A
5
10
20
A
0 1
+23400
+17300 +15000
A
A
+8900 +6800
+6500
-4200
0 1
0 1
5
10
5
10
20
20
Santa Costanza (361) Rome, Italy Programmed & unprogrammed
The Unprogrammed
The Unprogrammed
Eindhoven University of Technology Eindhoven, 2013
PROLOGUE This book is a publication of the seminar, The Unprogrammed, supervised by Ruurd Roorda. In this seminar 13 students, both Dutch and international, have researched realized buildings such as the Grote kerk in Veere and the School of Architecture in Nantes. A comparison is made between old buildings and modern buildings. Average modern buildings have restricted unprogrammed areas for reasons of economy. Firstly, the buildings will be analysed on the basis of their program history and of what is unprogrammed and programmed. As an exercise, the building will be completely filled in with another program so it can be specified how much unprogrammed area can be filled with program. The researched buildings are shown in this book.
SEMINAR THE UNPROGRAMMED
Ir. Ruurd Roorda Assistant Professor for Urbanism and Urban Architecture (UUA) at the TU/e
The content of this seminar originates from an encounter with some buildings with a particular relationship to the unprogrammed. Here I will mention two of them: 1. The Nantes School of Architecture by Lacaton & Vassal, 2009, a building that is intentionally cheap and oversized. The Nantes School of Architecture consists of a programmed/climatized and a non-programmed/non-climatized area, each with a different structure. The intention of the building is to ensure its value on a long-term basis, even after the programme may have solved. 2. The Grote Kerk (Large Church) of Veere by Keldermans, 1521, a building that was built way too large by accident. This due to the fact that the town did not flourish as expected. Its skin being well kept, the building was claimed by Napoleon Bonaparte, who used it as a military hospital, by adding several ‘attics’ in the enormous height of the nave. After becoming one of the first state monuments, since 2004 the chuch is a cultural center, the alterations designed by Marx & Steketee architects. The seminar focusses on buildings and what is in them next to their programmes of demand. All buildings, even very flexible buildings, can be read as petrified programmes. On the other hand, programmes change continuously, mirroring changes in man’s mind, in society. This changing starts as soon as the design of a building starts, and goes on forever. Ultimately, this discrepancy between the fixation of a building and the everlasting change of its programme may lead to a situation where the building will be transformed, and if this is not possible, the building will probably be left and possibly be replaced by a new one. In the research we will focus on realized buildings and on what is in them, aside of the required utilitarian surfaces of the programme: voids, attics, circulation space, shafts, splits, structure, material. These items together we will call The Unprogrammed.
It may be clear that in comparison with old buildings, the average modern building has a restricted unprogrammed area, for reasons of economy (net/gross ratio). Research will be done to find out in what ways these unprogrammed parts of the building may facilitate changes in programme. The seminar consists of three parts: A. Analysis of a realized building, with a focus on the distinction between the programmed and the unprogrammed; the building will be either a brand new or a relatively old one. The history of its design and its use is part of the analysis. It will result in a report with drawings and text. B. Exercise of filling this building with an average programme of today. This ‘filling’ will be done mechanically; the outcome will not be a design but rather a drawn calculation C. The writing of a short essay that focuses on the virtues of the analyzed building in respect to its ability to contain other programmes than the one originally intended. And, more generally, to the role of its specific unprogrammed parts.
TABLE OF CONTENTS Overview of buildings
10
Santa Costanza Rome
12
Dominicanenkerk Maastricht
22
Grote kerk Veere
30
Ca d’Oro Venice
38
Centraal museum Utrecht
46
Paleis op de Dam Amsterdam
54
Public Library Stockholm
62
Burgerweeshuis Amsterdam
72
Palace of Assembly Chandigarh
80
Minnaert building Utrecht
88
Central Library Seattle
98
Zollverein school Essen
114
School of Architecture Nantes
124
Vision
135
Conclusion
139
List of sources
140
Gurbet Gedik Lan Ma
Marissa van de Water
Jelmer van der ploeg Weijie Hu
Robbert Ruttens Joris Pierik
Anton Aragelian Jin Tian
Frank de Koning Xiaoshi Lin
Mariëtte van de Water Joost van der Graaf
THE UNPROGRAMMED |
9
10 | THE UNPROGRAMMED
Gunnar Asplund, Stockholm Sweden
1655
PUBLIC LIBRARY
Jacob van Campen, Amsterdam The Netherlands
1516
PALEIS OP DE DAM
Van Schijndel, Utrecht The Netherlands
1421
CENTRAAL MUSEUM
Bartolomeo and Giovanni Bon, Venice Italy
1342
CA d’ORO
Veere The Netherlands
1294
GROTE KERK
Merkx+Girod, Maastricht The Netherlands
361
DOMINICANENKERK
Rome Italy
SANTA COSTANZA
OVERVIEW OF BUILDINGS
1928
Lacaton & Vasal, Nantes France
2006
SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE
SANAA, Essen Germany
2006
ZOLLVEREIN SCHOOL
OMA/LNM, Seatle USA
1997
CENTRAL LIBRARY
Neutelings Riedijk, Utrecht The Netherlands
1963
MINNAERT BUILDING
Le Corbusier, Chandigarh India
PALACE OF ASSEMBLY
Aldo van Eyk, Amsterdam The Netherlands
BURGERWEESHUIS
1960 2009
THE UNPROGRAMMED | 11
INTRODUCTION
SANTA COSTANZA
Santa Costanza was an imperial mausoleum in Rome that was later dedicated as a church. The building dates from 361 AD and features some of the earliest surviving Christian art. It is based on the combination of Christian and pagan elements in the mosaics. Inside there is a simple altar under a central dome. The central area is surrounded by 12 pairs of Roman columns, which form a barrel-vaulted ambulatory around the outside. Originally, the walls were covered in marble. Santa Costanza was named after Constantine, the Great’s daughter Constantia, but the latest scholarship suggests it was actually built for her sister, Helena, who died in 361. Early accounts record that Constantine built a funerary hall on the imperial estate at the request of Constantia, this long building now in ruins next to the mausoleum. The funerary hall was dedicated to the virgin martyr St. Agnes and resembled other buildings built by Constantine in this period. A special feature of those buildings is that they are connected by an underground hallway system, which are also catacombs for the earlier deceased Christians at that time. The Christians buried the dead in those underground catacombs because they were prosecuted in the second century.
Rome Italy 361
TIMELINE 362
Santa Costanza
865
Actually this time the building was first called Santa Costanza, the Pope Nicholas I celebrated Mass in the mausoleum
1256
March 12th it became a church
1620
It has been periodically restored over the years, but one major restoration took place in 1620 whereby the mosaics in the building were sadly destroyed
1992
Excavations were carried out beneath the atrium, revealing new information about its early history Building/refurbishment/demolishing User/function/equipment
12
| THE UNPROGRAMMED
CATACOMB
GROUND FLOOR
+6500
0 1
PROGRAMMED
5
10
20
UNPROGRAMMED THE UNPROGRAMMED | Santa Costanza (361) Rome, Italy
13
SECTION
+23400
+15000
+17300 +15000 +6500
+8900 +6800
+6500
-4200
0 1
5
10
20 PROGRAMMED
14
| THE UNPROGRAMMED
UNPROGRAMMED
ANALYSIS
NET/GROSS-RATIO WITHOUT FILL-IN
The building provides by its spatiality, which is an essential aspect of the original building, a good opportunity for a special new future program. The height of the room in combination with the incoming daylight from above, creates an interesting and mystical space. The original building is almost completely programmed, as is derived from its function. Searching for different functions other than a museum or exhibition space, requires more than just filling the space with furniture.
To see how many space of the building is really in use, there is a net/ gross-ratio made. The percentage gives an indication of how many room is programmed.
Because of its church-like and mystic atmosphere, it could be a nice place for formal dinners or function as a restaurant. Of course, the removal of the tomb and the graves in the catacomb is doubtful but this creates a new function which might increase the future value of the building and provide a longer life span. A more radical option is turning the building into an hostel, whereby a high ceiling is suitable for bunk beds. Of course you have to be brave to sleep in such an building that inhabited dead people.
PROGRAMMED
93%
UNPROGRAMMED THE UNPROGRAMMED |
15
CATACOMB
GROUND FLOOR
+23400
+17300 +15000
+8900 +6800
+6500
-4200
0 1 0 1
5
10
5
10
PROGRAMMED 16
20
20
UNPROGRAMMED
| THE UNPROGRAMMED Santa Costanza (361) Rome, Italy
+6500
SECTION
+23400
+17300 +15000
+8900 +6800
+6500
-4200
0 1 PROGRAMMED
5
10
20
UNPROGRAMMED THE UNPROGRAMMED |
17
CATACOMB
GROUND FLOOR
+23400
+17300 +15000
+8900 +6500 +6800
+6500
-4200
0 1 0 1
5
10
5
10
PROGRAMMED 18
| THE UNPROGRAMMED
20
20
UNPROGRAMMED
FIRST FLOOR
SECOND FLOOR
+6500
0 1
PROGRAMMED
5
10
20
UNPROGRAMMED THE UNPROGRAMMED |
19
+23400
SECTION
+1730 +23400
+15000
+17300 +15000
+6500
+8900 +6800
+6500
-4200
-4200
0 1
5
10
20 PROGRAMMED
20
| THE UNPROGRAMMED
UNPROGRAMMED
CONCLUSION
NET/GROSS-RATIO WITH NEW FILL-IN
As a result of the reprogramming exercise, the drawings and its ratio, it is hard to conclude that the building could not be used for a new program. The original ratio of programmed and unprogrammed is the same as the new ratio for both the restaurant and hostel. Because of its spatiality and open floor plans, the building could be easily filled with furniture. Of course this spatiality has also a bad aspect for some programs, for example a classroom. At this point the open space and its echo would be very disturbing whilst giving lectures. This has to be kept in mind when finding a new program for the building.
The new ratio is the same as the original ratio 93%. There are extra floors added at the hostel, so in this case the programmed floor space is increased, but also the unprogammed floor space is increased. This results in the same ratio as the original building.
