Solution Manual for Humanistic Tradition 7th Edition
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Chapter 05
The Classical Style
Multiple Choice Questions
1. A theoretical set of unifying rules of proportion that the ancient Greeks searched for was called
A. string theory.
B. dogma.
C. a canon.
D. a module.
Learning Objective: Identify classical characteristics in Greek painting, sculpture, and architecture.
Learning Objective: Identify examples of Vitruvius' principles in classical art and architecture.
Topic: classical style
2. The Greek philosopher ________ tried to demonstrate the order of nature by observing geometric and numeric proportion.
A. Socrates
B. Agamemnon
C. Euripides
D. Pythagoras
Learning Objective: Identify classical characteristics in Greek painting, sculpture, and architecture.
Topic: History
Topic: classical style
5-1
Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
Chapter 05 - The Classical Style
3. The person responsible for "Hellenizing" North Africa and Central Asia was
A. Agamemnon.
B. Socrates.
C. Alexander the Great.
D. Darius the Great.
Topic: History
Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
Chapter 05 - The Classical Style 5-2
4.
Which of the following is NOT identified in the text as hallmarks of Greek art?
Realism
Learning Objective: Identify classical characteristics in Greek painting, sculpture, and architecture.
Learning Objective: Interpret the synthesis of humanism, realism, and idealism in the arts.
Topic: classical style
5. The main source of our information regarding Greek painting during the Golden Age has come down from
A. murals sealed within tombs.
B. decorated vases.
C. murals within Greek homes.
D. the writings of Polycleitus.
Learning Objective: Identify classical characteristics in Greek painting, sculpture, and architecture.
Topic: Art and Architecture
Topic: History
Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
Chapter 05 - The Classical Style 5-3
A. Humanism B. Idealism C. Romanticism D.
Chapter 05 - The Classical Style
6. The outstanding architectural achievement of the Golden Age in Athens is the
A. Pantheon.
B. Parthenon.
C. Acropolis.
D. weight-bearing column.
Learning Objective: Explain how the Parthenon is an example of High Classical culture.
Topic: Art and Architecture
Topic: History
Topic: classical style
7. The great temple of Athena in Athens uses which of the following orders?
A. Ionic
B. Doric
C. Corinthian
D. Post and Beam
Learning Objective: Explain how the Parthenon is an example of High Classical culture.
Topic: Art and Architecture
8. Which of the following is cited as the greatest of the Athenian lyric poets?
A. Lesbos
B. Aristotle
C. Antigone
D. Sappho
Topic: History
Topic: Literature
Topic: classical style
Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
5-4
Chapter 05 - The Classical Style
9. Greek lyrical poems of praise were called
A. testimonies.
B. odes.
C. orations.
D. decorations.
Learning Objective: Relate Greek poetry to music.
Topic: Literature
10. The "music of the spheres" referred to by Pythagoras was a harmony produced by
A. multiple lines of Grecian melody.
B. the Grecian Doric mode.
C. the revolution of the planets around the sun.
D. the revolution of the planets around the earth.
Learning Objective: Identify classical characteristics in Greek painting, sculpture, and architecture.
Topic: Music and Dance
Topic: Philosophy and Religion
Topic: classical style
11. Which of the following peoples finally conquered the Greeks in 338 B.C.E.?
A. the Etruscans
B. the Romans
C. the Macedonians
D.
the Persians
Topic: Hellenistic Age
Topic: History
Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
5-5
Chapter 05 - The Classical Style
12.
During the Hellenistic period, which of the following replaced Athens as the cultural center of the Western world?
A. Alexandria
B. Rome
C. Thebes
D. Syracuse
Learning Objective: Differentiate Hellenic and Hellenistic culture.
Topic: Hellenistic Age
Topic: History
13. The ________ held that spiritual satisfaction was only possible if one renounced societal values, conventions, and material wealth.
A. Epicureans
B. Cynics
C. Sophists
D. Stoics
Learning Objective: Interpret the synthesis of humanism, realism, and idealism in the arts.
Topic: Hellenistic Age
Topic: History
Topic: Philosophy and Religion
14. The ________ held that happiness depended on avoiding all forms of physical excess; they valued plain living and the perfect union of body and mind.
A. Epicureans
B. Cynics
C. Sophists
D. Stoics
Learning Objective: Interpret the synthesis of humanism, realism, and idealism in the arts.
