CEREMONIAL SPACE
STATE SPECTACLE
LEVEL OF “EXISTENTIAL SPACE“
CEREMONIAL SPACE
People's Republic and celebration of Josip Broz Tito 's the geography level, the landscape level, the urban Provinces of Yugoslavia, towns birthday, Tito’s Baton 1945and villages 1957, Youth Baton 1957-1980 level, the house level, the body level and the hand level Cities that are named after Tito, of one in each of the Yugoslav federal republics and autonomous provinces: Velenje, Korenica, Drvar, Užice, Titograd, Veles, Vrbas and Mitrovica
ceremonies and spectacles
New Belgrade
ceremonies and spectacles
Ljubljana (Clinical Center, The National Assembly of Socialist Republic, The Republic Square and surrounding streets, Ljubljana railway station, Kresnica, Litija, Zagorje, Trbovlje, Zidani Most, Blace, Krško, Malena Dobova, Zagreb (Tomislav Square and surrounding streets), Kutina, Novska, Mali Rajic, Nova Gradiska, Slavonski Brod, Vrpolje, Vinkovci, Sid, Tovarnik, Kuzmin, Laæarak, Sremska Mitrovica, Ruma, Indjija, Stara Pazova, Batajnica, Zemun, New Belgrade, Belgrade (Brotherhood and Unity Square, Nemanjina Street, Knez Mihailova Street, Boulevard of Revolution, Federal Parliament, House of Flowers)
the geography level, the urban level, the house level, the body level and the hand level
ceremonies: the final the geography level, the farewell, the funeral landscape level, the procession and the urban level, the house solemn funeral of Josip level, the body level and Broz Tito the hand level
LEVEL OF “EXISTENTIAL SPACE“
Federal Parliament, Belgrade
the house level
The National Assembly of one in each of the six Yugoslav federal republics
the house level
Brotherhood and Unity Motorway the geography level, the landscape level, the urban level, the house level, the body level and the hand level
STATE SPECTACLE
spectacle
celebration of Josip Broz Federal Executive Tito 's birthday Council, New Belgrade
the landscape level and the body level the house level
Building of Social and Political Organisations, New Belgrade
the geography level, the landscape level, the urban level and the house level
Ministry of Defense and Headquarters of Yugoslav People’s Army, Belgrade
the house level
Youth Day celebration, Belgrade, May 1978
The Yugoslav Drama Theatre, Belgrade
ceremonies and spectacles
the house level
Museum of Revolution, Sarajevo, Socialist Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina
the house level and the hand level
the house level and the hand level
the landscape level
AVNOJ Museum, Bihaæ and Jajce, Socialist Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina
ceremony to commemorate the victims of fascism in World War II
the landscape level
Museum “May 25th”, Belgrade
the house level and the hand level the house level
Memorial complex "Valley of ceremony devoted to memory of the battle on Sutjeska the heroes", Tjentište, Socialist Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina
the landscape level
The Moša Pijade Workers’ University, Zagreb, Socialist Republic of Croatia
Partisan Cemetery, Mostar, ceremony to commemorate Socialist Republic of Bosnia the victims of fascism and the and Herzegovina spectacles
the landscape level
Culture Hall, Tito’s Velenje, Socialist Republic of Slovenia
the house level
Ceremony "Celebration Memorial Park of Freedom“ “Slobodište“, Kruševac, Socialist Republic of Serbia
the landscape level
Monument for fallen fighters ceremony to commemorate on hill Trijebac, Socialist the victims killed in the War of Republic of Montenegro National Liberation
the landscape level
Memorial complex Tjentište
Cemetery Draga, Socialist ceremony to commemorate Republic of Slovenia the victims killed in the War of
Batons, Museum “May 25th“, Belgrade
Federal Executive Council, New Belgrade
National Liberation
Jasenovac Memorial, Socialist Republic of Croatia
Partisan Necropolis, Prilep, Socialist Republic of Macedonia
The White Palace, Dedinje, Belgrade
Residence in Karadjordjevo, Socialist Republic of Serbia
ceremony devoted to memory
the landscape level and the house level
Brotherhood and Unity Motorway
celebration of Josip Broz the landscape level and Tito 's birthday, Youth the house level Baton 1957-1980, New Year celebration New Year celebration
celebration of Josip Broz the landscape level and Tito's summer the house level residences: Residence on Tito 's birthday, Youth Brioni Island, Socialist Baton 1957-1980, New Year celebration Republic of Croatia, Bled, Socialist Republic of Slovenia; Milocer, Socialist Republic of Montenegro; Ohrid, Socialist Republic of Macedonia
Partisan Cemetery, Mostar
the landscape level and the house level
"Tito's Caves": Island of Vis, Socialist Republic of Croatia; Drvar, Socialist Republic Bosnia and Herzegovina
Memorial home of the Liberation War fighters and the youth of Yugoslavia, Kumrovec, “Days of pain and pride“, Socialist Republic of May 1980 Croatia
the house level
Birthplace of Josip Broz celebration of Josip Broz Tito, Kumrovec, Socialist Tito 's birthday, Tito’s Baton 1945-1957, Youth Republic of Croatia Baton 1957-1980
the house level
