Human psychology in rehabilitative architecture

UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE AND PLANNING Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University Kashmere Gate, Delhi

RESEARCH PAPER, 2014-15

HUMAN PSYCHOLOGY IN REHABILITATIVE ARCHITECTURE

MADHUR JAIN 07790701611 Fourth Year, Section B, 2014-2015

GUIDE AR. SIDDHARTH KHITOLIYA

UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE AND PLANNING

Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University Kashmere Gate, Delhi

APPROVAL

Research Paper Title: HUMAN PSYCHOLOGY IN REHABILITATIVE ARCHITECTURE The following study is here by approved as a creditable work on the approved subject, carried out and presented in a manner sufficiently satisfactory to warrant its acceptance as a pre-requisite to the degree for which it has been submitted.

It is to be understood that by this approval, the undersigned does not necessarily endorse or approve any statement made, opinion expressed or conclusion drawn therein, but approves the study for the purpose of which it is submitted and which satisfies the requirements laid down by the Research Paper Committee.

Date: 13th January, 2015 Submitted by:

Madhur Jain 07790701611 2014-2015

External Examiner

Guide: Siddharth Khitoliya (Assistant Professor)

Research Paper Co-coordinator

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Foremost, I would like to express my sincere gratitude to Ar. Siddharth Khitoliya for the continuous support of my research paper, for his patience, motivation, enthusiasm, and immense knowledge. His guidance helped me in all the time of research and writing of this research paper.

I would also like to thank Ar. Avtar Singh and Ar. Anurag Giri for their valuable comments, support and time. I am also extremely thankful to my parents and friends for their support and patience during the exercise.

Madhur Jain 07790701611 2014-2015

TABLE OF CONTENTS

1

2

CHAPTER ONE | ABSTRACT............................................................................................................ 1 1.1

INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................................ 1

1.2

NEED IDENTIFICATION ........................................................................................................... 1

1.3

HYPOTHESIS .............................................................................................................................. 1

1.4

AIM AND OBJECTIVES............................................................................................................. 1

1.5

METHODOLOGY ....................................................................................................................... 2

1.6

SCOPE .......................................................................................................................................... 2

1.7

LIMITATIONS ............................................................................................................................. 3

CHAPTER TWO | LITERATURE REVIEW ...................................................................................... 4 2.1

COLOUR PSYCHOLOGY .......................................................................................................... 4

2.1.1

Colour ................................................................................................................................... 4

2.1.2

Colour psychology ................................................................................................................ 4

2.2

LIGHT PSYCHOLOGY ............................................................................................................. 13

2.3

THERAPEUTIC ENVIRONMENTS ......................................................................................... 18

2.3.1 2.4 3

PARAMETERS TO BE KEPT IN MIND WHILE DESIGNING ..................................... 19

SPACE PSYCHOLOGY ............................................................................................................ 28

CHAPTER THREE | CASE STUDIES .............................................................................................. 32 3.1

TIHAR JAIL, NEW DELHI, INDIA .......................................................................................... 32

3.1.1

LOCATION ........................................................................................................................ 32

3.1.2

LAYOUT ............................................................................................................................ 34

3.1.3

PRISON CELLS ................................................................................................................. 36

3.1.4

LIGHTING CONDITIONS ................................................................................................ 36

3.1.5

COMMON FACILITIES .................................................................................................... 36

3.1.6

SECURITY AND SURVEILLANCE SYSTEM................................................................ 36

3.1.7

LANDSCAPING ................................................................................................................ 37

3.1.8

IMAGE TO THE SOCIETY............................................................................................... 37

3.2

MEDANTA – THE MEDICITY, GURGAON .......................................................................... 38

3.2.1

LOCATION: ....................................................................................................................... 38

3.2.2

LIGHTING CONDITIONS: ............................................................................................... 41

3.2.3

LANDSCAPE: .................................................................................................................... 42

3.2.4

INFRASTRUCTURE: ........................................................................................................ 42

3.3

MUKTANGAN REHABILITATION CENTER, PUNE ........................................................... 44

3.3.1

LOCATION: ....................................................................................................................... 44

3.3.2

LAYOUT ............................................................................................................................ 46

3.3.3

STATISTICS ...................................................................................................................... 47

3.4

READING OF THE CHAPTER................................................................................................. 50

4

INFERENCES .................................................................................................................................... 52

5

REFRENCES ...................................................................................................................................... 54

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1 Colour wheel ................................................................................................................................ 4 Figure 2 Floor: Feeling of effortless movement if light; substantial if dark ................................................ 5 Figure 3 Walls: Cool, distant if light; encouraging, deepening if dark ........................................................ 5 Figure 4 Ceiling: Celestial, cool if light; heavy, oppressive if dark............................................................. 5 Figure 5 Floor: Conscious, alert, pompous .................................................................................................. 5 Figure 6 Walls: Aggressive, advancing ....................................................................................................... 5 Figure 7 Ceiling: Intruding, disturbing, heavy ............................................................................................. 5 Figure 8 Floor: Feeling of not to be walked upon........................................................................................ 6 Figure 9 Ceiling: Empty............................................................................................................................... 6 Figure 10 Walls: Neutral to empty, sterile, without energy ......................................................................... 6 Figure 11 Walls: Exiting to irritating ........................................................................................................... 7 Figure 12 Floor: Elevating, diverting ........................................................................................................... 7 Figure 13 Ceiling: Luminous ....................................................................................................................... 7 Figure 14 Walls: Cool and calm if mild, can be irritating if dark ................................................................ 8 Figure 15 Ceiling: Protective, disturbing if too bright or dark .................................................................... 8 Figure 16 Floor: Soft, relaxing if softer tones are used................................................................................ 8 Figure 17 Floor: Odd, abstract .................................................................................................................... 9 Figure 18 Walls: Ominous, dungeon like .................................................................................................... 9 Figure 19 Ceiling: Hollow to oppressive ..................................................................................................... 9 Figure 20 Floor: Too delicate, unfamiliar for the location......................................................................... 10 Figure 21 Walls: Intimate, sweet, feminine ............................................................................................... 10 Figure 22 Ceiling: Delicate ........................................................................................................................ 10 Figure 23 Floor: Steady, stable .................................................................................................................. 11 Figure 24 Walls: Assuring if wood is used ................................................................................................ 11 Figure 25 Ceiling: Oppressive and heavy if dark ...................................................................................... 11 Figure 26 Floor: Activating, motion-oriented ............................................................................................ 11 Figure 27 Walls: Warm luminous .............................................................................................................. 11 Figure 28 Ceiling: Stimulating, attention-seeking ..................................................................................... 11 Figure 29 Tihar Jail .................................................................................................................................... 32 Figure 30 Tihar jail complex...................................................................................................................... 33 Figure 31 Sketch plan and section of one of the Central Jails in Tihar...................................................... 34 Figure 32 Schematic plan section of one of the wards in Tihar jail ........................................................... 35 Figure 33 Cell shared by three inmates (left) and Common dormitory; cross ventilated (right) ............... 36 Figure 34 Three levels of security in Tihar ................................................................................................ 37 Figure 35 Hierarchy Of open spaces in Tihar jail ...................................................................................... 37 Figure 36 Medanta front elevation ............................................................................................................. 38

Figure 37 Figure 38 Figure 39 Figure 40 Figure 41 Figure 42 Figure 43 Figure 44 Figure 45

Hospital entrance ....................................................................................................................... 41 Plan view of artificial lighting ................................................................................................... 42 Left: Shared room for adults; Right: Shared room for children ................................................ 43 Muktangan rehabilitation center ................................................................................................ 44 Muktangan site location............................................................................................................. 45 Muktangan floor plan ................................................................................................................ 46 Muktangan entrance lobby ........................................................................................................ 48 View of the amphitheatre from the entrance lobby ................................................................... 48 Amphitheatre ............................................................................................................................. 49

RESEARCH PAPER | HUMAN PSYCHOLOGY IN REHABILITATIVE ARCHITECTURE | AP 403 | 2014-15

1

CHAPTER ONE | ABSTRACT

1.1 INTRODUCTION Rehabilitation is a facilitative process designed to enhance the ability of people whose difficulties exclude them or leads society to exclude them from participating in aspects of life in the mainstream and in everyday activities which are congruent with their aspirations.

Many specialists of various fields, including sociologists, therapists and architects have repeatedly argued about how place and the design of its spaces communicate with the human psyche, affect the way in which people react to their lives and how they develop. And this might be said to be rather crucial for any individual who requires long term constant care or needs to recover from a period of physical, social and emotional instability.