93%
THE UNPROGRAMMED |
21
INTRODUCTION
DOMINICANENKERK
Maastricht The Netherlands 1294
A total of 1.200 m2 shopping space was required in only an available area of 750 m2 floor space. The client’s idea was to bridge the area which was rejected by the architects as it would deny the quality of the church. Instead, they wanted to emphasize the building’s spatial qualities, it’s height and exceptional architecture. The solution was found in a multi-level, monumental, black, walk-in bookcase situated in the church. By doing so the left hand side of the church remained empty, showing it’s complete height and giving a clear view through the entire store. On the other side visitors are invited to the upper levels of the ‘book-building’ allowing them to experience the church from different heights and view the historical murals from closeby.
22
| THE UNPROGRAMMED
TIMELINE Late 1260
Start Start building of construction
1309
Add two chapels on the north and south sides of the church
1577
Some parts of the church was demolished in flame
16centry
The southern chapel was changed into a rosary
1794
The church was damaged after a siege of bombing occupied by the French
1797
Used as city warehouse
19centry
Function changing, include : school, library, gymnasium.
1924 1926 1953
Eletric lighting installed Central heating installed Renew central heating During this period the church was used for holding exhibitions and celebrating carnival.
1970-1978
Used as post office, depot for the library
Early 1980 Exhibitions and celebrating carnival Late 1980
BIcycle parking
Building/refurbishment/demolishing User/function/equipped equipment
THE UNPROGRAMMED |
23
GROUND FLOOR
FIRST FLOOR
PROGRAMMED 24
| THE UNPROGRAMMED
UNPROGRAMMED
SECOND FLOOR
PROGRAMMED
SECTION
UNPROGRAMMED THE UNPROGRAMMED |
25
ANALYSIS
NET/GROSS-RATIO WITHOUT FILL-IN
As the ground floor of the bookstore contains several functions (bookshelves, cash register, information desk, cafe, etc), there is no space remainingfor reprogramming. At the first and second floor, the free-standing bookbuilding only takes less than half of the whole plan area, leaving more unprogrammed space. Based on the idea of maintaining the original identity of the church space, the central major space is left the same and the bookbuilding only stands at one side without touching the church structure. That gives the bookstore its own feature: the gap between the bookbuilding and the church wall.
To see how many space of the building is really in use, there is a net/ gross-ratio made. The percentage gives an indication of how many room is programmed. For the current situation, the net area is around 1276 m2, the gross area is around 2713 m2.
The bookstore was chosen as the function that will be filled in the unprogrammed space. This is due to the bookstore already being a reprogrammed project. Therefore it is better to continue filling the whole church with the same function. The only requirement which needs to be considered is the location of the gap, as the in-between space is used to ensure the natural light coming from windows could reach the ground floor.
26
| THE UNPROGRAMMED
47%
GROUND FLOOR
PROGRAMMED
FIRST FLOOR
UNPROGRAMMED THE UNPROGRAMMED |
27
SECOND FLOOR
SECTION
PROGRAMMED 28
| THE UNPROGRAMMED
UNPROGRAMMED
CONCLUSION
NET/GROSS-RATIO WITH NEW FILL-IN
In the future, the Dominicanen church will continue changing its function. As the left page shows, many churches are reprogrammed nowadays. One of the common features that shared by these churches is that the new function is always a public function, stores, lobby of the hotel, etc. Apparently the identity of the public use of the church space still strongly impacts in the reprogramming process. In terms of the church reprogramming project, the gross/net-ratio shows how much of the church identity remains. The lower the ratio, the more obvious the church character remained.
The new fill-in makes the building more programmed. The current ratio was 47%, this is improved to 87%. For the filled situation, the net area is around 2929 m2, the gross area is around 3372 m2.
87%
THE UNPROGRAMMED |
29
INTRODUCTION
GROTE KERK VEERE
Veere The Netherlands 1342
This church is a late Gothic basilica and started being to build in 1332. The large church in Veere has housed, over the years, different functions where it Initially functioned as a church. The building was also changed with time. A storm and a fire resulted in adjustments to the building. In addition, the acquisition of the church by the French under Napoleon ensured that the building has been adapted to a hospital whose traces are still visible on the inside and on the outside of the building. It also functioned as a hospital on four floors which were added to the building and resulted in the replacement of the large windows with small windows. The windows were never returned to their original state. The various functions that were housed in the church include a church, hospital, aircraft factory, and storage area. Contemporarily it is used by the Delta cultural foundation for which Marx and Steketee refurbished the church so that the cultural function could return.
30
| THE UNPROGRAMMED
TIMELINE 1332
Start building Church
1479
Build new tower Grote kerk
1481
Old tower demolished
1854
The church was used as a military hospital
1881
Grote kerk to prevent for demolition was purchased by the State, as the first rijksmonument of Hol land
1890
The 4 elevations of the nave where demolished
1907
intended to military camp in the possible event of mobilization
1923
The church was used for the stor age of wood for the Nederlandse Vliegtuigfabriek
1967
The church was used by a soccer club to train
1975
The church come into use by stiichting delta cultureel
2004
Refurbischment by Marx en Steketee
1598-1604 The backspace was leased as warehouse 1686
Raged a big fire in the nave of the church
1688
Grote kerk in use again
1699-1795
Back space in use after rebuilding after fire
1800
Damage due to a storm
1809
Grote kerk bombarded by the Britisch, which tried to takeover the church from the french
1809
The French (led by Napoleon) build a hospital of 4 stories in the nave, on the ground floor there was a horse stall, the one big window was replaced by small windows
1813
The church was empty
1822-1827
The churche was equipped used for beggars, orphans
1832
church adopted by the government Building/refurbishment/demolBuilding/refurbishment/demolishing User/function/equipped User/function/equipment
THE UNPROGRAMMED |
31
GROUND FLOOR
SECTION
0 1
5
10
20
0 1
PROGRAMMED 32
| THE UNPROGRAMMED
5
10
20
UNPROGRAMMED
ANALYSIS
NET/GROSS-RATIO WITHOUT FILL-IN
The different functions over time have left their traces. The original, large windows, were changed into smaller windows. Also some parts of the church were demolished due to the aging. Some of these parts were rebuilt. During the rule of the French, Napoleon adopted the church and it was refurbished as a military hospital. He added different split-level floors into the church and replaced the large windows with smaller ones. The French demolished the graveyard of the church and used the tombstones as windowsills for the new windows which are still visible in the church. In general, churches have a lot of unprogrammed space due to the large amount of open space. This can result in a lot of unnecessary space. The church was too big for the small village of Veere. The side chapels and aisles were used as a ‘walking church’ with no religious function. The middle ship of the church has a high open space, and it is unprogrammed. It can be filled in with a new function.
To see how many space of the building is really in use, there is a net/ gross-ratio made. The percentage gives an indication of how many room is programmed. The Grote kerk has a ratio of 52%.
52%
THE UNPROGRAMMED |
33
GROUND FLOOR
FIRST FLOOR
PROGRAMMED 34
| THE UNPROGRAMMED
UNPROGRAMMED
SECOND FLOOR
PROGRAMMED
THIRD FLOOR
UNPROGRAMMED THE UNPROGRAMMED |
35
SECTION
0 1
5
10
20
PROGRAMMED 36
| THE UNPROGRAMMED
UNPROGRAMMED
CONCLUSION
NET/GROSS-RATIO WITH NEW FILL-IN
The Grote kerk has a large free open space in the middle ship and in the tower. The church can accommodate various functions by the great flexibility of the space. It can easily be added with floors which can be used for various functions such as an office function. The smaller windows in the church are an advantage, because now floors can be added as far as the walls of the church. Due to the large open space, not only floors can be made, but also the box-in-box principle can be used. This is also visible in the design of Marx and Steketee which made different floors and spaces in the big free open space in the sword of the church. The possibility of the reprogramming of the building is high. Due to the large open space in the middle ship, more functions can be added. The only question is, is there a demand on the different functions?
The new fill-in makes the building more programmed. The current ratio was 42%, this is improved to 75%.
75%
THE UNPROGRAMMED |
37
CA d’ORO - BARTOLOMEO AND GIOVANNI BON
INTRODUCTION
Venice Italy 1421
Ca d’Oro, also known as House of Gold, was built in 1424, almost 600 years ago. In contrast to other buildings from that time period, this building still remains. During its existence the function was mainly as a living space. After a couple of owner changes the building became a museum. The reason why this building still exists today is probably because it has a lot of historical value and beautiful details. Because building methods were different from today, there are a lot of structural walls and columns required to limit the span of the floors and to keep this building stable. This results in floor plans which do not look flexible and, therefore, the building seems to be difficult to reprogram.
38
| THE UNPROGRAMMED
Timeline Ca d’Oro TIMELINE Timeline Ca and d’Oro Bartolomeo Giovanni Bon Bartolomeo and Giovanni Bon 1421
Start building.
1421 1434
Start building. Finished building.
1434 19th
Finished building.of proprietors. Few of changes
19th 1894
Few of changes proprietors. Giorgio Francettiof acquired the building, and restored it.
1894 1922
Giorgio Francetti acquired the building, and and restored it. as a museum. The building became property of the state is used
1922
Building/refurbishment/demolishing The building became property of the state and is used as a museum. User/function/equipped Building/refurbishment/demolishing User/function/equipped equipment
THE UNPROGRAMMED |
39
GROUND FLOOR
FIRST FLOOR
A
A
A
A
0 1 0 1
5
10
20
0 1
5
5 10
10
20 20
0 1
PROGRAMMED 40 A
| THE UNPROGRAMMED A
5
10
20
UNPROGRAMMED
0 1
SECOND FLOOR
SECTION
+18050 +15900
A
A +10800
+5150
0 1 0 1
PROGRAMMED
5
10
UNPROGRAMMED
20
0 1
5
5 10 10 Gross / Net Ratio = 1,99
20 20
0 1
5
10
20
+18050 +15900
THE UNPROGRAMMED |
41
ANALYSIS
NET/GROSS-RATIO WITHOUT FILL-IN
Despite the somewhat un-flexible floor plan this building can be reprogrammed as long as the right program is selected. When analysing the floor plans of Ca d’Oro it can be concluded that the Great Hall fulfils an important role in the organization of the building. This great hall, which is widely dimensioned, connects all the surrounding spaces to each other. So basically, the main function of this great hall is circulation space which can be defined as The Unprogrammed. When filling up the building with 100 percent program it must be kept in mind that, no matter what, this great hall will always be part of the circulation plan of the building. But of course, a function can be combined to give this space a “real program”. Another feature of this great hall is the lack of daylight, only the adjacent patio provides this space in direct daylight. But this daylight will disappear when filling up this unprogrammed patio with a real program. This has an influence on the choice for the new program, because the lack of daylight makes it useless as space for living or working. With that in mind, a good new function for this building could be a library. This change of function does not affect the structure of building and the great hall can be filled with bookshelves and tables but still be part of the circulation plan.
