The blue vein of Eindhoven: regenerating the valley of the Kleine Dommel

THE BLUE VEIN OF EINDHOVEN REGENERATING THE VALLEY OF THE KLEINE DOMMEL

COMMISSIONER: Msc. Jan Janse Staatsbosbeheer

STUDENT TEAM: Anna Leiknes Jakub Kyselovic Koen van Niekerk Maarten Schenk Nahid Aghaie Tabrizi

TUTORS: Dr.ir Clemens Driessen Dr.ir Marlies Brinkhuijsen Msc. Arend Jonkman Msc. Janna Bystrykh

Wageningen, July 3th, 2019

Wageningen University & Research Droevendaalsesteeg 2

6708 PB, Wageningen

TABLE OF CONTENT 1 Introduction

Objective & Goals 2 Material and Methods

Project approach Main question Knowledge question Design question Resources Human Time Money Literature Software Reference projects

Analysis methodology

Design methodology Research question

Spatial vision and overall concepts

Best-practice examples and patterns Ideabox Transdisciplinarity Main stakeholders

Inclusion of stakeholders in the project Other stakeholders 3 Analysis results

Analysis per topic Recreation Water systems Heritage Ecology

Challenges inventory

Strengths inventory 4 The blue vein concept

Calculations and dimensioning

Base map for design

p. 08 16 18 18 18 18 18 18 19 19 19 19 19 19 20 22 22 22 22 23 24 24 24 24 26 28 28 30 34 40 44 46 48 50 52

5 Ideabox

Landscape patterns

River following path

Versatile path system Themed routing Contemplation route

Dommel living lab route

Van Gogh open air gallery route Industry route

Power line corridor route

Power line corridor Landmarks Guiding lanes Barrier breakers Fish passage

Dommel living lab New water mill Water playgrounds Succession forest

Canal boat connection Pond system

Big side arm Diked Nederwetten 6 Solutions

1 Moderate solution

2 Intermediate solution

3 Progressive solution 7 Transitions in place 8 Movie 9 Discussion 10 Conclusion 11 References 12 Image references 13 Appendix

p. 54 56 56 58 60 62 64 66 68 70 72 74 76 78 80 82 82 84 86 88 90 92 94 96 96 100 104 108 110 112 114 116 118

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ABSTRACT

This research and design is for the Dommel valley, east of Eindhoven in the Netherlands. Our commissioner Staatsbosbeheer wants to explore the possibilities to making this valley future resilient in terms of climate change, increasing recreation demand, the position of cultural heritage and enhancing ecological goals. The final products include this report and a movie. The movie will be published to inform potential new stakeholders about the possibilities of the transition in place that will need to happen according to our analysis. We developed a spatial and thematic analysis which concludes in four themes with each two goal related sub-themes both containing the challenges and strengths of the area, on which we started to develop the ideabox. The ideabox beholds different ideas in various scales, feasibility and impact. These ideas combine multiple challenges and strengths and accumulate in the three solutions we present. The three solutions select items of ideabox and place them coherently in the area in three levels of feasibility and impact. The final products help expand the creative thinking of the involved stakeholders on how to redevelop the area of the Kleine Dommel. The developed ideas and solutions can be extrapolated outside of our study area.

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INTRODUCTION

The Dommel is a 120 km long river, starting in Peer, Belgium and ends in the Aa in ‘s Hertogenbosch, the Netherlands. About 85 km of the total river goes through the Netherlands (see figure 1).

After the Dommel crosses through the city centre of one of the biggest cities of North-Brabant, Eindhoven, the Kleine Dommel rivulet joins the Dommel. The Kleine Dommel has an important part in this project, as the rivulet goes through the center of Geldrop and two watermills, renowned as model of Van Gogh paintings. According to Natuurmonumenten (2018), the Dommel and its rivulets are rich in original river related structures such as water mills, fish ponds, floodplains, and the specific river valley landscape types like meadows. These structures have high cultural and historical value. Between Eindhoven and Boxtel, the river still has its original meandering structure.

Especially this part is high in the values mentioned above (Natuurmonumenten, 2018). In figure 2 and 3, our scope shows that we include the Dommel and Kleine Dommel valley approximately defined by highway A67, south of Geldrop (as the southern border of the project area) and the Wilhelminakanaal, north of Eindhoven (as the northern border of the project area). In total, the project area will span about 15 kilometers of the valley. Thematically, the project will focus on water system, recreation, ecology and cultural heritage as described further in this report. The project commissioner is Jan Janse for the state forestry agency (Staatsbosbeheer).

The area of the Dommel valley, especially close to Eindhoven is facing several challenges today.

For Janse, the first and most important is the situation regarding water management in the part of the valley in which this project takes place. Not necessarily because he is a water engineer, but more because Staatsbosbeheer is interested in owning more land in the valley and water plays a very important role in the type of land-use the agency can implement. Climate change is bringing more extreme weather with long, dry periods and intensive, big rainfalls (Frenken, 2019). This leads to drought- and flooding risks. Moreover, the past years have shown that it is most relevant to store and keep water in the area (Atlas leefomgeving, 2017). At the moment, the water is draining fast in the direction of the Maas in the north, this leads to flooding problems downstream in the north and drought in the south. A consequence of this is that less and less water is available for the farms in the valley and nature and wetlands are drying up. Furthermore, the river’s water quality is under pressure. Two elements contribute to this problem. Firstly, the Dommel is occasionally fed by the sewage treatment plant of Eindhoven which discharge cleaned water, but not biologically active water. This water contains more chemical compounds and nutrients than the river ecosystem needs. Secondly, agricultural runoff in the valley collects in the river, which has influence on nutrient levels in the ecosystem as well.

Eindhoven is an economical hotspot with high tech industries, which causes fast growth of the city. This growth leads to a higher demand for high quality landscapes surrounding the city but at the same time stimulate development which make a pressure on the landscape. At the moment there are poor connections from the residential areas to the surrounding green areas in the valley.

Jan Janse (2019) assumes that most people go by car to the national parks in Noord-Brabant prior to the local green lungs of the city.

3 08

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Uden

Vucht

Schijndel

Veghel

Munsel

Breugel Son Oirschot

Best

Nuenen

FIGURE 1: THE VALLEY OF THE DOMMEL AND KLEINE DOMMEL IN THE NETHERLANDS

‘s Hertogenbosch

Helmond

Eindhoven Geldrop

Valkenswaard

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FIGURE 2: ZOOM IN LOCATION OF PROJECT AREA IN THE VALLEY OF THE DOMMEL AND KLEINE DOMMEL

This is where the Dommel and the Kleine Dommel (the most important side-arm of the Dommel near Eindhoven) are relevant in making a green, high quality connection with the green and the urban.

In the area, the ecological main structure (EHS) plots are present. But those green areas and buffers are fragmented and not connected to bigger ecological networks (Janse 2019). Also, biological diversity in animals as well as vegetation habitats in the existing valley are lacking.

Jan Janse (2019) mentioned that there used to be a lot of watermills all along the river which were of great economic value and today are of cultural and historical value and also plays a role in identity building. Mill association Noord-Brabant and Het Groene Woud together with other owners of the land have taken initiative to find new functions for the mills and the surrounding watermill landscapes (Frenken, 2019). We see the possibility for using these areas to cope with the drought problem and simultaneously preserve the cultural history of this landscape.

River Water body Indicator for Dommel and Kleine Dommel Build area Industrial area Road Railway Powerline Forest area Heathland

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Son and Breugel

Eindhoven

Nuenen

Eindhoven

Geldrop

FIGURE 3: ZOOM IN TO THE PORJECT AREA, SPANNING FROM THE A67 (SOUTH BORDER) TO THE WILHELMINA CANAL (NORTH BORDER)

Wilhelmina canal

A67 THE BLUE VEIN OF EINDHOVEN: REGENERATING THE VALLEY OF THE KLEINE DOMMEL

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FIGURE 5: POWERSTATION NEAR SINT-MICHIELSGESTEL

FIGURE 4: ROUTING ALONG THE DOMMEL

FIGURE 6: LILLIES IN THE KLEINE DOMMEL FIGURE 7: THE COLLSE WATER MILL

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FIGURE 9: HEATLAND IN NATURAL AREA OF NIEUWE HEIDE

FIGURE 8: MEANDERING RIVER PART OF KLEINE DOMMEL

FIGURE 10: MEADOWS OF THE DOMMEL CLOSE TO THE POWESTATION

FIGURE 11: RECREATIONAL ROUTING ALONG DOMMEL IN GELDROP

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OBJECTIVE & GOALS In this project, objectives for individual issues are established. These objectives are then combined and translated into a single overall objective. These issues are related to water management, leisure and routing problems, ecology and cultural heritage (see figure 12). For water management, the objective is to design a robust system that functions well throughout the year and is resilient for future climate changes. For leisure and routing, the objective is to design a network that connects and increases recreational values in the surrounding area of Eindhoven. The ecological objective is to connect existing ecological areas with larger networks to solve the fragmentation and to increase diversity in habitats (respective species). For the cultural heritage, the objective is to provide new functions and preserve cultural elements in the landscape by giving them a more prominent place and making references to it in innovative ways.

The project objective is to redesign the valley of the Kleine Dommel in a way that the water management related issues are solved, the cultural heritage is more visible and sustainably managed and recreational routing is more strongly connected to the neighbourhoods of Eindhoven.

Goals of Staatsbosbeheer: - Increase attractiveness and quality of the landscape surrounding Eindhoven.

- Create a stronger connection between the city of Eindhoven and the Dommel valley by

overcoming the barriers that are in the way of such a connection now.

- Retain more water in the valley to buffer the landscape for drier periods and be able to

handle the increasing peaks of precipitation due to climate change.

- Explore the reuse or adaptations of old water mills in the area to function as attractive

landmarks or visitor points to enlive the Dommel valley.

- Start the dialogue with local farmers on how to develop a sustainable way of farming.

- Reduce drainage of the land by farmers.

- Restore water tables in nature areas to sufficient levels.

Goals of the project team: - Explore transition in place in the Dommel valley.

- Explore the regional approach and local interventions in a landscape under pressure of

climate change, unsustainable farming, nature development and recreational needs.

- Engage with local and regional stakeholders as independent mediators in the region which

helps increase landscape quality and sustainable land use.

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FIGURE 12: KLEINE DOMMEL AND THE MAIN TOPICS AND OBJECTIVE THEMES IN THIS PROJECT

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MATERIAL AND METHODS

The project is to explore interventions in the Dommel valley regarding today’s and tomorrow’s challenges. Since this area faces many challenges, a systems approach is proposed. The systems approach is defined by Jackson et. al. (2010) as “a problem solving paradigm. That is to say, the systems approach considers the attributes of an entire system to achieve the objective of a system, which is to solve a problem. The systems approach allows the designer to manage, encapsulate, and anticipate complex behaviors. The systems approach allows the designer to anticipate and design for emergent behaviors” (Jackson et. al., 2010).

