Living in the environment canadian 4th edition miller test bank

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Indicate whether the statement is true or false.

1. Species that have capacity for a high rate of population increase are called K-selected. a. True b. False 2. Logistic growth involves a rapid exponential population growth followed by a drastic decrease in population growth. a. True b. False 3. The human population is likely to continue increasing at exponential rates indefinitely because of advances in our technology. a. True b. False 4. The intrinsic rate of increase (r) is the rate at which a population would grow if it had unlimited resources. a. True b. False 5. All r-selected species are specialists. a. True b. False 6. Environmental resistance consists only of biotic factors. a. True b. False 7. Metapopulations are spatially separated populations that may continue to exchange genes with each other through dispersal of individuals. a. True b. False 8. Highly developed countries have such high rates of population growth because their birth rates are so high. a. True b. False 9. A monoculture is a single crop that has replaced many interrelated plant and animal species. a. True b. False 10. In most cases, the effects of population increase, or of environmental resistance, are not felt instantly. a. True b. False 11. A life table shows the number of individuals at each age on a survivorship curve. a. True b. False

12. One lesson biologists have learned from nature is that everything is connected to and interdependent with everything else. a. True b. False 13. All K-selected species have fewer, larger offspring than most other species. a. True b. False 14. A population’s growth rate will increase as the population reaches its carrying capacity. a. True b. False 15. When a population reaches carrying capacity, the population’s biotic potential gradually declines to a consistent value that is slightly greater than the original value. a. True b. False 16. Irregular population behaviours are not fully understood. a. True b. False 17. When a population exceeds the environment’s carrying capacity, species diversity becomes constant. a. True b. False 18. Carrying capacity is maximum number of a given species that can be sustained in an area without degrading the environment. a. True b. False 19. Many long-lived species, such as algae and insects, have irruptive population cycles. a. True b. False 20. The population size of any species is influenced by the births, deaths, immigration, and emigration that occur within each population. a. True b. False

Indicate the answer choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.

21. What would you expect as the result of “the founder effect”? a.A few individuals would find more mates than other individuals, and thus have a greater effect on the gene pool. b A few individuals would start a new gene pool in a situation that is isolated from the main population. . c.A given number of individuals would be successful at finding food; beyond this core group, any additional individuals would starve. d A given number of individuals would be successful at finding shelter; beyond this core group, any additional . individuals would die through exposure or predation.

22. When does a population crash occur? a. It occurs when a population overshoots carrying capacity, and environmental pressures lead to negative effects. b. It occurs when a population approaches its carrying capacity. c. It occurs when environmental resistance comes into play gradually. d. It occurs when resources are essentially unlimited.

23. Which characteristic is generally exhibited by a K-selected species? a. It generally lives in a rapidly changing environment. b. It exhibits “boom-and-bust” cycles. c. It has a population that rises quickly and then crashes. d. It has a population that follows an S-shaped growth curve.

24. Which population dispersion pattern applies to an ecosystem with unevenly distributed resources? a. a uniform pattern b. a random pattern c. a clumped pattern d. a dispersed pattern 25. Which statement is a basic lesson from nature? a. Sunlight is the source of energy that sustains ecosystems. b. Energy is not required to maintain energy flow and recycle chemicals. c. There are no limits to population growth. d. Populations of organisms, including humans, are kept in check by natural means.

26. Which natural pattern of population dispersion is associated with the majority of species? a. a uniform pattern b. a clumped pattern c. a random pattern d. a dispersed pattern 27. What is a typical means by which humans interfere in the development of natural ecosystems? a. by adding large predators to control other predators b. by under harvesting renewable resources c. by eliminating predators and introducing new species d. by increasing the number of species through simplifying ecosystems 28. Which connections would likely occur among population cycles, survival strategies, and survivorship curves? a. boom-and-bust; r-selected species; early loss b. stable; K-selected species; early loss c. stable; r-selected species; early loss d. boom-and-bust; K-selected species; early loss 29. Which population pattern is likely for hares and lynx living in an undisturbed habitat? a. irruptive b. cyclic c. explosive d. stable

30. Which letter has the shape of a logistic growth curve that depicts a population limited by a definite carrying capacity? a. S b. L c. J d. M 31. What is one reason for a population to overshoot its carrying capacity and crash? a. due to a gradual increase in available habitat b. due to a gradual increase in available food resources c. due to a reproductive time lag involving the birth rate and death rate of the population d. due to changes in the gene pool of a population 32. Why did the World Health Organization initiate pesticide spraying in Borneo (Brunei)? a. to control sylvatic plague b. to kill the caterpillars found in thatched roofs c. to eliminate small lizards d. to reduce the incidence of malaria 33. Which statement is a general description of an r-selected species? a. It is small and short lived. b. It has a low biotic potential. c. It survives to reproduce. d. It gives much care to its offspring.