Topic: Hellenistic Age
Topic: Philosophy and Religion
Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
5-6
15. In terms of sculpture, the work which sums up the Hellenistic aesthetic is
A.
the Altar of Zeus.
B. Apollo Belvedere.
C. Nike of Samothrace.
D. Laocoön and His Sons.
Learning Objective: Identify classical characteristics in Greek painting, sculpture, and architecture.
Topic: Art and Architecture
Topic: Greek sculpture
Topic: Hellenistic Age
Essay Questions
16. Define the term "Classical style" and how it was expressed by the ancient Greeks.
The quest for harmonious proportion was the driving force behind the evolution of the Classical style. This quest spurred ancient Greek artists and architects, to search for a canon, or set of rules, for determining physical proportion. To establish a canon, the artist fixed on a module, or standard of measurement, that governed the relationships between all parts of the work of art and the whole. The module was not absolute, but varied according to the subject matter. In the human body, for instance, the distance from the chin to the top of the forehead, representing one-tenth of the whole body height, constituted a module by which body measurements might be calculated. The Greek canon made active use of that principle of proportion known as symmetry, that is, correspondence of opposite parts in size, shape, or position, as is evident in the human body.
Portraying the nude human figure was a major part of the Classical style, as it reflects the Hellenic regard for the human body as nature’s perfect creation. By the early fifth century B.C.E.,Greek sculptors had arrived at the natural positioning of the human figure that would characterize the Classical style. The sensuously modeled torso turns on the axis of the spine, and the weight of the body shifts from equal distribution on both legs to greater weight on the left leg a kind of balanced opposition that is at once natural and graceful. (This counterpositioning would be called contrapposto by Italian Renaissance artists.) Male figures were portrayed in highly idealized forms, almost godlike, with proportions in the physique in the direction of geometric clarity. The female figure evolved from being fully clothed to nude in the fourth century B.C.E. Female statues also depicted the ideal female form: tall and poised, with small breasts and broad hips.
Learning Objective: Explain the meaning(s) of the term “classical”.
Learning Objective: Identify classical characteristics in Greek painting, sculpture, and architecture.
Topic: classical style
5-7
Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
Chapter 05 - The Classical Style
Chapter 05 - The Classical Style
17. What are the basic characteristics of the Classical style in Grecian painting, sculpture, and architecture?
Above all, arts in the Classical Style emphasized harmonious proportion and symmetry.
In painting (mostly gleaned from decorated vases), artists refined their efforts to position figures and objects to complement the shape of the vessel and posed figures naturally. Over time, painters, by selecting and combining the most beautiful details of many different models, achieved an ideal form, free of incidental detail, meant to improve upon or perfect sensory reality.
Sculpture centered around the human figure, which also followed strict rules of proportion. To establish a canon, the artist fixed on a module, or standard of measurement, that governed the relationships between all parts of the work of art and the whole. The module was not absolute, but varied according to the subject matter. In the human body, for instance, the distance from the chin to the top of the forehead, representing one-tenth of the whole body height, constituted a module by which body measurements might be calculated. The Greek canon made active use of that principle of proportion known as symmetry, that is, correspondence of opposite parts in size, shape, or position, as is evident in the human body. Both male and female figures were portrayed in idealized form, reflecting the Hellenic regard for the human body as nature’s perfect creation.
In ancient Greek architecture we also see the tenets of the Classical style. The construction of the Parthenon, for example, was governed by a module. It is likely that this module was both geometric and numerical, adhering to a specific ratio: the famous “Golden Section.” This ratio, which governs the proportions of the ground plan of the Parthenon and the relationship between its structural parts, represents an aesthetic ideal found in nature and in the human anatomy.
Learning Objective: Identify classical characteristics in Greek painting, sculpture, and architecture.
Topic: Art and Architecture
Topic: Greek sculpture
Topic: classical style
5-8
Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
Chapter 05 - The Classical Style
18. Discuss the Parthenon as an example of High Classical culture in the ancient world.
The outstanding architectural achievement of Golden Age Athens is the Parthenon. Built in glittering Pentelic marble upon the ruins of an earlier temple burned during the Persian Wars, and housing a colossal statue of Athena (which no longer exists), the Parthenon is a testament to the ancient Greek Classical style.
