotel use any of the following water saving measures: A Flow rate regulation (aerators/regulators/pressure control for end applications e.g. rooms) Toilet flushing volume reduction (e.g. water saving toilets/displacement devices such as hippo bags etc) Rainwater harvesting and use Black-water treatment (sewage treatment) Grey-water treatment (recycling of waste-water from showers and wash-hand basins for use in toilet flushing and water for landscaping) No answers Responded Total: completed questionnaires

IE B

C

CZ B

A

C

A

HU B C

A

BE B

C

A

MT B C

A

SL B

C

A

Totals B C

34 44% 56% 17 57% 47% 54 83% 56%

1 13% 7%

6 75% 23%

0

0% 0% 112 59% 45%

32 41% 52% 4 5% 7% 6 8% 10%

1 13% 7% 5 63% 36% 1 13% 7%

2 25% 8% 0 0% 0% 0 0% 0%

0 0 0

0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0%

9 30% 25% 0 0% 0% 3 10% 8%

9 14% 9% 2 3% 2% 0 0% 0%

53 28% 21% 11 6% 4% 10 5% 4%

2 3% 3% 1 3% 3% 0 0% 0% 0 0% 0% 0 0% 0% 0 0% 0% 3 2% 1% NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 78 30 65 8 8 0 189 61 36 96 14 26 14 247 A

Number of answers

B

Percentage awareness for those who answered the question

C

Percentage awareness for total completed questionnaires

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Did you know of grey-water treatment before receiving this questionnaire? (recycling of waste-water from showers and wash-hand basins for use in toilet flushing and water for landsc IE A

B

CZ C

A

B

HU C

A

BE

B

C

A

B

MT C

A

B

SL C

A

Totals

B

C

A

B

C

Yes

31 53% 51% 11

55% 31% 50

88% 52%

5

38% 36%

9

100%

35%

1

20%

7% 107

66% 43%

No

27 47% 44%

45% 25%

12%

7%

8

62% 57%

0

0%

0%

4

80% 29% 55

34% 22%

41%

1

7% 17

65%

9

64% 85

34%

9

7

No answers

3

5% 16

44% 39

Responded

58

20

57

13

9

5

162

Total: completed questionnaires 61

36

96

14

26

14

247

A

Number of answers

B

Percentage awareness for those who answered the question

C

Percentage awareness for total completed questionnaires

Has the hotel ever considered using grey-water treatment as a water management measure?

IE A

B

CZ C

A

Yes

18 33% 30%

No

36 67% 59% 14

No Response

2

HU

B

C

A

13%

6%

BE

B

C

13%

7%

3

27% 21%

88% 39% 49

88% 51%

8

73% 57%

42%

3

21% 17

7

A

B

MT C

A

SL

B

C

A

3

33%

12%

0

6

67%

23% 65%

B 0%

Totals C

A

22% 13%

5

100% 36% 118

78% 48%

9

64% 96

39%

11% 20

56% 40

Resondents

54

16

56

11

9

5

151

Total

61

36

96

14

26

14

247

Number of answers

B

Percentage awareness for those who answered the question

C

Percentage awareness for total completed questionnaires

15

C

0% 33

7

A

B

Is there a large landscaping demand at your hotel?

Yes No No Response Respondents Total

IE CZ HU BE A B C A B C A B C A B C A 11 18% 18% 6 30% 17% 12 21% 13% 3 21% 21% 4 50 82% 82% 14 70% 39% 46 79% 48% 11 79% 79% 5 0 0% 16 44% 38 40% 0 0% 17 61 20 58 14 9 61 36 96 14 26 A Number of answers B Percentage awareness for those who answered the question C Percentage awareness for total completed questionnaires

MT B 44% 56%

C A 15% 0 19% 5 65% 9 5 14

SL B C 0% 0% 100% 36% 64%

A 36 131 80 167 247

Totals B C 22% 15% 78% 53% 32%

Is your hotel planning an infrastructural renovation over the coming years?