34. What determines biotic potential? a. the reproductive age span b. how many offspring die before reproducing c. the minimum viable population d. irruptive populations 35. Which statement is a general description of a K-selected species? a. It is more responsive to environmental changes than an r-selected species. b. It has high genetic diversity. c. It is generally less adaptable to change than an r-selected species. d. It exhibits a fast rate of evolution.

36. Which type of species is more resistant to habitat fragmentation? a. a large predator species b. a migratory species c. a specialist species d. a generalist species 37. Which of the following is a density-dependent population control? a. fire b. drought c. predation d. human destruction of habitat

38. What is the biotic potential of a population? a. It is the current growth rate of a population. b. It is an expression of how many offspring survive and are able to reproduce. c. It is the maximum reproductive rate of a population. d. It can be determined only by studying an age structure diagram.

39. What survivorship curve would you expect for a mountain gorilla? a. no loss b. early loss c. constant loss d. late loss 40. Which statement does NOT apply to whooping cranes? a. As of 2006, just over 330 individuals existed in the wild. b. One population resides in Canada’s Wood Buffalo National Park during the summer. c. Hunting, egg collection, and habitat loss took tolls on the population. d. All whooping cranes are migratory.

41. How have humans extended Earth’s carrying capacity for the human species? a. by controlling many diseases b. by using material resources at a sustainable rate c. by decreasing life span d. by using energy resources at a reduced rate 42. Which statement summarizes the story of changes in the whooping crane population? a. It’s about an indicator species. b. It’s about an alien species. c. It’s about a non-native species. d. It’s about a success story.

43. Which strategy is a low priority for a conservation biologist? a. sustaining sensitive ecosystems b. rehabilitating degraded ecosystems c. protecting species from sharp declines d. protecting threatened ecosystems 44. If wolves are controlling deer populations, what type of control is it? a. predator control b. top-down population control c. producer-level control d. bottom-up population control 45. Why is the giant panda an endangered species? a. It has a low birth rate and small litter size. b. Its mating rituals are so complex that it rarely mates. c. It has a large litter size but a high death rate because of predation. d. It is a generalized species that eats only evergreen leaves.

46. Which statement applies to natural ecosystems? a. They are subject to continuous invasion by pathogens and weeds. b. They are usually capable of self-maintenance and self-renewal. c. They have most of their biomass in one species. d. They require applications of pesticides.

47. Which factor leads to an increase in biotic potential? a. too much or too little light b. too many competitors c. an optimal level of critical nutrients d. a low reproductive rate 48. Which organism is an r-selected species? a. a saguaro cactus b. a rhinoceros c. a human d. an insect 49. How did the World Health Organization control sylvatic plague in Borneo (Brunei)? a. by parachuting healthy cats into the infected area b. by spraying the infected area with pesticide c. by burning all the huts that housed infected people d. by introducing lizards to the infected area 50. Which feature would likely be lacking in a living system? a. diversity b. interdependence c. predictability d. limits 51. What type of population change would you expect to occur for beavers in a province that has just outlawed trapping? a. explosive b. stable c. irruptive d. cyclic 52. Which term refers to a population with only a few individuals and thus a limited ability to rebuild due to a lack of genetic diversity? a. founder effect b. demographic bottleneck c. inbreeding depression d. genetic drift 53. Which of the following is among the age structure categories? a. proreproductive b. reproductive c. elderly d. antireproductive

54. What enhances environmental resistance? a. the ability to resist disease and parasites b. a high reproductive rate c. a specialized niche d. the ability to compete for resources 55. Which term is not used to describe a type of population change curve? a. stable b. volatile c. cyclic d. irruptive 56. Which letter has the shape of an exponential growth curve that depicts an ever-growing population? a. M b. L c. S d. J 57. Which term is synonymous with changes in population size, density, dispersion, and age structure? a. demography b. biotic potential c. Succession d. population dynamics 58. What is carrying capacity? a. the interaction of natality and mortality b. the proportion of males to females c. the maximum size of population that the environment will support d. the reproductive rate 59. What is emigration? a. It is the repeated departure and return of individuals to and from a population area. b. It is the one-way movement of individuals out of a particular population to another area. c. It is the one-way movement of individuals into an area with an established population. d. It is the one-way movement of individuals into an uninhabited area.