1.2 NEED IDENTIFICATION If rehabilitation is mostly about bringing positive feelings to the front and helping to build a new identity for members of therapeutic communities, then architectural design, is perhaps the most decisive of factors in how space is utilized, both in practical terms and landscape wise, to uplift the spirit and provide the necessary environment in which community daily life and activities can become most effective. Christopher Day believes that buildings have the life the architect gives them, a personality that is either positive or negative, and that aura is captured by those who reside in them.

1.3 HYPOTHESIS The importance of colour, light, size and visual connectivity in a space play an important role in the mental and psychological development of a person.

1.4 AIM AND OBJECTIVES The main aim of this research paper is to explore how architecture of a space can create a healing environment and speed recovery. Therefore, developing a relationship between the human psychology and architecture of a space.

1

Madhur Jain, Student 4th Year, USAP, GGS I P University

RESEARCH PAPER | HUMAN PSYCHOLOGY IN REHABILITATIVE ARCHITECTURE | AP 403 | 2014-15

1.5 METHODOLOGY Studying the relationship between the structured space and human response and the factors that lead to the variation in response.

Analysis of existing behaviour settings in terms of user response to already designed spaces

Identification of features of a space that hinder or facilitate user response

Conclusive statements to the realization of the study

1.6 SCOPE 

Role of architecture in rehabilitation



Effects of colours on human psychology The study of how color affects mood and behaviour. Different colour gives out different wavelength of light, and stimulates different association and reaction by human brain when seen by human eyes. Hence, colors have directly various effect on human sentiment.



Effect of light on human psychology Light exerts considerable influence on specific biochemical processes within our body. Thus, depending on its intensity, light can either have an activating or a calming effect.



Therapeutic values of architecture The way a space is designed does not just form slabs of concrete, but is literally a social construction, that can have an influence on those who reside in it.

2

Madhur Jain, Student 4th Year, USAP, GGS I P University

RESEARCH PAPER | HUMAN PSYCHOLOGY IN REHABILITATIVE ARCHITECTURE | AP 403 | 2014-15



Effect of space on human psychology Designed space has been said to affect the way the individual reacts to the building, how it marks their behaviour, mood, how it creates and maintains a positive or negative attitude to the particular situation they are facing.

1.7 LIMITATIONS The study of buildings outside of India will be prepared entirely with the help of new-age technology, books and magazines in the absence of any physical site visit.

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Madhur Jain, Student 4th Year, USAP, GGS I P University

RESEARCH PAPER | HUMAN PSYCHOLOGY IN REHABILITATIVE ARCHITECTURE | AP 403 | 2014-15

2

CHAPTER TWO | LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 COLOUR PSYCHOLOGY 2.1.1 Colour The property possessed by an object of producing different sensations on the eye as a result of the way it reflects or emits light [Oxford American College Dictionary] 2.1.2 Colour psychology Colour Psychology, the study of how colour affects mood and behaviour. Different colour gives out different wavelength of light, and stimulates different association and reaction by human brain when seen by human eyes. Hence, colours have directly various effect on human sentiment.

Colour plays an important role in the perception of a space in mind. Colour can Figure 1 Colour wheel have many psychological effects on us.

Using lighter shades makes space appear bigger while darker shades makes the same space appear smaller.

Hence colours can be used appropriately to adjust the proportion of room. For example: For an extraordinarily large room, using dark colour will make the room feel small and cozy.

Different colours represent different things, and sometimes can represent different things in different countries. Certain colours make objects seem lighter or heavier, large or small, near or distant, cool or warm and unity through colour.

There are four psychological primary colours - red, blue, yellow and green. They relate respectively to the body, the mind, the emotions and the essential balance between these three. The psychological properties of the eleven basic colours are as follows:

Blue: Psychologically, blue is associated with tranquillity, peace and contentment. This must be because blue symbolises nature, the clear sky and pure water.

Negative: However, if used indiscriminately, it can produce strong feelings of melancholia and uneasiness and can be quite depressing.

Blue in interiors: Blue shades can be used for a restful or a bold effect. Pale blue has a calming effect and gives space to a room and can be used for larger areas. A darker blue will draw things closer and add depth.

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Madhur Jain, Student 4th Year, USAP, GGS I P University

RESEARCH PAPER | HUMAN PSYCHOLOGY IN REHABILITATIVE ARCHITECTURE | AP 403 | 2014-15

Figure 4 Ceiling: Celestial, cool if light; heavy, oppressive if dark

Figure 3 Walls: Cool, distant if light; encouraging, deepening if dark

Figure 2 Floor: Feeling of effortless movement if light; substantial if dark

Red: Red is the most dramatic, vital and exciting of the three primaries. Red is warm and welcoming and highly energizing too.

Negative: However too much of red can induce aggression and violence.

Red in interiors: Red enlivens interior spaces by creating excitement, warmth and elegance and so is used in those areas where one needs excitement like bars.

Figure 7 Ceiling: Intruding, disturbing, Figure 6 Walls: Aggressive, advancing heavy

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Figure 5 Floor: Conscious, alert, pompous

Madhur Jain, Student 4th Year, USAP, GGS I P University

RESEARCH PAPER | HUMAN PSYCHOLOGY IN REHABILITATIVE ARCHITECTURE | AP 403 | 2014-15

White: White symbolises purity. There is nothing that reflects natural light better than white.

Negative: White is associated with coldness, barriers, and unfriendliness.

White in interiors: Snow white walls and cabinets make a room sparkle. Wood and metal contrast with white and it highlights furnishings.

Figure 9 Ceiling: Empty

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Figure 10 Walls: Neutral to empty, sterile, without energy

Figure 8 Floor: Feeling of not to be walked upon

Madhur Jain, Student 4th Year, USAP, GGS I P University

RESEARCH PAPER | HUMAN PSYCHOLOGY IN REHABILITATIVE ARCHITECTURE | AP 403 | 2014-15

Yellow: It is a powerful colour, both light in value and extremely intense in its purest from. It evokes a sense of energy and excitement and stimulates the brain.

Negative: Yellow is associated with fear, emotional fragility and anxiety.

Yellow in interiors: Yellow is a perennial favourite in interior design, combing with greens to provide natural freshness and red, richness.

Figure 13 Ceiling: Luminous

Figure 11 Walls: Exiting to irritating

Figure 12 Floor: Elevating, diverting

Violet: Violet is a colour of emotional contrasts. Dark violets induce the impression of richness and reverence while its paler tints are unabashedly romantic and fragile.

Negative: Violet is associated with suppression and inferiority.

Violet in interiors: It was quite popular in the Victorian era and now is once again emerging as a popular choice in interiors.

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Madhur Jain, Student 4th Year, USAP, GGS I P University

RESEARCH PAPER | HUMAN PSYCHOLOGY IN REHABILITATIVE ARCHITECTURE | AP 403 | 2014-15

Green: Green represents greenery of nature and so generates a feeling of tranquillity, peace and coolness in interiors. It is also believed to support intelligence.

Negative: Green is associated with boredom and stagnation.

Green in interiors: Green goes with every other colour and thus makes is a natural neutral and a perfect background.

Figure 15 Ceiling: Protective, disturbing Figure 14 Walls: Cool and calm if mild, Figure 16 Floor: Soft, relaxing if softer tones are used can be irritating if dark if too bright or dark

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Madhur Jain, Student 4th Year, USAP, GGS I P University

RESEARCH PAPER | HUMAN PSYCHOLOGY IN REHABILITATIVE ARCHITECTURE | AP 403 | 2014-15

Black: It is essentially an absence of light, since no wavelengths are reflected. Positively, it communicates absolute clarity. Black creates a perception of weight and seriousness.

Negative: Black is all colours, totally absorbed. It creates protective barriers, as it absorbs all energy and hides a person’s personality.

Black in interiors: Symbolizes sophistication, glamour, security, emotional safety and efficiency.

Figure 19 Ceiling: Hollow to oppressive Figure 18 Walls: Ominous, dungeon like

Figure 17 Floor: Odd, abstract

It is a myth that black clothes are slimming

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Madhur Jain, Student 4th Year, USAP, GGS I P University

RESEARCH PAPER | HUMAN PSYCHOLOGY IN REHABILITATIVE ARCHITECTURE | AP 403 | 2014-15

The truth behind the myth is that black is the most recessive colour, a matter of not drawing attention, rather than actually making a person slimmer.

Pink: Pink is delicate and soft and reflects joy, happiness and pure feelings essential for a happy life. Pink has an interesting quality that seems to halt the body’s ability to stay angry.

Negative: Pink is associated with inhibition and physical weakness.

