Ecocentric Reality

Ecocentric Reality Moving away from the capitalistic territorialities in the Arctic towards a new paradigm of ‘de-growth’ Critical Cartographies: Norwegian Arctic

2018—2019 IED Infrastructure and Environment July 2019

Ecocentric Reality Moving away from the capitalistic territorialities in the Arctic towards a new paradigm of ‘de-growth’

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Malavika Gopalakrishnan Prinka Anandawardhani Ingrid Staps Annette Heinen

A report from group 1 produced as a result to the course AR0086+AR0093 Infrastructure and Environment Design TUDelft.

Responsible Instructor Dr. Arch. Taneha Kuzniecow Bacchin Urban Design Theory & Methods AR0086+AR0093 Infrastructure and Environment Design Faculty of Architecture and Built Environment TUDelft 2019 In collaboration with AHO Olso School of Architecture, Urbanism+Landscape Institute AHO Tromsø, Academy for Landscape Architecture and Territorial Studies

Abstract Ecocentric reality From the very beginning, the ocean has always been the main protagonist in the development of capitalism, be it through maritime trade in the 16th century to the oil extraction and shipping now (Campling and Colas, 2017). The sea has an abundance of resources and has always been viewed as an accumulator of tremendous wealth. According to the article, ’Capitalism and the Sea’, the sea is simultaneously a natural resource and an arena of contested social relations; a realm of movement and freedom which nonetheless has been host to the most sophisticated regimes of hierarchical captivity (Campling and Colas, 2017). They define this as ‘terraqueous territoriality’, ‘a capitalistic articulation of territory and appropriation in the capture of maritime space’ and how that transforms the environment and ecosystems in the sea for incursions of capital (Campling and Colas, 2017). Norway has been a pioneer in ‘ocean-grabbing’ for the advancement of its welfare state regime, through what can be coined as ‘ State capitalism’. All forms of capitalism rely on infinite growth which is directly or indirectly linked to consumerism, in this case, the export markets (Jackson,2009). But at what costs can this continues to happen. The dilemma of growth is caught between the desire to have economic stability and causing great environmental impacts.

As the Arctic ice melts, and with the depletion of the world’s most precious resources, Norway has the moral responsibility to its people and to the rest of the world to take a stand on collective cooperation rather than exploitation. The damage to the ecosystem demonstrates that economic ‘degrowth’ is vital to prevent the irreparable damage to the planet and in the process, to civilization (Assadourian, 2012, Guercio, 2015). To de-grow doesn’t necessarily mean a stagnant economy but to achieve prosperity without growth (Jackson,2009) by moving towards a better way of living and exploring newer sources of energy and economy. Hence, a new paradigm of retraction of growth, consumption restraint, and seeking a simpler standard of living in order to reduce the catastrophe of ecological damage in the Arctic is crucial and Norway and Tromso must lead the way towards that, becoming catalysts for this change.

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Introduction Ecocentric Reality - Moving away from the capitalistic territorialities in the sea to a new paradigm of ‘degrowth’.

Norway is the second largest exporter of natural gas (2017) and supplies about 25% of total EU gas demand. According to the Norwegian petroleum organization, Norway exports almost all of its production, and a combined, oil and gas equals about half of the total value of Norwegian export goods. But with rising temperatures and rapidly melting ice in the Arctic, a drastic change in the region is inevitable. The stark Arctic landscape of permanent isolation is no more, as the Arctic waterways gets more crowded with commercial vessels, shipping, future oil explorations and military activities (Washington post, 2018).

The change in landscape essentially means a change in the way we live and function. As the continued exploitation for natural resources is leading to a grave situation of a completely transformed Arctic, it is crucial that a different paradigm of growth is needed.

With the project ‘Ecocentric Reality’, we try to create a collective awareness regarding the capitalism at sea and its implications on land. As the title suggests, the project is aimed at exploring the idea of creating a new reality which is centered around enhancing natural ecosystems through the concept of ‘economic degrowth’. The project critically analyses the region(territory) and their interrelations to the two main industries of oil and fishery in the Norwegian coast, through cartography. Through the project, we hope to achieve an understanding about the territorialities of land and water in the Norwegian Arctic and the complexities in the flows between them. The main relationship that is explored is, between the resource and the territory, and the extreme capitalism that guides the material flows in the form of export markets. Further, the project explores if a new paradigm of territoriality can be achieved by moving away from the capitalistic capture of maritime space, to a more reduced production and consumption of resources. This concept of consumption restraint comes from respecting the ecosystems and the awareness for the need to counteract extreme resource exploitation in the Arctic.

However, is it possible to imagine a future without oil and gas? It is crucial to understand the importance of each industries and the need for transformation.

How can economic degrowth ensure a stable and prosperous society? We hope to look into some of the questions through this project and a possible solution to achieve this task. Nevertheless, it is impossible to visualize such a future without creating a collective consciousness about protecting the Arctic and its resources and it can only be realised through continued societal shifts in the way we value them.

A changing Arctic, ice sheet in Greenland transforming to rivers and estuaries Photograph by Kadir Van Lohuizen for Washington post (2018)

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Context and problem field Norway and Oil On the Christmas eve of 1969, Norway unlocked what would become one of its richest treasures beneath the sea, the Oil. The discovery of oil meant an overnight transformation of Norway to one of the richest countries in the world. The state decided that this wealth should belong to the Norwegian people and turned itself into a social welfare state. Norway became one of the biggest exporters of oil around the world. However, the oil resources are not forever, and with the sea and land rapidly changing, so must these industries. With warm seas and ocean acidification and various ecosystem damages, Norway is facing a moral dilemma between sustaining the economy and safeguarding the nature and its resources.

Climate change and a changing Arctic According to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, “warming in the Arctic, as indicated by daily maximum and minimum temperatures, has been as great as in any other part of the world.� The IPCC estimates a complete ice-free summer by 2050, not too far from now. Professor and expert on climate change, Dr. James Anderson of Harvard University recently conducted a study, which concludes that the chance of ice left in the Arctic after 2022, is nearly zero. This will result in a completely transformed landscape and a changed territoriality.

With the ice melting and the ocean temperatures warming, the far north is no longer characterised by harsh weathers and isolation. It opens up very unique possibilities to capture the territory which belonged to no one, at least until now.

Northern Sea route: A New Shipping Route With the ice caps melting rapidly, the traffic of shipping vessels through the Arctic ocean is likely to increase. This brings a lot of international attention to the presently uninhabited Arctic region. Politicians, policy makers, companies and entrepreneurs are all suddenly recognising the incredible worth of the newly transformed Arctic, less ice means more access. The summer of August 2017 saw the very first ship to traverse across the Northern sea route without the use of ice-breakers. The opening of the Northern sea route would mean, a reduced travel time for ships from east Asia to Europe, rather than the current Northwest passage over Canada. Experts predict that this new route would cut the transit time between the continents, by 10-15 days.

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According to a paper published by the CPB Netherlands Bureau for Economic Policy Analysis: “The direct impact of the opening of the NSR is that international shipping (volume by distance) is reduced by 0.43%, but global trade volumes increase by 0.21%. The total percentage of world trade that will be rerouted through the Northern Sea Route will be around 5.5%.�

Cold war as the ice melts Till now, the Arctic, the very top of the Earth has remained untouched due to extreme weather conditions. The opening of the Northern sea route directly translates to greater economic benefits for different countries. The melting of ice also means the possibility of newer resources and energy deposits under the sea, as well as development of technology to access them. Thus, the economic benefits of commercial routes as well as new resource grounds, the Arctic becomes a centre of attention for lucrative trade options, thus resulting the members of the Arctic council to put forward territorial claims. The future could see Arctic transformed to an infrastructure and transportation hub, and everyone wants a slice of it. However, this growing importance means growing competition and tension among different countries putting forward their claims. Norway and Russia are one of the most proactive nations to put forth their prerogative, and this shows a beginning of a cold war in the Arctic. Various countries have started with the militarisation of the region, and Norway’s fleet has grown double in recent years.

But who does the Arctic truly belong to? As the race for territorial claims increase, the true inhabitants of the region who has been safeguarding it till now are the most affected. The region has a rich biodiversity both on land and water and supports the livelihood of various indigenous and local communities.

The Sami, or traditional reindeer herders and various other such tribes are seen mostly occupied in the region. Local communities such as fisherman has been dependent on these resources for centuries. But with the changing climate and a soon to be claimed Arctic, these are the people who are forced to adjust.

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Analysis of the climate, oil industry and fishing industry

Arctic shoreline Image by authors

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30 days

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Precipitation in Tromso

Precipitation (mm) Above 150 100 - 150 75 -100 50 - 75 30 - 50 10 -30 Below 10 No Precipitation Clay soil at Risk Open Fjord -10 - -5

Flood Risk 20 year 200 year 200 year (climate adapted)

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The map depicts the highest precipitation day in the region of Tromso, Norway. In which fell on January 12, 2019. On this analysis, we would like to explore the possible risks during high rainfall. Hence, the map shows the area with fjordslandscape as well as the land that are prominent with clay soil to search for areas with the highest risk of erosion. The map also zooms in to areas at risk with flooding. However, we can conclude here that the region are of a very minor risk of flooding athough faced with high precipitation.

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Average monthly temperature [ C° ]

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The Two Extremes

Legend

The maps on the left shows the highest temperature ever recorded in Tromso; which is 33,5° on July 18th, 2018--and the lowest ever recorded: -44,1° on December 12th, 1978. We can conclude here that the highest ever recordedwas just on the recent year and Norway never experienced as low as it gets three decades ago. Therefore, climate change can also be seen in Norway and design actions must always take note on this matter.

Over 20 15 - 20 10 - 15 5 - 10 3-5 1-3 0-1 -1 - 0 -3 - -1 -5 - -3 -10 - -5 -15 - -10 -20 - -15 Under -20 N 0

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Oil industry

Oil and the Arctic, Russian ships transporting oil from a platform in Cape Kamenny, Yamal Peninsula Photograph by Yuri Kozyrev - NOOR for Foundation Carmignac, 2018

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Current oil production and exploration

Legend

As can be seen in this map the Arctic circle already has a lot of areas where oil production and exploration take place. This map also shows the licenses that have already been given out but are not pursued as of yet.