To see how many space of the building is really in use, there is a net/ gross-ratio made. The percentage gives an indication of how many room is programmed.
42
| THE UNPROGRAMMED
49%
FIRST FLOOR
GROUND FLOOR
A
A
0 1
PROGRAMMED
5
10
20
A
0 1
A
50 1
105
10
20
0 1 20
5
10
20
UNPROGRAMMED THE UNPROGRAMMED |
A
0 1
A
43
SECOND FLOOR
SECTION
+18050 +15900
A
A +10800
+5150
0 1
5
10
20
0 1
+18050 +15900
44
| THE UNPROGRAMMED
5 0 1
10
10
20
0 1 20
5
PROGRAMMED
10
20
UNPROGRAMMED
CONCLUSION
NET/GROSS-RATIO WITH NEW FILL-IN
Nowadays, this building functions as a museum. This function suits the building very well because of the large amount of unprogrammed space that can be used as an exposition space, as well as still remain part of the building’s circulation plan. In addition, the lack of daylight is not a problem when with respect to the exposition space. It might even be advantageous because paintings and artwork will be lit by artificial light. Direct daylight can affect the paintings and artworks and is more difficult to regulate. Therefore, the prediction is that this building will keep its current function for the time being.
The new fill-in makes the building more programmed. The current ratio was 49%, this is improved to 93%.
93%
THE UNPROGRAMMED |
45
INTRODUCTION
CENTRAAL MUSEM UTRECHT
As the oldest municipal museum of the Netherlands, the Centraal Museum demonstrates that for centuries Utrecht has been a breeding ground for artistic and cultural talent - both on a national and international scale. The Centraal Museum is home to the largest collection of Rietveld designs in the world, and also exhibits work by the world-famous artist Dick Bruna. Another collection definitely worth seeing is the old masters collection with pieces by Jan van Scorel, Abraham Bloemaert and Hendrick ter Brugghen. Besides works by these iconic figures from Utrecht, the Centraal Museum provides a historical overview of the past 2000 turbulent years, as well as focusing on contemporary collections of fashion, design and fine arts.
Utrecht The Netherlands 1516
In its history, Utrecht Centraal Museum was used as many different functional buildings during its history, such as a monastery, orphanage, stock house and exhibition building.
46
| THE UNPROGRAMMED
TIMELINE 1420
St. Agnes Monastery was established
1764
The monastery was used as an orphanage for 300 orphans and foundings
1838
The museum was firstly founded only on the top floor of the building
1921
The Museum was open to the public as a whole entire museum
1987
The Museum was refurbished by architect Mart Schijndel
1999
The Museum was reburbished by architect StĂŠphane Beel, who put a new glass cube as the new entrance
Building/refurbishment/demolishing User/function/equipped equipment
THE UNPROGRAMMED |
47
GROUND FLOOR
FIRST FLOOR
PROGRAMMED 48
| THE UNPROGRAMMED
UNPROGRAMMED
SECOND FLOOR
PROGRAMMED
SECTION
UNPROGRAMMED THE UNPROGRAMMED |
49
ANALYSIS
NET/GROSS-RATIO WITHOUT FILL-IN
In the plans and section, most programmed area is used as an exhibition area. Those programme areas normally are a big-space area. However, most unprogrammed area is small- space area, such as corridors, stairs platforms and some living rooms.
To see how many space of the building is really in use, there is a net/ gross-ratio made. The percentage gives an indication of how many room is programmed.
After the refurbishment, the new student complex is a mixed-function building, including student housing, commercial shops, student cafés, study rooms, meeting rooms, public shared space (living rooms), party rooms and a sunshine glass cube. This new student complex could achieve most students’ needs, so those students could live in such a “urban building” with huge conveniences.
57%
From the plan drawings, the following refurbishment can be realized: 111 10 2 2 10 4 1 1 1
50
Student rooms Study rooms Meeting rooms Party rooms Public shared space (Living rooms) Commercial shops Student café Sunshine glass cube Parking lots for bikes
| THE UNPROGRAMMED
GROUND FLOOR
PROGRAMMED
FIRST FLOOR
UNPROGRAMMED THE UNPROGRAMMED |
51
SECOND FLOOR
SECTION
PROGRAMMED 52
| THE UNPROGRAMMED
UNPROGRAMMED
CONCLUSION
NET/GROSS-RATIO WITH NEW FILL-IN
However, when considering this refurbishment proposal, it should be kept in mind whether this traditional Dutch building can be refurbished into a student complex, and whether this traditional Dutch building should be refurbished into a student complex in order to solve the high price problem of student housing in the Netherlands?
The new fill-in makes the building more programmed. The current ratio was 44%, this is improved to 62%.
In conclusion, this architecture could be transferred into a student complex theoretically, because there would not be any technical problems. Besides, the net/gross-ratio is raised from 57% to 62%. That is to say, more space is used after the refurbishment. However, it is nearly impossible to change in reality. Because this is a time-honoured architecture, such a historical, magnificent architecture should be served for the whole general public. Therefore, it is reasonable to use it as a public building. For the program forecast, this building could be transferred into another public building function, such as a city library and educational museum for the public.
62%
It should serve everyone instead of just a certain group of people.
THE UNPROGRAMMED |
53
INTRODUCTION
PALEIS OP DE DAM - JACOB VAN CAMPEN
In the seventeenth century, Amsterdam was the most important trade centre of the world. And with the enormous growth of the population as its result, the old town hall became too small. The municipality decided to build a new town hall that was bigger and more beautiful.
Amsterdam The Netherlands 1655
In 1648, the famous architect Jacob van Campen received the assignment to design the new town hall for the municipality of Amsterdam. This building cost 8.5 million guilders and a whole district had to be demolished to build the new town hall. Because of financial problems and architectural discussions with the contractor, Jacob van Campen left the building site before the building was finished.
54
In 1808 the town hall became the royal palace when Lodewijk Napoleon moved in. Napoleon immediately decorated the former town hall as a palace by changing the prison with wine cellars and by covering the marble with carpets. In the middle of the front faรงade he made a balcony and established a royal museum with the treasures of Amsterdam. In 1810, Napoleon resigned as emperor and after three more years of being part of the French empire, King Willem I became the new resident of the royal palace. Even though Willem I stayed in the royal palace, he announced he would give it back to the city. Nevertheless the building stayed a palace because of the expenses of moving. The city council of Amsterdam then offered King Willem I to keep the royal palace as his residence. At first Willem I stayed mainly in the building, but after a year or two he lost his interest. From that moment on the palace was not used for more than a few days per year.
| THE UNPROGRAMMED
TIMELINE In 1934, there was a plan to re-install the building as a town hall, but because of the economic crisis this wasn’t possible. The highly necessary restorations were too expensive. In 1935, the municipality of Amsterdam sold the building for 10 million guilders to the state. The state made the palace permanently available to the royal family. Nowadays, the palace is used for state visits, New Year’s receptions of the queen and other official receptions. There are also several awards ceremonies during the year. The building also plays a role in royal marriages and throne changes. At times when the royal family does not make use of the palace, the building is open to the public.
1648
Started building
1653
Suspended building because of financial problems
1655
Finished first, second and ground floor
1655
Inaugurated
1658
Finished third floor
1665
Finished cupola
1665
Finished building
1700
Replaced rotten roof
1705
Finished the murals in the Citizens’ Hall
1735
City Council Chamber refurbished
1808
City Hall becomes Palace for Lodewijk Napoleon
1810
Became the residence of Charles François Lebrun
1813
Became the residence of Willem 1
1936
Palace officially becomes state property
1979
Opened to public
2005-’11
Restoration interior
2009-’11
Restoration exterior
Building/refurbishment/demolishing User/function/equipment
THE UNPROGRAMMED |
55
GROUND FLOOR
FIRST FLOOR
PROGRAMMED 56
| THE UNPROGRAMMED
UNPROGRAMMED
UNKNOWN
SECOND FLOOR
PROGRAMMED
SECTION
UNPROGRAMMED
UNKNOWN THE UNPROGRAMMED |
57
ANALYSIS
NET/GROSS-RATIO WITHOUT FILL-IN
The royal palace of Amsterdam is an important monument and classicist building, which reminds of the Greek and Roman architecture. The symmetric facades and the large windows give the palace an appearance of grandeur.
The net/gross-ratio is calculated to see how much space of the building is programmed. The percentage below indicates the relationship between the entire building and its programmed part. Because of missing floorplans, the gross/net-ratio only includes the ground floor and the first floor.
The interior of the building consists of many large open spaces and in some rooms a significantly large head height. This also gives the building an image of wealth and prosperity. The decoration by multiple famous sculptors and painters, including the sculptor Artus Quellinus from Antwerp, add to this image. A large part of the building can be seen as unprogrammed. The Citizens hall is also 90 feet high which has no other function than to impress visitors. There is a lot of unprogrammed space in the building and by reprogramming it as a university of architecture there will be a larger surface area of programmed space. Because of the location and the size of the rooms, a university would be ideal. In the floor plans you can see a possible layout of the university. The floor plans will consist of classrooms, auditoriums, workspaces, a library, a workshop, a laboratory, a cafeteria and other necessary spaces for a university of architecture. There will also be an exhibition of the palace’s history on the ground floor and a theater on the second floor.