MAIN QUESTION -

How can a sustainable water management, strengthened recreational routing and more prominent cultural heritage lead to an increase of landscape attractiveness and increased climate resilience in the valley of the Kleine Dommel?

KNOWLEDGE QUESTIONS -

How does the water system of the Dommel and surroundings work?

What are the barriers that prevent citizens of Eindhoven to recreate in the Dommel valley?

What functions did the old water mills have in history and what cultural value do they have now?

DESIGN QUESTIONS -

What are the possible interventions to make the water system in the Dommel valley more resilient?

What interventions are possible to establish a robust slow traffic network connecting the city and the valley that overcomes the barriers?

How can current qualities in the Dommel valley bring a higher landscape quality to the region?

RESOURCES The resources for this project include several different aspects and components.

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HUMAN RESOURCES To start with is the human component. The main resources of this project are the team members that work on the project and the commissioner. The team consists of international members with different backgrounds. To start with is Nahid, with a bachelor in architecture, now a master student in landscape architecture. Second, third, and fourth are Anna, Koen, and Maarten with bachelors in landscape architecture, and now master students in landscape architecture. Finally, the fifth member, Jakub, with a background in social anthropology and now master student in spatial planning. Our commissioner is Jan Janse, now working for Staatsbosbeheer and our personal coach of the Atelier is Marlies Brinkhuizen from Wageningen UR.

TIME Time is another valuable resource. As this project is part of a course at Wageningen University (WUR), it only spans over one period of 8 weeks. The first 4 weeks are part time, where we only work on the project during the morning. The final 4 weeks were full time. With the small time frame that we have available, the outcomes of this project are limited.

MONEY For this course, a traveling budget is available. This budget will cover traveling costs for OV, costs for renting a car, and costs for fuel for a private car. Fortunately, our team has access to a private car, which helps reduce traveling time as well as costs on renting a car.

LITERATURE AND DATA SOURCES Other resource that is included in this report is the available literature and data sources. Literature was found using the WUR online library, Google scholar and the WUR physical library. Other data sources are representatives of the stakeholders of the area, that we will access by phone calls and website materials. Last to mention are online maps and other spatial data sources available on opentopo.nl, topotijdreis.nl, pdokviewer.pdok.nl, ahn.arcgisonline.nl, and nationaalgeoregister.nl.

SOFTWARE Software that we will use for analysis is ArcGIS and QGIS. For visuals drawing we use Adobe software and for video editing Premiere Pro.

REFERENCE PROJECTS For this project, reference projects are important. These reference projects was found online, or was mentioned by coaches for this course, other students that work on projects in the same room as we work in, stakeholders, and our commissioner.

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ANALYSIS METHODOLOGY

FIGURE 13: TOPIC CLOUD

We have structured our analysis by the four thematic scopes (see figure 14). The main goal of the analysis was to formulate and refine the key issues (see figure 13), which were later used to evaluate the relevance of the spatial visions, landscape patterns and reference best-practice projects. In the scheme below the data sources and analysis methods are summarized by (sub) topics. The results of analysis are then presented in SWOT table (figure 16 and 17).

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FIGURE 14: THEMATIC SCOPES

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DESIGN METHODOLOGY Originally, we have agreed with our commissioner on delivering a design principles and a spatial vision. Later on, we changed our main product from design principles to ideabox. The reason was, that our resources (especially the constrained time) does not enable us to produce comprehensive and detailed design principles and also we think that the ideabox could be more useful product for commissioner and other stakeholders. Nevertheless, the design methodology is strongly inspired by literature about design guidelines (Prominski, 2017). The ideabox represents a rather selective approach which does not aim to cover all possible design strategies, but present only samples of them, with high potential for stimulating debate among stakeholders about desirable future development of the Dommel valley and extending creativity / imageability of participants. On the other hand, similarly as the design principles, our landscape patterns (together forming the ideabox) are “neither totally specific nor completely universal” (Brink et al, 2017). The ideabox should be applicable in diverse specific design cases and should be open to alternative solutions.

The patterns should be creatively adjustable to the specific place by future designers or users.

With reference to the book ‘A Pattern Language’, we have decided to call the particular design idebox as (landscape) patterns (Alexander, 1977). Like Alexander´s envisioned it, patterns should reflect on a problem and provide a solution. It should support local stakeholders in a collaborative effort to improve their environment (Alexander, 1977, pp. x), in our case the valley of the Kleine Dommel. The strength of this approach is that the patterns are quite abstract, therefore could be flexible applicable in different places (Prominski, 2017, pp. 204) and are opened to the complexity of a development process.

RESEARCH QUESTION Firstly, we have created the main research question, which then guided the choices of best-practice examples and patterns. We have formulated the question as follows: What design principles can lead to an attractive and climate adaptive landscape in the Kleine Dommel valley?

SPATIAL VISION AND OVERALL CONCEPTS After the analysis and field trips, we have developed several concepts of future spatial organisation of the study area and combined them in three variants of overall spatial visions (see chapter 6), according to the level of feasibility (moderate, intermediate, extreme). After this phase we have generated basic landscape patterns relevant for the study area, although the aim wasn’t to produce site-specific designs. These patterns were further developed in the following phases. The ideabox is thus developed based on existing design work, including best-practice projects and landscape patterns. The ideabox again informed the visions, where several ideas are combined. Therefore, the products were constantly adjusted during the design process, while jumping from scale to scale.

BEST-PRACTICE EXAMPLES AND PATTERNS As a starting point for the ideabox development, we have collected best-practice examples and developed above mentioned test patterns. These were evaluated and selected with regards to our goals, respective research questions and findings from analysis. The projects have to address at least one but rather more of our key issues: recreation, water, heritage and nature. Also, we strive

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to cover different scales from small-scale interventions (as fish stairs) to regional concepts (as river sidearm). Unlike with design guidelines, our ideabox development process ends with the phase of selection of patterns and best-practice examples and organisation of them in form of the ideabox, while skipping the final phase of abstracting design guidelines.

IDEABOX As a starting point for the ideabox development, we have collected best-practice project examples and developed above mentioned test landscape patterns. These were evaluated and selected with regards to our goals, respective research questions and findings from the analysis. The projects have to address at least one but rather more of our key issues: recreation, water, heritage and nature. Also, we strive to cover different scales from small-scale interventions (as fish passages) to regional concepts (as a new river sidearm). Unlike with design guidelines, our ideabox development process ends with the phase of selection of patterns and best-practice examples and organisation of them in form of the ideabox, while skipping the final phase of abstracting design guidelines.

FIGURE 15: IDEABOX THAT NEEDS TO BE FILLED

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TRANSDISCIPLINARITY Regarding transdisciplinarity of the project, we have strived to acknowledge stakeholders’ input by collection of actor visions for the study area and incorporate them in our project. In order to do this, it is necessary to see who the stakeholders in the area are.

MAIN STAKEHOLDERS The main stakeholders, which the commissioner of the project is part of, is Staatsbosbeheer (SBB, the state forestry agency). Staatsbosbeheer owns and maintains a lot of land in Dommel valley.

Other main stakeholders include the municipalities that are in our project area, which are Eindhoven, Nuenen and Geldrop-Mierlo. Within these municipalities are other important parties, like the village council of Nederwetten, Eeneind, and more. Furthermore, the waterboard of the Dommel is an important stakeholder, as they are responsible for water related issues in the Dommel valley.

That also includes all side arms and rivulets of the Dommel, ditches and creeks, and water tables in the area. Another important stakeholder is the Molenstichting Noord-Brabant (mill foundation for the province of North-Brabant). This foundation commits itself for the remaining (water) mills in the Dommel valley. A final important stakeholder in the area is the Mozaïek Dommelvallei, which is a collaboration between several already mentioned stakeholders including the waterboard, municipality of Eindhoven and more. MozaïekBrabant is the umbrella organization, which is a collaboration of 5 large cities in North-Brabant.

Besides these main stakeholders that are present in this area, are there also general stakeholders.

The first general stakeholder that we want to mention is the RCE (Rijksdienst voor het Cultureel Erfgoed, which is translated to the National Service for Cultural Heritage). The RCE is the overarching organization on the topic of cultural heritage and is also involved in protecting the old water mills located along the Dommel and Kleine Dommel.

INCLUSION OF STAKEHOLDERS IN THE PROJECT In our project area are a lot of stakeholders, and since the project is only 8 weeks, this time could easily be filled with only talking with them about the area alone. Therefore, we had to be very critical in our time management, in order to be able to deliver a final product. However, along the road, we found that not all stakeholders had the resources let alone the enthusiasm to participate.

This was very surprising to us, as we and our commissioner consider our project very useful for the development of the valley of the Dommel and Kleine Dommel. Fortunately, some members of the mentioned stakeholders were willing to talk to us, and these phone calls are included as sources in the project report. Also some of the questions they asked about our project helped us sharpen our own ideas and make the concepts that we developed more clear and precise.

OTHER STAKEHOLDERS Furthermore, there are stakeholders that we have not included in this project but are still present in the area. There are various reasons of why we did not include these stakeholders. Among these reasons are the time management and the short amount of time that was available for this project, the priority the other stakeholders had and the time we found out about the following stakeholders. However, when the project continues, these stakeholders might become relevant.

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First of these stakeholders include The Umbrella network, which is a collaborative network of designers and creators that is situated in Eindhoven and working with the Van Abbemuseum in Eindhoven. A second stakeholder of the area is “Trefpunt groen Eindhoven” (TGE, which translates to Meeting point green Eindhoven). TGE is a foundation that exists of collaborations of people and parties that want to invest in a green, integral and sustainable focussed policy when it comes to nature, the environment and the cultural history of Eindhoven. The final stakeholder that we want to include in this report but we didn’t include in the project is Bron van doen (which translates to Source of doing). According to their website, Bron van doen, located in Eindhoven, is a creative studio dedicated to socially engaged projects.

Each of these stakeholders brings qualities and interests in the area that might be valuable in the future developments of the ideas that we bring during this project.

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FIGURE 16: SWOT ANALYSIS TABLE (1/2) 26

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ANALYSIS RESULTS

THE BLUE VEIN OF EINDHOVEN: REGENERATING THE VALLEY OF THE KLEINE DOMMEL

Analysis results are presented in the following summarisation table (SWOT analysis), divided by topics, and also in strength and challenges maps and in short chapters per each topic (see figure 16 and 17).

FIGURE 17: SWOT ANALYSIS TABLE (2/2)

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ANALYSIS PER TOPIC RECREATION Attractiveness Regarding attractiveness of the valley, we have identified, as a key issue, the elements of energy infrastructure, specifically power lines corridors and transformation station which play a dominant role in the landscape setting. Also, expansion of industry in the edges of the valley are in visual conflict with the character of cultural landscape. The most striking example present is the Collse watermill and is De Urkhovense Zeggen, which is the most valuable cultural landscape in the area surrounded by industrial zones and the transformation station with power lines corridors.