Future oil license areas Current oil license areas Production well Exploration well Possible shipping routes

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The beginning

Current production

Current licenses

Future possibilities

Oil exploration growth in the Arctic Over time the oil exploration has grown a lot, these maps show that if no action is taken almost all of the arctic will be consumed by capitalistic oil exploitation.

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The amount of oil thought to still be available in the arctic

Legend Water or highlight Rivers Sealevel rise Mountain Etc Etc Etc Etc Etc Etc

The amount of oil that is thought to still be undiscovered in the Arctic is massive. This means the arctic will be consumed if the countries keep expoiting the resources in a endlessly capitalistic way.

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Oil infrastructure Images by authors

Physical infrastructure of the oil industry

Legend Main pipelines Single well template TLP steel TLP concrete FPSO FSU SPAR Multi well template Condeep monoshaft Loading system Semisub steel Semisub concrete Subsea structure Onshore facility

Platform types 1 2

Tension leg platform Floating production, storage and offloading rig 3 Floating storage unit 4 SPAR 5a Concrete shallow-water structure 5b Concrete deep-water structure 6 Semi-submersible platform 7 Subsea station 8 Loading system 9 Onshore platform

The production and exploration of oil comes with a lot of infrastructural changes in the sea and on land. In this map a zoomed example of the exploitation on the Norwegian coast is given. It can be seen that a lot of structures make use of the same oil field. In the diagram the different platform types are shown. Some of the platforms are only suitable for shallow water and some of them are meant for deep water.

The main division that can be made is between the stationary, subsea and the floating platforms. The stationary platforms have structures leading to the bottom of the water, while the floating or semi-floating structures are only anchored to the ground by cables. The subsea stations are smaller and they are located at the bottom of the water usually connected to larger platforms by pipelines, they can service a bigger area of the oil field without requiring massive infrastructure.

More information can be found in the Appendix.

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Fishing industry

A quay with Arctic fishing boats Photograph by authors

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Resource grounds and flows

Legend

The breeding grounds and spawning of the fish along the Norwegian coast is shown in the map. The larvae drift with the current upstream back to the breeding grounds. This also shows the extense of breeding travel for the Atlantic fish compared to the Arctic species

Breeding area Nursery area Herring Blue whiting Cod Capelin Atlantic water Coastal water Arctic water Larval drift Spawning migration

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Fishing infrastructure in Tromso

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Fishing spots - active gear Fising spots - passive gear Aquaculture sites Fising villages of high economic activity Quay Port Settlements Land

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The infrastructure of the fishing industry in Tromso is extensive and spread out along the coast, whereas the main urbanisation is concentrated on the island of Tromsoya. The port of Tromso is Norway’s largest fishing port and one of the largest cruise ports in the country.

Tromoso is also the main logistics centre in the Arctic.

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Spawning migration

Legend

It is the resources in these seas and connections and migrations to North Norwegian coastal waters that have made the survival and economic well-being of a relatively large population possible in Norway’s three northernmost counties, Nordland, Troms and Finnmark.

Spawning area Salmon Fjords Spawning area cod Land Aquaculture

(Murray, 2015)

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Conclusion of analysis

Group picture from Critical cartographies field trip 2019 Photograph by Yi Chieh Liao

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Uninten�onal discharges to sea from oil and gas 15000

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Oil Source: Norwegian Oil and Gas

License: Norsk Lisens for Offentlige Data (NLOD)

The Flow of Oil in Norway

Legend

As seen on the right, the flow and facilities of the substance dominates the Norwegian coastline, yet is very minimal in the main land. As most of the oil resource are being exported, the goods move through the pipelines to the adjacent European countries--or shipped worldwide the the Norwegian ports. This way, the damage it may cause to the North Sea ecosystem must be considered; knowing unintentional discharge of oil may occur to thousand cubic meters of volume. The oil activities spread over the southern, middle and northern part of the Norwegian coastline--but not so much within our case study of Tromso municipality.

Well-bores Petroleum related facilities Active licensed production area Inactive licensed production area Pipeline Oil & Gas shipping routes Shipping routes with oil fuel Port Power plants Railway

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Fishery conclusion map

Legend

Flows in the Norwegian coast

Conservation areas Production areas Aquaculture sites Coastal economical zones Fishing activity Active oil production area Inactive oil production area

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Image caption, Author

Conclusion map, conflicts of norway

Legend Conservation areas Production areas Aquaculture sites Coastal economical zones Fishing activity Active oil production area Inactive oil production area Future explorations Oil pipelines Northern Norway Eastern Norway Central Norway Eastern Norway Southern Norway Undecided Region

1. The southern territories of the Norwegian sea are of intense oil drilling activities 2. Future oil exploration areas are clashing with the current protected ecosystems 3. The neighboring European countries are dependent on the oil production of Norway

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4. Tromso has no primary physical activities related to oil production, but it has fishery activities are within its coastal regions. However, Tromso is more prominent in circulating the knowledge of running the two industries within the Northern region of Norway

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Oil and Fishery comparison Image by authors

Problem Statement The mapping of the on-shore and off-shore oil facilities along the Norwegian coastline indicates that the southern territories of the sea are of intense oil drilling activities. The cartography which overlaps the oil exploration areas with the high biodiversity zone in the Arctic circle also appear to be most dominant in the Norwegian sea. Not just in the south, but also lurking to the North. This provokes us a question if Norway should rethink oil as its wheel of economy, considering the damage it may cause the arctic ecosystem.

If — to exterminate the oil industry means to pass the weight to the other industry, the fishery sector would not be able to compensate. For the fishery industry to match the amount of GDP the oil industry (140.500 NOK) generated, it needs to rise about 12x as much. We must note that the aquaculture machine has promoted the selective extraction of fishes, discharging nutrients salts from the farm, plus spreading sea lice on the North Sea. Considering the footprint and environmental impact the current fishery industries have caused, it is very unlikely that it could expand sustainably.

Although, the truth is that Norwegian consumes only about 2.2% of the oil extracted yearly! The neighbouring countries such as the UK and Netherlands rely heavily on Norwegian oil production to run their economical engines. In fact, the journey of digging the buried wealth continues. Norway submitted claims on the exclusive economic zone of the arctic in which the territory is six times the size of the Norwegian mainland. (Jacobs, 2014) This includes overlapping region with the claim by Russia, Denmark, and Iceland — all seeking possibilities for active oil wells. Norway is unconsciously creating a chain of unsustainable dependence that exploits the Arctic resources.

Indubitably, limiting the extraction or the so-called de-growth will not be an option for a capitalist regime. Here, we meet another challenge on facing stakeholders that would undermine the shift to de-growth. Unless, we may offer alternative sectors which could accommodate the labour and generate somehow an equivalent level of satisfaction to what Norwegian have currently.

This will not be an instantaneous act. It would require a progressive method to — for instance — re-cultivate the essence of traditional fishing on the locals who had been getting used to being fed by the industrial fishery. It would require an adequate research and development to mature another sector that could compensate the diminishing oil industry. Hence, we decided to take a closer look at Tromso — the capital of the North — on what could it provide to facilitate these changes. The Tromso municipality has no primary physical activities related to oil production, but it has fishery activities filled its coastal regions. However, the Tromsoya island is well equipped with educational institutions. Surely, these knowledge banks are held accountable for the current operating industries of its surrounding. Therefore, we put forward Tromso a question: to what extent does this non-renewable capitalist measure are still promoted within the curriculum?

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Referential Theories and Practices Capitalism and Sea Norway is blessed with an abundance of natural resources in the sea and has resulted in tremendous growth and wealth to the country. But it is quite important to understand the nature of the relationship between the resources and territory.

The Norwegian coast has been exploited over time by, ‘capturing maritime space for the incursions of capital’. This notion of capitalistic undertaking of resources of water is discussed in the paper, ‘Capitalism and the sea: Sovereignty, territory, and appropriation in the global ocean’, (2017). In the paper, Campling and Colas define this phenomenon as ‘terraqueous territoriality’ – ‘the distinctly capitalist articulation of sovereignty, territory and appropriation in the capture and coding of maritime space and how environmental conditions matter to these incursions of capital’. They explain the transformation in the organization of space (territorialities) is ‘terraqueous’ (formed of land and water) and is guided by capitalism. According to Fernand Braudel, ‘the sea has always been a protagonist in the development of capitalism’ from the very beginning be it through maritime trade in 16th century for the accumulation of wealth or colonies. Thus, this is summarized in the paper as, ‘The Sea: It is simultaneously a natural resource and an arena of contested social relations; a realm of movement and freedom which nonetheless has been host to the most sophisticated regimes of hierarchical captivity – be these slaving vessels of the past or today’s factory fishing ships’

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achieve the stabilization of earth’s climate, the prevention of irreparable damage to the planet and in the process, to civilization “(Assadourian, 2012). This new paradigm of retraction of growth, reduction in consumption, is essential to cope with the major ecological damage we have made.

Is it possible to achieve prosperity without growth?

However, with ‘de-growth’ is it still possible to have economic stability and prosperity? According to Tim Jackson, an economist, ‘A less materialistic society will enhance life satisfaction. A more equal society will lower the importance of status goods. A less growth-driven economy will improve people’s work-life balance. Enhanced investment in public goods will provide lasting returns to the nation’s prosperity (Jackson, 2009)

He talks about a model to achieve a sustainable economy with de-growth through three main categories, building a sustainable macro-economy, protecting capabilities for flourishing and respecting ecological limits. He argues that, the dilemma of growth is caught between the desire to maintain stability and the need to reduce resource extraction and emissions. This is due to the greater environmental impacts caused by a greater economic output, hence counterintuitive. This notion of consumeristic idea of growth is essentially flawed and cannot cope with the need for reduction of ecological footprint. Therefore, For the advanced economies of the Western world and countries like Norway, prosperity without growth is no longer a utopian dream. It is a financial and ecological necessity.