58
| THE UNPROGRAMMED
49%
GROUND FLOOR
PROGRAMMED
FIRST FLOOR
UNPROGRAMMED
UNKNOWN THE UNPROGRAMMED |
59
SECOND FLOOR
SECTION
PROGRAMMED 60
| THE UNPROGRAMMED
UNPROGRAMMED
UNKNOWN
CONCLUSION The royal palace of Amsterdam is a majestic building on one of the most famous squares of the Netherlands. The location is ideal for changing the building into a shopping mall or a school for instance. Even an office building could have its headquarters there. But since the palace is the main building of the square and next to an ancient church, the location also has demands towards the building’s future function.
The palace is one of many buildings that are difficult to reprogram. Of course the volume of the building could be filled up to 80 or 90%, but this would be to the detriment of the architectural value of the building which would be lost instantly. However, it is possible to reprogram these buildings in a way that the architectural value and the new program can coexist. But then, filling the building should not be the priority.
The bad condition of the constructional qualities is also a problem for changing the program of the building. To change the program, a lot of restoration would be inevitable and the costs of this would be out of proportion. The restorations done in the last decennia already had a great deal of resistance by the inhabitants of The Netherlands.
NET/GROSS-RATIO WITH NEW FILL IN
The layout is very spacious because of its surface area and the free height on the first floor. The paintings on the ceilings and the sculptures make the rooms feel like the ancient palace, a title it rightly deserves. It would be a shame when this building would not keep the stature that it has and deserves by changing the program of the building. The history of the building is one of the most important subjects to restrain the palace from changing its program. The interior and exterior are a perfect example of the historical architecture of the 17th century. People have to be able to walk through the palace and experience the grandeur of the rooms and feel the presence of royalty.
The new fill-in improves the net/gross-ratio of the building. The current ratio was 49% and with the fill in this is improved to 68%. Because the new fill in also uses the open space in the citizens hall, the second floor will be 19% more programmed.
68%
Due to the location, layout, state and history of the building; the function of the palace will probably be the same in the near future. But if the state is willing to put a significant financial contribution towards the restoration of the palace, it would be a possibility to reinstate the building as the main palace of the royal family. There is no other palace as majestic and historical as the royal palace of Amsterdam.
THE UNPROGRAMMED |
61
INTRODUCTION The public library in Stockholm (Stockholms stadbiblioteket) is one of the most notable buildings in Stockholm. It functions as both the main library and the municipal library system. It was designed by Gunnar Asplund in 1922; construction began in 1924. The architectural style of the building is known as Nordic Classicism, an evolution of Neo-Classicism.
Stockholm Sweden 1928
PUBLIC LIBRARY - GUNNAR
The key aspects of the building are the basic shapes that are used: a square footprint with a circle within. Interestingly, the building was not initially built as a full square; the building originally only had three sides, forming a U-shape with a circle within. “The fourth wing, which was originally intended to house book depositories and a lecture hall, was erected in 1932 in a simplified design that included a special reading room and a staff room.� [1] Initially the fourth wing was not built due to financial constraints.
62
| THE UNPROGRAMMED
TIMELINE 1922
Design proposition
1924
Start building
1928
Finished building
1932
Fourth (West) wing added
2006
Design contest for expansion of the library
2007
Contest won by Heike Hanada with the design “Delphinium�
2009
Expansion put on hold due to changed city government Building/refurbishment/demolishing User/function/equipment
THE UNPROGRAMMED |
63
GROUND FLOOR
FIRST FLOOR
PROGRAMMED 64
| THE UNPROGRAMMED
UNPROGRAMMED
THIRD FLOOR
PROGRAMMED
SIXTH FLOOR
UNPROGRAMMED
UNKNOWN THE UNPROGRAMMED |
65
SECTION
PROGRAMMED 66
| THE UNPROGRAMMED
UNPROGRAMMED
UNKNOWN
ANALYSIS The building relies mostly on its interior design for its architectural quality. On the outside it shows a rather monumental neo-classicistic façade, as a large government building should display. From the outside it is clearly visible that Asplund was inspired by American Neo-Classicism. The façades are repetitive and seem detached from their surroundings as they are not following the inner functions. The most beautiful space in the building is the rotunda in the middle. The great open height of the room gives it an almost church-like ambiance. Around the sides of the rotunda are three stories of books; in the middle is the main reading space. In the rectangular wings are more book shelves and on the upper floors are administration offices and rooms for the staff. The rounded triangular spaces in between are mostly unprogrammed and are hard to give a functional infill. The high open space in the top of the rotunda is considered unprogrammed. By making an infill for this space the gross/net ratio of the building would drastically improve. Since the building relies on its unprogrammed space in the rotunda for its spatial experience, it is hard to reprogram it in a way that it will not disturb the architectural quality of the room. The public library fulfills a social need in the society. As a result of its social importance in the city, the building has been positioned in the city as a public space. The new function should therefore also be a public one. The public library will house a restaurant. The beautiful rotunda deserves a function where its visitors can really enjoy and admire the space. As the building is quite large, it will house two different restaurant/cafes. In the basement you will find an underground café, with a podium for various performances.
The columns and smaller net height of the floors emphasize the ‘underground’ feeling of the café/restaurant. To make performances possible, there is a makeup room, a room for materials, and a room for technicians. The visitors, may find a wardrobe and a bar for when the rotunda is not open yet. On the first floor is a much more expensive and elegant restaurant, not in the last place because of the high open space above. On the same floor is an exposition space in the south-east wing of the building. This way, visitors of the restaurant can stretch their legs when they are done with their meal, while looking at some art. The tiers on the 2nd and 3rd floor are expanded, which makes it possible for people to dine there, while looking over the beautiful space that is the rotunda-restaurant. In the void in the top of the rotunda, a multi-purpose presentation room is added.
NET/GROSS RATIO WITHOUT FILL-IN To see how much space of the building is really functionally used, a net/ gross-ratio has been made. The percentage gives an indication of how much room is programmed.
68%
THE UNPROGRAMMED |
67
GROUND FLOOR
FIRST FLOOR
PROGRAMMED 68
| THE UNPROGRAMMED
UNPROGRAMMED
UNKNOWN
THIRD FLOOR
PROGRAMMED
SIXTH FLOOR
UNPROGRAMMED
UNKNOWN THE UNPROGRAMMED |
69
SECTION
PROGRAMMED 70
| THE UNPROGRAMMED
UNPROGRAMMED
UNKNOWN
CONCLUSION
NET/GROSS-RATIO WITH NEW FILL IN
The open space in the rotunda is considered ‘unprogrammed’, however, it is actually the most important space in the building. As a matter of exercise it is filled with a new program, but it would be a great loss to waste the most important feature of the building on some gain in floor space.
The new fill-in makes the building more programmed. The current ratio was 68%, this has been improved to 71,4%.
Making a fully functional infill for this building and programming all the unprogrammed space in the building is contradictory to the original design by Asplund. The programming of the public library should only be executed once the unprogrammed space receives recognition for its value for the overall experience and quality of the building.
71,4%
The public library has been in continuous use since 1928 and there are still no indications that this will change in the near future. Despite heavy competition from the internet, the public library is still intensively used by students and the residents of Stockholm. This is why the library considered an extensive expansion in 2006. An international design contest was held in 2007 and the German architect Heike Hanada won, beating over 1,000 architects from over 120 countries. However, in 2009 the expansion was put on hold. In the future, the library will probably still expand. The library will remain the center of public knowledge for the city of Stockholm. A problem for libraries in the world of today is the vastly expanding influence and growing amount of information to be found on the internet. The library will have to adjust to these shifts in information gathering by offering more digital information and explore the possibilities and opportunities to use the internet for their gain.
THE UNPROGRAMMED |
71
INTRODUCTION
BURGERWEESHUIS - ALDO VAN EYCK
What is so good about Burgerweeshuis in Amsterdam? Why is it so special to so many people? This building was designed by Aldo van Eyck. He was a part of the CIAM (Congrès International d’Architecture Moderne). Later he became a part of the group that called themselves Team X. In this time, he made the famous ‘Otterlo circles’ where he showed what his ideas were about architecture. Aldo van Eyck designed Burgerweeshuis as a configurative principle using so called twin phenomena. For example he said a building must be a big house and a small city.
Amsterdam The Netherlands 1960
‘A house must be like a small city if it’s to be a real house; a city like a large house if it’s to be a real city. In fact, what is large without being small has no more real size than what is small without being large. If there is no real size, there will be no human size.’ Aldo van Eyck.
TIMELINE 1955
Start building
1960
Finished building
1960
Orphanageg
1991
Berlage institute
1996-current
Business complex
Building/refurbishment/demolishing User/function/equipment 72
| THE UNPROGRAMMED
THE UNPROGRAMMED |
73
GROUND FLOOR
FIRST FLOOR/ROOF
0 1
5
10
20
0 1
PROGRAMMED 74
| THE UNPROGRAMMED
5
10
20
UNPROGRAMMED
UNKNOWN
SECTION
+ 6785
+ 5745 + 3095
+ 3360 + 2955
0 1
PROGRAMMED
UNPROGRAMMED
5
10
20
UNKNOWN THE UNPROGRAMMED |
75
ANALYSIS
NET/GROSS-RATIO WITHOUT FILL-IN
Originally Burgerweeshuis was an orphanage. Then the program changed a few times. The change of the program was not a success. The Berlage institute (Post-academic institute for architecture) took residence in the building. As a school they could not organize themselves in the building because there are many unprogrammed spaces in the original design. A school needs classrooms with a certain size and spaces where the students can do their work, especially an architecture institute. There is enough space, but not for a school to function. Aldo van Eyck did not want to change his design. Currently, Burgerweeshuis has become a business complex. The building is designed very precisely. It is a sum of “units” of similar elements. The composition and the construction of these blocks is very strict. There is also a main road and secondary roads. These are the circulation spaces and the connections between the spaces.
To see how many space of the building is really in use, there is a net/ gross-ratio made. The percentage gives an indication of how many room is programmed.