Pink in interiors: Pink blends wonderfully with greys, brown and sharp blues. Because pink is essentially a pastel, it should be used with a stronger colour to highlight its pleasant tone.

Figure 22 Ceiling: Delicate

Figure 21 Walls: Intimate, sweet, feminine

Figure 20 Floor: Too delicate, unfamiliar for the location

Brown: earth and comfortable, brown ranges from the palest of cream-beiges to the deepest of chocolate brown. Browns are associated with ‘mother Earth’ and so impart a sense of warmth and serenity.

Negative: Brown gives the impression of cheapness and stinginess in certain circumstances.

Brown in interiors: Wood furniture, doors and windows provide brown in a room. Because any brown tone is essentially warm, cool colours should be used as accents.

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Madhur Jain, Student 4th Year, USAP, GGS I P University

RESEARCH PAPER | HUMAN PSYCHOLOGY IN REHABILITATIVE ARCHITECTURE | AP 403 | 2014-15

Figure 25 Ceiling: Oppressive and heavy if dark

Figure 24 Walls: Assuring if wood is used

Figure 23 Floor: Steady, stable

Orange: Orange colour inspires spirituality as it represents transcendence and an otherworldly aspect of life- same reason spiritual people wear saffron robes.

Negative: Orange when used excessively, it can induce restlessness.

Orange in interiors: It is amazingly versatile, emitting great energy in its purest form. As an earth tone, it evokes warmth, comfort and reassurance.

Figure 28 Ceiling: Stimulating, attention-seeking

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Figure 27 Walls: Warm luminous

Figure 26 Floor: Activating, motionoriented

Madhur Jain, Student 4th Year, USAP, GGS I P University

RESEARCH PAPER | HUMAN PSYCHOLOGY IN REHABILITATIVE ARCHITECTURE | AP 403 | 2014-15

Grey: Grey is cool and contemporary. Ale grey pushes walls away to create space.

Negative: Too much grey can cause melancholy and depression.

Grey in interiors: varying in range from a light to medium value, grey is an elegant neutral value for all furnishings.

Our perception of colour is affected by a number of factors, and the same colour can appear quite different under different conditions. In the picture below, for example, the squares labelled A and B are actually the same shade of grey.

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Madhur Jain, Student 4th Year, USAP, GGS I P University

RESEARCH PAPER | HUMAN PSYCHOLOGY IN REHABILITATIVE ARCHITECTURE | AP 403 | 2014-15

2.2 LIGHT PSYCHOLOGY Light has a direct effect on our mood and feeling, from a scientific medical point of view. Light acts on the production of cortisol, serotonin, and melatonin, three important hormones that affect our internal clock and our mood states, among many other effects. It is important to keep these hormones in proper balance.

Low levels of serotonin (the daylight hormone) cause depression.

Light therapy, be it artificial or natural, has been found to be an effective antidepressant but only when the light is bright enough. Light not only affects the psychological state of the person, but also has a direct effect on what he feels in a certain ambiance.

Light, its colour and intensity, vary according to the function of the local it is in. Thus, a hospital room, a classroom and a living room of a residential home should have different lighting whether it was artificial or natural (variation of opening types and spaces).

Psychologists and behaviourists believe that even in places where the change in lighting is not as dramatic, small changes in light may also affect a person’s mood or his emotional state. The presence or absence light can produce a positive or negative effect.

The sensations that come along with good lighting are excitement, alertness and dominance. However, with poor lighting comes dullness, boredom and submissiveness. These states affect the social behavioural responses of the occupants and their ability to make proper decisions.

There is a general natural preference for daylight over artificial light. This could be related to its spectral quality (the spectrum of daylight being the fact the white daylight is in fact the compilation of 7 colours – those of the rainbow) that triggers hormonal and physiological progresses. These progresses affect our psychological wellbeing. That however is not a proven fact, but whatever the reasons are, the fact remains that most people prefer natural lighting to artificial one.

The individual impressions of a space depend on the relationship of surfaces that are lit to those left in the dark, and on the focus of the surround or background, i.e. the emphasis on a space or another.

The degree of brightness contrast evokes emotions in different ways and it affects: 

The performance of task



The behaviour of people at work or play



The amount of containment and pleasure, and emotions in general.

This brightness and contrast hence affect the way the person perceives the architectural space and how this space will affect him.

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Madhur Jain, Student 4th Year, USAP, GGS I P University

RESEARCH PAPER | HUMAN PSYCHOLOGY IN REHABILITATIVE ARCHITECTURE | AP 403 | 2014-15

A. Brightness contrast:

Low contrast environment, everything is of equal emphasis

Mid contrast environment, combination of emphasis

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Madhur Jain, Student 4th Year, USAP, GGS I P University

RESEARCH PAPER | HUMAN PSYCHOLOGY IN REHABILITATIVE ARCHITECTURE | AP 403 | 2014-15

High contrast environment, high bright and dark areas

Very high contrast environment – extreme high bright and dark areas

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Madhur Jain, Student 4th Year, USAP, GGS I P University

RESEARCH PAPER | HUMAN PSYCHOLOGY IN REHABILITATIVE ARCHITECTURE | AP 403 | 2014-15

B. Subjective impressions:

Other types of impressions: Public: Higher levels of illumination with a more uniform distribution of light from overhead lighting sources, predominantly.

Spacious: Overall high levels of illumination with even distribution of light on the walls and uniform lighting on all surfaces.

Relaxed: Non-uniform distribution, wall lighting, and lower light levels, typically.

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Madhur Jain, Student 4th Year, USAP, GGS I P University

RESEARCH PAPER | HUMAN PSYCHOLOGY IN REHABILITATIVE ARCHITECTURE | AP 403 | 2014-15

Effect light has on space Light plays a central role in the design of a visual environment, the architecture, people and objects are all made visible by the lighting, since it is what enables “what we see”.

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

Light defines zones and boundaries



Light expands and highlights rooms



Light creates links and distinguishes one area from another



Room surfaces can be differentiated using different levels of illuminance to indicate their importance.

Madhur Jain, Student 4th Year, USAP, GGS I P University

RESEARCH PAPER | HUMAN PSYCHOLOGY IN REHABILITATIVE ARCHITECTURE | AP 403 | 2014-15

2.3 THERAPEUTIC ENVIRONMENTS Healthcare facilities are designed not only to support and facilitate state-of-the-art medicine and technology, patient safety, and quality patient care, but to also embrace the patient, family, and caregivers in a psychosocially supportive therapeutic environment. The characteristics of the physical environment in which a patient receives care affects patient outcomes, patient satisfaction, patient safety, staff efficiency, staff satisfaction, and organizational outcomes. The effects can be positive or negative. No environment is neutral.

A healthcare environment is therapeutic when it does all of the following: 

Supports clinical excellence in the treatment of the physical body



Supports the psycho-social and spiritual needs of the patient, family, and staff



Produces measurable positive effects on patients' clinical outcomes and staff effectiveness

Therapeutic Environment theory stems from the fields of environmental psychology (the psycho-social effects of environment), psychoneuroimmunology (the effects of environment on the immune system), and neuroscience (how the brain perceives architecture). Patients in a healthcare facility are often fearful and uncertain about their health, their safety, and their isolation from normal social relationships. Stress can cause a person's immune system to be suppressed, and can dampen a person's emotional and spiritual resources, impeding recovery and healing.

Healthcare architects, interior designers, and researchers have identified four key factors which, if applied in the design of a healthcare environment, can measurably improve patient outcomes: 

Reduce or eliminate environmental stressors



Provide positive distractions



Enable social support



Give a sense of control

The application of these factors has been focused on the patient and patient's family. However, there are also recognized potential benefits for staff and caregivers in terms of satisfaction, effectiveness, and staff retention, from environmental factors such as:

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

Noise reduction



Same-handed patient rooms



Access to daylight Madhur Jain, Student 4th Year, USAP, GGS I P University

RESEARCH PAPER | HUMAN PSYCHOLOGY IN REHABILITATIVE ARCHITECTURE | AP 403 | 2014-15



Appropriate lighting



Providing 'off-stage' areas for respite



Proximity to other staff



Appropriate use of technology



Decentralized observation, supplies, and charting

In general, Therapeutic Environments have been proven to be cost-effective by improving patient outcomes, reducing length of stay, and by enhancing staff satisfaction, recruitment, and retention of staff

2.3.1

PARAMETERS TO BE KEPT IN MIND WHILE DESIGNING

2.3.1.1 HOSPITALS Regardless of their location, size, or budget, all hospitals should have certain common attributes.

Efficiency and Cost-Effectiveness An efficient hospital layout should:

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

Promote staff efficiency by minimizing distance of necessary travel between frequently used spaces



Allow easy visual supervision of patients by limited staff



Include all needed spaces, but no redundant ones. This requires careful pre-design programming.