(Campling and Colas, 2017)

Norway has been a pioneer in what can be termed as ‘state capitalism’, where the welfare state regime takes establishes direct benefit systems of these resources.

However, the strong Nordic values of socialism and humanitarian policies are challenging to the countries role as one of the biggest sources of soft power.

In the paper, ‘Carbon Democracy’, this is described as the ‘oil curse’, have little to say about the nature of oil and how it is produced, distributed and used. they discuss not the oil but the oil money – the income that accrues the petroleum is converted into government revenue and private wealth’. The climate efficient policies and sustainability measures are contradicting the fact that the state continues to exploit the natural resources in the sea to cater to large scale export markets- this is what can be termed as the ‘Norwegian paradox’.

Sources: Campling, L., & Colás, A. (2018). Capitalism and the sea: Sovereignty, territory and appropriation in the global ocean. Environment and Planning D: Society and Space, 36(4), 776–794. https://doi.org/10.1177/0263775817737319 Guercio, M (2015). Sustainability and economic de-growth. Global Sustainable Development Report 2015.

Mastini, R. (2017). Degrowth: the case for a new economic paradigm. Article on opendemocracy.net. https://www.opendemocracy.net/en/degrowth-casefor-constructing-new-economic-paradigm/

Moving away from Capitalism – Towards sustainability and economic de-growth This pattern of development is nevertheless, unstainable and causing harm to the fragile Arctic ecosystems. Therefore, a new paradigm of growth is essential to achieve a more equitable and ‘ecocentric’ society. The paper, ‘Sustainability and economic de-growth, defines this as ‘economic de-growth’, a more balanced form of growth respecting natural systems (Guercio, 2015).

Erik Assadourian, a researcher at the Worldwatch Institute argues that, “(...) the rapid warming of the Earth and other damage to ecosystem services demonstrate that economic degrowth is vital and must be covered as soon as possible so as to

Jackson, T. (2009). Prosperity without growth: Economics for a finite planet. London: Earthscan.

Mitchell, T. (2013). Carbon democracy: Political power in the age of oil. London: Verso.

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Aims of the Project

Environment:

Ecocentric reality aims to relieve the stress on the arctic and it’s natural ecosystem by promoting de-growth in Norway. Norway has profited from endless growth due to their oil explorations but continuing like this is not an option if we look at the drastic shifts in climate that are happening. De-growth will allow Norway to diminish their oil extraction activities and still be self-sufficient. This requires changes in the way the country is run. Local businesses and small-scale industry need to be promoted and they need to be given the opportunity to compete in the market due to beneficial cooperation’s and clustering. These clusters need to have good guidance, communication, monitoring and access to enough research.

This is why the clusters

Resource efficiency is one of the most important things in this strategy, it is built around the fact that the limitless exploitation needs to stop. Ecocentric reality aims to make sure that the ecosystem can rehabilitate and the Arctic will not be completely exploited. Polar permaculture will allow more species to gradually come back to the area.

Land-use/ land-management:

Territorial Scale

The city of Tromso will become the logistic centre and the main knowledge hub of the North. This means that some of the infrastructure in and around Tromso will be strengthened to allow for more movement in and out of the area. However the strategy also ensures conservation of the landscape, the large-scale industry that now appears in some parts of the area will be transformed into smaller scale industries or other types of nodes. This will ensure that the natural environment will stay dominant.

“How could the capitalist territorialisation of the Norwegian coast be altered to minimize resource exploitation in the Arctic region?”

Structural logic: Eventually in our proposal there will not be a coexistence between the oil and fishery industries because the aim is to diminish the oil industry completely. In order for that to be possible we attract an extra sector which is polar permaculture.

Fishery and polar permaculture can coexist harmoniously together since fishery occupies the water and permaculture occupies the land.

Economy: With de-growth the aim for Norway is to abide by the principle of content-living.

This means that the endless capitalism comes to an end and Norway will focus on producing what they need in stead of heavily exploiting the resources.

Logistics: The division into separate clusters will help keep the scale small for the businesses operating within them, all clusters will have a local cluster monitoring hub which will make sure everything runs smoothly. These clusters hubs will work together with each other and they are overseen in the main cluster monitoring centre in the city of Tromso. The city is also where most of the research will be done so the cluster monitoring centre will be able to supply the local branches with the knowledge they need.

Labour and culture: Our strategy is completely focused on small scale industry with original techniques. It is therefore important that the new generations get a chance to learn about these techniques and can then build upon them.

Research Questions

Urban Scale “How can Tromso be a catalyst to preserve the arctic resources by shifting their facilities and accessibilities to promote a de-growth lifestyle/society?”

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The claim of the no-man’s land

Legend American claimed territory Denmark claimed territory Canadian claimed territory Norwegian claimed territory Russian claimed territory

Norway has put claims to an exclusive economic zone and continental shelf territory six times the size of the Norwegian mainland, including overlapping claims with Iceland, Denmark and Russia. Every Arctic nation has some sort of competing territorial claim with Russia.

How much more wealth is buried under the Arctic?

Who is winning the capitalism regime?

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Oil vs Ecosystem within the arctic region

Legend

Existing shipping routes Future central arctic shipping route Northwest passage & Northern searoute Existing pipelines Major Fishing areas Major offshore extraction regions (actual/potential) High biodiversity Protected areas Areas inhabited by indeginous people Ice extent (2016) Extraction fields

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Overlaps between the oil exploration and the rich fauna areas appear to be most prominent in the Norwegian sea.

Should Norway rethink its strategy on sustainability with respect to the arctic ecosystem?

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Important evenst in the history of Tromso To get to know the role that the Tromso municipality can have in the proposed shift to de-growth, it is necessary to understand the history of the place. Having prominent education institutions in the region that was once the capital of the North, Tromso could then contribute to the research and development sector to create a sustainable impact in the arctic region.

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Projection map

Project proposal In recognizing the importance of ‘de-growth’, the project seeks to shift the nation’s priority from feeding the neighbouring countries with oil to developing strategies for self-sustaining communities. The aim to protect the arctic territories and diminish oil extraction activities means that the local communities must no longer rely on over-fishing and oil as their source of income. Our project would initiate the change from a demand-based chain economy to a supply-based chain economy. Therefore, we propose the following to ensure that the local residents of Tromso would be able to fulfil their basic needs in the long term future: • Clusters : Local fishing communities are to be rejuvenated into a cluster of close knit communities to increase their self-sustainability and diminish the monopoly of large scale industries. Aquaculture is to be downsized and all production would be directed to a cluster-size manufacturer. The outcome would be distributed to local fish markets prior to exports and large markets.

• The Hub : Tromsøya would be implemented as a research and logistics hub by forming a collaboration between the institutions. The research focuses on creating new scenarios of post-capitalism industries that would protect the nonrenewable arctic resources. The main regional manufacturing and distribution center is located at the island—where it also monitors the adequacy of supply within each cluster.

• Polar Permaculture: A nation with a long coast makes Norway adequate with fishery. However, their short arctic summer limits the productive period for agriculture production. Our project promotes the existence of ‘community garden’ within the arctic known as the Polar Permaculture. This would improve the community resilience and avoid the over-dependency of a single resource.

• The Renewable Engines: Micro-hydropower, off-shore wind turbine, and seasonal solar farm would come as the replacement of the oil tanks. Having frequent waterfalls on the mountainous region makes it possible to run microhydropower to support the proposed Polar Permacultures.

This move hopes to also trigger the other nations to shift from the highdependency of the non-renewable resource. The ‘collective arctic’ would be the ideal situation where all the nations of the northern region would cooperate to mitigate the ecological damage within the arctic circle.

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1. Existing condition shows dominating oil industries and large fishery industries having their own export routes

2. Clusteris are formed to promote significance of the fishing villages.

This is done by rerouting all products to the hub, downscaling large fishery industries, and dismissing the oil industry

Diagramatic Concept Legend

The diagram is a starting point whcih explores the possibilities of implementing the hub, organizing the clusters, addition of polar permaculture, and putting means of renewable energy on a scenario.

3. Introduction of polar permaculture as alternative means of resources for community resilience

Legend

o la a fi d lo T p r

Oil industry Large fishery industry, aquacultures Fishing villages Downscaled aquaculture local distribution centres Tromsoya hub Polar permaculture Renewable energy

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4. Polar permaculture are supported by means of renewable energy such as the micro-hydropower

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The Schematic Proposal of Tromso

Legend Highest fishing activity

Lowest fishing activity Existing fishing villages Aquaculture Local manufacturer Municipal manufacturer and distribution centre The ‘Hub’ Polar permaculture (as alternative resource)

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The clustering of Tromso municipality is based on 1. the Tromsoya Hub, and 2. the rest of the villages based on economic activity level. We began by looking at the dominant fishing villages as the supposedly production cluster, and then also cluster the low economic activity villages to ensure the equal distribution of goods.

This clustering system put forward the attempt to downsize the aquacultures in away that they will viewed with the same importance with the fishing villages. The fishery products will first be delivered tothe local distribution centre which would prioritize the distribution to local fishing markets. Afterwards will it only then delivered to main distribution centre and the regional markets.

Each clusters would be introduced with polar permaculture facilities and the development of this sector would be also monitored by the institutions at the Tromsoya Hub.

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Systemic sections current and possible future

Shift of Metabolism Apart from merely cutting oil productions, the notion of ‘degrowth’ is to introduce a shift from a demand-based flow to a supply-based flow. From catering international demands, Norway should start focusing on establishing a local cooperative system which would maximize the possibility of producing sustainable local resources and not depending from the income of oil.

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Typology of Nodes On the right are the list of infrastructure and facilities required to optimize the new means of supply-based flow. The Sustainable Fishery and the Polar Permaculture are the main production sectors that we would like to hightlight for a self-sustaining community. These production sectors should be run by the proposed renewable energy resources. Overall, all these sectors must be continuously monitored by the knowledge sector for research and development purposes.