66%
The office program is tested to discover what the opportunities are for this building. When the program changes and the unprogrammed spaces are still not filled in with programmed elements then it is indeed not a success. This is indeed the case because some programs ask for different measurements. The dimensions of the spaces in this building is based on the structural composition, but the structure is too strict to make the spaces bigger for another program. There are also height restrictions and obligations of using the units as a group. Because each unit is an individual element they are connected with each other by a circulation space. But an office building needs “short lines” to work together. In the original program there are many outside spaces. When the program changes the outside space will become a place that will not be programmed. This is because an outside space will not fit in every configuration. An office building does not need so many outside spaces. But for an orphanage with different outside spaces it will function very well because the inhabitants have different activities.
unit outside space Main road secondary road
0 1
76
| THE UNPROGRAMMED
5
10
20
GROUND FLOOR
FIRST FLOOR/ROOF
A
A
0 1
PROGRAMMED
5
10
20
A
A
0 1
5
10
20
UNPROGRAMMED THE UNPROGRAMMED |
77
SECTION
+ 6785
+ 5745 + 3095
+ 3360 + 2955
0 1
PROGRAMMED 78
| THE UNPROGRAMMED
5
10
20
UNPROGRAMMED
CONCLUSION
NET/GROSS-RATIO WITH NEW FILL-IN
To get a successful program change for Burgerweeshuis it must be kept in mind that this will not be the case if only the interior is changed. The outside space must be involved with the new program elements. To do this the shape and the construction has to be changed. As mentioned before, the construction is very strict and because of this, changing the program will always be an interior issue. Not many programs will succeed in Burgerweeshuis. The shape of this building will never change because it means too much for the architectural cultural domain. This building is a milestone in the modern architectural history of the Netherlands. If we change the shape of the building, then it will probably lose its iconic image.
The new fill-in makes the building more programmed. The current ratio was 66%, this is improved to 70%.
70%
THE UNPROGRAMMED |
79
INTRODUCTION
PALACE OF ASSEMBLY - LE CORBUSIER
Le Corbusier, a Swiss architect, always dreamt of creating an ideal city. At 350 meters above sea level in the sweltering planes of the Punjab lies his vision. In a country that lives through its past glory, Chandigarh’s imposing grid stamps Indian society with a heavily European influence. A city composed of government buildings and monuments that float upon a vast artificial lake. Chandigarh is the ripple between east and west, a 1950s Corbusian ideal in a land deeply rooted in tradition. The Palace of the Assembly in Chandigarh is one of Le Corbusier‘s most prominent buildings in India. He made a dignified and monumental building for the people in Chandigarh. The building’s design from its open plan boasts his major architectural philosophies and style.
Chandigarh India 1963
The Palace of Assembly is the solidification of the infinite western grid. Masked by a colonnade baring an inverted barrel vault that bends your periphery. The lake frames the structure mirroring the grid into the intangible. The large assembly hall pierces the heart of the structure bridging the void between heaven and earth.
80
In its present state the idyllic glory of the Palace of Assembly has dwindled. Time has stained its pristine exterior, the sacred lake has become utilitarian. The product of a push for a post-colonial city and Le Corbusier’s rational ideology, The Palace of Assembly stands as monument of a romanticized India.
| THE UNPROGRAMMED
Timeline Palace of Assembly, Chandigarh
TIMELINE
1948
The government approved a land as the the new capital site
1951
Le Corbusier, the Swiss architect planned the city’s map
1952
The foundation stone of the city was laid
1953
Start building
1962
The Palace of Assembly was inaugurated
1963
Finished building
1966
Chandigarh was declared as a Union Territory
1967
The Palace of Assembly was shared by the states of Punjab Building/refurbishment/demolishing equipment User/function/equipped
THE UNPROGRAMMED |
81
GROUND FLOOR
FIRST FLOOR
PROGRAMMED 82
| THE UNPROGRAMMED
UNPROGRAMMED
SECTION
PROGRAMMED
UNPROGRAMMED THE UNPROGRAMMED |
83
ANALYSIS
NET/GROSS-RATIO WITHOUT FILL-IN
The current program features a circular assembly chamber in the middle part of the building and a forum for conversation and transactions. Besides the two main functions, Le Corbusier manipulated the program freely and placed offices and other private programming along the outlying area. The large space between the chamber and the office is open for public use. Its height is as high as three general floor levels, and the function is not fixed, so it can hold temporary exhibitions, ceremonies, or other public activities. This is considered as an unprogrammed part of the building.
To see how many space of the building is really in use, there is a net/ gross-ratio made. The percentage gives an indication of how many room is programmed.
The floor height of the building is so convenient that by adding floors within the unprogrammed space, the assembly building can be easily transferred into an office building. One of the problems is that the centre part of the building can no longer get natural light from the roof while the offices always need large open spaces and large windows. So I open the roof of the original assembly chamber to make it into a centre garden. So light can come into the building not only from the faรงade but also from the courtyard. It can also be a good place to have a coffee and a rest if I add circular balconies to the wall of the courtyard.
84
| THE UNPROGRAMMED
44%
GROUND FLOOR
PROGRAMMED
FIRST FLOOR
UNPROGRAMMED THE UNPROGRAMMED |
85
SECTION
PROGRAMMED 86
| THE UNPROGRAMMED
UNPROGRAMMED
CONCLUSION
NET/GROSS-RATIO WITH NEW FILL-IN
Although the city was considered to be the most methodical area in India because of the modern planning methods, the high population density in India is still a major problem to be dealt with. In the future when the current program no longer stands well and has to be changed, the city still needs their Palace of Assembly as a political centre, but probably there will be more people who would want to take good use of public space. On the other hand, the original assembly area should be used more efficiently by taking use of its hall part. For the public space in between, the accessibility should be enhanced by adding entrances and floors. So public functions like a cafeteria and library could be implanted to welcome the common citizens to use.
The new fill-in makes the building more programmed. The current ratio was 44%, this is improved to 56%.
56%
THE UNPROGRAMMED |
87
INTRODUCTION
Utrecht The Netherlands 1997
MINNAERT BUILDING - NEUTELINGS RIEDIJK
The Minnaert building is situated on Uithof University campus on the north-western cluster and holds the physics and the astronomy department. It was built in 1997, and designed by Neutelings&Riedijk, a Dutch architect duo. The program for the Minnaert building contains three main elements: classrooms and laboratories; a restaurant serving the entire north-western corner; and a workspace for three departments. This net functional program is complemented by the ‘unprogrammed’, an undefined area made up of circulation and service zones, numerically: the 6,000 square metres programmed allowed an 3,000 square metres of undefined space. The basic idea was to concentrate as much unprogrammed ‘tarra’ as possible in one large hall, that serves as a transit area and meeting. The central hall is the heart of the building and is located in the centre of the building on the first floor. The program is placed well organized around this space, by surrounding all the rooms around this central hall staircases and hallways are reduced to a minimum. The main feature of the hall is a large 10 by 50 metre pond that collects the rainwater from the building. This water basin is used as the cooling machine for the building. During the day, it is pumped through the building to absorb the excessive heat, and in the evening the water is pumped back to the roof, for cooling. During rain periods the water falls noisily into the hall, raising the basin-level on the sloping floor in a tidal effect. The construction system consists of ochre pigmented prefabricated elements which allow for large free-span spaces. The façade is covered by a curved skin of rough sprayed concrete, which gives the building a monolith character.
88
| THE UNPROGRAMMED
TIMELINE 1994
Start design
1997
Finished building
2008
Pond emptied
2011
New temporary infill in central hall Building/refurbishment/demolishing User/function/equipment
THE UNPROGRAMMED |
89
GROUND FLOOR
FIRST FLOOR
PROGRAMMED 90
| THE UNPROGRAMMED
UNPROGRAMMED
SECOND FLOOR
THIRD FLOOR
PROGRAMMED
UNPROGRAMMED THE UNPROGRAMMED |
91
FOURTH FLOOR
SECTION
PROGRAMMED 92
| THE UNPROGRAMMED
UNPROGRAMMED
ANALYSIS
NET/GROSS-RATIO WITHOUT FILL-IN
The building contains a lot of unprogrammed area, next to the central hall which ideologically would serve as circulation space, additional hallways are created in order to reach all the different rooms. By this the idea of all the unprogrammed area in the central hall is not entirely realized, although the additional circulation space is designed very functionally. The central strip of circulation space on the ground floor, containing the staircases and elevators, is continued to the upper floors. This scheme allows all the rooms to be located at the faรงade and thus creating an effective plan with a maximum of programmed area. Since 2008 the central hall no longer functions as the climate system. Due to a leakage of the pond it was emptied and the direct connection with the outside closed. Since 2011, the emptied pond was reprogrammed and is now used as a study/ relax area.
To see how many space of the building is really in use, there is a net/ gross-ratio made. The percentage gives an indication of how many room is programmed.
65%
THE UNPROGRAMMED |
93
GROUND FLOOR
FIRST FLOOR
PROGRAMMED 94
| THE UNPROGRAMMED
UNPROGRAMMED
SECOND FLOOR
THIRD FLOOR
PROGRAMMED
UNPROGRAMMED THE UNPROGRAMMED |
95
FOURTH FLOOR
SECTION
PROGRAMMED 96
| THE UNPROGRAMMED
UNPROGRAMMED
CONCLUSION
NET/GROSS-RATIO WITH NEW FILL-IN
For the filling exercise the building is filled as a car museum, the monolithic and inward character of the Minnaert building seems suitable for a museum function. This function has possibilities to use the large spaces from the hall and the restaurant as they are. In the west wing large rooms are created through removing all the non-constructive walls. This is done to display the flexibility and the possibilities to program this wing. With ramps a connection between the floors is created so that the cars can ride all the way to the fourth floor. Next to the ramp in the central hall a new floor is created. In this way the central hall is used more effectively. Also all the different voids throughout the building are filled up with floors. One of the sides of the roof terraces is now roofed-in to show the possibilities for this area. The roof makes a connection possible between the east and the west wing on the first floor. The new program, museum function, reduces the unprogrammed to a minimum.
The new fill-in makes the building more programmed. The current ratio was 65%, this is improved to 87%.
87%
The Minnaert buildings hold great potential when they must be reprogrammed. The central placed circulation space is highly effective and allows the space at the faรงade to be programmed. In the current situation this is the case in the west wing. The central part and the east wings consist of more open spaces. In the east wing there is the restaurant and in the centre the central hall. When additional windows are made in the faรงade of the east wing, the central circulation scheme can be extrapolated to this wing, than this side of the building could be reprogrammed as dense as the east wing. The central hall is more difficult to reprogram due to the lack of floors and the possibility to make windows in the faรงade. The central hall serves best for a function that needs or allows a big open space. If a division is created, the hall has extra floor space but still is one room. The building is less likely to be reprogrammed in the future given the fact that it is part of the university, and thus is part of a larger unit. If it should be reprogrammed it is recommended that for any comparable function, the building would for instance serve just as well as an office building.