Therefore, we see the electrical infrastructure and industry as an important issue, which has to be addressed / reflected in the future development of the area. Strategies could strive to integrate and combine industry and infrastructure in landscape as well as with other functions as ecology or recreation (Curado & Marques, 2012; Strang, 1996). Two basic approach could be distinguished: either use the infrastructure as an asset (e.g. powerline-heather corridors) or strive to hide them (e.g. put cables in dike combined with routing and flood protection). The municipality of the Eindhoven already developed green environment maintaining plan, where they envision the valley as dark and quiet area. This should be taken into account to avoid disturbing activities in the area, but rather introduce new quite, maybe contemplative activities (Groenbeleidsplan, 2016).

Connectivity From the perspective of connectivity and accessibility of the river valley from residential areas around, we identified several lacks. Firstly, the continual path along river is missing. Also, if there is some path, the visibility of the river is mainly bad, while it flows to low in the landscape. Therefore, the quality of experience is not so good. Generally , the path network in the valley is sparse with lots of dead ends and proper connections to residential areas are lacking as well. Other problem present that in we seasons the tracks are inaccessible. This issue should be tackled by some innovative routing design.

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FIGURE 18: ACCESSIBILITY OF THE RIVER WITH POPULATION OF LOCAL NEIGHBOURHOODS

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WATER SYSTEM Quantity The river Dommel is mainly fed by precipitation. The river is mostly eroded in the landscape, but spring rains causes flooding (Bleeker & van Gestel, 2007). Climate change is the main challenge regarding water system, causing “more intense storm events in summer or of prolonged wet periods in winter” (Langeveld et al, 2013). Natural hydrographical system of the Dommel valley was modified with watermill damming (see figure 19), streams and ponds. These interventions increased the amount of water retention in the river basin through impoundment. The land in the Kleine Dommel valley was drained continuously in the past centuries. The original marshes were transformed to meadows and fields, so the wet areas were significantly reduced. With regards to climate change, the other side of the medal is that the problem of drought will further increase (see figure 19), therefore addressing this issue a robust water retention system, seems really urgent.

Especially regarding our commissioner, Staatsbosbeheer, of which forests and nature areas get damaged by persistent dry periods (see figure 20 and 21).

Quality The Dommel is occasionally fed by the waste water treatment plant (WWTP) in Eindhoven, which is one of the largest WWTP’s in the Netherlands (Markus et al, 2018). Regarding water quality, the problems present “discharges from CSO (combined sewer overflow) and WWTP effluents, specifically oxygen depletion and ammonium peaks in the Dommel River” (Langeveld et al, 2013).

Also, many nanoparticles are present in the water (Markus et al, 2018). “The source of metal contamination in this river is a zinc factory situated close to the Dutch–Belgian border.” The “metal concentrations in the water have dropped, but in soil metal concentrations are still high, partly due to deposition of river sediment during flooding”. The metal concentrations in floodplain soils is higher, where there is more organic matter and clay, especially at the most downstream site (Bleeker & van Gestel, 2007). In some places, the fields are ploughed on the just a few metres from the river bank, which also presents a risk for water quality, because of fertilizer runoff. Study showed that “agricultural areas where large numbers of wetlands have been created for nitrogen removal and biodiversity enhancement, the experience of this ‘dual purpose’ are generally positive, particularly in landscapes where not much of the original wetland resource remains” (Hefting et al, 2013). The authors concluded that the nitrogen removal function proven to be robust while restoration of wetlands “enhanced regional flora as well as fauna diversity in intensively used agricultural landscapes” (Hefting et al, 2013).

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FIGURE 19: WATER SYSTEM ANALYSIS

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FIGURE 20: SATTELITE PHOTO KLEINE DOMMEL BETWEEN EINDHOVEN, NUENEN AND GELDROP OF 2017 (GOOGLE EARTH PRO, 2019)

NORMAL SITUATION

2017 Image X: Sattelite photo of the Kleine Dommel valley, summer 2017. The valley is green.

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FIGURE 21: SATTELITE PHOTO KLEINE DOMMEL BETWEEN EINDHOVEN, NUENEN AND GELDROP OF 2018 (GOOGLE EARTH PRO, 2019)

IMPACT OF DROUGHT

2018 Image X+1: Sattelite photo of the Kleine Dommel valley, summer 2018. The valley is clearly dry, as the agricultural lands and meadows are yellow instead of green compared to last year. Important to note is that 2018 had a very dry summer.

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HERITAGE Identity: Heritage in the study area represents primarily the industrial heritage, like water mills or textile industry remnants (see figure 22). This refers to medieval, modern and contemporary economic activities, which have been concentrated around the river as a source of energy. These activities comprised of flour milling, oil production, timber processing, tannery, textile industry etc. During the 19th and 20th century the economical activities moved to the city and edges of the valley. The future development should address the question of how to connect this heritage and identity to current image / branding of the region as global innovation and technology centre and how to use the heritage as an asset in future development (Kolen et al, 2006). Besides industrial heritage, also several castles and sacral assemblages are present in the valley. These could be used as basic atractivites of the valley mutually connected by good walking and biking network.

Valuable historical-cultural elements in the valley (see figure 22 and 28): - Castle Eckart - Castle Soeterbeek - Castle Geldrop - Oude Toren in Nederwetten - Water mill in Opwetten - Collse water mill - Hooydonkse water mill - Weverijmuseum - Several chapels and churches We have conducted an accessibility analysis of these elements to explore spots for potential new landmarks or activity nodes location. The idea is based on demand for dense activity nodes located on the promenade along the river (Alexander, 1977) (see figure 27).

An important aspect of local identity is formed by Van Gogh, who lived in Nuenen and painted a number of paintings in the Dommel valley landscape (Van Gogh locations, 2019). Names of the paintings that Van Gogh painted: - De populierenlaan bij Nuenen (Populus lane near Nuenen) painted in 1885 (see figure 23).

- De Opwettense watermolen (The Opwettense water mill) painted in 1884 (see figure 24).

- De Collse watermolen (The Collse water mill) painted in 1884 (see figure 25).

- korenschelven en een molen (Stooks and a mill) painted in 1885 (see figure 26) - Various other places in Eindhoven and Nuenen This history should be used as an asset for future development. There are already some good examples of such creative references, such as the Van Gogh-cycle lane Eindhoven.

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FIGURE 22: HISTORICAL CULTURAL ELEMENTS AND MUTUAL ACCESSIBILITY

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FIGURE 24: DE OPWETTENSE WATERMOLEN (VAN GOGH, 1884)

FIGURE 23: DE POPULIERENLAAN BIJ NUENEN (VAN GOGH, 1885)

FIGURE 25: DE COLLSE WATERMOLEN (VAN GOGH, 1884)

FIGURE 26: KORENSCHELVEN EN EEN MOLEN (VAN GOGH, 1885)

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FIGURE 27: DENSE ACTIVITY NODES LOCATED ON THE PROMENADE ALONG THE RIVER (ALEXANDER, 1977).

HERITAGE Watermills adaptive reuse In Poland, the reconstruction of historical watermill damming was used for installation of small hydroelectric power stations, while “acquire retention of about 2-3% of the mean annual run-off from the basin” (Brykala & Podgorski, 2008). Also in Italy, attempts to exploit renewable energy while recovering the watermills have been made (Fiore et al, 2018) . The study of aesthetic quality watermill landscape in Latvia identified the following potential for future development: “the historical architectural design, its historical heritage by building materials and visual compositions of architectural elements, components of views from and to territories, landscape intimacy in different scales, and harmony in audible and aromatic surroundings” (Lazdāne, 2012). Study of watermills in Sicily stressed it is important for cultural identity which can play an essential role in area socioeconomic regeneration. The transformation should follow a process of signification, while enhancing the hidden cultural references (Vesaci et al, 2016).

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FIGURE 28: CILTURAL HERRITAGE ELEMENTS

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ECOLOGY Biotopes/habitats Waterboard the Dommel published guiding documents when developing wet, ecological connection zones in 2012 in which the waterboard identified some target species for valuable ecological zones. (van Reenen, Aloserij, Brouwer, van Doesburgh, & Henkens, 2014) Therefore, these species can also be indicators for the ecological state of this stretch of Dommel and the adjacent landscape. The document was developed and published to make it possible for private landowners to turn their land into an ecological connection zone. The ecological connection zone is considered a zone between two protected nature areas with flowing water between those. The water is part of the corridor which forms, together with ecological stepping stones, the ecological connection zone. For example, for creating swampy areas, a transition between water and land has to be found which is a fraction lower than the average high ground water level. In that area, birds, dragonflies and small mammals will be found between the reeds, sedge and cat’s-tails. The Banded Demoiselle is a key species for swamps, its presence indicates clean, fast flowing water, enough protection by plants in and close to water and enough variation between shadow and sunny spots in the habitat. For meadows, the waterboard advices to apply a gradually increasing roughness the further the meadows is from the water. In the meadows, a key species is the chequered skipper (Carterocephalus palaemon) which is an endangered butterfly, and is seen nowhere in the Netherlands except these areas.

Fish From field studies reported in literature, we identified some species in the water that once were in the Dommel that we research, but aren’t anymore because of different reasons (Brouwer, Dorenbosch, van Eekelen, & Spier, 2010). The lack of free migration, disappearance of flow because of dams and poor water quality are reasons that certain species got extinct in this part of the river; their habitats disappeared. So to get those species back, their habitats need to be restored. Or, for some fish that are already present in upper or lower parts of the Dommel, will migrate to this stretch of river when the habitat is restored and the fish function as an indicator for the biological state of the water. Alburnus alburnus and Perca fluviatilis are examples of fish species that are already in the Dommel, either upstream or downstream from our research area or in another sidearm and have left this part of the river because of the bad water quality. However, since the sewage treatment plan of Eindhoven is updated to make the discharge more biologically active, the quality has become better. Expectation therefore is that these fish will return. The Salmo trutta also is specific specie that will only live in water where free migration is possible and the water quality is sufficient, so not over-nutrified and of good temperature and other chemical properties. This fish is protected in the Netherlands because it indicates the conditions of water that we value by law in the country. Therefore this would be a key species for the Dommel, when this fish can migrate to the Dommel, the quality of the river and the ecosystems can be considered good. Same goes for the Anguila anguilla, this species disappeared of the Dommel valley because of the damming and the lack of free migration. But this species was one of the key species for Dutch governmental projects to target the water- and riverbottom quality in Dutch streams and rivers. The Cottus perifretum is a bottom feeder fish and the presence of this species indicates oxygen rich waters and a good river bottom quality. Lastly, there is the Leuciscus leuciscus which only is found in the

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FIGURE 29: ECOLOGICAL VALUES IN THE PROJECT AREA

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ECOLOGY upstream parts of the Dommel and disappeared because of damming, disappearance of flow and with that, risen water temperatures which killed the fish. The restoration of a free flowing dommel with fish passages, will mean the return of this fish which used to live in these waters.