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erin cap

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seaweed wa te r

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Ring layers 1 Resources 2 Supporting 3 Production 4 Local cooperatives 5 Sales

The diagram explore the relationships between the nodes; whether they preceed or succeed each other in the flow, whether one node supports then running of the other, or whether they synergise and functions similarly.

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0

Relationship Supporting Flow of goods Synergies

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Icons Supermarket Transformed industry Aquaculture Fishing village Local fish market Distribution centre Offshore wind farm Micro-hydropower Solar farm Local cluster monitor Urban permaculture R&D and Museum Universities Polar permaculture Summer agriculture Highland forestry

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Interrelations of Nodes

Legend

ap ple

local cooperative

Legend Relationship Supporting Flow of goods Synergies

Ring Layers 1. Resources 2. Supporting 3. Production 4. Local cooperatives 5, Sales

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Existing infrastructure

Addition of proposed nodes

Cluster division

New energy resources

(local cooperatives)

Stages of Implementation

Legend

Existing fishing villages Aquaculture Cluster manufacturer Municipal manufacturer and distribution centre Polar permaculture (as alternative resource) Wind turbine Micro-hydropower Accessible forestry Existing Quays Existing ports Fishing boat route Proposed connections Cluster boundaries N 0

20 km

The application of the concept into a real spatial means comes in several stages. By first allocating the existing fishery industries, it would then be possible to start establishing theclusters based on economic activity. Then we would know how many and which nodes would be required on each clusters. Especially the placement of Polar Permaculture--as this aim to ensure the prosperity of all villages. This would be supported by renewable energy resources: 1. the offshore wind turbines, and 2. the micro-hydropower from the waterfall within the closest proximity. Finally, the roads that would connect all this nodes to the hub would be strengthen and revived.

Re-establishing main infrastructure connection

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ANALYSIS OF THE CLIMATE

N 0

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Sommaroy Current situation

Sommarøy Fishing Village

Legend Road infrastructure Fishing village Solar farm Highland forestry Local cluster monitor Aquaculture Polar permaculture unit Transformed industry Distribution centre Small scale hydropower Museum Local fisher market

Water Highland forest Permaculture Farm

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The map shows the fishing village of sommaroy consist ing of the touristic island of sommaroya, brensholmen and hillesoya. The map shows the typology of nodes and their interrelations applied at the scale of a fishing village. The existing land use typology is used for the placement of the different functions of nodes. And the existing infrastructural connections connect the mainland to the fishery production areas. This scale is explored to understand the need to adapt the typology of nodes and lines to suit each place specific context and how they will interact at a regional system.

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The Tromsoya Hub

Legend

Road infrastructure Fishing village Solar farm Highland forestry Local cluster monitor Aquaculture Polar permaculture unit Transformed industry Distribution centre Small scale hydropower Museum Local fisher market

Water Buildings Transport hubs

N 0

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The Tromsoya scale map explore on the implementation of the nodes at the heart of the municipality. This includes putting a tie on the education institutions on the island, placement of the regional distribution centre nearby the ports, and ensuring the infrastructure leads the goods from the villages up to the hub.

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Project phasing A lot needs to happen for the strategy of de-growth to work, one of the biggest things in that is the decrease of oil export and production. For a country to let go of their biggest source of income a lot of research needs to be done on alternative sources and solutions. The same goes for all major elements in the proposed project, these things take a lot of time. That’s why efficient phasing is a very important part of the project. The timeline for the proposed project can be found on the next page. It is divided into the 5 sectors and it has an added section on the stakeholders that will be explained in detail in the next chapter. As can be seen in the timeline the four physical sectors; fishing, oil, polar permaculture and renewable energy, are all supported by the knowledge sector. The bars show the physical or political interventions that need to take place in a specific timeframe.

For instance in the renewable energy sector the energy infrastructure needs to be implemented before taking large steps forward in the renewable energy production in order to keep the system as efficient as possible.

Even more important than the separate interventions are the relations between them. The best example of this can be found in the oil sector. As soon as the oil exploration goes down there will have to be an alternative ready for Norway to keep their strong economic position in the global market. For instance renewable energy research needs to be conducted beforehand so that Norway can start exporting knowledge on renewable energy in stead of oil and later in the process when Norway’s own renewable energy infrastructure is complete they can export the energy that they produce.

View on Tromsoya Island from nearby mountain Photograph by authors

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The timeline with incorporated shareholers

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Actions, Policy framework In this chapter the stakeholders involved with the interventions are discussed.

This helps understanding the policy, its impact and the relation between the stakeholders. In the previous chapter the phasing of the policy with the corresponding interventions is shown. This is the base for this chapter. Every stakeholder is involved in different policies on different levels, also shown in the figure above mentioned.

First the point of view of the stakeholders, their power and their interest will be discussed. This is needed to decide on the feasibility of the interventions (discussed in the next chapter).

Stakeholders The interventions are present on multiple levels in different timesets, from local to continental and from short-term to long-term influences. In this paragraph the stakeholders will shortly be discussed per level and then per term. Their involvement will be shown in a power-interest grid. Also three new stakeholders will be discussed, these stakeholders are needed in the future scenarios.

Explanation of stakeholders Local/regional level Trømso municipality: Trømso is the capital city of the region Troms and calls itself the Arctic Capital.

Trømso follows the policy of the government of Norway, they profit a lot from the oil industry but they also try to invest a lot in a sustainable future (Breum, 2018).

The intervention will give more ‘power’ to the municipality since Trømso will be the catalyst and an important hub.

Regional government: Norway is also divided in larger scale; in counties. Trømso is located in the county Troms. A county is responsible for education organisations, public transport and road planning organisations and cultural organisations on regional level. Their goal is again also in line with the governmental policies. Like the municipality, the county will have a louder voice in national politics.

Residents of Trømso: As resident in Trømso, you want to be economically stable and be able to provide for your family. This means that enough jobs have to be available and that the quality of life is good. Processing usine and oil platforms can provide jobs but also cause a lot of burdens for the residents and surroundings of Trømso. Degrowth sounds for most people not a nice prospective. Important is to explain the idea that there will still be prosperity. Again, since Trømso will have a leading role in this intervention, the residents will feel the growing role of the city as it will become an hub.

Port of Trømso: A major part of the growth of the port, is dependent on the oil and gas industry.

Due to this dependency the port is, as expected, supporter of the oil industry.

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They are investing to improve the port, to keep up with the growth of the oil industry (GreenPort, 2019). Degrowth of the oil industry will be associated with degrowth of the port. But the port will stay the same or even grow since it will help to divide production. So at first they will be against the idea, but with more clarification this stakeholder will be fine with the idea of degrowth.

Small scale fishery: Small and traditional fishery that provides for a small area. No or almost no use of processing equipment. The existence and keeping their business going is most important for them. Competition with large scale fishery is difficult, since they offer often cheaper fish (however less fresh in most cases). Also the oil industry has led to petroleum free zones (FishSec & Kristoffersen, 2012). Degrowth of Norway will give more space for traditional fishery and they will thus support this idea.

Small scale aquaculture: This stakeholders perspective is pretty in line with the fisheries. Although they can be in competition with each other. Wild fish and cultured fish have to be kept separated in order to protect wild fish.

Research centre Trømso: There is an university and research is done, but the influence of this stakeholder is for now not relevant. In the future with degrowth it will have a significant influence, it will be the ‘consultant’ of the government in relation with degrowth.

The research centre will partly be the representative of the Arctic area and has as goal to protect it. Otherwise the centre will be independent.

National level Government of Norway The government is anno 2019 still busy with the growth of Norway and it supports the oil export since it is the reason of the high welfare in Norway. However Norway itself is very sustainable and wants to protect the arctic. The government has to stand behind this idea in order to keep the welfare and protect the arctic.

Their goal, regarding degrowth, it to keep prosperity for all regions of Norway and to keep a balance between the two.

Ministry of Trade, Industry and Fisheries The fishery in Norway is very valuable economically speaking. The last decades there have been some important changes in the fishery. From the traditional way of fishing, to a more processed where the fish was send back and forth to China for freezing of the fish. Nowadays fresh fish is key again. Also regarding regulation there have been some changes, from no regulation to completely regulated with quotas and concessions. This is done to protect the arctic area as well as the fishers themselfs. The modernization of the fishery had a share in it.

Since fishery is economically valuable, the ministry tries to let this market grow.

But is also tries to protect the arctic environment (Ministry of Trade, Industry and Fisheries, n.d. & Ministry of Fisheries and Coastal Affairs, 2007).

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The ministry has now quite some power over the fisheries, but when degrowth is implemented, this will decrease. More power will be given to local fish organizations and Trømso.

Ministry of Petroleum and Energy This ministry notes on their website that their main goal is to keep protecting the arctic area, to keep considering the changing climate and to work together with other industries (Ministry of Petroleum and Energy, n.d.). The combination of this ministry and its goal is almost a summation of the Norwegian Paradox: the country itself uses almost only green energy, while the oil and gas are all exported to foreign countries, which lead to a very wealthy Norway. The incomes of the oil are controlled by the Governmental Fund, which will be discussed next.

Licensing is part of the tasks of the ministry. In 2016 new licenses are given to continue oil winning in the area of Trømso (Ministry of Petroleum and Energy, 2016). The ministry is thus not ready now to implement degrowth. It will also be a hard task to convince them, but it is probably possible given their main goal.

Governmental fund The oil industry is quite new and thus the interference and regulations around it also. The government has learned from the Dutch mistakes, they made a separate fund that regulates the investments and costs, The Governmental Pension Fund Norway (and Global). This fund would make sure that the wealth, gained from the oil industry, would also be felt in the long time horizon. Examples are investing in research and production of renewable energies. Again this is a good example of the Norwegian Paradox. The oil industry has around 40-50% share of the total export, and 20% share of the state revenues (10 years ago even 30%). The revenues are used for the pension of the norwegian and is thus controlled by the fund. Currently they have quite some power regarding the oil industry and investments in Norway, however degrowth will lower this amount of power. The fund itself will also degrow.