THE UNPROGRAMMED |
97
INTRODUCTION
Seattle USA 2006
SEATTLE CENTRAL LIBRARY - OMA/LMN
The Seattle Central Library is the flagship library of The Seattle Public Library system. It is an 11-story (56 meters high) glass and steel building in downtown Seattle, Washington designed by Rem Koolhaas and Joshua Prince-Ramus of OMA/LMN, The 34,000 m² building can hold about 1.45 million books and other materials, features underground public parking for 143 vehicles, and includes over 400 computers open to the public. The library has a unique, striking appearance, consisting of several discrete “floating platforms” seemingly wrapped in a large steel net around glass skin. The architects redefined the library as an institution no longer exclusively dedicated to the book, but also as an information store where all potential forms of media -new and old- are presented equally and legibly. They worked to make the library as “Libraries for All“, inviting to the public, rather than dusty, which they discovered was the popular perception of libraries as a whole.
98
| THE UNPROGRAMMED
TIMELINE
equipment
THE UNPROGRAMMED |
99
BASEMENT
GROUND FLOOR
PROGRAMMED 100
| THE UNPROGRAMMED
UNPROGRAMMED
INTERMEDIATE GROUND FLOOR
PROGRAMMED
SECOND GROUND FLOOR
UNPROGRAMMED THE UNPROGRAMMED |
101
FIRST FLOOR
SECOND FLOOR
PROGRAMMED 102
| THE UNPROGRAMMED
UNPROGRAMMED
THIRD FLOOR
FOURTH FLOOR
The 5th and 6th floor are the same as the 4th floor
PROGRAMMED
UNPROGRAMMED THE UNPROGRAMMED |
103
SEVENTH FLOOR
EIGHT FLOOR
PROGRAMMED 104
| THE UNPROGRAMMED
UNPROGRAMMED
SECTION
PROGRAMMED
UNPROGRAMMED THE UNPROGRAMMED |
105
ANALYSIS
NET/GROSS-RATIO WITHOUT FILL-IN
The Seattle Central Library is a very large-scale building made of steel and glass. It has 2 main entrances on different levels since there is height difference in on the site. One is on the west of the 1st floor, the other is on the east of the 3rd floor. There are lots of voids in the building for the demands of daylight. Apart from these voids, the building is well programmed with various functional facilaties and spaces. So it is more necessary to consider the reprogramming in the future rather than just filling in the unprogrammed parts. Since the library is located in the city center and has a large scale and modern appearance, it may be possible to change it into an office building. It’s worth to mention that the library uses an innovated system which is called “Books Spiral” for book collection. From 6th to 9th floor, there are big spiral spaces which look like wide and gentle ramps, that may bring some difficulties for the future reprogramming exercise.
To see how much space of the building is really in use, there is a net/ gross-ratio made. The percentage gives an indication of how much space is programmed.
106
| THE UNPROGRAMMED
67%
BASEMENT
PROGRAMMED
GROUND FLOOR
UNPROGRAMMED THE UNPROGRAMMED |
107
INTERMEDIATE GROUND FLOOR
SECOND GROUND FLOOR
PROGRAMMED 108
| THE UNPROGRAMMED
UNPROGRAMMED
FIRST FLOOR
PROGRAMMED
SECOND FLOOR
UNPROGRAMMED THE UNPROGRAMMED |
109
THIRD FLOOR
FOURTH FLOOR
The 5th and 6th floor are the same as the 4th floor
PROGRAMMED 110
| THE UNPROGRAMMED
UNPROGRAMMED
SEVENTH FLOOR
PROGRAMMED
EIGHT FLOOR
UNPROGRAMMED THE UNPROGRAMMED |
111
SECTION
PROGRAMMED 112
| THE UNPROGRAMMED
UNPROGRAMMED
CONCLUSION
NET/GROSS-RATIO WITH NEW FILL-IN
As Seattle Central Library is programmed well in most of its space, it is more practical to consider reprogramming the whole building rather than just filling in the unprogrammed parts. In the future, it is possible to reprogramme the library to an office building if the demands for the building change. Lots of space can keep the original function such as the meeting level, staff level and headquarter level. And the spiral area from 6th to 9th floor can be transformed to several big steps. Each step can be the grounds of an independent office area. To meet the daylight demands, we can also make a few voids up to the roof in the office area. As the concept of the library design is “Libraries for All”, the building can also be reprogrammed as an “Office Building for All” by keeping the original well functional spaces and facilities and making some proper transformation.
The reprogrammed office building is a little more programmed than original library building. The current ratio was 67%, The new ratio is improved to 70%.
70%
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INTRODUCTION
ZOLLVEREIN SCHOOL - SANAA
The Zollverein building is in use since 2006. The building houses different functions. Currently, the Folkwang University of the Arts is established here. In the building there is an auditorium, offices, several conference rooms, a library, study rooms and a restaurant. The Zollverein Design School is located between a historical coal mining factory and a sprawling suburb. The building is a 35 meter cube, which, at the scale of the large neighbouring factory buildings, stands in strong contrast to the finer suburban texture. The windows are randomly placed in the facade, so from the outside you cannot see where the different levels are. At this moment the building is too large for its program.
Essen Germany 2006
TIMELINE Timeline Zollverein SANAA
114
2005
Start building
2006
Finished building
2010
Folkwang University of the arts take place in the building
2010
The building can be hired out for conferences, exhibitions and other events
Building/refurbishment/demolishing equipment User/function/equipped
| THE UNPROGRAMMED
GROUND FLOOR
FIRST FLOOR
0 1
PROGRAMMED
5
10
20
0 1
5
10
20
UNPROGRAMMED THE UNPROGRAMMED |
115
SECOND FLOOR
THIRD FLOOR
0 1
5
10
20
0 1
5
PROGRAMMED 116
| THE UNPROGRAMMED
10
20
UNPROGRAMMED
FOURTH FLOOR
SECTION
0 1
PROGRAMMED
5
10
20
0 1
5
10
20
UNPROGRAMMED THE UNPROGRAMMED |
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ANALYSIS
NET/GROSS-RATIO WITHOUT FILL-IN
The Zollverein school has a special structure. In the entire building there are only two columns. The facades are loadbearing. In it a heating system is integrated. Because there are just two columns in the building, the building has a flexible layout. This is a great advantage when new functions are made in the building. The floor height of several floors is also an advantage. There is a story that is no less than nine meters high, which can easily be split into two or three new levels. Also, the windows are randomly arranged in the wall so that there is sufficient light, when, for example, new walls are placed. In the building are a few rooms, the rest of the space is classified with different functions, like a library and study rooms. New features which can be housed are for example, a hotel where the rooms are spread over several floors. Also in this building offices can be located, or something similar to a warehouse. In the following section it will be depicted how the building can be filled in with a program of a hotel.
To see how many space of the building is really in use, there is a net/ gross-ratio made. The percentage gives an indication of how many room is programmed.
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44%
GROUND FLOOR
PROGRAMMED
FIRST FLOOR
UNPROGRAMMED THE UNPROGRAMMED |
119
SECOND FLOOR
THIRD FLOOR
PROGRAMMED 120
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UNPROGRAMMED
FOURTH FLOOR
PROGRAMMED
FIFTH FLOOR
UNPROGRAMMED THE UNPROGRAMMED |
121
SIXTH FLOOR
SECTION
PROGRAMMED 122
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UNPROGRAMMED
CONCLUSION
NET/GROSS-RATIO WITH NEW FILL-IN
With some adjustments the Zollverein school can be changed into a hotel, on the first floor two levels with hotel rooms are added. Also there is a fitness room, restaurant, lobby, several meeting rooms and a bar. Because of the ceiling height of the first floor, it’s not complicated to put in extra floors. So the space can be used optimally. Thereby the building is suitable for various functions. At first the building had a lot of unprogrammed spaces, mainly a lot of circulation space. By adjusting the circulation space to what is necessary, the building could be more programmed. A more efficient layout of the building allows for more usable space. In the future, the building will probably be organized more efficiently, This building has sufficient potential to be modified, because the construction is mainly in the façade and floors.
The new fill-in makes the building more programmed. The current ratio was 44%, to fill the building with a hotel this is improved to 65% programmed space.
65%
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SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE - LACATON & VASSAL
INTRODUCTION The original school of architecture was built in 1972, with small studio spaces that made adaptations to the building increasingly difficult. The new school of 2009 is located at Île de Nantes,advantageously in the city center, the formal city’s port is now a prime location for urban development. A surface area between 10,000 and 14,000 m² would provide the needed space, the design brief targeted at an intermediary scale of 12,500 m² to fit the adaptable needs of an ever changing study program. Lacaton & Vassal doubled the desired amount of space to 15.000 m² programmed, with 5000 m² extra space and 5000 m² accessible outside terraces. The extra space is finished with polycarbonate sliding panels and heated to 12 degrees; this space can be added to the study program and serves as a buffer space between the programmed and the outside.
Nantes France 2009
By using existing prefabricated systems a construction was made with 2,5 times the load bearing strength with floor slabs of 9+ and 16+ meters finished with a rooftop square of 24+ meters, all accessible through an outside ramp. Within this structure extra floors can be placed at any given location. Transforming a minimal budget into a maximum amount of space.