Provide an efficient logistics system, which might include elevators, pneumatic tubes, box conveyors, manual or automated carts, and gravity or pneumatic chutes, for the efficient handling of food and clean supplies and the removal of waste, recyclables, and soiled material



Make efficient use of space by locating support spaces so that they may be shared by adjacent functional areas, and by making prudent use of multi-purpose spaces



Consolidate outpatient functions for more efficient operation—on first floor, if possible—for direct access by outpatients



Group or combine functional areas with similar system requirements



Provide optimal functional adjacencies, such as locating the surgical intensive care unit adjacent to the operating suite. These adjacencies should be based on a detailed functional program which describes the hospital's intended operations from the standpoint of patients, staff, and supplies.

Madhur Jain, Student 4th Year, USAP, GGS I P University

RESEARCH PAPER | HUMAN PSYCHOLOGY IN REHABILITATIVE ARCHITECTURE | AP 403 | 2014-15

Flexibility and Expandability Since medical needs and modes of treatment will continue to change, hospitals should: 

Follow modular concepts of space planning and layout



Use generic room sizes and plans as much as possible, rather than highly specific ones



Be served by modular, easily accessed, and easily modified mechanical and electrical systems



Where size and program allow, be designed on a modular system basis



Be open-ended, with well-planned directions for future expansion; for instance positioning "soft spaces" such as administrative departments, adjacent to "hard spaces" such as clinical laboratories.

Therapeutic Environment Hospital patients are often fearful and confused and these feelings may impede recovery. Every effort should be made to make the hospital stay as unthreatening, comfortable, and stress-free as possible. The interior designer plays a major role in this effort to create a therapeutic environment. A hospital's interior design should be based on a comprehensive understanding of the facility's mission and its patient profile.

The characteristics of the patient profile will determine the degree to which the interior design should address aging, loss of visual acuity, other physical and mental disabilities, and abusiveness. Some important aspects of creating a therapeutic interior are:

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

Using familiar and culturally relevant materials wherever consistent with sanitation and other functional needs



Using cheerful and varied colours and textures, keeping in mind that some colours are inappropriate and can interfere with provider assessments of patients' pallor and skin tones, disorient older or impaired patients, or agitate patients and staff, particularly some psychiatric patients.



Admitting ample natural light wherever feasible and using colour-corrected lighting in interior spaces which closely approximates natural daylight

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Providing views of the outdoors from every patient bed, and elsewhere wherever possible; photo murals of nature scenes are helpful where outdoor views are not available



Designing a "way-finding" process into every project. Patients, visitors, and staff all need to know where they are, what their destination is, and how to get there and return. A patient's sense of competence is encouraged by making spaces easy to find, identify, and use without asking for help.

Building elements, colour, texture, and pattern should all give cues, as well as artwork and signage.

Madhur Jain, Student 4th Year, USAP, GGS I P University

RESEARCH PAPER | HUMAN PSYCHOLOGY IN REHABILITATIVE ARCHITECTURE | AP 403 | 2014-15

Cleanliness and Sanitation Hospitals must be easy to clean and maintain. This is facilitated by: 

Appropriate, durable finishes for each functional space



Careful detailing of such features as doorframes, casework, and finish transitions to avoid dirtcatching and hard-to-clean crevices and joints



Adequate and appropriately located housekeeping spaces



Special materials, finishes, and details for spaces which are to be kept sterile, such as integral cove base. The new antimicrobial surfaces might be considered for appropriate locations.



Incorporating O&M practices that stress indoor environmental quality (IEQ)

Accessibility All areas, both inside and out, should: 

be designed so as to be easy to use by the many patients with temporary or permanent handicaps



Ensuring grades are flat enough to allow easy movement and sidewalks and corridors are wide enough for two wheelchairs to pass easily



Ensuring entrance areas are designed to accommodate patients with slower adaptation rates to dark and light; marking glass walls and doors to make their presence obvious.

Controlled Circulation A hospital is a complex system of interrelated functions requiring constant movement of people and goods.

Much of this circulation should be controlled.

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

Outpatients visiting diagnostic and treatment areas should not travel through inpatient functional areas nor encounter severely ill inpatients



Typical outpatient routes should be simple and clearly defined.



Visitors should have a simple and direct route to each patient nursing unit without penetrating other functional areas.



Separate patients and visitors from industrial/logistical areas or floors.



Outflow of trash, recyclables, and soiled materials should be separated from movement of food and clean supplies, and both should be separated from routes of patients and visitors.



Transfer of cadavers to and from the morgue should be out of the sight of patients and visitors.



Dedicated service elevators for deliveries, food and building maintenance services.

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Aesthetics Aesthetics is closely related to creating a therapeutic environment (homelike, attractive.) It is important in enhancing the hospital's public image and is thus an important marketing tool. A better environment also contributes to better staff morale and patient care. Aesthetic considerations include: 

Increased use of natural light, natural materials, and textures



Use of artwork



Attention to proportions, colour, scale, and detail



Bright, open, generously-scaled public spaces



Homelike and intimate scale in patient rooms, day rooms, consultation rooms, and offices



Compatibility of exterior design with its physical surroundings

Security and Safety In addition to the general safety concerns of all buildings, hospitals have several particular security concerns: 

Protection of hospital property and assets, including drugs



Protection of patients, including incapacitated patients, and staff



Safe control of violent or unstable patients



Vulnerability to damage from terrorism because of proximity to high-vulnerability targets, or because they may be highly visible public buildings with an important role in the public health system.

Sustainability Hospitals are large public buildings that have a significant impact on the environment and economy of the surrounding community. They are heavy users of energy and water and produce large amounts of waste.

Because hospitals place such demands on community resources they are natural candidates for sustainable design.

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2.3.1.2

Rehabilitation centre

Efficiency and Cost-Effectiveness The design of a successful rehabilitation centre should: 

Promote staff efficiency by minimizing distance of necessary travel between frequently used spaces



Allow easy visual supervision of patients by limited staff. Nurse stations on inpatient units should be designed to provide maximum visibility of patient areas.



Include all needed spaces, but no redundant ones. This requires careful pre-design programming.



For inpatient units, provide a central meeting area or living room for staff and patients and provide smaller rooms where patients can visit with their families



Make efficient use of space by locating support spaces so that they may be shared by adjacent functional areas, and by making prudent use of multi-purpose spaces

Therapeutic Environment The character of the immediate surroundings can have a profound effect on the psyche of a patient. The New York Psychiatric Institute reports a dramatic drop in the number of patients who need to be restrained since occupying their new facility with its bright open spaces. Every effort should be made to create a therapeutic environment by:

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

Using familiar and non-institutional materials with cheerful and varied colours and textures, keeping in mind that some colours and patterns are inappropriate and can disorient older impaired patients, or agitate patients and staff.



Admitting ample natural light wherever possible.



Providing a window for every patient bed, and views of the outdoors from other spaces wherever possible. Views of nature can be restorative.



Providing inpatients with direct and easy access to controlled outdoor areas



Providing adequate separation and sound insulation to prevent confidential but loud conversation from traveling beyond consulting offices and group therapy rooms.



Giving each patient as much acoustic privacy as possible—from noises of other patients, toilet noises, mechanical noises, etc.



Giving each patient as much visual privacy, and control over it, as is consistent with the need for supervision.



Giving each inpatient the ability to control his immediate environment as much as possible, i.e. lighting, radio, TV, etc.

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

Providing computer stations for patient use when patient profile and treatment program allow.



Designing features to assist patient orientation, such as direct and obvious travel paths, key locations for clocks and calendars, avoidance of glare, and avoidance of unusual configurations and excessive corridor lengths.



Designing a "way-finding" process into every project. A patient's sense of competence is encouraged by making spaces easy to find, identify, and use without asking for help. Colour, texture, and pattern, as well as artwork and signage, can all give cues.



Providing exercise equipment for patient use where appropriate for the program of care.



Providing access to kitchen facilities, preferably on the unit, where snacks or meals can be prepared by patients, when patient profile allows.