Airport of Trømso This stakeholder is nowadays not so important regarding the fish and oil industry.

In the future however with degrowth, the airport will be of greater importance.

Trømso itself will be more important (and thus the airport), but there will also be more flows of people and goods. Which increase the use of an airport.

Large scale fishery The amount of large scale fisheries is growing, as is the fishery itself, due to modernization. Vessels have increased in size, which expands the fish area to the deep seas. The equipment itself has changed from passive gear to active gear.

Also the industry is not only seasonal and ‘fish-farms’ have become more popular.

Since 2003 the production value of aquaculture has almost tripled, same as the growth of export. This growth is also due to the change in regulation of the salmon farming industry. In 2017 the new system was implemented based on environmental indicators (OECD, n.d. & (Norwegian Seafood Council, n.d.).

However this growth is not a good influence on the environment and arctic area. Challenges like diseases, changing fish routes, weakening of fish species,

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due to escaped aquaculture fish, are a big concern (Eurofish Magazine, 2018).

Degrowth will lead to a decrease of large scale fisheries.

Large scale aquaculture This stakeholder resembles the large scale fisheries. The industry has grown a lot but not with a positive outcome for the environment. They are also the cause of the weakened fish species. Around 2013 the global amount of aquaculture for human consumption was for the first time more than the global amount of capture fisheries for human consumption (OECD, 2017). It is expected that the aquaculture for human consumption will also surpass the total amount of capture fisheries in 2021. This growth has a lot of negative influences on the environment, and therefor degrowth will be a solution for this problem.

Continental level Oil companies The oil companies themselves are of course pro oil drilling, it is their way of making money. More than 40 companies (Norwegian or foreign) are active on the Norwegian shelf. The industry is thus very big. The policy of the Norwegian Oil and Gas Association is leading in deciding the position of the oil companies.

They represent the oil and gas sector in Norway and will therefore lead. Just recently oil was found, which means this stakeholder is the ‘new kid’. Their policy is to achieve frame conditions the best possible to create a competitive market en cost-effective operations. The climate is a big and serious challenge for them and they try to enhance their operations as much as possible to make them less polluting. But still they will continue until there are enough renewable sources to support the growing energy demand (Norsk Olje & Gass, n.d.) & Arctic Economic Council, 2018).

Their power (and interest) will decrease a lot when degrowth will be an active solution.

Europe / Trade countries Europe and trade countries are the stakeholders that are dependent on the oil export of Norway since they are the users of this product. If Norway is implementing degrowth, they will probably be the most hurt if they didn’t have implemented renewable energies by that time. For them it is very important that they have the time to be independent of Norway’s export. By implementing degrowth, Norway pushes this stakeholder to change faster. You could name it ‘tough love’. This stakeholder has some influence now, but this will decrease a lot in the future.

Environmental organizations Greenpeace is against the Norwegian government and its oil projects around Trømso. They had a peaceful protest in summer 2017 against oil drilling and the new licences. They also find that it is controversial to the Paris Agreement (Greenpeace International, 2017). The Nature & Youth Group helps them in their protest (GreenPort, 2019). Also in march 2019, students

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started to protest against the oil drilling (Newsinenglish & Berglund, 2019).

Big environmental non-profit organisations, like Greenpeace, have not clear instruments of power. But they can use their reputation and ‘lobby power’ to give pressure on oil companies or the government. Obviously this stakeholder will be pro degrowth.

Competing oil companies Norway isn’t the only one in the arctic that can give licenses for oil drilling. There are other territories on which there are also oil fields. It is important that if Norway stops, that it will not just move to other territories. Competing oil companies who are not influenced by Norwegian policies will be a problem in this case. Probably they will even benefit from the degrowth of Norway, since the oil prices will increase (supply/ demand balance).

Arctic council The arctic council it totally pro protecting the arctic. If degrowth is a solution for protecting the arctic, than this stakeholder will support this idea. It will also have more power and interest than now. Since the knowledge of this council will be used.

Future When degrowth is implemented, there will be three more stakeholders that don’t exist or don’t have a significant role now. Permaculture, Distribution centres and The Trømso Hub Council.

The Local Cooperative This stakeholder doesn’t exist yet, but with degrowth this stakeholder is needed to represent Trømso as a hub and will lobby in the government. The actor is a consortium of research institutions, local industries, community clusters and some local stakeholders and is responsible for creating a feedback loop between community knowledge centres and the monitoring institution (these stakeholders will be discussed in the next paragraph). Representatives from these parties are in the consortium and share their knowledge. Like a the head of the fishermen association for example, or a permaculture expert.

Part of this task is managing stakeholders to invest in local clusters, control the sustenance of clusters and to provide and maintain community jobs.

The Community Knowledge centres This actor is an independent local arm of the Local Cooperative. Again it consist of experts in different fields. Their task is to run the local and smaller scale industries in the clusters, like the fishery and the permaculture. With the gathered information the centre can control the knowledge that is gained. The knowledge and the feedback from these local industries is also send to the Monitoring institution. This loop will continuously improve the infrastructures and industries.

These centres will also train the new generation in traditional industries with vocational training. Part of this is the making of traditional arts and crafts for

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tourist. Eventually the goal is to be self sufficient and independent as a community.

The centres will help achieve this goal.

The Monitoring institution As the name already states, this stakeholder will monitor the clusters. By doing this and by giving feedback to the Knowledge Community centres, the clusters will continuously improve like mentioned before. In this way sustainable farming of resources can be guaranteed. They use surveys and conduct research to do this.

Supporting new technologies and educate local people in the infrastructure is also a taks for this institution.

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Power-Interest grid present and future situation Image by authors

Power-Interest Grid Stakeholders

Current situation

The stakeholders discussed in the previous paragraph all have different levels of power and of interest. These levels are important for the feasibility of the project. A stakeholder with a lot of power has thus a lot of influence. However the stakeholder will only use its power, if it’s interested in the project. The direction of its interest is also important. A stakeholder whose interest is against the project, will logically use its power against the project.

The policy discussed is long term and stakeholders point of view will change over time. Therefore a PI-Grid is made for their point of view now, and one for their expected point of view in the future.

Shown in the figure and in the explanation of the stakeholders, there a lot of stakeholders involved and also quite some with high power and high interest.

Not all of them are pro degrowth, this could lead to problems in the first phase.

Especially the oil companies and Europa will be difficult stakeholders, comprises will be asked considering the phasing out of oil. However the government still has most power and interest, thus the policy will go through. There are no stakeholders with a lot of power and little interest, this is not common in general, but it’s logical in this situation. Degrowth is a policy that will influence a lot of stakeholders and therefore also interest all the stakeholders with power.

Stakeholder and the interventions Now that it’s clear who the stakeholders are and which policy they follow, their future role can be discussed. In the table the role of the stakeholders are shown per level and per time set of the intervention. More explanation is given in the following paragraphs.

Short-term

Future situation

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In the first phase preparation is done to move towards degrowth. The interventions taken are limiting current processes or doing research. These limitations are done by the government in collaboration with the ministry of trade, industry and fishery and the ministry of petroleum and energy. These limitations are for large scale fisheries and for oil companies. This has consequences for the port of Trømso. The limiting itself will not be easy for these governmental stakeholders.

They will receive a lot of complaints. Not only from the limited sectors but also from other countries and also from the residents, as these sectors are the base of their prosperity. Also both ministries seem to be against the idea of degrowth nowadays. They both have growth of their sectors set in their policy, the first step will be convincing them. Once they are convinced, they have to stay strong against all the negativity that will face them. The city Trømso will slowly become more important is the new political landscape. Starting this phase, the municipality of Trømso will be more active when making policies and will therefore also be involved in this phase. New policies are made concerning the large scale fish industries in Trømso. The research sector becomes very active starting this phase. There is already pressure from environmental organizations and this will continue in this phase, it will probably only stop when degrowth is totally implemented.

The whole project from short-term to long-term interventions costs a lot of money. The governmental fund is a stakeholder that is needed to fund these interventions. Also the knowledge that they have regarding investments will be useful.

Medium-term In this phase the first steps are made from research and limiting towards implementation. Limitations on export are implemented and construction of new systems are build. The stakeholders influence regarding limiting and research is about the same from the short-term influences. Also new sectors will be limited this time, like large scale aquaculture. Stakeholders like oil companies will decrease in power and the municipality and smaller scaled industries will gain power, like the small scale fishery and the small scale aquaculture. New industries and production lines will arise in this phase. Seaweed farming and permaculture are starting and the renewable energy market will grow. This goes hand in hand with the implementation of new networks with distribution centres.

The ministry of Petroleum and Energy will redirect its focus from petroleum to energy, as the petroleum industry is slowly being reduced to zero. The latter one leads also to a more negative outcome. Oil fields on the Norwegian ‘ground’ are is being cut off, but there are also oil fields in the Arctic area that belong to other countries or are still in areas who don’t belong to anyone. Competing oil companies will try their best to gain more oil as oil will still be a demanding product. This stakeholder needs also to considered from now on. More about this development, will be discussed in the chapter Feasibility.

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Long-term The final phase can be described as the starting phase of degrowth. There is no oil, large scale fishery or large scale aquaculture anymore. Everything is produced and consumed locally. On local level there are three new stakeholders; the Hub Council, the Community Knowledge clusters and the Monitoring institution. These stakeholders will be part of the new infrastructure. The Hub council overviews the whole area and will be the stakeholder involved with the government. The Community Knowledge clusters and the Monitoring institution form a feedback loop. As constant control and feedback is needed for continuous improvements.