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TIMELINE 2009
Building date
Building/refurbishment/demolishing User/function/equipment | THE UNPROGRAMMED
GROUND FLOOR
A
A
B
FIRST FLOOR
B
0 1
5
B
B
10 0 1
5
20 10
B
Ratio = 0,46 0 1
Ground level Ground level
PROGRAMMED
5
B
B
B
A
A
Ratio = 0,46 20
A
B
A
A
A
A
B
SECOND FLOOR
10 0 1
5
20 10
A
Ratio = 0,49 20
Ratio = 0,49
Concrete Concrete floor +9m floor +9m
0 1
5
10
20
Ratio = 0,43
Concrete floor +16m
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+16000
+9000
SECTION
+24000
Section A-A
+16000
+9000
Section A-A
+24000
+16000
+9000
+24000
Section B-B
0 1
5
10
+16000
PROGRAMMED
+9000
126
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20
UNPROGRAMMED
ANALYSIS
NET/GROSS-RATIO WITHOUT FILL-IN
The School of architecture in Nantes is a good example for the use of programmed and unprogrammed space. By doubling the required amount of floor space, creating a construction that is strong enough for any use, it is supposed to create a building that fits any future need the school could potentially have. In the current situation, the extra space is heated to 12°C and finished with big polycarbonate sliding doors that can be opened to create a workspace for the architecture students with a good working environment in any kind of weather condition.
To see how many space of the building is really in use, there is a net/ gross-ratio made. This percentage gives an indication of how many space is programmed in the current situation.
47%
In some parts of the building this extra space is unused or simply used as storage space. The current layout of the building has a lot of unprogrammed space, as seen in the next set of drawings this can be filled with extra space for the school program.
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GROUND FLOOR
A
A
B
FIRST FLOOR
B
0 1
5
B
B
10 0 1
5
20 10
B
Ratio = 0,77 0 1
Ground level Ground level
5
B
B
10 0 1
5
20 10
A
Ratio = 0,68 20
Ratio = 0,68
0 1
Concrete Concrete floor +9m floor +9m
| THE UNPROGRAMMED
5
10
20
Ratio = 0,76
Concrete floor +16m
PROGRAMMED 128
B
A
A
Ratio = 0,77 20
A
B
A
A
A
A
B
SECOND FLOOR
UNPROGRAMMED
+16000
+9000
SECTION
+24000
Section A-A
+16000
+9000
Section A-A
+24000
+16000
+9000
+24000
Section B-B PROGRAMMED
UNPROGRAMMED
0 1
5
10
20
+16000
+9000
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FILLING EXCERCISE
NET/GROSS-RATIO WITHOUT FILL-IN
As seen in the filling exercise the school program can easily be enlarged by simply filling the unprogrammed space with workspaces.
By filling the unprogrammed with programmed work space, the ratio changes from 47% to 74%
That’s in fact the design concept for this building, but is it a good building for a different use? Can the building be turned into something other than a public space? Will it fit a function with more needs than only m²? The answer to this question can simply be no, the shape of this mass will turn into daylight problems for the interior spaces. But if you look beyond that first thought and use the construction to its advantage, the height and the use of prefabricated concrete floors will create some opportunities. Removing some parts of the floor it will create daylight within the rectangular mass. This will make it suitable for living space and creates an indoor garden within the city center of Nantes. As seen in the filling exercise it is possible to create dwellings on the upper levels, and combining this with commercial functions on the ground floor. But there is one element that makes it difficult to create dwellings on some parts of the building, the outside ramp that connects the concrete floor slabs makes it in difficult to create enough daylight, mixing the program with a commercial space will solve this problem and connects the ramp with the rest of the city.
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74%
GROUND FLOOR
A
A
B
FIRST FLOOR
B
0 1
5
B
B
10 0 1
5
20 10
B
Ratio = 0,80
0 1
Ground level Ground level
PROGRAMMED
5
B
B
B
A
A
Ratio = 0,80 20
A
B
A
A
A
A
B
SECOND FLOOR
10 0 1
5
20 10
A
Ratio = 0,59 20
Ratio = 0,59
Concrete Concrete floor +9m floor +9m
0 1
5
10
20
Ratio = 0,72
Concrete floor +16m
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+16000
+9000
SECTION
+24000
Section A-A
+16000
+9000
Section A-A
+24000
+16000
+9000
+24000
Section B-B
| THE UNPROGRAMMED
5
10
20
+16000
+9000
132
0 1
PROGRAMMED
UNPROGRAMMED
CONCLUSION
NET/GROSS-RATIO WITH NEW FILL-IN
Sustainability is more than only talking about the use of materials that don’t harm the environment. You have to think beyond the initial use of the material, and see if it has a capability of future use.
By filling the building with a different function, the ratio is still better than the original lay-out. The current ratio is 44% and when it’s filled 74%. By changing the function the ratio goes to 70%, which is still better than the original filling percentage of the building.
The first thought about the oversized concrete structure is that making half the floors twice as strong doesn’t really saves any material. But the fact that you can fill this structure with any idea you have makes it a future proof system that can be given a new lifespan, and therefore in itself is quite sustainable.
70%
So rather than demolish unused structures, it is better to look at a new use for it, maybe with some alterations it will suit the needs of a different user.
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VISION Not only in the future but from now on it is very important not only to design and build new buildings, but also look at the ability to refurbish old empty buildings into new usable buildings. Why leave those empty buildings and let nature take over? Especially in The Netherlands there are a lot of empty office buildings because it is cheaper to build a new office building rather than refurbish the old one. This is an national, and maybe even international, economical phenomenon. It depends on the future designers to change the minds and the best way to realize that is by first reprogramming empty buildings into new programmed buildings instead of build totally new buildings. After all, those empty buildings could be aimed at a new function. It is therefore up to the new designers to make new architecture which is durable for a long time, maybe even centuries; long-time architecture. By over dimensioning the construction, by creating large free floor spaces and by creating enough daylight that reaches every part of that floor space, the function can be easily transformed into another function, for example by placing new (re-usable or temporary) walls. Let’s start reprogramming now!
Most buildings have an unprogrammed space, which can mainly be filled-in with new functions. Long-term architecture is possible, if a building meets certain conditions. When a building is designed, it should be taken into account that over time the function may change. The focus needs to be on durable buildings. The structure and possibilities of buildings need to be convertible. Designers need from now on, not only to design for one client, but to think about the future by asking questions such as: May other functions be housed in the building? Is the construction sustainable? Then long-term architecture is possible. Large unprogrammed spaces are not necessary for reprogramming a building. Unprogrammed spaces can have more freedom to put new functions in it, than small spaces where the function is very specific for the room. Not every function consists in every building, but that’s not necessary for long-term architecture. For example churches can become offices, offices can change into hotels, schools can become apartment complexes. I think long-term architecture can succeed when the designers think about the future of a building and what kind of new functions can be housed.
Gurbet Gedik
Marissa van de Water
Due to the background of the ‘Unprogrammed’ seminar, I take the long-term architecture in this way: the main structure of the building should be maintained and the function inside changed. Apparently there is a premise: the building is worthy of being remained. The structure is stable enough, space is not too limited, etc. Regarding the function, I don’t think all kinds of functions could be reprogrammed in one building because every particular use of space differs from each other, from the scale of a room to the lighting condition, and so on. But the variety of functions could be classified into several major categories, which means long-term architecture is possible, based on the reasonable categories. In this viewpoint, the unprogrammed area that is prepared for uncertain future changes in the building is not really necessary.
Buildings that emphasize long-term architecture do not necessarily need large unprogrammed spaces such as the Nantes School of Architecture by Lacaton and Vassal, but this example sure has the right approach and concept of long-term architecture in a sustainable manner. The success of longterm architecture depends on the right concept, which has to focus on a long lifespan of a building. There is not one particular approach, and the result can contain different solutions, as long as the architect is aware of the fact that buildings are not designed for only one purpose anymore. A building’s program changes a great deal during its lifespan, and the question is how to design a building that can adapt to these kinds of changes. If this question can be answered, as Lacaton and Vassal did with their School of Architecture, I think long-term architecture has a chance to succeed.
Lan Ma
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My point towards the possibility of a long-term architecture is nearly negative. As we all know, now it is a fast developing world, the world is changing so fast that it is beyond our imagination. Let me take Modern Architecture as an example. Modern Architecture has existed for approximately 100 years. While most of the modern Architecture that was built 100 years ago is impossible to use now, because we need a broader program than before. Therefore, refurbishment is a good way to re-use those old buildings. In the meantime, some large unprogrammed areas should be built in the building, such as a hall. Because those unprogrammed areas could also be used as a rest or waiting space in hall. Besides a broader program, new materials and new techniques are important factors while refurbishing an old building.
Weijie Hu I don’t think it’s possible to consciously design long-term architecture. Although in my opinion it is possible to increase the chance of long-term architecture when you keep some key aspects in mind when designing. One key aspect would be designing a large open space, where the user can add walls where necessary. Also the building material will be essential to consider. So it is smart to use materials with a long lifespan or materials that can be renewed. The last option is preferred because of the possibility to improve the building physics. Furthermore, I think you have to be lucky with designing a building that is appreciated by a lot of people, and that gains historical value and/or gains emotional value. Without this, a building is likely to be demolished after a decade. So luck, in combination with the right material and a large open adjustable space could ensure you of long lasting architecture.
Robbert Ruttens
Reprogramming buildings with a certain social or monumental value is a very important principle in order to preserve monuments and other important buildings. However, it might be possible to design a building so flexible that it will never have to be changed in order to house another function. Not only unprogrammed space is necessary to enable this; a flexible interior and a possibility to allow different functions in the same building are essential as well. In this way the building can shift from larger to smaller companies and/ or functions over time. Joris Pierik If we want to change programs then we have to make interpretable spaces. Those spaces must be designed for the unexpected. For example: a stadium becomes a village, this was never the purpose. But the form was interoperable for a dwelling program. These are buildings that allowed reprogramming without losing identity. This is also my vision about reprogramming. If we have to redesign a lot for program changing than the building is not interpretable for the new program. Anton Aragelian Without human activities, a building is just a space defined by walls. By using solid materials like stones, bricks or concrete, it will be endowed with a monumental form not only visually but also mentally. A building is frequently changed or even demolished after it was first built because of different demands. However, it is still possible to be transformed without changing too much as long as it has enough unprogrammed spaces. The Chandigarh assembly has those spaces which at first were considered a waste but they are actually cushions to fit different functions. Almost all the ‘extra’ spaces – balconies, atriums, halls, lofts – can be made of good use, so the architect does not need to build an unprogrammed space deliberately, he just needs to make those extra spaces a little luxurious so that later generations can easily change it into a more up-to-date program without too much efforts. This is both a practical and an economical way of preserving a building.