Potential wet habitats and plant species The most prominent habitat in the area are oligotrophic to mesotrophic standing waters with vegetation of the Littorelletea uniflorae and/or of the Isoeto-Nanojuncetea (Habitatrichtlijnen, 2012). The Dommel valley was transformed from marshy area to agricultural land during the early middle ages (Lambert, 1985). While facing challenges of increasing drought and loss of biodiversity, original wet ecosystems should be restored. From this perspective, the results of pollen depositions analysis in bogs of Dommel valley conducted by Janssen (1972) should be beneficial for specification of this vision. The author described following mire vegetation types (Janssen, 1972): -

Open water: Nymphaea, Myriophyllum (see figure 31), Lemna Reed swamp: Typha angustifolia (see figure 35), Equisetum Mesotrophic poor to intermediate fens: Sphagnum, Radiola, Comarum palustre, Menyanthes (see figure 33), Hydrocotyle Poor alder swamp forest: Osmunda Eutrophic alder swamp forest: Dryopteris, Alnus, Bidens, Lonicera, Calystegia, Ribes, Salix aurita (see figure 30), cinerea Shallow muddy margins of streams / flooded pastures: Alisma, Sparganium erectum, Sparganium emersum, Rumex-eurumex, Galium, Apium Wet meadows: Sanguisorba officinalis (see figure 33), Valeriana, Lythrum, Lysimachia Mown mesotrophic grasslands: Orchidaceae, Cirsium, Succisa, Ophioglossum, Utricularia Other species: Drosera rotundifolia (see figure 34), Erica tetralix, Myrica

Also, the coppice forests, especially oaks (eikenhout), are of exceptional cultural value in the area. It played an important role in the watermills economy, including tannery, timber processing or fuel extraction. Therefore planting of coppices could be a way to restore part of the local identity. The coppices could be for example planted on powerline dikes.

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31

32

33

34

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FIGURE 30, 31, 32, 33, 34 AND 35: SOME MENTIONED SPECIES

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CHALLENGES INVENTORY In this map, we summarize all the challenges we identify in this region. First, the water mills in this area that now are disused, lack of water to run properly and are hidden together with the watermill landscape. The valley lacks proper connection with the city of Eindhoven and we identified some barriers preventing people to visit the valley such as the highways and train tracks that run through the valley and poor infrastructural connections between the adjacent neighbourhoods of Eindhoven and the valley. Highlighted are the areas where drought becomes more pressing, becoming an increasing challenge in this region after last year’s lack of rain and predictions that this will happen more often in the future. But also floods, caused by extreme precipitation peaks due to climate change, have become increasingly worrying in the urban areas close to the Dommel. Related to this is the water quality in the Dommel fluctuates a lot because of water that is discharged by the sewage treatment plant in the Dommel, and by agricultural runoff in the Dommel valley. Trends suggest that the industrial areas in Eindhoven will expand in the direction of the Dommel, narrowing the valley and the room for the river, wetlands and recreation. The power lines are very visible on the high pylons in the landscape and can be seen as a danger to the attractability of the landscape and valley. Same goes for the power station where large transformators are located.

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FIGURE 36: CHALLENGES INVENTORY

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STRENGTHS INVENTORY The most important quality of the valley is of course that there is running water, which is important for the story of the landscape as well as for recreation. Van Gogh’s legacy added another strength to the valley, because he lived a couple of years in the area and painted some scenes of the Dommel valley such as the Collse watermill. Centuries before Van Gogh painted the mills, the mills helped shape the landscape to what it looks like today not only culturally but also economically.

The mills are both a challenge as those are strengths because of their unique history and position in the landscape. The current recreational network features routes of different qualities, lengths and themes throughout the valley. The Eindhovense canal features a waterway connection to the dommel as well as an extension to the recreational network featuring walking- and cycling ways from- and to the city of Eindhoven and Geldrop. Finally, there is room for different types of nature and habitats in the Dommel valley as well, even though those are fragmented throughout the valley. The borders between nature and agricultural areas in the region can create corridors for ecological purposes. Finally, the area features important, extensively cultured meadows, spread around the Dommel bringing ecological values and habitats for insects, plants and smaller mammals to the region.

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FIGURE 37: STRENGHTS INVENTORY

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4

THE BLUE VEIN CONCEPT

FIGURE 38: CONCEPT TOPICS AND ICONS

We have decided to frame the whole project with a catching metaphor of the blue vein. The blue vein refers to water as the key and connecting aspect of the project. Vein represents life, dynamics and circularition. It can be linked to circulation of people between the city and the valley, who can use dense and adaptive slow traffic network; to a small water cycle, restored by improved retention capacity of the landscape; the motion of watermill wheel or circulation of ideas and experiences between people collaborating in various urban labs. It also resembles the hierarchy, while the Dommel plays a dominant role, but is also connected to number of capillary and together constitute a robust network. It means that we want to emphasise the valley and its role in the metropolitan region of Eindhoven by reinforcing its qualities and making it accessible for residents.

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FIGURE 39: LOGO OF THE CONCEPT FIGURE 40: KLEINE DOMMEL CONCEPT CLOUD

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CALCULATIONS AND DIMENSIONING

FIGURE 41: CALCULATIONS AND DIMENSIONS TABLE

In the following table, we present rough estimations of effects, which will brings our spatial solutions, regarding improvement of recreational routing and retention capacity of the landscape.

This numbers could be used as a summary and starting point of debates among stakeholders. To summarise, we propose development of 15, respective 40 km of new routes. This new routing will improve the accessibility of the river for approximately 1.000, respective 6.000 residents, who will access the river in less than 3 km distance. Interesting finding was, that the routes in the valley itself have only minor effect (around 1000 inhabitants) for improvement of accessibility. The significant effects have a barriers breakers located in the city (new bridges over the John F. Kennedylaan), which connects the neighbourhoods, which are currently rather separated. Speaking about water retention, we proposed 30 hectares of ponds,10 hectares of pools and 30, respective 300-600 hectares of wetlands (see figure 42). Also, we introduce 5 km of new water streams, accomplished by making the streams meandering, respective 10 km, when including the new sidearm. These measures should have significantly increase the retention capacity and provide necessary buffer to manage the extreme weather events.

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FIGURE 42: REFERENCE AREAS AS MENTIONED

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BASE MAP FOR DESIGN

River Water body Indicator for Dommel and Kleine Dommel Build area Industrial area Road Railway Powerline Forest area Heathland

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FIGURE 43: BASE MAP OF PROJECT AREA

Son & Breugel

Nuenen

Eindhoven

Geldrop

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5

IDEABOX

FIGURE 44: IDEA CLOUD

The solution to develop an ideabox came up in collaboration with our commissioner who is looking for visual, easy to understand solutions to problems he identified in the region. This research, these interventions and these products are just the start of the transition that will happen in this area for the coming years, we believe. This project scratches the surface of possibilities and challenges that the Dommel and the will go through in the future. The ideabox (see figure 45) is a set of interventions that could solve multiple problems at once, combine qualities and give a new meaning to the landscape. This is depicted by the use of the icons coming from “The blue vein concept� chapter in this report. The interventions are varying in scale, impact and themes. The landscape patterns, the results found in the ideabox are then used to form three solutions on how to apply the patterns from the ideabox spatially in the Dommel valley. These landscape patterns are presented in the isometric perspective. Figure (44) shows different ideas in the ideabox relating the 4 identified themes from the blue vein concept.

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FIGURE 45: IDEABOX

River following path

New side arm of the river

Water playground

New water mill

Themed routing

Succession forest Landscape living lab

Landscape park

Dike around Nederwetten

Canal boat connection

Fish stairs Barrier breakers

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LANDSCAPE PATTERNS RIVER FOLLOWING PATH As a main intervention, to accelerate the Dommel valley in terms of recreational needs, is a network of paths and a connection between the Dommel and the surrounding cities of Eindhoven, Nuenen and Geldrop. And to connect the villages of Nederwetten, Opwetten, Eeneind, Son and Breugel as well. As a start, we designed an uninterrupted path close along the Dommel. This path allows for a close interaction with the river and connection with the valuable heritage and cultural landscapes related to the river as well.

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FIGURE 46: RIVER FOLLOWING PATH

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LANDSCAPE PATTERNS VERSATILE PATH SYSTEM Now that we introduced a path following the river of the (Kleine) Dommel, we introduce different forms of this paths (see figure 47). Since the landscape and landscape experience is different throughout the year, related to temperature, water quantity, recreational pressure on the landscape, and more, a versatile path system is necessary to fulfill the existing and future recreational need all year round. In the Dommel valley, interaction with water and the river is important. This interaction can be realised through paths that have floating parts, or even float as a whole, turn into stepping stones, or become a raft where users have to pull themselves to the other side of the water while help visitors interact with the water. Furthermore, the valley of the Dommel brings qualities and landscapes that need to be further explored. Through higher parts, like new dikes, visitors have a higher perspective, looking over the landscape. As an extra layer in the landscape, five themes are introduced in the path system (see figure 48). These themed routes are designed in a park-like shape, where a new layer is added for people to explore the area’s of the Dommel valley.

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FIGURE 47: VERSITILE PATH SYSTEM SHOWING THREE VARIATIES

Elevated path

Unpaved path

Stepping stones Floating path

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LANDSCAPE PATTERNS THEMED ROUTES The valley of the Dommel is a place where all residents surrounding the river need to be able to recreate. As mentioned, we introduce four themed routings through the valley of the Dommel, which form the principle of the valley as one big landscape park. In figure 48, all routings are seen.

In the following pages, each routing will be individually shown and elaborated on.

What is important to note is that the neighbourhoods bordering Eindhoven and the valley all have their own connections to the river following path. These connections are designed in a way that people can also walk a short route. This is important since especially young children can’t walk for kilometers in one take. So, by introducing the possibility to walk a small route, the wishes of young families are included in the new recreational evolution of the Dommel valley.

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FIGURE 48: THEMED ROUTING COMBINED

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LANDSCAPE PATTERNS THEMED ROUTES // CONTEMPLATION ROUTE // These days, people are very busy with work, social life and everything stressful that comes along.

In this themed routing, we tried to attract these overworked urban dwellers. This contemplation route is for people to relax and contemplate after working in the busy city by strolling along quiet places and having silent small pavilions to contemplate in. We also want to reinforce regional identity by referring to traditional brabant chapels along the routes.