Cleanliness Rehabilitation centres should be easy to clean and maintain. This is facilitated by: 

Appropriate, durable finishes for each functional space



Proper detailing of such features as doorframes, casework, and finish transitions to avoid dirtcatching and hard-to-clean crevices and joints



Adequate and appropriately located housekeeping spaces



Incorporating operations and maintenance practices that stress indoor environmental quality (IEQ)

Aesthetics Aesthetics is closely related to creating a therapeutic environment. It is also a major factor in a facility's public image and is thus an important marketing tool for patients and staff. Aesthetic considerations include:

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

Use of new lighting systems, high performance glazing, increased use of natural light, natural materials, and colours



Use of (soothing, not exciting) artwork



Attention to details, proportions, colour, and scale



Bright and open public and congregate spaces



Comfortable and intimately scaled nursing units and offices



Compatibility of exterior design with surroundings

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Security and Safety The potential suicide of patients is a special concern of rehabilitation centers. The facility must not unwittingly create opportunities for suicide. Design to address this and other safety and security issues includes: 

Plumbing, electrical, and mechanical devices designed to be tamper-proof



Use of breakaway shower-rods and bars, no clothes hooks



Elimination of all jumping opportunities



Control of entrances and exits by staff



Provision for patient bedroom doors to be opened by staff in case of emergency



Laminated glass for windows in inpatient units



Fiber-reinforced gypsum board for walls



Special features in seclusion rooms to eliminate all opportunities for self-injury, including outward opening door with no inside hardware



Careful consideration of appropriate locations for grab bars and handrails. Where they must be used in unsupervised spaces, and patient profile justifies extra care, special designs are available that preclude their use for self-injury.



Eliminate the use of door knobs and handles



Solid material specified ceilings

Sustainability Rehabilitation centres are public buildings that may have a significant impact on the environment and economy of the surrounding community. As facilities built for "caring", it is appropriate that this caring approach extend to the larger world as well, and that they be built and operated "sustainably".

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2.3.1.3

PRISON

Building Systems Natural and artificial lighting are important factors in creating a quality interior working environment.

Lighting affects the perception of space, as well as the colour of interior finishes.

Day lighting may be introduced around exterior walls high in the wall for optimum security. Control of natural light should be provided as necessary with window coverings to reduce glare. Inclusion of task lighting at office work surfaces. Use high-efficiency fluorescent lighting with electronic ballasts in lieu of incandescent lighting. Lighting should be sufficient for teleconferencing in the conference room and incrementally dimmable in the classroom and Firearms Training Simulator room. Programmable dimming systems providing various programmable “scenes” are ideal for the classroom and take the guesswork out of lighting scenarios.

Security Standards Security factor involves providing daylight into the building without compromising the occupants. This has been successfully accomplished in several existing security force (SF) facilities by locating a ribbon of small (16 inches +/-) high windows around the exterior walls just below the ceiling level. This ribbon brings an adequate amount of daylight into the building while maintaining a visual privacy for the occupants below. This design also allows more flexibility in furniture arrangements since all exterior walls are solid walls below the ribbon windows and furniture doesn’t have to conform to window locations. Exterior walls should be secure, but in conformance with base ACP’s. Parking should be kept a minimum of 82 feet from the outside walls and a vehicle-proof barrier should protect the public entryway to the building.

Mechanical Systems Prisons should be protected by an automatic sprinkler system. Heating, ventilation, and air conditioning systems should be designed for some redundancy with at least two main units sharing the load units in a continuous loop. If one unit goes out of service, the other may carry half the load for the facility. The intent being that if one unit goes out of service, the building will not be completely without heating or cooling.

High-efficiency, low-maintenance HVAC systems should be utilized.

Communications Telephone and computer wiring should be provided to support voice, data, visual, and security/fire alarm systems. Facility should be equipped with the capability for intercom, public address system, cable television, defense systems network (DSN), global information network system (GINS), on-base lines, and local area network (LAN) connections.

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The designer should contact the civil engineer and the base communications units for specific communications requirements before planning major building upgrades and modifications. These internal and external requirements should be incorporated in building design and modification specifications along with the radio antenna’ cable into infrastructure considerations.

Secure Walls For secure areas such as: Armoury, Detention Area, filled concrete masonry unit (CMU) walls are standard.

Painted CMU walls are acceptable in the Armoury and Detention Area, but are not acceptable in administrative areas - which require vinyl or acoustic wall coverings. Where wall thickness must be minimized, ballistic resistant material inside of gypsum board partitions should be used.

Colour Concepts Special attention should be given to colour selection and provide a timeless colour scheme. Accent colours should be used to complement a neutral colour scheme. Neutral colours should be selected for carpets, wall coverings, and systems furniture wall panels. Accent colours sold be incorporated in upholstery, graphics, borders, accessories, and artwork for design scheme consistency.

Wall coverings A tough vinyl wainscot material and corner guards such as is used in hospital corridors should be used for areas trafficked by flight staff with weapons to protect walls from scarring. Vinyl wainscoting is available in a variety of colours to integrate with the overall colour scheme. A dense acoustic wall covering such as “wall carpet” in the SFCC should be used to absorb noise. Vinyl wall covering, acoustic wall covering, ceramic tile, and paint finishes should be used for ease of maintenance and to present a less institutional appearance. Ceramic wall tile should be used in restrooms. Ceramic tile should be applied over cement backer board in high moisture areas such as shower walls and wet walls. Where appropriate, include chair rails to protect walls from furniture such as in conference rooms.

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2.4 SPACE PSYCHOLOGY Physical structure has a significant effect on human behaviour. As humans find themselves spending more time enclosed within the walls of structure, it becomes valuable to design structures integrating features of the natural environment and structural landscape features into the human-made environment (Joye, 2007).

Research suggests the design of residential and commercial space has pervasive effects on its inhabitants and is an important consideration in architectural design.

Architecture can be perceived as purely functional, but certainly not all can be the aesthetically pleasing, similar to the effect of any art form. It can also be an expression of cultural pride, societal passion, or national esteem (Ayers, 2007). Research supports the idea that    

Architectural design, Structure of space, Number and spacing of windows, and Lighting affect people

Furthermore, "architectural design has strong but modifiable effects on social behaviour and user’s mood and productivity and, to some extent, design features also affect health and wellbeing" (Ayers, 2007, para.1).

According to Joye (2007), "our surroundings influence not only the way we think but our intellectual development" (p. 305). Gestalt psychology suggests humans experience the influence of architecture as their brains have a proclivity to infer rhythm and patterns of space and structure, which influences behaviour (Joye, 2007).

Human beings are more creative in spaces with higher ceilings. All else being equal, people are more innovative in places with 10 foot ceilings than they are when the ceiling hovers 8 feet above the floor. When the ceiling of a room is lower than about 9 feet, people tend to feel crowded and want other people (except those we're on really good terms with) to stay farther away from them. Really high ceilings produce negative effects, as well.

Variations in ceiling heights are good for human beings psychologically. Assorted ceiling heights within a space create clearly different zones; each height seems like a different "neighbourhood." All human beings - individually as well as groups - need a territory that belongs to them - and those different spaces can establish those "owned" areas. Human beings can decompress in their own spaces - so they reduce the stress levels.

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There is a tendency to feel comfortable in spaces with lower ceilings that are next to areas with higher ceilings when the space with the lower ceiling is a little darker and the area with the higher ceiling is a little brighter. That darker space with the lower ceiling feels cozy, in the same way that a cave with a view out over a plain must have felt secure to ancestors.

We can have some influence on how spacious a room feels by modifying the colour of paint on the ceiling.

Lighter, brighter colours make the ceiling seem father away, while darker colours make it seem closer.

The most interesting part of investigating something so exact like room height is how easy it is to conduct an experiment. People just have to be placed in two rooms that are identical in all features except the one that is to be found out, and record people’s feelings, thoughts and behaviour. That’s exactly what MeyersLevy and Zhu (2007) did in their three experiments when investigated the effects of high (10 ft.; 3 m) and low (8 ft.; 2,4 m) ceiling height on individuals’ notions of freedom versus confinement and how such effects further influenced information processing.

Subjects in the high ceiling room were more likely to report feeling a sense of freedom and completed freedom-related anagrams more quickly and confinement-related anagrams more slowly than those in the low ceiling rooms. This means that high ceilings can prime the concept of freedom and low ceilings can prime the concept of confinement.

Meyers-Levy and Zhu concluded that ceiling height affected subjects’ subconscious perception of the environment and therefore, the information processing method they used. These findings are widely applicable.

Architecture as a Means of Controlling Human Behaviour “The structural design or arrangement of space imposes restrictions on behaviour. Doorways determine our access to a room and room dimensions restrict the kinds of behaviours that can take place inside a room” (Ayers, 2007, para. 2). With these considerations in mind, a building’s function as well as its users, must match its design. A building's interior must create the appearance of space, regardless of its actual size because space makes inhabitants believe they have the choice between interaction and isolation. Individuals report a more positive sense of control when their environment allows them to choose interaction or isolation rather than experiencing both randomly thrust upon them.