The ideal system of proportional design governed the architecture of the Parthenon. Most architectural historians agree that a module governed the entire project. It is likely that this module was both geometric and numerical, adhering to a specific ratio: the famous “Golden Section.” The system of proportion known as the “Golden Section” or “Golden Ratio” is expressed numerically by the ratio 1.618:1, or approximately 8:5. This ratio, which governs the proportions of the ground plan of the Parthenon and the relationship between its structural parts, represents an aesthetic ideal found in nature and in the human anatomy, both Classical style aesthetics.
Another outstanding feature of the Parthenon is the fact that there are virtually no straight lines in the entire building. Its Doric columns, for instance, swell near the center to counter the optical effect of thinning that occurs when the normal eye views an uninterrupted set of parallel lines. All columns tilt slightly inward. Corner columns are thicker than the others to compensate for the attenuating effect produced by the bright light of the sky against which the columns are viewed, and also to ensure their ability to bear the weight of the terminal segments of the superstructure. The top step of the platform on which the columns rest is not parallel to the ground, but rises four and a quarter inches at the center, allowing rainwater to run off the convex surface even as it corrects the optical impression of sagging along the extended length of the platform.
Learning Objective: Explain how the Parthenon is an example of High Classical culture.
Topic: Art and Architecture
Topic: classical style
5-9
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Chapter 05 - The Classical Style
19. What are the main features of Grecian poetry and music?
In Classical Greece, as in other parts of the ancient world, distinctions between individual forms of artistic expression were neither clear-cut nor definitive. A combination of the arts prevailed in most forms of religious ritual and in public and private entertainment. The intimate relationship between music and poetry is revealed in the fact that many of the words we use to describe lyric forms, such as “ode” and “hymn,” are also musical terms. The word lyric, meaning “accompanied by the lyre,” describes verse that was meant to be sung, not read silently.
As in ancient Egypt, this genre of poetry gave voice to deep emotions. Hellenic culture produced an impressive group of lyric poets, who used economy of expression and inventive combinations of sense and sound. While lyric poetry conveyed deeply personal feelings, certain types of lyrics, namely odes, served as public eulogies or songs of praise, often to superlative athletes.
Music, also, played a major role in Greek life. Pythagoras observed that music was governed by mathematical ratios and therefore constituted both a science and an art. From earliest times, music was believed to hold magical powers and therefore exercise great spiritual influence. The modes (scales) had certain spiritual or emotional associations with them; in the Republic, Plato encourages the use of the Dorian mode, which settles the temper and inspires courage, but he condemns the Lydian mode, which arouses sensuality. Because of music’s potential for affecting character and mood, both Plato and Aristotle recommended that the type of music used in the education of young children be regulated by law. Such music should reflect the Classical features of balance, harmony, and dignity.
Learning Objective: Relate Greek poetry to music.
Topic: Music and Dance
Topic: classical style
5-10
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Chapter 05 - The Classical Style
20. Explain the differences between Hellenic and Hellenistic culture.
The biggest change from Hellenic culture to Hellenistic culture was one of scale. Hellenistic life emerged after Alexander the Great’s conquests and culture shifted from localized city-states to that of an empire. The defining features of the Hellenistic Age were cosmopolitanism, urbanism, and the blending of Greek, African, and Asian cultures. Trade routes linked Arabia, East Africa, and Central Asia, bringing great wealth to the cities of Alexandria, Antioch, Pergamon, and Rhodes. Alexandria, which replaced Athens as a cultural center, boasted a population of more than one million people and a library of half a million books.
The Hellenistic Age also made important advances in geography, astronomy, and mathematics. Euclid produced a textbook of existing geometric learning that systematized the theorems of plane and solid geometry. His contemporary, the astronomer Aristarchus of Samos, proposed that the earth and all the planets revolved around the sun, a theory abandoned by his followers and not confirmed until the seventeenth century.
The Hellenistic world was considerably different from the world of the Greek city-states. In the latter, citizens identified with their community, which was itself the state; but in Alexander’s vast empire, communal loyalties were unsteady and especially in sprawling urban centers impersonal. The intellectuals of the Hellenistic Age did not formulate rational methods of investigation in the style of Plato and Aristotle; rather they espoused philosophic schools of thought that guided everyday existence: Skepticism, Cynicism, Epicureanism, and Stoicism.
Learning Objective: Differentiate Hellenic and Hellenistic culture.
Topic: Hellenistic Age
Topic: classical style
5-11
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