60. Which of the following is a density-independent population control? a. disease in the environment b. parasitism in the environment c. predation in the environment d. unfavourable chemical changes in the environment 61. What type of population change would you expect to occur for monkeys in an undisturbed section of the Brazilian rain forest? a. cyclic b. stable c. explosive d. irruptive

62. Which prediction is logical for a species in which uniform dispersion has been observed? a. intraspecific competition and evenly spread, scarce resources b. intraspecific competition and evenly spread, abundant resources c. interspecific competition and evenly spread, abundant resources d. interspecific predation and evenly spread, scarce resources 63. Which statement is characteristic of inbreeding? a. It results when individuals in a large population mate with another large population. b. It can result in a decrease in a defective gene within a population. c. It occurs rarely in small or isolated populations. d. It affects the survival rate and genetic diversity of a population.

64. What is the survivorship curve for a typical fish? a. late loss b. constant loss c. early loss d. no loss 65. What leads to population growth? a. increases in mortality b. increases in environmental resistance c. increases in biotic potential d. decreases in natality 66. What would be unlikely to influence carrying capacity? a. resources b. a rain shower c. disease d. predation

Enter the appropriate word(s) to complete the statement.

67. Most large mammals and birds of prey are ____________________ -selected species.

68. A key theme of this chapter is that we can make our economies and our societies more sustainable though the application of lessons learned by studying ____________________ .

69. Populations which have individuals evenly spaced throughout the environment have a(n) ____________________ dispersal pattern.

70. Infectious disease is a classic type of ____________________-dependent population control.

71. A species whose population size fluctuates slightly above and below its carrying capacity is said to have a fairly ____________________ population size.

72. ____________________ density is the number of individuals in a particular population found in a particular space.

73. A(n)____________________ can easily be wiped out because of its susceptibility to pathogens.

74. The lynx and the hare exhibit a(n) ____________________ population cycle.

75. A mammal reaches maturity after 10 years and bears only one or two young every two years. The parents and the rest of the herd protect the young. The type of survivorship curve that this animal would have is a(n) _________________________ curve.

76. Many large mammal species that have long generation times and low reproductive rates are prone to ____________________.

77. The biotic potential and the population size modified by the environmental resistance determine the _________________________.

78. A population’s ____________________ structure can have a strong effect on how rapidly its size increases or decreases.

79. If most of a species’ offspring die before reaching reproductive age, this is an indication that this species may be ____________________ -selected.

POPULATION

80. Which letter in the diagram represents a population’s capacity for growth?

REINDEER

81. Which letter in the graph corresponds to the portion of the graph representing the number of reindeer that exceeded the capacity of their environment?

POPULATION

82. Which letter in the diagram corresponds to the size at which a population in a particular environment will stabilize and its supply of resources remains constant?

SHEEP

83. Which letter in the graph corresponds to the portion of the curve that results from biotic potential and environmental resistance?

REINDEER

84. Which letter in the graph corresponds to the portion of the graph that can also be called a dieback?

85. What happens when a population exceeds its resource supplies?

POPULATION

86. Which letter in the diagram corresponds to the point at which resources are not limiting and a population can grow at its intrinsic rate of increase?

REINDEER

87. Which letter in the graph corresponds to the portion of the graph representing the number of reindeer that can be sustained indefinitely in a given area?

POPULATION

88. Which letter in the diagram represents limiting abiotic factors?

89. What have biologists learned from studying nature?

SHEEP

90. Which letter in the graph corresponds to the portion of the curve that results from reproductive time lag?

Answer Key 1. False 2. False 3. False 4. True 5. False 6. False 7. True 8. False 9. True 10. True 11. True 12. True 13. True 14. False 15. False 16. True 17. False 18. True 19. False 20. True 21. b 22. a 23. d 24. c 25. a 26. b 27. c

28. a 29. b 30. a 31. c 32. d 33. a 34. a 35. c 36. d 37. c 38. c 39. d 40. d 41. a 42. d 43. c 44. b 45. a 46. b 47. c 48. d 49. a 50. c 51. c 52. b 53. b 54. c 55. b

56. d 57. d 58. c 59. b 60. d 61. b 62. a 63. d 64. c 65. c 66. b 67. K 68. nature 69. uniform 70. density 71. stable 72. Population 73. monoculture 74. cyclic 75. late loss 76. extinction 77. growth rate 78. age 79. r 80. C 81. B 82. B 83. B

84. C 85. many members die off (dieback or crash) unless they switch to new resources or move to an area with more resources 86. A 87. A 88. D 89. dependence on the sun and the Earth; everything is connected; there are always reactions to each and every action 90. A