Jin Tian 136
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Long term architecture is possible but there are conditions. Of course a flexible floor plan is an option, such a floor plan that is easy to change in function. This is also the most common element when one thinks of flexible architecture. Often the problem with buildings is that they miss a certain quality, a specific unique feature. Such a feature is what a buildings makes it worth to remain and re-use. This is what the Minnaert building does; it combines a flexible floor plan with an unique feature: the central hall. This central hall is what makes the building unique: it partly defines the building. Such a feature could be many things: façade, climate system, use of material, or like in the Minnaert a special use of space. I believe a building needs such a unique feature, rather than a large area of unprogrammed space or a really flexible floor plan, to become long-term architecture.
Frank de Koning I think it is possible to design a long-term architecture. Since the demands of a building always change as time goes by, a long-term architecture can add or transform the functions to meet the updating demands without demolishing and re-building. There are many advantages in designing a long-term architecture, no matter the economical or sustainable aspect. To design a long-term building, the architects should define the space more generally and prospectively, making more opportunities for adding or changing functions of the building in the future. One way to realize this goal is leaving a large unprogrammed area for future use. But it is not absolutely necessary to leave a large unprogrammed area for every long-term building. Reprogramming existing functional area also can change the building to meet new functional demands. Therefore, a long-term architecture also needs more flexible, space and facilities.
Xiaoshi Lin
After the research of the unprogrammed there are some things that come forward. Old buildings are mostly designed spaciously with a lot of unprogrammed space. Throughout the years the function of these buildings change, sometimes the construction of the building is changed to fit in with other functions. Alternatively, some newer buildings are designed tighter with a lot of programmed space. Then it is more difficult to fill it in with a new function. Also, modern architecture buildings like the Nantes School of Architecture from Lacaton and Vasal and the Zollverein School of Sanaa. My vision of long-term architecture is that architects have to design spaces that can provide not only for one function but also offer the possibility to change from function to function. To do this there have to be some unprogrammed spaces but not as extensive as for instance the Nantes School. The building itself but also the systems have to be flexible. When designing a new building the architect has to keep this in mind. Furthermore, I think old buildings don’t necessarily need to be demolished. The first thing that architects have to do is try to refurbish the building. Mariëtte van de Water What is my vision on future proof architecture? Trying to create a building that is capable of withstanding the changes and demands of new generations. Making structures that are adaptable for different needs, and trying to avoid the use of unadaptable, not reusable materials. Of course every building still needs its own identity. I don’t want to plead to a kind of uniformity like a row of Sovjet Union apartment blocks. But as a designer you have to accept that your building has an expiration date, and not every building is a great cathedral that sits in a town square for ages. Try to find the correct materials for the right circumstances and look further than the well-known solutions, future proof architecture depends on the design attitude of future proof designers.
Joost van der Graaf
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CONCLUSION The Unprogrammed can be defined as space that does not have a direct function for the human activities in the building but which is an essential part of the building. During this seminar, several buildings, with a particular relationship to the unprogrammed were analysed. The purpose of this study was to find out if this unprogrammed space has an influence on the use of these buildings or the change of functions throughout the years. This assignment emphasizes once again the importance of unprogrammed space in a building. Nowadays, clients require as much program as possible when developing a new building. The higher the net/ gross ratio the better. But unprogrammed space like the air space in great halls, voids, atria or attics are important for defining the soul of a building and, therefore, prevent that all buildings look and feel the same. Especially older buildings are wellknown for their huge amount of unprogrammed space, their uniqueness is an important reason that these buildings still remain. Although today the net/ gross ratio seems to be more important than it used to be in the past, there are a few examples of new buildings that are designed according to an “unprogrammed� design strategy. Buildings like the Nantes School of Architecture by Lacaton & Vassal or the Zollverein school by Sanaa are great examples of buildings that have a lot of space next to their current demands. The future will tell if these buildings will function in the way they were designed.
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LIST OF SOURCES SANTA CONSTANZA http://www.sacred-destinations.com/italy/rome-santa-costanza http://www.santagnese.org/img/catacombe_plan.gif http://test.classconnection.s3.amazonaws.com/828/flashcards/226828/jpg/sta.costanza.jpg http://intranet.arc.miami.edu/rjohn/images/EarlyChristian/Tomb%20of%20Santa%20Costanza.jpg http://www.revealedrome.com/2011/09/basilica-of-santa-costanza-church-in-rome.html http://www.catholic.org/travel/holyland/story.php?id=41042 http://www.rome101.com/Topics/Christian/Costanza/ http://romanchurches.wikia.com/wiki/Santa_Costanza DOMINICANENKERK http://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominicanenkerk_(Maastricht) http://www.merkx-girod.nl/ http://files.messe.de/cmsdb/997/17428.pdf http://retaildesignblog.net/?p=4154&upm_export=pdf http://www.clintonbrowncompany.com/Tools/BroadCaster/Upload/CBCA%20Women%20 and%20Childrens%20Hospital%20Reuse%20Buffalo%20NY(1).pdf GROTE KERK VEERE Drawings: Marx en Steketee Architecten, Ady Steketee Rijksgebouwendienst(1990), Bouwhistorische documentatie en waardebepaling Grote kerk Veere, Bureau rijksbouwmeester De monumenten van rijksgebouwendienst (2001), ‘Bezield bezit’, p36, ministerie van VROM CA d’ORO Richard Goy (1992), ‘The house of gold’, Cambridge Universtity Press John Ruskin (1981), ‘The stones of Venice’, pp 140-170, readable through www.gutenberg.org/ files; Bernard Leupen (2005), Time-Based Architecture’, pp 24-27, readable through http://books. google.nl CENTRAAL MUSEUM UTRECHT Stéphane Beel 1992-2005, Madrid : El Croquis, 2005 Stephane Beel architect, Gent : Ludion, 1999 Mart van Schijndel : kleurrijk architect , Rotterdam : NAi Uitgevers, 2003
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PALEIS OP DE DAM www.paleisamsterdam.nl http://beeldbank.cultureelerfgoed.nl Het stadspaleis, Geert Mak, Uitgeverij Atlas, 1997, ISBN 90 254 24643 PUBLIC LIBRARY STOCKHOLM Swedish Association of Architects,30-3-2013,www.arkitekt.se/s21114/f2524/asplund_brief.pdf Key Buildings of the Twentieth Century, 2004, Richard Weston Wikipedia: Stockholm Public Library, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stockholm_Public_Library Heike Hanada, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heike_Hanada Asplund Competition Brief, 2006, Swedish Association of Architects BURGERWEESHUIS Bernard Leupen (2007), ‘Ontwerp en analyse’, publ. 010, Rotterdam Francis Strauven (1987), ‘Het burgerweeshuis, een modern monument’, publ. Stichting Wonen, Amsterdam Herman Hertzberger (1999), ‘De ruimte van de architect. Lessen in architectuur 2’, publ. 010, Rotterdam Umberto Barbieri & Leen van Duin (1999), ‘Honderd jaar Nederlandse architectuur, 1901-2000 Tendensen Hoogtepunten’, publ. SUN, Nijmegen PALACE OF ASSEMBLY GA (2000), ‘Le Corbusier, Chandigarh’, Le Corbusier, Paris-Chandigarh, publisher: Birkhauser Le Corbusier, Kenneth Frampton, publisher: London: Thames & Hudson, 2001 Chandigarh 1956: Le Corbusier, Pierre Jeanneret, Jane B. Drew, E. Maxwell Fry, Ernst Scheidegger, Stanislaus Von Moos, Maristella Casciato, publisher: Zurich : Scheidegger & Spiess, 2010 http://www.archdaily.com/155922/ad-classics-palace-of-the-assembly-le-corbusier/ http://fullmoonunmarked.com/post/5536830758/palace-of-assembly http://acaixanegra.com/index.php?/joao-messias-e-alexandre-delmar/chandigarh-assembly/ http://www.greatbuildings.com/buildings/Palace_of_Assembly.html http://m.pinterest.com/davidhmitchell/chandigarh-le-corbusier/ MINNAERT BUILDING Willem Jan Neutelings, Minnaertgebouw Universiteit Utrecht : Neutelings Riedijk Architecten (1998), Uitgeverij 010, Rotterdam David Bennett, Exploring concrete architecture : tone texture form (2001), Birkhaeuser, Berlin Willem Jan Neutelings; Michiel Riedijk, At work : Neutelings Riedijk architects (2004), Uitgeverij 010, Rotterdam ‘Edificio Minnaert en Utrecht’ (1999), El Croquis, ed. 94, Madrid, p. 162-183
www.neutelings-riedijk.com
SEATTLE CENTRAL LIBRARY ‘Seattle Central Library – archipedia’, http://www.architectenweb.nl/aweb/archipedia/archipedia.asp?Id=3805&s=1 ‘Seattle Public Library’, http://www.greatbuildings.com/buildings/Seattle_Public_Library.html ‘Seattle Central Library’, http://www.oma.eu/projects/2004/seattle-central-library ‘Seattle Central Library’, http://www.archdaily.com/11651/seattle-central-library-oma-lmn/ Michael Kubo and Ramon Prat(2004), ‘Seattle Public Library OMA/LMN’, publ. Actar, Barcelona El Croquis(2007), ‘OMA Rem Koolhaas 1996-2007’, publ. El Croquis, Madrid ZOLLVEREIN SCHOOL David Basulto (2010), Zollverein school of management and design, 15-03-2013, http://www. archdaily.com/54212/zollverein-school-of-management-and-design-sanaa/ El Croquis (2008), ‘SANAA (SEJIMA + NISHIZAWA) 2008-2011, publ. El Croquis, Madrid NANTES SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE The Mark No. 20, June/July 2009 Publication University building in France - Nantes school of Architecture, Zürich, Zwitserland, ISBN 978-3-7266-0092-1 http://www.lacatonvassal.com/
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COLOPHON
INITIATOR
Ir. Ruurd Roorda, assistant professor Eindhoven University of Technology.
ADVISORY BOARD
Ir. Ruurd Roorda, assistant professor Eindhoven University of Technology.
GRAPHIC DESIGN
Marissa van de Water Mariëtte van de Water
© 2013 The authors - Eindhoven
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