House of Flowers, Belgrade
the landscape level and the house level
Building of Social and Political Organisations, New Belgrade
ceremony the solemn funeral of Josip Broz Tito
The Yugoslav pavilion at the World Exhibition
the house level
The Yugoslav pavilion at the World Exhibition
the house level
The Yugoslav training ship Galeb/The Peace Ship
the house level
Tito's Blue Train
the house level
Youth Railway Line, Factory, Steelworks, Hydroelectric Power Station
the body level
Partizan Association for Physical Education
the body level
Flags and Crests Marshal Tito Square, Zagreb
“It was an honour living with Tito“, May 1980
ceremonies and spectacles
Medias: print, photography, film, radio and television
the hand level Belgraders, May 4, 1980, at 3.05 p.m. the hand level
The streets and squares in Yugoslav's cities
ceremonies and spectacles
the urban level, the body level and the hand level
Parks in Belgrade: Topcider, Avala, Košutnjak, Ciganlija Ada, Belgrade fortress and Park of Friendship, New Belgrade
ceremonies and spectacles
the urban level, the body level and the hand level
Baton
celebration of Josip Broz Tito 's birthday, Tito’s Baton 1945-1957, Youth Baton 1957-1980
the hand level
JNA Stadium, Belgrade
ceremonies and spectacles
the urban level, the body level and the hand level
Pioneer hat and scarf
ceremonies and spectacles
the hand level
JNA Stadium, Belgrade
Pioneer hat and scarf
I am an architect by profession. Space defines my way of life and understanding of the world. I believe everything can be defined through space. Dealing with space I am dealing with myselfe. Yugoslav space is my space, a space where I belong physically and mentally. The space of the city has always been the space of the state spectacle. It has always been like a lively palimpsest in which historical events and figures were been re-written over and over again, in the continuus quest for political or social power, recognition and legitimacy. Only the forms, social needs and mediums of such re-writings are different. The capital of ex Yugoslavia and capitals of its republics are the spaces of the state spectacles, but certainly they are not the only one. The state spectacle exists at all spatial levels of arhitecture – on geography and level of landscape, on urban and level of house, on the levels of body and hand. The research, which include a large number of outdoor and indoor spaces of spectacle in six major cities of the former Yugoslavia has shown that these cities (Belgrade, Zagreb, Sarajevo, Ljubljana, Podgorica and Skopje) are essential, but not the only important data for understanding and interpreting the concept of state spectacle in Yugoslavia. Research shows that the major cities of the Yugoslav federal republics were permanent premises of the state spectacle, which had reflected and expressed the state policy and ideology on the one hand and on the other, they had been the stages of different political events, both planned and spontaneous. Research has also shown that, in addition to fixed and immutable spaces that become the cores of state spectacle in every social and political regime (like streets, main squares, seats of government institutions, churches, etc.), cities also conatin constantly changing ephemeral spaces which are identified as new areas of legitimization of power. One such emphemeral space of the crucial importance was New Belgrade, and especially important position in the nomenclature of such spaces were cities who had worn Tito's name (like towns of Velenje, Korenica, Drvar, Uzice, Titograd, Veles, Vrbas and Mitrovica - one in each republic and province of Yugoslavia). Also research has identified the cities which were stages of the key historical events (like towns of Bihac, Jajce, Tjentište, Kumrovec etc.). The study confirmed a variety of spatial patterns, forms and manners in which these patterns were transformed, as well as, the connecction between particular spaces and prevalent political doctrines, first on the operational and then on the semantic level. As a particularly important it has been established that the new political elite (the Communist Party led by Josip Broz Tito) had created their own spaces of power, completely rejecting inherited statehood spaces and their meanings or refering to them only as to the ideologically acceptable historical models, which were used for reaffirmation and accentuation of the continuity of power and continuity of government. Foto: The Archives of Yugoslavia, Belgrade University of Banja Luka, Republic of Srpska, Bosnia and Herzegovina Faculty of Architecture, Civil Engineering and Geodesy
„THE CEREMONIAL SPACES AND STATE SPECTACLE IN TITO'S YUGOSLAVIA“ presents the results of the master thesis, which I defended in 2010 at the Department for Architecture on Faculty of Technical Sciences in Novi Sad, Serbia. Mentor was Radivoje Dinuloviæ PhD (professor and an architect, president of S.CEN, OISTAT Serbia). Author: Maja Ðilas /Master of Science and candidate for PhD in Architecture, Faculty of Technical Sciences, University of Novi Sad Serbia/