Evidence suggests when individuals perceive ample space, they report feeling a stronger sense of control over their environment and are less prone to anxiety over minor annoyances, stress, and aggression.

Furthermore, ample space has a pervasive effect on subjective well-being and health (Straub, 2007).

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CONTROL OVER ENVIRONMENT

LESS PRONE TO ANXIETY

LESS STRESS AND AGGRESSION

AMPLE SPACE

IMPROVED HEALTH

According to Ouroussoff (1999), architecture can heal and function as a parameter "for an enlightened community, one that can even uplift the soul" (para. 9). As a testament to his belief in the friendliness of architecture, Pei built a hospital whose user-friendliness included:     

smaller, private spaces, more open public space for interaction, terraces that served as "green spaces" for patients, plenty of fresh air and natural light

Pei's design and his desire was to create a more open, therapeutic environment. His fundamental belief demonstrates skillfully manipulated architecture fosters a humane environment even when extreme constraints exist (Ouroussoff, 1999). Architecture like Pei's have implications for the functional yet healthy designs for industrial spaces in which many people must share limited space. Providing "the structure for increasing control over local spaces increases productivity and prevents distress associated with crowding" (Grierson, 2003, para. 12).

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In a profound example of interior design as it affects human health and wellbeing, Ulrich (1983) found "natural views are associated with positive emotional states which may play a role in the reduction of stressful thoughts and recovery from surgery" (Para. 10). In his study, patients who had windows with natural views fared better than patients who had window views of a brick wall. Compared to the patients with the wall-view, the patients with the natural view:    

Had fewer complications, Took less pain medication, Appeared more positive to nurses, and Spent less time after surgery in the hospital.

Other studies similar to Ulrich's (1983) suggest a positive overall effect of designing according to the fundamental services that will be provided by the building. In the example of hospital design, attractiveness, natural views, privacy, safety, and comfort provide an environment more conducive for healing.

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3

CHAPTER THREE | CASE STUDIES

3.1 TIHAR JAIL, NEW DELHI, INDIA

Figure 29 Tihar Jail

3.1.1 LOCATION Tihar jail is the largest complex of prisons in South Asia. It is located in Tihar Village approximately 7km from Chanakyapuri and the surrounding area is known as Janakpuri. Originally, Tihar jail was planned at Delhi gate area in 1954 as a maximum security prison under the control of Government of Punjab but later in 1958, it got shifted to its present site. In 1966, the control was transferred to National Capital Territory of Delhi. In 1984, the existing central jail was divided into three central jails and other required facilities were added and it was then that the Tihar jail complex started proliferating.

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Various central jails started emerging within the complex to accommodate the ever increasing inmate population. But despite these efforts, Tihar Jails are known as overcrowded prisons, as of November 2006, Tihar jail has almost 12,000 inmates against the sanctioned capacity of 5,200. Another reason for this overcrowding is that large numbers of inmates are either under trial or not even committed to trial.

Figure 30 Tihar jail complex

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3.1.2

LAYOUT

The Tihar Jail Complex follows clustered layout. There are various Central Jails within this complex and one of the major prison typology followed here is- courtyard in center which has watch tower in center like Panopticon. It resembles square centralised layout. The high watch tower helps in surveillance by providing the view of the whole jail compound but is not as overwhelming as Panopticon tower and being distant, it does not generate anxiety in inmates. The green expanse is Common Park for inmates of all the wards.

Figure 31 Sketch plan and section of one of the Central Jails in Tihar

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The central jail is further divided in wards and each ward again follows enclosed courtyard typology. Each ward is supposed to house around 50 inmates, however it is currently housing around 150 inmates. There is one entry point to the ward which has a guard room right at the entrance. Each ward has a central courtyard, dining space and common toilets.

Figure 32 Schematic plan section of one of the wards in Tihar jail

There is a segregation of criminals inside the ward; the first time offenders live in a separate house block while the two house blocks on the opposite side are occupied by rest of the inmates. There is a recreational room also adjacent to the first time offender’s block. As one can see from the section, the corridors open in the courtyard which often becomes the space for interaction amongst inmates.

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3.1.3 PRISON CELLS The inmates are either housed in common dormitory or cell with a capacity of three inmates in each. Inmates in common dormitory share a common toilet area while the cells with three inmates have individual toilet facilities in each cell.

Figure 33 Cell shared by three inmates (left) and Common dormitory; cross ventilated (right)

The common dormitory has a long transition passageway/corridor which opens up into a large common room. But due to extreme overcrowding of the prison, even the outside corridor is occupied by inmates. It houses around 36 inmates. Since both cell types are shared, there is loss in sense of privacy and the provision for self-introspection is less, but it is compensated by other healthier group activities which are aimed at their reformation and rehabilitation like meditation. However, due to overcrowding, the personal space of inmates is being compromised upon, and more issues of territoriality and aggressiveness are anticipated.

3.1.4 LIGHTING CONDITIONS All the cells are well ventilated and lit with ample of daylight entering inside the cell through metal bars and windows which imparts reformative quality to the cells. Also during daytime, inmates are allowed to walk in courtyard which receives sunlight which reduces their sense of confinement.

3.1.5 COMMON FACILITIES The common recreational room provides with facilities of indoor games, library and a TV for entertainment of inmates.

Since currently the aim of Tihar Jail is reformation and rehabilitation; provisions for various other functions like adult education, yoga and meditation sessions also exist in the recreational block. There is a common dining area also to promote interaction amongst inmates and also to help the inmates to build healthy relationships with each other. These common areas add to the reformative quality of Tihar Jail.

3.1.6 SECURITY AND SURVEILLANCE SYSTEM Each jail has a CCTV control room for watching the inmates’ activities and a control room is setup in the main prison headquarters. This system has 235 fixed cameras and 23 movable cameras. These cameras record the inmates’ activities for seven days after which the backup is taken. Apart from this method, security guards are always present in each ward in each jail (1 guard for 150 inmates)

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There are three levels of security under which the inmates are kept inside the prison complex: 1. The house block is the first security level 2. The second security level is the compound wall of the house block 3. The third security level is the external wall of the prison complex.

Security by the virtue of built form is a necessity which might seem overwhelming and might generate anxiety also. However, they are also being monitored continuously

by CCTV and in case of any unusual activity, guards are informed immediately. Also, recordings are observed by officers to see inmates’ behaviour as told by a guard in Tihar.

Figure 34 Three levels of security in Tihar

3.1.7 LANDSCAPING The due importance is given to landscaping in Tihar Jail; there is a landscaped court inside every ward and all the corridors of housing block open right into that court. So, all the inmates spend a lot of their time in these landscaped courts and there is a central green also where inmates from all wards come together. The green area also reduces the negativity due to the confinement and provides them with relief for some time which adds to the reformative quality of the prison.

The large park also serves as a congregational ground at the time of occasions like Republic day, Independence Day, etc. where school children come to perform for them. And other functions like sports competition, contest amongst inmates also happen in the ground. Hence it also serves as a ground for interaction within the inmates as well as with the society.

3.1.8 IMAGE TO THE SOCIETY Figure 35 Hierarchy Of open spaces in Tihar jail The Tihar Jail’s ideology of rehabilitation and reformation of criminals clearly reflects in the functions within the building. Various Vocational courses are being provided to the inmates and the inmates are also being employed in the prison industry within the complex which sell products under the brand- Tihar. On one of the facade of the complex, there is a major outlet of Tihar products which not only interacts with the society but also integrates with it.

The location adds to the advantage of society interaction, being located near a busy road, people are not afraid of the structure. People do buy Tihar products and its success is explained by its massive turnover of 18 crore in 2011. Various retail brands like Reliance are collaborating with Tihar brand to promote the noble cause. Various NGO’s and media are also helpful in reducing the stigma attached to jails in India.

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3.2 MEDANTA – THE MEDICITY, GURGAON

Figure 36 Medanta front elevation

3.2.1

LOCATION:

The Medicity is one of India’s largest multi-super specialty institutes located in Gurgaon, a bustling town in the National Capital Region. Founded by eminent cardiac surgeon, Dr. Naresh Trehan, the institution has been envisioned with the aim of bringing to India the highest standards of medical care along with clinical research, education and training.

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Spread across 43 acres, the institute includes a research center, medical and nursing school. It has 1250 beds including 350 critical care beds and 45 operation theatres catering to over 20 specialties. Medanta houses six centers of excellence which will provide medical intelligentsia with cutting-edge technology and state-of-the-art infrastructure, supported by a well-integrated and comprehensive information system.