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FIGURE 49: THEMED ROUTING: CONTEMPLATION

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LANDSCAPE PATTERNS THEMED ROUTES // DOMMEL LIVING LAB ROUTE // As the second themed routing, we have the Dommel valley as a landscape living lab. This routing is further elaborated in the Dommel living lab part of this chapter (see figure 50). This part of the themed routing is differentiated through other designs of lighting and a change in colour of the asphalt. This idea lie in an expansion on the already existing urban living lab in Eindhoven.

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FIGURE 50: THEMED ROUTING: DOMMEL LIVING LAB

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LANDSCAPE PATTERNS THEMED ROUTES // VAN GOGH OPEN AIR GALLERY ROUTE // The third themed routing that we propose is a Van Gogh open air gallery route. This themed routing is inspired on the Van Gogh national park, as well as the many places that Van Gogh painted while living in this area. The routing connects these places and provides information about his life, educating people about the rich history of this part of the Dommel valley.

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FIGURE 51: THEMED ROUTING: VAN GOGH OPEN AIR GALLERY

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LANDSCAPE PATTERNS THEMED ROUTES // INDUSTRIAL ROUTE // The fourth themed routing of the landscape park is focussed on the relatively new industrial history route of this area. This routing will connect various parts of the cities with the landscape that those surround. The big industrial history that is brought by large companies like Philips, DAF, VDL and even the technical university of Eindhoven (TU/e). The stories that these industries bring, became essential in the development of the area, which is now promoted as the smartest region of the world.

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FIGURE 52: THEMED ROUTING: INDUSTRIAL

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LANDSCAPE PATTERNS THEMED ROUTES // POWER LINE CORRIDOR ROUTE // The final themed routing is the power line corridor route. The power lines have a very visible place in the landscape. Now, underneath the power lines, nothing is happening. In this concept, we make use of this space by adding a new routing, that is easily navigated to. Also, this line adds in the new identity of the valley, where the technical innovation and industrial growth is accentuated.

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FIGURE 53: THEMED ROUTING: POWER LINE CORRIDOR

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LANDSCAPE PATTERNS POWER LINE CORRIDORS Today, gazes in the Dommel valley are shaped by the large amount of power lines. These power lines are visible in a lot of the scenes and function as landmarks in the landscape. However, the pylons that carry the power lines, have a negative association to a lot of people. In line with the proposed ecological energy netwerk by FABRICations (2018), we introduce power line corridors under the pylons. These corridors fulfill several functions and can be elaborated on in multiple ways.

Our first proposal (figure 54) is to create a nature network of heather underneath the pylons. This network is then combined with recreational routing, creating a beautiful corridor and cycling paths that people can follow. By doing this, the pylons get a new function, as these indicate new routings in the landscape, and the association that people have with the pylons will change positively.

A second proposal (figure 55) for the power lines is to create a dike with recreational routing on top, where the power lines are hidden under. In this idea, we propose that the left-over metal of the pylons is recycled into a pergola construction, that follows the path. This construction can be grown by climbing plants like Wisteria, enhancing the sublime experience of the landscape. The selection of the climbing plants needs to also fulfill ecological purposes. By realizing one or both of these options, the recreational network as well as the ecological qualities in the area can be enhanced by the powerlines.

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Path following power lines

Heathland under power lines

Pergola construction reusing materials from old power line pylons

2

Path following power lines

FIGURE 55: POWERLINES DIKED AND PATH ON TOP

Heathland under power lines

FIGURE 54: ROUTING FOLLOWING POWERLINE STRUCTURE

Current power line pylons

Elevated path above power lines

Point of power lines entering dike

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LANDSCAPE PATTERNS LANDMARKS

FIGURE 56: NEW WATCH TOWER (NEIRA, J. (ED.) 2018).

We introduce one or more landmarks to improve imaginability of the valley and to invite visitors to a spectacular landmark, in which they possibly can go up and overlook the valley and the city of Eindhoven. A landmark has to be placed on a key, spectacular location in the valley which will come up in the solutions. In this landscape pattern, the landmarks are a reflection on already existing tall structures in the valley, which are the high voltage pylons (see figure 57). The shape of the pylon is used to form a watchtower that can be seen from far away (see figure 56). On top of the watchtower, a sublime view provides sight all over the Dommel- and Kleine Dommel valley.

People can discover the bird eye perspective over the landscape by themselves, something which is not possible now.

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FIGURE 57: LANDMARKS WITH WATCH TOWER

Landmark watchtower

Joining of the Kleine Dommel with the Dommel

Power line pylons

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LANDSCAPE PATTERNS GUIDING LANES Large open roads that go through the landscape will be planted with two rows of trees on each side (see figure 58). The inner side of these rows will be planted with Salix and the outer side will be planted with Populus. On one side of the road, new slow-traffic routing is located in between these two rows of Salix and Populus trees. Salix, which stays relatively small, helps block the view on the large road, and functions as a sound wall as well. The Populus trees function as a landmark in the landscape, as they grow very tall. By doing this, the trees will strengthen and accentuate already existing lines in the landscape. Also the Populus helps in blocking the sounds coming from the large road. An added value is that the trees refer to Van Gogh’s paintings of trees lanes in the area.

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FIGURE 58: GUIDING LANES

Populus tree lane, grow high and form landmark Salix tree lane, stay lower and block sound

Road

Slow traffic, in between Salix and Populus tree lanes

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LANDSCAPE PATTERNS BARRIER BREAKERS In the Dommel valley, the orientation of the river and all natural structures is oriented from south to north (vertically up, on a normal map facing north) However, the man-made, artificial structures are (mostly) oriented facing west to east, and vice versa (horizontally, on a map facing north). These artificial structures include highways, railroads, canals, water mills, and urban- and industrial expansion. These artificial structures can be identified as barriers in the landscape that obstruct the river, routing and experience. These barriers currently prove a problem for new uninterrupted recreational routing. One of the solutions that we propose are ecoducts over highways and railways, combined with a slow-traffic routing on a side. Another solution is a bridge for walking over the canals.

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Fauna area

FIGURE 59: ECODUCT AS BARRIER BREAKER

Ecoduct

Recreational routing

Barrier, highway

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LANDSCAPE PATTERNS FISH PASSAGES While the water mills that are present in the area bring valuable historical and cultural aspects, they also form barriers for ecology. Fish can’t migrate because there is no connection for the fish to travel upstream. To solve this, all water mills need a fish passage. These fish passages should be designed in a way so that the river doesn’t flow out too much water and that the water mills lose their functionality due to low water. That is a problem caused by the fishpassages already present near some watermills. By doing this, the fish passage can become very long. In order to make it feasible for the fish to swim up and down, ponds along the long fish passage are introduced where fish can rest. These ponds also provide habitat for all other kinds of aquatic flora and fauna.

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FIGURE 60: FISH PASSAGE AT A WATER MILL

Path following river

Water mill

Water mill pond

Fish pond, in between stairs

Fish stairs

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LANDSCAPE PATTERNS DOMMEL LIVING LAB // NEW WATER MILL // With a new water mill, the living labs of Eindhoven can be extended into the landscape surrounding the city, focussing on the Dommel valley. Other ideas that can follow this concept are water playgrounds that function as attractions to the valley. Another connection between the cities and the valley is on an educational level as well as recreational levels.

While the existing water mill landscape stayed mostly the same over the years, the identity of the city of Eindhoven has changed from a river town into a high tech, industry driven city. With the arrival of the technical university of Eindhoven (TU/e), this identity has only been strengthened.

This new identity of the landscape needs a representation, so people can identify with it also. A new water mill will be introduced, to accommodate this new identity, as it connects the past, the present and the future. This new water mill will be the link between the city and visitors and the valley of tomorrow. Functions of this new water mill include a bed and breakfast, a maintenance centre for the valley, cleaning capacities of the water and/or educational functions.

The new water mill can be in the spirit of the TU/e, in which a collaboration between WUR (Wageningen University & Research) students and TU/e students provides a course or competition to design this new water mill in an innovative way. By doing this, the water mill can connect Eindhoven and its residents back to the valley again.

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FIGURE 61: DOMMEL LIVING LAB: NEW WATER MILL

Path following river

New water mill

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FIGURE 62: VISUAL OF THE DOMMEL WITH NEW WATER MILL AND SQUARE FOR PLAYGROUND CLOSE TO EXISTING WATER MILL 84

LANDSCAPE PATTERNS DOMMEL LIVING LAB // WATER PLAYGROUND // In the Dommel living lab idea, children have a prominent position. Children have a different view on the landscape than adults, and thereby have different experiences. In the Dommel living lab, children can experience water in a new, currently non existent layer. Water playgrounds are introduced to provide in this new layer, so the water of the Dommel becomes less abstract for them and they can learn in a playful way. Also included in this idea, are outdoor classes. These classes are supported by furniture that allows for education to larger groups. Children are very sensible, and we believe learning about biology and ecology is best outdoors, where they can really experience what the teacher is talking about. A succession forest can be a great example of this (see figure 68).

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FIGURE 63 & 64: NEDRE FOSS PARK (NORCONSULT 2017).

FIGURE 65, 66 & 67: DARLING QUARTER (AILA, 2016).

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LANDSCAPE PATTERNS DOMMEL LIVING LAB // SUCCESSION FOREST // A large problem with current maintenance of forest is communication with local residents. People feel attached to the forest close to their home, as they recreate in it on a daily or weekly basis. The problem starts when Staatsbosbeheer (SBB), the state forestry agency has to maintain the forest.

The way SBB maintains the forest is by taking out trees. Local residents usually don’t understand why this is necessary, resulting in criticism (Staatsbosbeheer, 2019). With the succession forest, people can interact with this maintenance and see the different stages of growth of a forest. Also an educational level can be attached to this, where primary- and high schools can visit during their biology classes, and field excursions can take place. At the same time, this forest can be high producing for wood, providing in a stable economical factor. As a final layer, ecology can really benefit from this area, as it provides in a lot of different habitat as there are all phases of succession of the forest.

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First growing trees, second phase of succession

Recreational path

FIGURE 68: DOMMEL LIVING LAB: SUCCESSION FOREST

Oldest trees, final phase of succession

Third phase of succession

Grasses and pioneer species, first phase of succession

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LANDSCAPE PATTERNS CANAL BOAT CONNECTION In order to make a solid connection between the city of Eindhoven and the Dommel valley not only by land, a boat connection by water is introduced. The Eindhoven canal is perfect for this. From the city centre of Eindhoven or Geldrop to the place where the Kleine Dommel crosses the canal, a tourist boat connection can be established. At the end of the trip, the tourists can transit to the OV-bike that is located at the end station, to start their trip along the Kleine Dommel, and later the Dommel itself. In this way, the landscape is also easy accessible by foreigners, including this group of the Eindhoven visitors as well. A branding strategy of the surrounding landscape by the cities surrounding the Dommel valley can really increase economic and recreational growth. By doing this, Eindhoven can not only become the smartest region, but also one of the most attractive in the world.