The research centre of Trømso is also involved with these stakeholders, the more research is done, the better the development of the new infrastructure and industries will be. The small scale fishery and aquaculture will now provide all fish for the region and also for wider range if needed. The regional government will work together with the Hub council in order to keep whole Trømsoya balanced in product supply and demand. The port of Trømso will be quite important for the distribution of the products over the region. The airport of Trømso will on its turn facilitate the departing and arriving persons. The city will be more important, thus there will be more transportation to and from Trømso.

On national level the government will still be as important and will now work a lot with the Hub council. Also the Ministry of Trade, Industry and Fishery will still be of importance, however its tasks will be different as smaller industries have the lead instead of big industry. The Governmental fund will still be present for the decision making around investments and the prosperity of the citizens of Norway.

Europe and other trade countries who are now depended on the oil and fish export of Norway, will have to find another solution for themselves. Norway will help them by facilitating research and developments on more sustainable energy resources, but they can’t rely on their export anymore. If the transition goes well, there will be no political difficulties. But this stakeholder will be disappointed at first and will do their best to stop it. However, since this is for the greater good and it must happen eventually, they will accept it and try their best to also only use sustainable energy resources. And they will maybe also use a variant of degrowth in their policy. Competing oil companies will use the opportunity to make profit, as explained before. Finally the Arctic Council, this council is now not very known, but in the long-term it will be more important as protecting the Arctic is one of the main goals of this policy. The Arctic Council will thus be part of the decision making regarding this topic.

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Project Feasibility In this chapter the feasibility of the intervention is discussed, by evaluating possible critical aspects or barriers. This is done for both short term as long term risks. There are two ways of looking at the feasibility of this project. The first one is using the current state of mind, where capitalism is a fundamental of our way of thinking and where people want more products and more efficient production.

The second one is by using the fact that oil will run out eventually and when that happens, the state of mind will be different anyways. In this report the second point of view is used. The project is long term and in long term oil will run out, thus it is more logical to use this perspective.

The feasibility of the project will be discussed on short term and on long term bases.

Short term risk On short term mostly the implementation of the policy will have risks. Also partly shown in the stakeholder grid, where the oil companies will be against the policy.

Residents of Norway will also have difficulties accepting this idea. They way of living changes, this is always seen as a bad thing at the beginning. Little support makes it politically difficult and forcing the policy is also not a good idea. This risk can be reduced by introducing the policy the proper way. Research can be used to design the introduction of degrowth.

Another risk is the costs of this policy. All the interventions have very high sunk costs and they will not be gained back in the near future. It is important to make sure that all investments can be made beforehand and that there is room for mistakes. An empty treasury and a policy that is only partly implemented is a disaster for a country.

Not only Norwegian people should trust the policy, but also foreign countries. If there is no trust, the Norwegian krone and the economy will not be as stable as it is know. A stable currency is also important when making investments. It gives economically safety.

Long term risk Also on long term the stability of the Norwegian krone is of importance. If this is not the case, people will not only miss economically safety, but they will blame the government. The political setting changes and in the worst case this could lead to bankruptcy of the state.

In the paragraph with the short term risks, the costs of investments were discussed. When making investments some kind of long term guarantee of profit or prosperity is often given or calculated. In this project, it is very difficult to guarantee prosperity. Research on this field is tough and quite unknown. Not only prosperity needs to be guaranteed, but also if this policy intervention will really solve the problem in time. Otherwise there will be no motivation to invest and support this policy.

Besides, a safety net is needed for in the long term future. The high sunk costs and an empty treasury are already discussed, but it is also needed for the phasing out of oil. There is now a large pension fund which can handle

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quite some disasters. But when the oil export stops, a large part of the ingoing money will be missed. The phasing out of the oil has to go smoothly in order to conserve a kind of safety net. Not only for Norway itself, but also for the countries depending on the export of Norway. If the phasing out goes too quickly, the depended countries will get into problems. Good research about phasing out, costs and other effects can again reduce this risk.

Conclusion feasibility To conclude the feasibility on short and long term. The policy is, how the stakeholders see the world now, quite far ahead from their current policies. This would lead to a very low feasibility. But the current state isn’t the right way to research the feasibility since people are not accepting the idea that the world is going to change and that we have to change with it. Using this as a fact and that stakeholders already have the right mindset, leads to a way higher feasibility.

The risk are then more towards the politics in other countries and their reaction on Norway’s policy. Other risks, like the phasing out of oil, can all be reduced by doing enough research beforehand.

Claimed or Collective Arctic territory

Scenarios Critical Cartographies: Norwegian Arctic

INDIVIDUAL PART

Oil platforms in the Sea Photograph by Statoil

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Scales

3. Urban scale - Prinka Anandawardhani Plentiful resources

As an urbanist, I felt that it would be essential to see how the proposal works at least within a community level. Hence, the scenario takes on the implementation of the proposal at a cluster level - portraying an urban scale within the land and water boundaries.

4. Land, water transition- Malavika Gopalakrishnan Through this scale, I wanted to explore the change or transformation of the territorialoties of land and water, from the point of view of a fishing village along the Norwegian coast. This scale depicts the the way the village copes to the scenario of misery, by adapting to new ways of survival in the wake of the war and as a result an unsettled landscape.

5. Architectural Scale - Ingrid Staps

Harmony

Greed

Collective territory

Claimed territory

Removing or reusing of Oil platforms is a very current subject, that is why I wanted to dive into it a little deeper. This scale was the most suitable for diving into the process of reusing a single oil platform as an example for future reference.

Dependence

Misery

Scenario grid Apart from the scales a grid of possible future scenarios was developed. This grid guides the individual projects.

The X-axis consists of collective and claimed territory, this refers to the tension on land within the arctic circle. On the one hand it could be resolved peacefully and collectively by the countries working together but on the other hand it could escalate into a very tense and maybe even violent situation if the countries keep calling their claim on the land. The Y-axis consists of the amount of resources that might or might not be available in the future.

When Resources are plentiful and the nations are working together the world will be in a state of harmony, one might call it a golden age.

When resources are plentiful but nations are hostile an unstable situation will emerge full of nations with greed claiming territory.

When the resources are scarce but the nations work collectively they are dependent on eachother to survive.

The combination of limited resources and hostile nations will lead to a turbulent time of misery and nations fighting over the arctic territory.

Minimal resources

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Dependence – Efficiency, cooperation and smart monitoring After years of borderline conflict over the arctic territory, the nations in the area have finally come together. Shocked by the dwindling resources they have decided that the only way to thrive in this era is to cooperate. The efforts put into reducing footprints, unfortunately, were too little, too late and the world’s resources have declined dramatically.

De-growth has thrived and oil production has almost disappeared. This has left the area with a lot of abandoned oil infrastructure. The process of removing the platforms will take an incredible amount of time and money, which is why the nations have researched smartly re-using them.

There are a lot of different types of oil platforms, some more suitable than others to be reused.

Dependence

Looking at the structural differences there are floating and fixed platforms. This second group is the hardest to remove because its foundation is fixed to the seabed. This makes it a good candidate for repurposing. When looking at the location of these platforms it is important to note that fixed platforms occur both in deep and in shallow water.

The Arctic council researched three programs of repurposing the oil platforms, Produce, Monitor and Leisure.

Deep-water oil platforms that are located near shipping routes and fishing areas will be the most suitable for the first category, Produce. This program will turn the platform into a docking station for fishing vessels. They will be able to dock here and the catch can be processed on the platform after which the fishing vessel can go back out to sea. From the platform, the processed fish can be taken to the distribution centers. This program will make fishing more efficient by allowing fishing vessels to operate further out to sea and saving time because the ships don’t have to go back to shore.

The second program is Monitor. The council wants to establish an incorporated network of reused oil platforms to globally monitor and map the climate and fish migration. This program is the most important because the council wants to keep a very strict overwatch on the remaining resources.

The last program, Leisure is aimed at tourists and local inhabitants. This program can only be applied to oil platforms in shallow water closest to the shore. This program transforms the platform into a destination for leisure and learning. It might include things such as subsea bubbles that allow visitors to take a look at the world under the surface, water parks and museums about how the oil platforms were built or used.

Architectural scale Ingrid Staps

96

ACTIVITY

TYPE 1

SPACE

RITUAL 1

PRODUCE

ACTIVE STATIONARY

PROJECT

DEEP

MONITOR

SHALLOW

LEISURE, LEARN

DECOMISSIONED FLOATING

DEEP SHALLOW

REMOVE, RECYCLE

MONITOR

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Misery - A dystiopian reality The phenomenon of ‘terraqueous territoriality’ has resulted in the transformation of the sea and the land in the most radical ways. As the claim for ownership and the race for incursions of capital has resulted in an arena of contested social relations between different states, the Arctic metamorphizes into a landscape of conflict. It becomes a battleground for military powerplay for the accumulation of wealth and resources.

The militarisation for the claim has resulted in an everlasting cold war leading to a long and painful trade standoff between the countries. As the export markets plunged, the oil industry took the biggest hit, with prices dropping at an all-time low. Inflation is on the rise, with high prices for commodities of essentiality, leading to a drained-out economy. The crisis at the most serene of places in the world, is no longer a nightmarish imagination of a farfetched dystopia, but simply an everyday reality.

Misery

In this state of misery, survival would become the sole concern, as once abundant resources are minimal and diminishing. The desolation would allow a small fisherman’s community in Husoy to take refuge in themselves, not inevitably of choice, but rather due to necessity. With the collapse of large-scale industries due to crashing export markets, they must find a haven in each other to sustain and must allow themselves to embrace the path of de-growth to survive. The local clusters would become the strongest links in reviving the livelihood by relying on inter-dependency and going back to their roots of traditional arts and skills. Ironically, the tragedy that looms the Arctic, would fuel the urgency for economic autonomy in the region.

However, the climate has changed drastically, and the resources are unable to be replenished faster. The peace in the region seems to be an implausible thought for a near future, as the territoriality of once what was water(sea) and land (people) is no longer recognizable. How much longer will this community be able to survive as the reality around them is shifting so rapidly? A shattered sense of catastrophe shadows over their minds. But they need to remain strong for that tiny flicker of hope, that the storm will pass, and the sun will shine, and the Arctic will flourish again as it once used to.

