910143_Studio18_Journal_LB_130621

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Studio 18 - LikeHumans THE ARC Lucas Becerra 910143 Miki Ueda 779237

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Studio 18 - LikeHumans Lucas Becerra 910143

Masters of Architecture: Design Studio C

First semester masters of architecture student. The reasons why Studio 18 appealed to me is because of its unique promotion of making and understanding construction processes. Throughout the studio greater exposure to parametric and discrete design has sparked a sense of admiration for the computational aspect of architecture which I had often neglected and under appreciated the philosophy behind.

VVVD 0.0 CONTENTS 1.0 PRECEDENT PROJECT: 7-26 7-26: 1.1 PRECEDENT

2.0 PART CREATION: 27-78 27-34: 2.1 R AND R 35-52: 2.2 PROTO-PARTS 53-68: 2.3 NEW PARTS 69-79: 2.4 PROTO MAKING

3.0 MID-SEMESTER: 79-98 79-92: 3.1 SKELETAL ARC HOTEL 93-98: 3.2 SCALE MODEL

4.0 PART REFINEMENT: 99-112 99-112: 4.1 PROTO 2.0

5.0 FINAL ASSESSMENT: 113-180 113-128: 5.1 FINAL CONTEXT 129-148: 5.2 NEW LOGIC 149-162: 5.3 ENCLOSURE 163-180: 5.4 FINAL DRAWINGS

6.0 APPENDIX: 181-185 181-182: 6.1 REFLECTION 183-185: 6.2 NEW LOGIC

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1.1 PRECEDENT UNDERSTANDING AGGREGATION THROUGH THE WORK OF KENGO KUMA. REVERSE ENGINEERING THE GC PROSTHO MUSEUM AND RESEARCH CENTER.

ED STRUCTURAL THE T OF THE LIVE LOAD UPPORTING THE ROOF

STUDIO 18 LIKE HUMAN LUCAS BECERRA [STUDIO C] MIKI UEDA 779237 [STUDIO D]

GC PROSTHO MUSEUM RESEARCH CENTER THE HYBRID NATURE OF THE AGGREGATION AND THE STRONG STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS CREATES AN EMPHERIAL ARCHITECTURE BUT LIMITS THE POTENTIAL OF THE CIDORI THROUGH FIXING THEM IN PLACE

1.1 PRECEDENT

8 KENGO KUMA’S CONCEPTUAL SKETCHES

(1) Kengo Kuma.

GC Prostho Museum Research Center (Plan Sketch)

(2+3) Kengo Kuma.

GC Prostho Museum Research Center (Elevation + Plan)

Kengo Kuma’s initial sketches of the GC Prostho Museum Research Center focuses on defining the space through the implementation of a timber system based off an old Japanese toy called “Cidori”. The system focuses on connecting wood planks with joints rather than nails and glue. The interconnected timber can be used as a repeatable element to form structures or furniture. Within this building the system is utilized to create a cubic grid defining the internal spaces. The architecture emphases the potential of creating large structures with small units that can be constructed by hand.

These initial sketches from Kuma provide some degree of insight into the design process of the Museum and how it could possibly relate to parametric design while using Cidori. The spaces defined would likely serve to as parameters for where the Cidori will be allowed to jut out.

Shifting the process form something that was randomly generated around the structure into something that was loosely pre-determined.

1.1 PRECEDENT

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1.1 PRECEDENT

10 THE CIDORI Kengo Kuma utilizes the Cidori throughout a multitude of his designs both architecturally and in furniture design. The Cidori is a form of traditional Japanese joinery and also commonly made as a Children’s puzzle.

The Cidori is made up of 3 timber members which are joined through twisting rather than nails or glue. Two are cut with square edges with an L remaining to connect the wood. The other member is rounded out so it can twist and rotate.

Initially a square L member and the tubular member are placed together.

The secondary L me open slot remaining flush together at this tubular membe

1.1 PRECEDENT

ember slides into the g. The members fit s stage, however the er is not aligned.

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To lock the members in place the tubular member is rotated. This prevents the second L member from slipping out of the joint.

What results is a timber joint requiring no nails or glue. Although the pictures above depict a toy Kuma saw the potential of such a join as a member which can be aggregated across endless spaces.

Japanese wood joints: CIDORI by InfoArquiecturaBio Images captured from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Dzh_IITTDCA

1.1 PRECEDENT

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GC PROSTHO MUSEUM RESEARCH CENTER GENERAL ANALYSIS Designed by Kenzo Kuma the GC Prostho Museum Research Center bases its architecture in the Cidori. The Cidori is known historically as a traditional Japanese toy for Children. Kuma incorporates this playfulness within the design, creating an ephemeral space. The designs aesthetic is easily accessible relative to other forms of aggregative design. The hybrid nature of the aggregation, having a set form and identifiable architectural elements grounds the design keeping it accessible for the general public.