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Bridge connecting north and south of the canal breaking the barrier

Boat stop, transit hub to bike

FIGURE 69: CANAL BOAT CONNECTION

Slope up the dike of the Eindhovens canal north side

Eindhoven canal

Kleine Dommel going underneath the Eindhovens canal Tourist boat connecting the cities of Eindhoven and Geldrop with the valley of the Dommel

Slope up the dike of the Eindhoven canal south side

Rowers over the canal

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LANDSCAPE PATTERNS POND SYSTEM The Dommel and the Kleine Dommel have problems related to water quantity. During winter, the water discharge is too high for the riverbeds. During summer, the drought drains the river leaving it and the surrounding area almost completely dry. In order to tackle these problems, a pond system needs to be introduced. This pond system functions as a buffer for both periods. During winter, the ponds accumulate excessive amounts of water and store the water during summer, this water can be used to keep the Dommel and the Dommel valley wet and moist. Additionally to these water storage capabilities, the ponds function as important habitat for ecology. Various species find their home in the ponds as they increase habitat. These ponds are connected through small side arms of the river. As a final addition to these side arms and ponds, a recreational network that goes through this area makes it accessible for recreationists and residents of the area, providing an additional layer to experience the water in the valley.

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FIGURE 70: POND SYSTEMS

River following path

River of Dommel and/or Kleine Dommel Retaining pond

Retaining pond

Constructed wetland and nature area

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LANDSCAPE PATTERNS BIG SIDE ARM Additional to the small scale ponds and side arms of the river, we also introduce a large scale side arm, that scales up the small scale principles of retention ponds and connecting side arms (see figure 71). This side arm will be used for a more extravagant water retaining method. After some analysing of the past landscape, we discovered that the proposed large scale side arm used to be there already as a side arm of the Dommel. This side arm would go around the town of Nederwetten.

This is where the name of Nederwetten originates, as the town used to be in a swampy area and “wetten” means low landscape or a wet place in the landscape in Dutch (Heemkundekring “De Drijehornick”, 2018) . With the development of the side arm, the surroundings of the side arm can be developed in water retaining areas, as one big buffer zone. In this buffer area, nature development is key, with low intensity recreational routing. Here, the versatile path system with floating parts and stepping stones (see figure 47) really becomes essential. Surrounding the side arm, new ponds are realized to really accentuate the water retaining properties in combination with nature. The landscape is already lower, so minimum interventions are required to achieve this.

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FRAGMENTATION

FRAGMENTATION

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River Dommel Dike going around Nederwetten with recreational routing on top

FIGURE 71: BIG SIDE ARM SURROUNDING NEDERWETTEN

Town of Nederwetten

Existing watertables, dry land

Guiding lanes toward Nederwetten Recreational side arm following the new side arm of the Dommel

Dike protecting the agricultural land from the wetlands

Constructed wetlands New side arm of the Dommel

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LANDSCAPE PATTERNS DIKED NEDERWETTEN In the new large scale side arm design, the town of Nederwetten is diked to prevent flooding from the newly developed wetlands that will surround the town. As a result, the town will have a recreational routing over the dike that at the same time functions as a new landmark in the landscape, providing in beautiful far sights over the new wet and improved Dommel valley landscape. We think, this experience will be sublime and Nederwetten will compete with Son and Breugel and become the settlement for rural living with expensive housing, similar to the expensive neighbourhoods in Son and Breugel.

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FIGURE 72: ZOOM IN INTO THE PROJECT AREA, SHOWING THE DIKE SURROUNDING NEDERWETTEN

2

1

0,5

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6

SOLUTIONS

We have developed three solutions which differ in the approach to the problems in the study area. The solutions all consist of ideas from our ideabox, spatially placed, based on our analysis.

The solutions differ from each other in terms of impact, feasibility and in terms of how long the transition will take.

1 MODERATE SOLUTION The first is the moderate solution, which is a comprise of basic interventions, that respond to the main problems identified during the sessions with the commissioner. This moderate solution introduces basic recreational routing, which addresses the problems of access of the river itself as well as the accessibility of the valley from surrounding residential areas (Eindhoven, Nuenen, Geldrop). Also, some interventions in the water system are presented, specifically a retention pond system following the current water streams (feeders of the Dommel) and small scale restoration of wetlands. Moreover, the introduction of fish passages to tackle ecological fragmentation of the Dommel is included. Finally, watermill estates and a watch tower are proposed to increase the attractiveness of the valley for visitors.

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FIGURE 73: SOLUTION 1: MODERATE

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1 MODERATE SOLUTION The first is the moderate solution, which is a comprise of basic interventions, that respond to the main problems identified during the sessions with the commissioner. This moderate solution introduces basic recreational routing, which addresses the problems of access of the river itself as well as the accessibility of the valley from surrounding residential areas (Eindhoven, Nuenen, Geldrop). Also, some interventions in the water system are presented, specifically a retention pond system following the current water streams (feeders of the Dommel) and small scale restoration of wetlands. Moreover, the introduction of fish passages to tackle ecological fragmentation of the Dommel is included. Finally, watermill estates and a watch tower are proposed to increase the attractiveness of the valley for visitors.

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FIGURE 74: COLLAGE OF SOLUTION 1

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2 INTERMEDIATE SOLUTION The second is the intermediate solution. This solution incorporates bolder, but still likely feasible measures. Also, various barrier breakers are utilised to overcome the fragmentation by the (eastwest) transport corridors. A visitor boat operation on the Eindhovensche kanaal is proposed for better accessibility of the valley landscape. Regarding water storage, more wetlands in low and suitable lands are introduced together with small scale sidearms with retention ponds. New linear parks are proposed along residential areas to distinguish between intensive and extensive recreational zones and provide a buffer against urban expansion. A green corridor with ecological succession area is suggested for stronger ecological connection and a strong educational potential. In addition, a green buffer covering for the power plant / transformation station is proposed to reinforce the attractiveness of the landscape.

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FIGURE 75: SOLUTION 2: INTERMEDIATE

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2 INTERMEDIATE SOLUTION The second is the intermediate solution. This solution incorporates bolder, but still likely feasible measures. Also, various barrier breakers are utilised to overcome the fragmentation by the (eastwest) transport corridors. A visitor boat operation on the Eindhovensche kanaal is proposed for better accessibility of the valley landscape. Regarding water storage, more wetlands in low and suitable lands are introduced together with small scale sidearms with retention ponds. New linear parks are proposed along residential areas to distinguish between intensive and extensive recreational zones and provide a buffer against urban expansion. A green corridor with ecological succession area is suggested for stronger ecological connection and a strong educational potential. In addition, a green buffer covering for the power plant / transformation station is proposed to reinforce the attractiveness of the landscape.

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FIGURE 76: COLLAGE OF SOLUTION 2

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PROGRESSIVE SOLUTION The third and last solution presents the most progressive ideas, which are probably not very feasible, but could be useful to extend imageability on possibilities of the area of stakeholders and stimulate debate about desirable future(s) of the study area. This progressive solution approaches the whole area as extensive landscape park, including camping and festival facilities. Recreational routing is extended and divided into five thematic routes: a contemplation chapel pilgrimage route, living lab route, Van Gogh open air gallery route, industry route and powerline route. The powerline corridors are planted with heather to enhance attractiveness and new (hightech) water mill(s) together with large scale sidearm and extensive wetlands are introduced to tackle water problems and strengthen the identity.

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FIGURE 78: SOLUTION 3: PROGRESSIVE

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PROGRESSIVE SOLUTION The third and last solution presents the most progressive ideas, which are probably not very feasible, but could be useful to extend imageability on possibilities of the area of stakeholders and stimulate debate about desirable future(s) of the study area. This progressive solution approaches the whole area as extensive landscape park, including camping and festival facilities.

Recreational routing is extended and divided into five thematic routes: a contemplation chapel pilgrimage route, living lab route, Van Gogh open air gallery route, industry route and powerline route. The powerline corridors are planted with heather to enhance attractiveness and new (hightech) water mill(s) together with large scale sidearm and extensive wetlands are introduced to tackle water problems and strengthen the identity.

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FIGURE 79: COLLAGE OF SOLUTION 3

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7

TRANSITION IN PLACE

The Dommel valley has been through a lot of transitions in time and place. The watermills for example are hundreds of years old, back in the day where the water was one of the only sources of power to grind grain, saw wood or make oils. Today, the mills are kept running by volunteers and don’t exist to fulfill their purpose in society that those were designed for, but to teach about the past and preserve a functioning part of cultural history and identity of this region. And now, we have new, innovative ideas for future watermills. Taking the principles of the past and technology of tomorrow to give the watermill a new function in their place in the river and the Brabant identity of this region. Adapting ideas of the past or the present, but making those function in the future, that is what is in the identity of this region.

The river and especially the water management have been through a substantial transition as well. The Dommel is formed by smaller streams and created the Dommel valley landscape with wetlands, side arms, meanders and subtle height differences. Towns have formed since then, some evolved to cities as well and the small river has been subject to urban expansion, agricultural practices and infrastructure projects such as the Eindhovensche Kanaal or the highways. Due to the urbanisation of the region adjacent valley, runoff water into the Dommel increased. The sewage treatment plant discharges water in the Dommel, therefore adding another source, a non-natural source which changed and still changes the dynamics of the river. And one of the reasons why the sewage treatment plant can discharge in the river, is because the river adapted to discharging water, rather than buffering water for the valley’s ecosystem and agricultural lands.

The first stakeholders in this valley landscape were the people living here and visitors. Back in the day the world was of course so different compared to now. Topics like war, technological inventions, globalisation, mass culture and large scale agriculture have had their specific influence on the development of Eindhoven and its surroundings. Stakeholders don’t even have to live in the area anymore, as they can be on the supra regional scale and network, where Eindhoven is connected to. One example is the TU/e, which is located on a global scale! And global influences have impact in Eindhoven as well, climate change prevails longer, drier periods and higher peaks in precipitation. This asks for local and regional solutions so nature and agriculture can build up buffers for the drought and are protected from bursts of rain.

Another aspect of sustainable living and working in this area, and the local recreation that comes along. The city of Eindhoven and the surroundings are growing in households, and those people probably need to recreate some time, somewhere. If recreational facilities and attractive landscapes are close to home, the local residents can visit with a small carbon footprint instead of having to travel further. Also, by creating higher quality green spaces, emission gasses uptake by plants can rise therefore locally buffering the air. In case of extreme heat and drought, the urban fabric of Eindhoven can suffer from smog formation, this blue vein next to Eindhoven will be a fresh haven for people who are sensitive to bad air quality.