Urban scale Malavika Gopalakrishnan

100

TAXONOMY

Rela�ons

Space

Actors Scarcity Resources

Sea Conflict

Energy

Abundance

Infrastructure Land

Territory

Coopera�on

Flows

Consequences

Material

Minimise Small-scale Fishery

Produc�on Sustainance Scarcity of resources

Transforma�on Waste

Abandonment

Community

Dependency

People

Permaculture Forestry

Consump�on

Self suffiecient

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Greed - All the lies This scenario exposed all the lies. Or at least, the contradicting forces that strive strongly in Norway. The country is well-known for its rapid sustainable movement: from having registered over 20.000 users of Tesla car1 to running the country with hydro-electric energy. At the other polar, oil makes more than half of the total value of Norway’s exports.2 The combined active and the explorations areas have formed an envelope to the Norwegian mainland as observed on the oil platform cartography.

Greed

The link between this paradox is what triggers this manifesto. Is it driven by guilt?

A form of compensation to all the wells they have drilled? Or is it to conceal? If so, this is done very smoothly. With the undeniably remarkable landscape, Norway manages to hide these fractures of oil infrastructure that lies far away on its ocean territories. As per now, the ecological impact of the oil activities is not visible to the eyes of Norwegian—but have indirectly been felt by the skin of the citizens whom experienced the climate change heatwaves as well as the other biotic beings underneath the North Sea. Hence, to diminish this industry is a plan to execute. But how to deal with the stakeholders that will refuse?

The proposal of sustainable fisheries and polar permaculture would certainly receive the support of Miljøpartiet De Grønne (Norwegian green party). The funding for this alternative economy project could also be given easily on a nation where each person has a GDP of over 600.000 Norwegian Krones3. However, realistically speaking, this shift would not guarantee the Capitalist regime to stop piling the ‘oil money’. And where does this money go? It becomes a small stake on 9,158 companies, invested on markets around 73 countries, and simply stored to safeguard the wealth of future generations. It is called the Government Pension Fund Global—a plentiful pension fund indeed.4 In a time where claiming oil exploration areas in the Arctic still proceeds, although equipped with plentiful resources, what is then best to describe the situation but the word greed?

Hence let’s just exaggerate the paradox for a better cause: what if we use the ‘oil money’ to invest on the ‘ecocentric’ scenario? Maybe, until the sound of a weeping whale could be heard from the Norwegian coast, will then stop the well bores from emerging. And by this time, the country will be ready to perform the self-sustaining community paradigm—having the polar permaculture facilities prepared.

Regional scale Prinka Anandawardhani

104

Aim

Collec�ve

The Krone Generator

Type

Resource

Permaculture

Vegeta�on

Forestry

Wood

Herding

Mamals

Fishing Villages Fish Aquaculture Claimed

-

(s)* Carrots Onion Tomato Apple Strawberry Raspberry Norway spruce Birch Scots pine Red Adler Reindeer Sheep Calf Halibut Cod Salmon Caperin Herring Trout

Oil Extrac�on

Oil & Gas

Mining

Minerals

Iron Nickel Zinc

Unit

-

Actor

*most common cul�va�on

Type

Land Farmer Permaculture

Focus Sector

Hor�culture Lab

Researcher

Ins�tu�on

Lecturer Distributor

Manufacturer

Labour Markets

Fishery

Fishing Village

Manufacturer Distributor Delivery

Fisherman Fishing Industry

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Group Reflection

Ethical Relevance

Scientific relevance

The project deals with economic de-growth and transitioning of industries which would in essence transform societies and livelihoods. This brings about various ethical issues and we would like to address them. Economic de-growth and shifting to a completely oil free lifestyle would mean significant changes in economy, however it is impossible to predict these changes without looking its repercussions. Transforming industries also have implications for people who work/ owners of the local companies in these industries. This would mean loss of jobs and employment security. This can cause sociological and economic distress in people. During the process of transformation, it is a possibility that there is a temporary waste cycles of materials and infrastructure. Moving towards clean energy is also controversial, as this would mean altering the nature. We believe that there are various environmental conflicts in creating energy landscapes in the serene Arctic, such as the possible loss of some of the bio-diversity in the process. Even though the project aims to create a more balanced material flows and value added society, there can be contradictory outcomes regarding moving towards unconventional sources in terms of energy and resources. This can also cause reductions in value capture resulting in extremely low land prices or vice versa. In addition to this, while creating a knowledge sharing network, it is possible that the knowledge created may not be accessible to all. This can create clashes in functioning of the system as a whole.

The Arctic is drastically changing, with the region’s sea ice undergoing continued declination of about 13% per decade, with a relative minimum increasing every year (National Snow and Ice Data Centre, 2018). With climate change and warming temperatures, we have crossed the threshold of balance. This puts the precious arctic biodiversity, at grave risk. But as the ice melts, open drilling for oil in the Arctic is even more accessible and easier. New shipping routes would mean an increase in commercial activity and transport of the resources. However, this needs serious attention as it would mean more exploitation of the region for resources, inducing more drastic effects of climate change. It is therefore, becomes a great responsibility to assess and understand the problem and look for other alternatives. Our project, ‘Ecocentric Reality’, focuses on reducing the exploitation of resources for capitalistic needs of corporations and moving towards a more nature oriented society. With the project we hope to bring about a change of power dynamics from large corporations to smaller communities.

This would essentially mean safeguarding the ecosystems of the Arctic from further exploitation. However the project doesn’t directly provide solutions to the problems of melting ice and climate change, but looks at critically how a post oil scenario is a viable option in order to cope with these changes. It is of utmost importance that we look at more challenging and even drastic alternatives, as a continuing of the current systems may not be able to suffice with the effects of climate change. Hence the project positions itself to be a catalyst for shifting and orienting ourselves to a more ecocentric reality.

Societal Relevance A damage to the environments in the Arctic would mean catastrophic effects across different parts of the world, and more essentially in the Arctic countries like Norway. This would directly impact the lives and livelihood of the people and alter societies. The smaller scale and indigenous industries such as fishing, reindeer herding, and animal husbandry are all reliant on the availability of resources in the sea and the land. But Norwegian coast has been heavily relying on the abundance of oil and natural gas, and these industries have been controlling the way of life. Hence the project looks at reassessing the importance of export markets within the Norwegian coast and how they affect the territorialities in the region. Our project aims to re-alter and shift the utmost power from large scale industries and corporations relying on capitalism and consumerism, to smaller scale community based industries. The project reevaluates the material flows in society to a more local based economy, by adapting to the principle of economic de-growth. This puts local communities’ at center stage and protects the resources from being over exploited for profit markets. |The project aims to promote societal and spatial justice by rearranging the way we live and conduct business. This change would mean a change in lifestyle, consumption restraint and a more holistic way of living and being. Hence, we believe that this project is of extreme social relevance and significant in looking at possibly different future.

Scope and limitations Although the project aims to reduce exploitation by moving away from capitalism by adapting de-growth, there are aware of the various limitations that emerge from the explorations throughout the process. The main limitation is the lack of technical knowledge regarding the systems, and the econometrics to assess the value added to the process. We also lack a sociological analysis required to propose such a change in economy and industry and thus were unable to predict the nature of outcomes. Establishing a post oil based industry would require further exploration about the temporality and the project falls short in providing a detailed time scale, and requires further research. The aspect of economic reliability and funds required to carry out such a project is also not discussed as they fall beyond the scope of the project. Establishing a cooperation between research organisations, and having a participatory process is extremely time consuming and not to mention challenging, however the economic/political/ societal feasibility of the project is unsure of, and needs further research and analysis.

108

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Breum, M. (2018, January 23). Norway defends new Arctic oil drilling. Retrieved May 6, 2019, from https://euobserver.com/energy/140648 Campling, L., & Colás, A. (2018). Capitalism and the sea: Sovereignty, territory and appropriation in the global ocean. Environment and Planning D: Society and Space, 36(4), 776–794. https://doi. org/10.1177/0263775817737319 Cottrell, S. 2005. Critical thinking skills : developing effective analysis and argument, New York, Palgrave Macmillan.

Eurofish Magazine. (2018, May). Sustainable use of resources is the central guideline. Eurofish Magazine, 2018 (Issue 3), 46–48.

FishSec, & Kristoffersen, A. (2012). Oil and fish in Norwegian waters – conflict ads/2012/10/Oil-and-fish-in-Norwegian-waters-paper.pdf

2018—2019 IED Infrastructure and Environment Design Critical Cartographies

conomist.com/articles/upstream/exploration-production/2014/thearctic-land-grab-underway-as-the-region-opens-up Mastini, R. (2017). Degrowth: the case for a new economic paradigm. Article on opendemocracy.net. https://www.opendemocracy.net/en/degrowthcase-for-constructing-new-economic-paradigm/ Ministry of Fisheries and Coastal Affairs. (2007). Norwegian fisheries management. Geraadpleegd op 1 juli 2019, van https://www.regjeringen.no/ globalassets/upload/fkd/brosjyrer-og-veiledninger/folder.pdf Ministry of Petroleum and Energy. (2016, May 18). Announcement 23rd licensing round awards [Press release]. Retrieved May 6, 2019, from https://www.regjeringen.no/en/aktuelt/announcement-23rd-licensing-round-awards/id2500936/ Ministry of Petroleum and Energy. (n.d.). Fundamental regulatory principles Norwegian petroleum.no. Retrieved May 6, 2019, from https://www. norskpetroleum.no/en/framework/fundamental-regulatory-principles/ Ministry of Trade, Industry and Fisheries. (z.d.). Fishing and aquaculture. Geraadpleegd op 6 juli 2019, van https://www.regjeringen.no/en/topics/ food-fisheries-and-agriculture/fishing-and-aquaculture/id1277/ Mitchell, T. (2013). Carbon democracy: Political power in the age of oil. London: Verso.