Yes No No answers Responded Total: completed questionnaires

IE CZ HU BE MT A B C A B C A B C A B C A B C A 18 30% 30% 5 25% 14% 30 53% 31% 3 23% 21% 7 78% 27% 4 43 70% 70% 15 75% 42% 27 47% 28% 10 77% 71% 2 22% 8% 1 0 0% 16 44% 39 41% 1 7% 17 65% 9 61 20 57 13 9 5 61 36 96 14 26 14 A Number of answers B Percentage awareness for those who answered the question C Percentage awareness for total completed questionnaires

16

SL Totals B C A B 80% 29% 67 41% 20% 7% 98 59% 64% 82 165 247

C 27% 40% 33%

The below table considers only those respondents which answered that they will be carrying out a renovation in the coming years. Furthermore, some respondents indicated that their renovation will take place over multiple years. Hence, the main figures to consider at Column C under section Totals. This column exceeds 100%, on account of different years being valid for several respondents.

In which year is your hotel planning an infrastructural renovation ?

A 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 No answers Responded Total: completed questionnaires

0 8 8 4 0 0 18 18 A B C

IE CZ HU BE MT SL Totals B C A B C A B C A B C A B C A B C A B C 0% 0% 0 0% 0% 0 0% 0% 1 33% 33% 0 0% 0% 0 0% 0% 1 2% 1% 44% 44% 0 0% 0% 6 23% 20% 1 33% 33% 1 14% 14% 4 100% 100% 20 33% 30% 44% 44% 1 50% 20% 14 54% 47% 1 33% 33% 6 86% 86% 0 0% 0% 30 50% 45% 22% 22% 0 0% 0% 6 23% 20% 0 0% 0% 0 0% 0% 0 0% 0% 10 17% 15% 0% 0% 1 50% 20% 1 4% 3% 1 33% 33% 0 0% 0% 0 0% 0% 3 5% 4% 0% 3 60% 4 13% 0 0% 0 0% 0 0% 7 10% 2 26 3 7 4 60 5 30 3 7 4 67 Number of answers Percentage awareness for those who answered the question Percentage awareness for total completed questionnaires

17

Investment decisions depend on initial capital outlay and return on investment period. For your hotel, what would be: The longest acceptable return on investment period (payback in years) A 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 No response Respondents Total Mean

2 8 9 5 15 3 4 5 10 51 61 4.43

IE B C 4% 3% 16% 13% 18% 15% 10% 8% 29% 25% 6% 5% 8% 7% 10% 8% 16%

A 0 2 3 4 3 2 1 0 21 15 36 5.20

CZ B C 0% 0% 13% 6% 20% 8% 27% 11% 20% 8% 13% 6% 7% 3% 0% 0% 58%

A 1 4 9 9 16 9 0 6 42 54 96 5.69

HU B C 2% 1% 7% 4% 17% 9% 17% 9% 30% 17% 17% 9% 0% 0% 11% 6% 44%

A 1 1 0 1 3 1 1 2 4 10 14 6.00

BE B C 10% 7% 10% 7% 0% 0% 10% 7% 30% 21% 10% 7% 10% 7% 20% 14% 29%

A 0 0 0 0 3 1 2 0 20 6 26 6.83

MT B C 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 50% 12% 17% 4% 33% 8% 0% 0% 77%

A 0 0 0 1 3 0 0 1 9 5 14 6.40

SL B C 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 20% 7% 60% 21% 0% 0% 0% 0% 20% 7% 64%

Totals A B C 4 3% 2% 15 11% 6% 21 15% 9% 20 14% 8% 43 30% 17% 16 11% 6% 8 6% 3% 14 10% 6% 106 43% 141 247 4.652

Investment decisions depend on initial capital outlay and return on investment period. For your hotel, what would be: A reasonable return on investment period (payback in years) A 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 No response Respondents Total Mean

9 12 14 5 8 1 0 1 11 50 61 2.98

IE B 18% 24% 28% 10% 16% 2% 0% 2%

C 15% 20% 23% 8% 13% 2% 0% 2% 18%

A 3 6 3 2 1 0 0 2 19 17 36 4.12

CZ B C 18% 8% 35% 17% 18% 8% 12% 6% 6% 3% 0% 0% 0% 0% 12% 6% 53%

A 8 14 18 8 6 1 0 0 41 55 96 3.84

HU B C 15% 8% 25% 15% 33% 19% 15% 8% 11% 6% 2% 1% 0% 0% 0% 0% 43%

A 3 1 3 2 1 0 1 0 3 11 14 4.00

18

BE B C 27% 21% 9% 7% 27% 21% 18% 14% 9% 7% 0% 0% 9% 7% 0% 0% 21%

A 1 0 4 0 2 0 0 2 17 9 26 5.22

MT B C 11% 4% 0% 0% 44% 15% 0% 0% 22% 8% 0% 0% 0% 0% 22% 8% 65%

A 3 0 3 0 1 0 0 0 7 7 14 3.14

SL B C 43% 21% 0% 0% 43% 21% 0% 0% 14% 7% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 50%