On this regional scale, the stakeholders are bigger than individuals. Municipalities of Eindhoven and the adjacent villages, the water board, NGO’s like Staatsbosbeheer, Brabants Landschap and

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so on are the bigger players of the Dommel valley area. Staatsbosbeheer’s view on this process has a lot to do with the ownership of pieces of land to be able to do something about making the whole system climate resilient. The municipality fixes that another way, by the published green structure for example which gives guidelines on how to make the city greener and more heatproof.

Our design ideabox and the spatial solutions in which we give a way on how to apply those, are designed from a top-down point of view. We’ve communicated mostly to large (non-) governmental organisations that are active in this region, we didn’t have the time or priority to talk to smaller organisations or individuals that identify themselves to be a stakeholder in the area.

Therefore, this (design) research is biased in a way we are aware of. In the discussion chapter (see page 112) we elaborate further on this. In terms of topics, we identified 4 themes with respective subthemes. Water, recreation, heritage and ecology were identified by both our commissioner and our team to be the main themes of interest. Agriculture, urban development, circular resource use, infrastructure or economic development could have been themes for example that we could have done research on. We decided to stick to the four themes to finish one line of thinking by concluding our short analysis, instead of following multiple leads on problems that we cannot think about in the course of this atelier.

In terms of meaning of the Dommel valley to the society it is in we think of it in two ways. The first is restoration, the valley has been a lifeline to the region, water is one of the things needed to build up a settlement and is one of the bases of civilization in the region. Without many people living there knowing, this is one of the most important historical features in the area. But the Dommel is flowing water, therefore subject to change, especially in the Netherlands. That is the second meaning of the Dommel for this region, the ever changing lifeline of the area, the actual blue vein, running through the valley and the city of Eindhoven. Water attracts people, especially to recreate. That meaning however, is very implicit now, as the Dommel is not connected to the human experience of landscape and the recreational structure that is required for this now. For example the Eindhovense canal is way more explicit, and when we were there on field visit, you really can see it attracts visitors. People walking their dog, dogs swimming in the canal, rowers on the canal, people fishing and the paths along the canal were intensively used by cyclists and people hiking. The Dommel can have such a place in society as well, that is the transition of place we are looking for. And the spectacular second or even third layer of the Dommel, is that it is one of the bases of the landscape. The history it breaths with the watermills and the landscape formed to the river makes it the ideal place to develop a blue vein for the area.

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8

MOVIE

In consultation with our commissioner, we decided to make the final presentation of this project in the form of a movie. We chose for a movie because our commissioner can show it to many more stakeholders in the area. Our project area is large and the valley influences a complex landscape.

By telling the story of our analysis, the ideabox and concepts in an attractive movie, we enlarge the group of people that are possibly interested and make it for our commissioner easier to continue working with our ideas. This also makes more sense because during the course of the atelier, we hardly got any contact with more stakeholders than Staatsbosbeheer. By making the movie publically available, we make it much more attractive to inform people about the possibilities of this region!

The structure of the movie is the same as the process we’ve developed the products in for this end presentation. We start with the introduction of the group and a short introduction of where the project area is located. Then we show the challenges we identified during analysis as well as strengths of the region we’ve seen during analysis and excursions.

Those challenges, strengths and opportunities are summarized in four themes with goal related sub themes. Then the design interventions are presented; the content of the ideabox is explained, verbally and graphically, and those are put into practice in 3 solutions ranging in scale of interventions and impact on the current landscape.

The QR code in figure 80 will link to the movie that has been posted on YouTube. The movie is 14 minutes long and was used for the final presentation of our course.

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FIGURE 80: QR CODE AS LINK TO THE MOVIEV

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DISCUSSION

Even though this atelier is transdisciplinary and involves a lot of stakeholders, we have unfortunately not spoken that many people in the course of the 8 weeks of this atelier. Part of that is because the stakeholders were not responding positively to our requests on participation which is also, looking back, partly our and our commissioner’s mistake by asking too open questions to the people and not communicating to the right people from the start. Especially not speaking to the right people put us at a disadvantage, as later on we got in touch with people from these stakeholders that were really willing to participate in the project. By the time this happened we were already too far into the project. However, we have always thought about and respected goals and points of view from those stakeholders as much as we could without speaking to them properly, but the credibility is influenced by that.

When looking at the ideas that we propose, the Dommel living lab is the idea that might require the most resources to work out. In the stakeholder analysis, some stakeholders that we haven’t approached but did include in this report can play an important role in developing this idea.

Especially the creative energy of Bron van Doen and The Umbrella network are a useful resource for this. There are already several urban living labs in Eindhoven, therefore this experience could be also utilised (Living labs).

From the perspective of feasibility of our vision, the large-scale wetlands expansion seems like the most controversial intervention, while it requires huge restrains for agricultural production in the valley. The question of how to perceive the local farmers remain mostly unreflected in this project. However, with regards to current trends of increasing agricultural drought, the transition will be most likely unavoidable, while current farming is unsustainable in the long-term. To provide at least some advice, we think, that the change could be framed by a story about the history of the valley, which was, 1000 years ago, a very swampy area. Acknowledging this narrative could help to stimulate a successive change of a farming practices and continually increasing the area of wetlands on agricultural land around the riverbank, as proposes the Action Plan of the Waterboard (Waterschap De Dommel, 2018). After all, the places in the valley refer to the wet, rather than drought, like Nederwetten or Opwetten.

To cut a long story short, let’s make the Dommel valley wet again!

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CONCLUSION

We have examined a short process of the atelier during which we have examined the issue of transition in place in our study area. The project assignment is characterised by high complexity and therefore it wasn’t really possible to cover all the relevant issues and provide detailed and exhaustive product. Therefore we had to make a choices and open just the most striking topics.

We have focused our attention on interplay between water system, ecology, recreation and heritage. We have communicated with a number of stakeholders to obtain their perspective on the area development and to acknowledge the local knowledge of the area. We have conducted thematic and spatial analysis of the area and also gathered informations during several field trips.

Also, we spend some time with organisation work, planning, discussing, searching for reference projects, designing and evaluation on the design. We have delivered the ideabox, the spatial solutions, the report and the movie. The graphical results include maps, isometrics, collages and infographics. These products should be used by the commissioner and the stakeholders to enrich the debate about transition of the Dommel and Kleine Dommel valley. We have delivered our opinion about desirable future and some ideas and tools how to approach it. By this we have examined and answer our main question. However, the decisions have to be made in context of local interests and actor visions. Our goal was to provide valuable input which can inspire and direct these processes. We have given some examples on how to intervene to make the water management more sustainable, to strengthen and enlarge the recreational routing, build upon the already existing qualities and opportunities in the area like the watermills, enhance biodiversity and combining all the interventions into a vision of climate and future resilient landscape. We have added a new layers in the landscape to address the identified challenges, provide new experiences and enable people to acknowledge the Dommel valley as a blue vein, bringing life-giving water, supporting natural habitats, connecting history to present and future, joining local with global and urban and rural.

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Van Gogh locations. (2019). Retrieved July 2, 2019, from https://vangoghlocations. com/en/ Versaci, A., Cardaci, A., & Fauzìa, L. R. (2016). Recovery and conservation of old water mills in central Sicily. ProcediaSocial and Behavioral Sciences, 225, 1526.

USDA (2019, July). Wetland Trail Design and Construction. Retrieved from https:// w w w. f h w a . d o t . g o v / e n v i r o n m e n t / recreational_trails/publications/fs_ publications/01232833/toc.cfm Waterschap De Dommel. (2018, October 09).

Actieplan Leven-de-Dommel.

Retrieved July 2, 2019, from https://www. dommel.nl/algemeen/wateroverlast-endroogte/actieplan-leven-de-dommel/ actieplan-leven-de-dommel.html

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IMAGE REFERENCES

Figure on front page: Natuurmonumenten. (2018).

Over de Dommel. Retrieved on May 24, 2019. From: https://www.natuurmonumenten.nl/natuurgebieden/ dommeldal/over-de-dommel Figure 1: Author 2019 Figure 2: Author 2019 Figure 3: Author 2019 Figure 4: Author 2019 Figure 5: Author 2019 Figure 6: Author 2019 Figure 7: Author 2019 Figure 8: Author 2019 Figure 9: Author 2019 Figure 10: Author 2019 Figure 11: Author 2019

Figure 21: Google Earth Pro. (2019). Retrieved on May 28, 2019.

Figure 22: Author 2019, using 200 jaar topografische kaarten. (2019, July 2). Retrieved from http://www.topotijdreis.nl/ Beschermde Gebieden - Cultural Heritage. (2019, July 2). Retrieved from https://www.pdok.nl/introductie/-/ article/beschermde-gebieden-cdda-inspiregeharmoniseerdCultuurhistorisch GIS. (2019, July 2). Retrieved from https://www.pdok.nl/introductie/-/article/ cultuurhistorisch-gis-cultgisFigure 23: Van Gogh. (1885). De populierenlaan bij Nuenen.

Figure 24: Van Gogh. (1884). De Opwettense watermolen.

Figure 25: Van Gogh. (1884). De Collse watermolen.

Figure 12: Author 2019

Figure 26: Van Gogh. (1885). korenschelven en een molen.

Figure 13: Author 2019

Figure 27: Alexander, C. (1977). A pattern language: towns, buildings, construction. Oxford university press.

Figure 14: Author 2019 Figure 15: Author 2019 Figure 16: Author 2019 Figure 17: Author 2019 Figure 18: Author 2019, using Geofabrik Download Server. (2019, July 2). Retrieved from https://download. geofabrik.de/ Figure 19: Author 2019, using 200 jaar topografische kaarten. (2019, July 2). Retrieved from http://www.topotijdreis.nl/ Geofabrik Download Server. (2019, July 2). Retrieved from https://download.geofabrik.de/ Watermolenlandschappen in Het Groene Woud. (n.d.).

Retrieved from https://www. hetgroenewoud.com/initiatieven/projecten-overig/ watermolenlandschappen-in-het-groene-woud Risico droogtestress (2019, July 2). Retrieved from http://www.klimaateffectatlas.nl/ Bodemkaart. (2019, July 2). Retrieved from https://www. pdok.nl/introductie/-/article/bodemkaart-1-50-000

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Figure 28: Author 2019, using Geofabrik Download Server. (2019, July 2). Retrieved from https://download. geofabrik.de/ Figure 29: Author 2019, using Beschermde gebieden - CDDA. (2019, July 2). Retrieved from https://www.pdok.nl/introductie/-/article/ beschermde-gebieden-cdda-inspire-geharmoniseerdNatuurmeting Op Kaart (NOK). (2019, July 2). Retrieved from https://www.pdok.nl/introductie/-/article/ natuurmeting-op-kaart-nokWatermolenlandschappen in Het Groene Woud.