Greenpeace International. (2017, August 22). Greenpeace ship Arctic Sunrise and activists released after being arrested for protesting against oil drilling in Norway - Greenpeace International. Retrieved May 6, 2019, from https://www.greenpeace.org/international/press-release/7119/greenpeace-ship-arctic-sunrise-and-activists-released-after-being-arrested-for-protesting-against-oil-drilling-in-norway/

Murray, F. (2015). Arctic Norway. Geraadpleegd op 12 juli 2019, van https:// www.fergusmurraysculpture.com/arctic-norway

GreenPort. (2019, March 15). Arctic oil vs sustainability in northern Norway. Retrieved May 6, 2019, from https://www.greenport.com/news101/europe/arctic-oil-vs-sustainability-in-northern-norway

Norsk Olje & Gass. (n.d.). Industry policy. Retrieved May 6, 2019, from https:// www.norskoljeoggass.no/en/industry-policy2/

Guercio, M (2015). Sustainability and economic de-growth. Global Sustainable Development Report 2015 Jackson, T. (2009). Prosperity without growth: Economics for a finite planet.

London: Earthscan.

Jacobs, J. (2014, 20 februari). The Arctic land grab underway as the region opens up. Geraadpleegd 10 mei 2019, van https://www.petroleum-e-

Newsinenglish, & Berglund, N. (2019, March 1). School climate strikes spread. Retrieved May 6, 2019, from https://www.newsinenglish. no/2019/03/01/school-climate-strikes-spread/

Norwegian Seafood Council. (z.d.). Cod Academy - History Timeline. Geraadpleegd op 6 mei 2019, van https://cod.fromnorway.com/norway/ history-timeline/ OECD. (z.d.). COUNTRY NOTE ON NATIONAL FISHERIES MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS -- NORWAY. Geraadpleegd op 6 mei 2019, van https://www. oecd.org/norway/34430920.pdf OECD (2017), OECD Review of Fisheries: Policies and Summary Statistics 2017, OECD Publishing, Paris. https://doi.org/10.1787/rev_fish_ stat_en-2017-en

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Swales, J. & FEAK, C. B. 2005. Academic Writing for Graduate Students: Essential Tasks and Skills, Chicago, University of Michican Press.

Miljo direktoratet. (z.d.). Utslipp av klimagasser i Norges kommuner og fylker Miljødirektoratet. Geraadpleegd 12 juli 2019, van https://www.miljodirektoratet.no/klimagassutslipp-kommuner?area=380

Warburton, N. 2000. Thinking from A to Z. 2nd ed. London ; New York: Routledge.

Nikel, D. (2019, March 29). Growing food on Svalbard. Retrieved 12 July 2019, from https://www.lifeinnorway.net/growing-food-on-svalbard/

Maps and Data

Norskpetroleum. (z.d.). Exports of Norwegian oil and gas - Norwegianpetroleum. no. Geraadpleegd 12 juli 2019, van https://www.norskpetroleum.no/ en/production-and-exports/exports-of-oil-and-gas/

Bergquist, E. (2017, June 9). Re-establishing Arctic Vegetable Production. Retrieved 12 July 2019, from https://www.highnorthnews.com/en/re-establishing-arctic-vegetable-production Bessa, P. (2016, March 18). permaculture growing in the Arctic. Retrieved 12 July 2019, from https://www.permaculture.co.uk/articles/permaculture-growing-arctic Brown, H. (n.d.). How Arctic Farming is transforming the world’s northernmost food supply networks. Retrieved 12 July 2019, from https://mygobe. com/explore/how-arctic-farming-is-transforming-the-north/ Dahl Joahnsen, A., & Budalen, A. (2017, 5 januari). – I 2035 kan fisken være mer verdt enn oljen. Geraadpleegd 12 juli 2019, van https:// www.nrk.no/nordland/_-i-2035-kan-fisken-vaere-mer-verdt-ennoljen-1.13305810 Dalen, L. S. (2013, January 7). Trees Top 10. Retrieved 12 July 2019, from http://sciencenordic.com/trees-top-10 DNV-GL. (z.d.). The Arctic Risk Map. Geraadpleegd 12 juli 2019, van https:// maps.dnvgl.com/arcticriskmap/ Friedrich, D. (2018, January 3). Vegetable Farms ‘Mushrooming’ Across the Arctic. Retrieved 12 July 2019, from https://www.highnorthnews.com/ en/vegetable-farms-mushrooming-across-arctic Global Shipping and Fishing data in 2013. (2013, 1 januari). Geraadpleegd 12 juli 2019, van https://www.arcgis.com/home/webscene/viewer.html?layers=620260e6fc494e329eeb32bd06c07f46 Holter, M. (2019, 6 april). Norway’s Oil industry is dealt a stinging blow. Geraadpleegd 12 juli 2019, van https://www.bloomberg.com/tosv2. html?vid=&uuid=4115f3a0-a499-11e9-a1da-41a61cf55487&url=L25ld3MvYXJ0aWNsZXMvMjAxOS0wNC0wNi9iaWctb2lsLWxvc2VzLW5vcndheS1sYWJvci1wYXJ0eS1hbGx5LW9uLWV4cGxvcmluZy1vZmYtbG9mb3Rlbg==

Norwegian Government. (z.d.). Oil and Gas. Geraadpleegd 12 juli 2019, van https://www.regjeringen.no/en/topics/energy/oil-and-gas/id1003/ Polar permaculture. (n.d.). Polar Permaculture. Retrieved 12 July 2019, from https://www.polarpermaculture.com/ Port of Tromso. (2019, June 3). Development | Tromsø Havn. Retrieved 12 July 2019, from https://www.tromso.havn.no/en/about-us/development/ Ryggvik, H. (2015). A Short History of the Norwegian Oil Industry: From Protected National Champions to Internationally Competitive Multinationals. Business History Review, 89(1), 3-41. doi:10.1017/ S0007680515000045 The Arctic Institute. (2016, 17 mei). Arctic Maps - Visualizing the Arctic. Geraadpleegd 12 juli 2019, van https://www.thearcticinstitute.org/arctic-maps/ Visit Svalbard. (n.d.). Sustainable Destination. Retrieved 12 July 2019, from https://en.visitsvalbard.com/visitor-information/sustainable-destination WWF, & NORD.biz. (z.d.). Mapping the Arctic landscape. Geraadpleegd 12 juli 2019, van http://wwfarcticmaps.org/2HTAHJ

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Appendix

View at the end of the hike Photograph by authors

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Image caption, Author

Text about Image if neccessary

Legend Over 20 15 - 20 10 - 15 5 - 10 3-5 1-3 0-1 -1 - 0 -3 - -1 -5 - -3 -10 - -5 -15 - -10 -20 - -15 Under -20 N 0

100 km

Gendam quae seque laut aut harum rerum doloreperum quiat estem res et eicidi autempo restiore volla volor am harias destis et ium, que solenet qui volor aligentur aut planihic tem vidit reptium quis doluptatem aceatatincti unt venda dolut eicaborestia de sime ent faccus cum, quatusamene ommoluptam aborrum estiati orruptatem is nos num rem facit doluptat fugitiusa nobitat emporesciam, ut fugiantet eos ape odiores mi, iunto dus sit adit voluptatem dolut evelectur am etur alibus molupta temporepel mi, sitatatus alit ipidis et velici tet harum ut voluptas dolorumquo dicimpo remposadiatur acepellestem faccatius, quid quaepro et eossectore eos unt pos sitest, opta consecuptat vollore peliquunte veruntiam et harcit, officatur?

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2018—2019 IED Infrastructure and Environment Design Critical Cartographies

Image caption, Author

Text about Image if neccessary

Legend Over 32,6 m/s 28,5 - 32,6 m/s 24,5 - 28,4 m/s 20,8 - 24,4 m/s 17,2 - 20,7 m/s 13,9 - 17,1 m/s 10,8 - 13,7 m/s 8,0 - 10,7 m/s 5,5 - 7,9 m/s 3,4 - 5,4 m/s 1,6 - 3,3 m/s Under 1,6 m/s No Data

Gendam quae seque laut aut harum rerum doloreperum quiat estem res et eicidi autempo restiore volla volor am harias destis et ium, que solenet qui volor aligentur aut planihic tem vidit reptium quis doluptatem aceatatincti unt venda dolut eicaborestia de sime ent faccus cum, quatusamene ommoluptam aborrum estiati orruptatem is nos num rem facit doluptat fugitiusa nobitat emporesciam, ut fugiantet eos ape odiores mi, iunto dus sit adit voluptatem dolut evelectur am etur alibus molnihilis magnien ienihic imporionsedi totatur ma incil molor adiatur opta consecuptat vollore peliquunte veruntiam et harcit, officatur?

N

0

20 km

Norwegian paradox

Wind Speed

The dilemma of growth is caught between the desire to have economic stability and causing great environmental impacts. As the Arctic ice melts, and with the depletion of the world’s most precious resources, Norway has the moral responsibility to its people and to the rest of the world to take a stand on collective cooperation rather than exploitation. Hence, a new paradigm of retraction of growth, consumption restraint, and seeking a simpler standard of living in order to reduce the catastrophe of ecological damage in the Arctic is crucial and Norway must lead the way towards that.

Wind direction rose

Fish supply chain

TECHNOLOGY SUPPORT FOR RESOURCES MANAGEMENT

Total fish industry production, import and export over the years

PRODUXTION/ CAPTURE

COLLECTION FROM 1ST PRODUCER POINT

PREPARATION OF VALUE-ADDED PRODUCTS

Wild capture

DISTRIBUTION/ LOGISTICS

SALES

Consumer

Aquaculture Retail/restaurant

Aquaponics (fish & vegetable)

Products from discards

Large-scale buyers Manta Consulting Inc. 2013

Total catches of the most important stocks in the Barents Sea

Barents Sea ecoregion overview

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Timeline of oil

Norwegian crude oil exports

2018—2019 IED Infrastructure and Environment Design Critical Cartographies