Medanta is today 2900 strong, growing exponentially, with all employees working out of a single location.

Medanta has nine multi-specialty institutes and over 20 specialty divisions and departments, which assists with clinical care, education and research.

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Institutes         

Medanta Heart Institute Medanta Institute of Neurosciences Medanta Bone & Joint Institute Medanta Kidney & Urology Institute Medanta Cancer Institute Medanta Institute of Critical Care & Anesthesiology Medanta Institute of Digestive & Hepatobiliary Sciences Medanta Institute of Minimally Invasive Surgery Medanta Institute of Transplant & Regenerative Medicine

Divisions             

Division of Chest Services Division of Endocrinology & Diabetes Division of ENT & Head Neck Surgery Division of GI & Bariatric Surgery Division of Gynaecology & Gynaec Oncology Division of Mental Health & Quality of Life Division of Peripheral Vascular & Endovascular Sciences Division of Plastic, Aesthetic & Reconstructive Surgery Division of Radiology & Nuclear Medicine Division of Rheumatology & Clinical Immunology Emergency and Trauma Care Medanta Breast Service Pharmacy

Departments          

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Department of Dental Sciences Department of Integrative Medicine & Holistic Therapies Department of Internal Medicine Department of Nursing Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Liver Transplantation Department of Ophthalmology Department of Physiotherapy and Rehabilitation Department of Respiratory & Sleep Medicine Department of Transfusion Medicine (Blood Bank)

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3.2.2

LIGHTING CONDITIONS:

The entrance lobby ceiling features recess-lit reveals cut in the shapes of elements of the DNA helix structure. A large, eye-catching installation titled “Tree of Life,” by renowned sculptor Mitch Cretin, figures prominently at the hospital entrance and is backlit. The Hospital ensures that there is natural light and a window in every patient’s room. Unlike other hospitals, the ICU beds also have large viewing windows.

All these features are provided in each block.

Figure 37 Hospital entrance

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Figure 38 Plan view of artificial lighting

3.2.3

LANDSCAPE:

A unique Ayurvedic garden is designed on the fifth floor of the Hospital. It allows the patients to enjoy serene tranquillity in the building itself. A large green cover in the hospital complex surrounding the hospital building used by people accompanying the patients.

3.2.4

INFRASTRUCTURE:

Medanta has managed to set high standards not only in healthcare, but also in creating a patient-friendly environment, through its unique infrastructure. “It offers a combination of all modern medical treatment and research, with all specialities under one roof, like the famous Mayo Clinic in the US,” says Dr. Trehan.

The architectural design of the Hospital ensures that the patients with multi-organ problems benefit from the integrated healthcare. The hospital facilitates physical orientation and visual connection with the outside environment in the building itself.

There is no segregation of blocks, based, say, on the cost of the treatment. “Generally, cost-effective wards in hospitals are not designed the way they have been designed in Medanta. The rooms are airy and spacious, and major facilities are available in all the rooms,” says a patient who is enjoying subsidised treatment in the Hospital.

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To provide connectivity between doctors and patients, the building is divided horizontally and each specialty institute has a complete floor. The inpatient and outpatient areas for every institute exist together on a 90,000 sq. ft. floor plate with the various institutes’ floors being linked vertically by 48 elevators and connected through 8 foot wide corridors which allow for un-disruptive patient transfers.

Figure 39 Left: Shared room for adults; Right: Shared room for children

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Madhur Jain, Student 4th Year, USAP, GGS I P University

RESEARCH PAPER | HUMAN PSYCHOLOGY IN REHABILITATIVE ARCHITECTURE | AP 403 | 2014-15

3.3 MUKTANGAN REHABILITATION CENTER, PUNE

Figure 40 Muktangan rehabilitation center

3.3.1

LOCATION:

Muktangan Mitra is a Public Charitable Trust dedicated to the treatment of substance users, research in this field. It has achieved the status of being one of the best institutes in the field of Drugs & Alcohol deaddiction today. Its treatment module of 5 weeks based on Gandhian Principals, Rational Emotive Behaviour Therapy and Alcoholic Anonymous is considered as a Role Model and recommended by the concerned authorities.

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Madhur Jain, Student 4th Year, USAP, GGS I P University

RESEARCH PAPER | HUMAN PSYCHOLOGY IN REHABILITATIVE ARCHITECTURE | AP 403 | 2014-15

Figure 41 Muktangan site location

SITE

BUS STOP (600M)

HOSPITAL (210M)

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Madhur Jain, Student 4th Year, USAP, GGS I P University

RESEARCH PAPER | HUMAN PSYCHOLOGY IN REHABILITATIVE ARCHITECTURE | AP 403 | 2014-15

3.3.2

LAYOUT

Figure 42 Muktangan floor plan

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Madhur Jain, Student 4th Year, USAP, GGS I P University

RESEARCH PAPER | HUMAN PSYCHOLOGY IN REHABILITATIVE ARCHITECTURE | AP 403 | 2014-15

NO.

AREA (SQ.M.)

Waiting area

1

27

General ward

1

93

Coordinator

1

15

Consulting room

4

8

Psychiatrist

1

8

Social worker

1

8

Exhibition hall

1

8

Servant’s room

1

13

Store

1

8

Kitchen

1

25

Dining hall

1

100

Gas

1

4

FUNCTION

3.3.3 STATISTICS Doctor to patient ratio

1:33

Counsellor to patient ratio

1:50

No. of WC’s per patient

1:33

Ward area to no, of patient ratio

1 patient has 2.5 sq.m. space approx.

No. of patients: 100 Staff Doctors

3

Administration

6

Counsellors

2

Social workers

4

Psychiatrists

8

Guards

3

Psychologists

8

Cook

2

Project manager

1

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Madhur Jain, Student 4th Year, USAP, GGS I P University

RESEARCH PAPER | HUMAN PSYCHOLOGY IN REHABILITATIVE ARCHITECTURE | AP 403 | 2014-15

The building is functionally easy to monitor with only one controlled entrance. The increased visibility because of the transparency makes this supervision easier. A balance has been struck between a sense of freedom and disciplinary control.

Figure 43 Muktangan entrance lobby

The architecture attempts at raising a sense of belonging and sharing between the users and therefore indirectly causing recoveries.

Figure 44 View of the amphitheatre from the entrance lobby

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Madhur Jain, Student 4th Year, USAP, GGS I P University

RESEARCH PAPER | HUMAN PSYCHOLOGY IN REHABILITATIVE ARCHITECTURE | AP 403 | 2014-15

A small, enclosed landscaped amphitheater in the Centre, breathes light and joy into the building while helping the inmates to connect with each other and the staff there.

Figure 45 Amphitheatre

Salient features of Muktangan Mitra:        

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De-addiction Treatment Counseling Center at Narayan Peth, Pune Regional Resource and Training Center – West Zone O.P.D. Facility Follow up Centers in Maharashtra Day Care Facility After Care Facility Sahachari Project

Madhur Jain, Student 4th Year, USAP, GGS I P University

RESEARCH PAPER | HUMAN PSYCHOLOGY IN REHABILITATIVE ARCHITECTURE | AP 403 | 2014-15

3.4 READING OF THE CHAPTER The inferences made after studying the psychological impacts of colour, light and special attributes of a therapeutic space are used to analyze the two case studies- Tihar jail, New Delhi and Medanta- the Medicity, Gurgaon. Both the case studies were analyzed on the basis of parameters derived in psychological impact studies.

Tihar Jail, New Delhi

Medanta- The Medicity, Gurgaon

Muktangan rehabilitation centre, Pune

1. Location: Located within the 1. Location: Located within the 1. Location: Located within the city. city. city.

Inference: Increased interaction.

society Inference: Easy to reach.

Inference: Increased interaction.

society

2. Prison cells: Common 2. Inpatient wards: Single, 2. Inpatient wards: General dormitory and triple sharing double and triple sharing rooms. wards. cells.

Inference: Chances of cross Inference: Chances of chaos, Inference: Loss in sense of infection, less privacy. less privacy. privacy, less self-introspection.

3. Prison cell clear height: 10 3. Inpatient ward clear height: 3. Inpatient ward clear height: feet high ceiling.

10 feet high ceiling.

13 feet high ceiling.

Inference: Innovative, Inference: Innovative, comfortable environment. comfortable environment.

Inference: Innovative, comfortable environment.