Totals B 27 18% 33 22% 45 30% 17 11% 19 13% 2 1% 1 1% 5 3% 98 149 247

A

3.02

C 11% 13% 18% 7% 8% 1% 0% 2% 40%

How interested would you be to participate in a project offering free technical consultation on how to decrease your water consumption and related utility bills?

1 not interested, 10 interested A 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 No response Respondents Total Mean

1 1 2 3 10 2 1 3 4 25 9 52 61 8.67

IE B C 2% 2% 2% 2% 4% 3% 6% 5% 19% 16% 4% 3% 2% 2% 6% 5% 8% 7% 48% 41% 15%

A 3 1 1 0 0 2 1 3 0 7 18 18 36 7.61

CZ B C 17% 8% 6% 3% 6% 3% 0% 0% 0% 0% 11% 6% 6% 3% 17% 8% 0% 0% 39% 19% 50%

A 2 3 0 4 8 2 4 5 6 16 46 50 96 8.16

HU B C 4% 2% 6% 3% 0% 0% 8% 4% 16% 8% 4% 2% 8% 4% 10% 5% 12% 6% 32% 17% 48%

A 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 2 1 6 3 11 14 9.00

19

BE B C 9% 7% 0% 0% 9% 7% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 18% 14% 9% 7% 55% 43% 21%

A 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 6 19 7 26 10.71

MT B C 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 14% 4% 0% 0% 86% 23% 73%

A 0 0 1 0 3 0 0 0 1 0 9 5 14 6.40

SL B C 0% 0% 0% 0% 20% 7% 0% 0% 60% 21% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 20% 7% 0% 0% 64%

Totals A B C 7 5% 3% 5 3% 2% 5 3% 2% 7 5% 3% 21 15% 9% 6 4% 2% 6 4% 2% 14 10% 6% 12 8% 5% 60 42% 24% 104 42% 143 247 7.434

Report compiled by: Malta Business Bureau in collaboration with the Malta Hotels and Restaurants Association, the Irish Hotels Federation, HORECA Vlaanderen (HORECA Flanders), Asociace hotelů a restaurací ČR (Association of Hotels and Restaurants Czech Republic), Magyar Szállodák és Éttermek Szövetsége (Hungarian Association of Hotels and Restaurants), Turistično gostinska zbornica Slovenije (Tourism and Hospitality Chamber of Slovenia).

Study carried out with co-financing from HSBC Water Programme.

Suggested reference: Cremona, M; Tanti, J; Saliba, G; 2015, The potential for energy and water savings within the EU through flow rate regulation and greywater treatment, Malta Business Bureau

With thanks to contributors: Mr John Magri, Manager, Quality and Industry Hr Development, Malta Tourism Authority, manager responsible for the Eco-Certification scheme in Malta

Further reading: The EU LIFE+ Investing in Water Project has published several reports covering water saving interventions for businesses and hotels. Below is a list of such reports, which may be downloaded from the project website - http://www.investinginwater.org/Downloadables/  Paper: Water Consumption Benchmarks – a Step Towards Reduced Consumption (Presented at the Chamber of Engineers Annual Engineering Conference -Water: A 21st Century Challenge, 9th May 2012)  Paper: The Hotel Industry, a Shift to Greener and Lower Cost Operations (published for World Tourism Day, September 2013)  Paper: Greening the Economy; Grey-Water Treatment and Flow Rate Regulation (December 2013)  Recommendations – Greening the Economy (December 2013)  Recommendations – National Water Management Plan (March 2014)  Recommendations relating to the Water Framework Directive Review (Apr 2014)  Layman’s Report (March 2014)

For further information: Geoffrey Saliba, MBB Sustainable Development Manager 00356 21 251 719 or gsaliba@mbb.org.mt www.mbb.org.mt / www.investinginwater.org

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