(2019, July 2). Retrieved from https://www. hetgroenewoud.com/initiatieven/projecten-overig/ watermolenlandschappen-in-het-groene-woud Figure 30: Wikipedia. (2007, August 26). Retrieved on July 2 2019. From: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salix_ aurita#/media/File:Salix_aurita_007.jpg Figure 31: Wikipedia. (2005, August 27). Retrieved on July 2 2019. From: https://en.wikipedia.org/ wiki/Myriophyllum#/media/File:Myriophyllum_ aquaticum_-_side_(aka).jpg Figure 32: Wikipedia. (2011, July 28). Retrieved on July 2 2019. From: https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krvavec_

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toten#/media/Soubor:Sanguisorba_officinalis_ (Kastelberg).jpg Figure 33: Wikipedia. (2008, June 26). Retrieved on July 2 2019. From: https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vachta_ trojlist%C3%A1#/media/Soubor:MenyanthesTrifoliata. jpg Figure 34: Wikipedia. (2005, July 21). Retrieved on July 2 2019. From: https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosnatka_ okrouhlolist%C3%A1#/media/Soubor:Drosera_ rotundifolia_ne2.jpg

Figure 57: Author 2019 Figure 58: Author 2019 Figure 59: Author 2019 Figure 60: Author 2019 Figure 61: Author 2019 Figure 62: Author 2019

Figure 35: Wikipedia. (2011, August 13). Retrieved on July 2 2019. From: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ Typha_angustifolia#/media/File:Typha_angustifolia_ (habitus)_1.jpg

Figure 63: Norconsult. (2017, Oktober 19). Nedre Foss bypark åpnet for publikum. Retrieved on July 2, 2019.

From: https://www.norconsult.no/aktuelt/nyheter/ nedre-foss-bypark-apnet-for-publikum/

Figure 36: Author 2019

Figure 64: Norconsult. (2017, Oktober 19). Nedre Foss bypark åpnet for publikum. Retrieved on July 2, 2019.

From: https://www.norconsult.no/aktuelt/nyheter/ nedre-foss-bypark-apnet-for-publikum/

Figure 37: Author 2019 Figure 38: Author 2019 Figure 39: Author 2019 Figure 40: Author 2019 Figure 41: Author 2019 Figure 42: Author 2019, using Web Map Tile Service. (n.d.). Retrieved July 2, 2019, from https://pdok-ngr. readthedocs.io/services.html#id7 Figure 43: Author 2019 Figure 44: Author 2019 Figure 45: Author 2019 Figure 46: Author 2019 Figure 47: Author 2019 Figure 48: Author 2019 Figure 49: Author 2019 Figure 50: Author 2019 Figure 51: Author 2019 Figure 52: Author 2019 Figure 53: Author 2019 Figure 54: Author 2019 Figure 55: Author 2019 Figure 56: Neira, J. (Ed.). (2018, December 28).

Anders berensoon’s proposal transforms pylons into observation towers. Retrieved July 2, 2019, from https://www.designboom.com/architecture/andersberensoon-architects-power-tower-stockholm0 9 - 0 2 - 2 0 1 6 / ? u t m _ c o n t e n t = b u f fe r 0 2 fd 6 & u t m _ medium=social&utm_source=facebook. com&utm_campaign=buffer

Figure 65: Australian Institute for Landscape Architecture (AILA). (2016, April 4). Darling Quarter

by ASPECT Studios. Retrieved on July 2, 2019.

From: https://www.aila.org.au/iMIS_Prod/AILAWeb/ Australia_Best_Playground/Darling_Quarter.aspx Figure 66: Australian Institute for Landscape Architecture (AILA). (2016, April 4). Darling Quarter

by ASPECT Studios. Retrieved on July 2, 2019.

From: https://www.aila.org.au/iMIS_Prod/AILAWeb/ Australia_Best_Playground/Darling_Quarter.aspx Figure 67: Australian Institute for Landscape Architecture (AILA). (2016, April 4). Darling Quarter

by ASPECT Studios. Retrieved on July 2, 2019.

From: https://www.aila.org.au/iMIS_Prod/AILAWeb/ Australia_Best_Playground/Darling_Quarter.aspx Figure 68: Author 2019 Figure 69: Author 2019 Figure 70: Author 2019 Figure 71: Author 2019 Figure 72: Author 2019 Figure 73: Author 2019 Figure 74: Author 2019 Figure 75: Author 2019 Figure 76: Author 2019 Figure 77: Author 2019 Figure 78: Author 2019 Figure 79: Author 2019 Figure 80: Author 2019

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APPENDIX

APPENDIX 1 RECREATIONAL ROUTING

Topography 1:50,000

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VIII = H >140 L >160

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APPENDIX 3 SOIL TYPE

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Loopodzolgronden; lemig fijn zand Loopodzolgronden; grof zand Veldpodzolgronden; leemarm en zwak lemig fijn zand Laarpodzolgronden; grof zand Kamppodzolgronden; leemarm en zwak lemig fijn zand Lage enkeerdgronden; lemig fijn zand Hoge bruine enkeerdgronden; grof zand Hoge zwarte enkeerdgronden; grof zand Akkereerdgronden; leemarm en zwak lemig fijn zand Akkereerdgronden; grof zand Vorstvaaggronden; leemarm en zwak lemig fijn zand Vorstvaaggronden; lemig fijn zand Vorstvaaggronden; grof zand Kalkrijke nesvaaggronden; klei Kalkrijke poldervaaggronden; klei, profielverloop 3, of 3 en 4, of 4 Kalkhoudende drechtvaaggronden; profielverloop 1 Kalkloze drechtvaaggronden; profielverloop 1 Kalkhoudende poldervaaggronden; zavel en lichte klei, profielverloop 3, of 3 en 4, of 4 Kalkhoudende poldervaaggronden; zware klei, profielverloop 3, of 3 en 4 , of 4 Kalkloze poldervaaggronden; zware klei, profielverloop 2 Kalkloze poldervaaggronden; zware zavel en lichte klei, profielverloop 4 Kalkloze poldervaaggronden; zware zavel en lichte klei, profielverloop 5 Kalkhoudende ooivaaggronden; zware zavel en lichte klei Leek-/woudeerdgronden; zandige leem; colluvium in dal Poldervaaggronden; zandige leem in situ Duinvaaggronden; leemarm en zwak lemig fijn zand Moerige podzolgronden met een zavel- of een kleidek en een moerige tussenlaag Koopveengronden op zeggeveen, rietzeggeveen of (mesotroof) broekveen Vlakvaaggronden; leemarm en zwak lemig fijn zand Vlierveengronden op zand zonder humuspodzol, beginnend ondieper dan 120 cm Moerige podzolgronden met een moerige bovengrond Moerige eerdgronden met een moerige bovengrond op zand Madeveengronden op zand zonder humuspodzol, beginnend ondieper dan 120 cm Vlakvaaggronden; grof zand Kalkrijke poldervaaggronden; zware zavel, profielverloop 2 Kalkrijke poldervaaggronden; zware zavel, profielverloop 5 Veldpodzolgronden; lemig fijn zand Madeveengronden op zeggeveen, rietzeggeveen of broekveen Haarpodzolgronden; leemarm en zwak lemig fijn zand Beekeerdgronden; leemarm en zwak lemig fijn zand Moerige eerdgronden met een zavel- of kleidek en een moerige tussenlaag op zand Haarpodzolgronden; grof zand Laarpodzolgronden; lemig fijn zand Kalkhoudende vorstvaaggronden; fijn zand Moerige podzolgronden met een humushoudend zanddek en een moerige tussenlaag Moerige eerdgronden met een moerige bovengrond of moerige tussenlaag op gerijpte zavel of klei Kalkloze poldervaaggronden; zware klei, profielverloop 4 Kalkhoudende poldervaaggronden; lichte zavel, profielverloop 5 Kalkhoudende poldervaaggronden; zware zavel en lichte klei, profielverloop 5 Meerveengronden op zand met humuspodzol, beginnend ondieper dan 120 cm Gooreerdgronden; leemarm en zwak lemig fijn zand Holtpodzolgronden; leemarm en zwak lemig fijn zand Hoge bruine enkeerdgronden; lemig fijn zand Kalkloze poldervaaggronden; zavel en lichte klei, profielverloop 2 Veldpodzolgronden; grof zand Meerveengronden op zand zonder humuspodzol, beginnend ondieper dan 120 cm Venige beekdalgronden Beekeerdgronden; lemig fijn zand Gooreerdgronden; lemig fijn zand Kalkhoudende vlakvaaggronden; grof zand Vlierveengronden op zeggeveen, rietzeggeveen of (mesotroof) broekveen Liedeerdgronden; klei, profielverloop 1 Overslaggronden Vlierveengronden op (meestal niet-gerijpte) zavel of klei, beginnend ondieper dan 120 cm Kalkhoudende poldervaaggronden; zavel, profielverloop 2 Kalkloze poldervaaggronden; zavel en lichte klei, profielverloop 3, of 3 en 4 Laarpodzolgronden; leemarm en zwak lemig fijn zand Kalkloze poldervaaggronden; zware klei, profielverloop 3, of 3 en 4 Hoge zwarte enkeerdgronden; leemarm en zwak lemig fijn zand Moerige eerdgronden met een zanddek en een moerige tussenlaag op zand Kalkhoudende ooivaaggronden; lichte zavel Kalkloze ooivaaggronden; zware zavel en lichte klei Kalkrijke poldervaaggronden; lichte klei, profielverloop 5 Kreekbeddingen Kalkrijke poldervaaggronden; klei, profielverloop 2 Waardveengronden op zeggeveen, rietzeggeveen of (mesotroof) broekveen Kalkrijke drechtvaaggronden; klei, profielverloop 1 Waardveengronden op zand, beginnend ondieper dan 120 cm Gooreerdgronden; grof zand Kalkloze ooivaaggronden; lichte zavel Hoge bruine enkeerdgronden; leemarm en zwak lemig fijn zand Lage enkeerdgronden; leemarm en zwak lemig fijn zand Kalkrijke poldervaaggronden; lichte zavel, profielverloop 5 Kalkarme drechtvaaggronden; zavel en lichte klei, profielverloop 1 Hoge zwarte enkeerdgronden; lemig fijn zand Meerveengronden op zeggeveen. rietzeggeveen of broekveen Holtpodzolgronden; lemig fijn zand Kalkloze poldervaaggronden; lichte zavel, profielverloop 5 Vlakvaaggronden; lemig fijn zand Zandige beekdalgronden Petgaten Zand-, leem- of grindgroeve Afgegraven Opgehoogd of opgespoten Oude bewoningsplaatsen Moeras Water Bebouwing Dijk

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APPENDIX 9 HISTORICAL MAP

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APPENDIX 11 PRECIPITATION DEFICIT

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THE BLUE VEIN OF EINDHOVEN REGENERATING THE VALLEY OF THE KLEINE DOMMEL