4. Prison cell colour: White 4. Inpatient ward colour: Pale 4. Inpatient ward colour: Pale coloured walls with large patches yellow coloured walls. yellow coloured walls. of cement because of renovation both on the walls and the floor.

Inference: Decreases energy and Inference: Evokes a sense of Inference: Evokes a sense of creates a neutral/empty energy and excitement and energy and excitement and stimulates the brain. stimulates the brain. environment.

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Madhur Jain, Student 4th Year, USAP, GGS I P University

RESEARCH PAPER | HUMAN PSYCHOLOGY IN REHABILITATIVE ARCHITECTURE | AP 403 | 2014-15

5. Landscaping: Landscaped court inside every ward and central large congregational ground used occasionally.

5. Landscaping: Ayurvedic 5. Landscaping: A small, garden on the 5th floor and large enclosed landscaped green cover surrounding the amphitheater in the center. hospital building.

Inference: Breathes light and joy Inference: Reduces the Inference: Creates a feeling of into the building while helping negativity due to confinement serene tranquility. the patients to connect with each and provides relief which adds to other and the staff there. the reformative quality of the prison.

6. Lighting conditions: Well-lit 6. Lighting conditions: Natural 6. Lighting conditions: Big with ample of daylight inside the light and a window in every windows and ample natural light cell and courtyard. room. ICU beds also have large in every ward. viewing windows.

Inference: Triggers hormonal Inference: Triggers hormonal and physiological progresses, Inference: Generates positive and physiological progresses, affects psychological wellbeing thoughts; reformative. affects psychological wellbeing.

All the three case studies have various features which contribute in reformation as well as rehabilitation.

Various other features like Tihar factory, Ayurvedic garden and the landscaped amphitheater introduced in the case studies also adds to their reformative qualities. Built environment is indeed used as a tool for reformation as various spatial attributes in the above case studies aim at providing environment which has the ability to reform a person.

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Madhur Jain, Student 4th Year, USAP, GGS I P University

RESEARCH PAPER | HUMAN PSYCHOLOGY IN REHABILITATIVE ARCHITECTURE | AP 403 | 2014-15

4

INFERENCES

1. To create the impression that a room is larger than it is, it may be painted in a pale or cold colour. Pale colours seem lighter and more distant than dark colours. The illusion of space rests on warm-cold, brightdark and quantity contrasts.

2. To create a warmer ambience, a warm or dark colour may be chosen. The warm effect rests on the warmcold and quality contrasts.

3. If the ceiling seems too high, it may be lowered visually with a darker, warmer hue or one that is more unsaturated than that of the walls.

4. If the ceiling seems too low, it may be painted in a lighter, colder or more saturated colour than the walls.

This will create an illusion of height. The effects that make a ceiling appear higher or lower rest on warmcold, light-dark and quality contrasts.

5. To highlight architectural details such as mouldings, window frames and ceiling ornaments they may be painted in a colour that is lighter than that of the walls, and in a paint that is glossier that that of the walls.

This way, they will better reflect light.

6. To play down the effect of architectural details, such as crannies that are too numerous in a small room, the entire room may be painted in the same colour. If the ceiling is the culprit, it may also be painted in the same colour as the walls. This way, disruptive elements will stand out less.

7. In an open-plan house, a palette made of a single colour used in different hues that are more or less dark or more or less saturated may be used. This colour scheme allows to create an integrated ambience and a smooth transition between rooms that connect directly.

8. Natural light is preferred over artificial light for seven different purposes: psychological comfort, office appearance and pleasantness, general health, visual health, colour appearance of people and furnishings, work performance, and jobs requiring fine observation.

9. Brighter lighting conditions may cause the emotions to become more intense and vice-versa.

10. Exposure to natural light might decrease the length of stay among clinically non depressed patients in a healthcare facility.

11. Timed exposure to artificial bright light might be helpful in improving sleep and circadian rhythms.

12. Being exposed to dim light as well as too much artificial light makes sleepy and also more agitated and stressed in the long run.

13. Exposure to increased intensity of sunlight may result in less perceived stress and marginally less pain.

14. Presence of windows with opportunity to control glare and lighting levels might be a factor of improved mood and work performance.

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Madhur Jain, Student 4th Year, USAP, GGS I P University

RESEARCH PAPER | HUMAN PSYCHOLOGY IN REHABILITATIVE ARCHITECTURE | AP 403 | 2014-15

15. Wherever possible in healthcare settings, natural light should be incorporated into lighting design not only because it is beneficial to patients and staff, but also because it is light delivered at no cost and in a form that is preferable to most people.

16. Variations in ceiling heights reduce the stress levels.

17. Human beings tend to feel a sense of freedom and are more creative in spaces with higher ceilings and vice versa.

18. People tend to be more innovative in places with 10 foot ceilings than they are when the ceiling hovers 8 feet above the floor.

19. When the ceiling of a room is lower than about 9 feet, people tend to feel crowded and want other people (except those we're on really good terms with) to stay farther away from them. Really high ceilings produce negative effects.

20. There is a tendency to feel comfortable in spaces with lower ceilings that are next to areas with higher ceilings when the space with the lower ceiling is a little darker and the area with the higher ceiling is a little brighter.

21. When individuals perceive ample space, they tend to feel a stronger sense of control over their environment and are less prone to anxiety over minor annoyances, stress, and aggression.

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Madhur Jain, Student 4th Year, USAP, GGS I P University

RESEARCH PAPER | HUMAN PSYCHOLOGY IN REHABILITATIVE ARCHITECTURE | AP 403 | 2014-15

5

REFRENCES

1. Definition of colour. [Online] Available from: http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/colour [Accessed 26th October 2014] 2. Psychological Properties Of Colours. [Online] Available from: http://www.colouraffects.co.uk/psychological-properties-of-colours [Accessed 26th October 2014] 3. MC Projects & Reports (2012) The Psychological Effects of Colour in Architecture. [Online] Available from:https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.503789146313606.130767.475045935854594&type=3 [Accessed 26th October 2014] 4. Maria Akl (2011) Light and Architecture-Masters Thesis. [Online] Available from: https://www.scribd.com/doc/54541780/Light-and-Architecture-Masters-Thesis [Accessed 26th October 2014] 5. Ron Smith, Nicholas Watkins (2010) Therapeutic Environments. [Online] Available from: http://www.wbdg.org/resources/therapeutic.php [Accessed 21st October 2014] 6. Robert F. Carr (2011) Hospital. [Online] Available from: http://www.wbdg.org/design/hospital.php [Accessed 21st October 2014] 7. Robert F. Carr (2011) Psychiatric Facility. [Online] Available from: http://www.wbdg.org/design/psychiatric.php [Accessed 21st October 2014] 8. Directorate of Installations & Mission Support and Security Forces (2005) Security force facilities design guide, 30-33 9. Architecture and the Environment (2011). [Online] Available from: http://psychologicalmusings.blogspot.in/2011/08/architecture-and-environment.html [Accessed 27st October 2014] 10. Ceiling Height Influences the Notion of Freedom and Thinking Processes (2011). [Online] Available from: http://mindshapedbox.wordpress.com/2011/03/24/ceiling-height-influences-thinking-processes/ [Accessed 27st October 2014] 11. Sally Augustin (2010) Ceilings influence us psychologically. [Online] Available from: http://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/people-places-and-things/201007/looking [Accessed 27st October 2014] 12. Mahnke, F.H. (1996) Colour, environment and Human Response. [Online] Available from: http://www.dsource.in/course/colour-theory/interior/interior.html [Accessed 8th January 2015] 13. Ankit Mittal (2010). Thesis- Prion reform rehabilitation, MBS School of architecture.

14. Sohail Hashmi (2012) My Days in Tihar Jail. [Online] Available from: http://kafila.org/2012/04/06/the-class-of-75-memories-of-prison/ [Accessed 9th January 2015]

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Madhur Jain, Student 4th Year, USAP, GGS I P University

RESEARCH PAPER | HUMAN PSYCHOLOGY IN REHABILITATIVE ARCHITECTURE | AP 403 | 2014-15

15. Shilpy Arora (2013) The Medanta Way. [Online] Available from: http://www.fridaygurgaon.com/news/3468-the-medanta-way.html [Accessed 10th January 2015] 16. Kunal Chaudhry (2010). Thesis- Drug rehabilitation centre, Sushant School of Art and Architecture.

17. Ms. Shruti Hemani and Professor Ravi Mokashi Punekar. Visual Design - Colour Theory. [Online] Available from: http://www.dsource.in/course/colour-theory/interior/interior.html [Accessed 8th January 2015]

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Madhur Jain, Student 4th Year, USAP, GGS I P University