Images taken from https://www.archdaily. com/199442/gc-prostho-museum-research-center-kengo-kuma-associates

1.1 PRECEDENT

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CIDORI PROCESS

Images taken from Japan Architect issue 109 pg.49+50

The images and magazine details how the members were to some extent load bearing. It also reveals how chunks were likely made off site then transported using a truck. Then placed onto site using a winch system and workers.

Not much is revealed about if the Cidori were in fact made by hand but they were put together using a chunk system and the drift pin joins on each edge of the chunk.

SUNNY HILLS

Through looking at images from Kuma’s Sunny Hills project it seems that they would have likely made their members and chunks by hand. However, even if it was done so it would be likely more efficient to build each member with the use of machinery or some form of automation

1.1 PRECEDENT

14 BUILT ANALYSIS

The Cidori is limited to only being able to span a 2000x2000x3000 chunk.

To negate this Kuma has hidden a wood pin join throughout the structure.

The wood pin system is also how the members are connected vertically.

The Cidori is considered to be capable of some form of load however this weakness caused by taking out such large portions of the member for the joins means that these live loads would likely be minuscule in this instance only a portion of the roof is held up buy the Cidori themselves the rest is held up by the structural concrete walls Although semi structural the Cidori still requires skins and in this instance glass to enclose the space.

1.1 PRECEDENT

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DECONSTRUCTING THE PROCESS Through brainstorming it became apparent the Kuma likely utilized some form of aggregation bound by a loose set of rules or form which creates the ephemeral spaces within the museum. The Cidori chunks are limited to 2000x2000x3000 volumes and are then joined with a piece of timber nailed in to two joins locking in two separate chunks.

The uniform nature of these joins indicates that was likely manually calculated.

Through explaining Kuma’s work as simplistically as possible the method becomes quite clear.

1.1 PRECEDENT

16 AGGREGATION ATTEMPTS

The script was made following a tutorial from Wasp creator Andrea Rossi. The basic tutorial helped us understand how certain connections and rules are defined within an aggregation, however this wasn’t the type of aggregation we needed to get close to recreating Kengo Kuma’s RC prostho center

The initial geometry utilized is a simplified form of the Cidori with none of the joints included. This allows for the object to be simplified as one brep rather than 3 separate breps which would then need to be connected together and complicate the process.

1.1 PRECEDENT

Through using wasp the Cidori can be aggregated randomly creating the images to the left. The number of pieces can be increased infinitely and so can the number of aggregations.

However the Cidori is limited to a grid.

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The last portion of the script is an attempt at trying to replace the Cidori geometry with the actual joins which can be spotted in the bottom image. However, we decided that this was unnecessary but fun to experiment with and thought best to attempt focus on a script which replicated Kuma’s work.

1.1 PRECEDENT

18 FIELD BASED AGGREGATION

It became clear that Kengo Kuma had utilized some form of aggregation that was bound by a volume to decide where the Cidori would be placed. Through a Volumetric Field. The video by Andrea Rossi helped us understand how to make this possible. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4ZmGYNXk8bo

The script essentially creates a point field and where the void of the volume is a detractor point this helps dictate where the parts will be aggregated within.

The final script was completed by Miki utilizing the tutorial from Andrea Rossi to apply the logic of Field based aggregation to the Cidori and the RC Prostho Museum.

1.1 PRECEDENT

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The key replacement to the initial script if the Field Aggregation tool in place of the Scholastic Aggregation.

The field is made in the purple section and utilizes rough user defined geometry.

1.1 PRECEDENT

20 CIDORI POSSIBILITIES

LOCAL MATERIALS JAPANESE CYPRESS, AN INDIGENOUS SPECIES, IS MILLED AND MADE INTO STRUTS.

60MM

500MM

RAW MATERIALITY

IMPLICITY

SIMPLICITY

SHIBUI

CHILDRENS TOY

THE JAPANESE AESTHETIC PHILOSOPHY OF ‘SHIBUI’ INFORMS THE DESIGN. MATERIALS SHOULD BE UNFINISHED AND RAW, BEAUTY IS FOUND IN THE LIMITATION OF DECORATION, AND OBJECTS HAVE IMPLICIT VALUE WHICH ARE NOT OBVIOUS.

THE TIMBER LATTICE JOINS ARE INSPIRED

BY A CHILDREN’S TOY “CIDORI”. KUMA IS INSPIRED TO HAVE THE PLAYFULNESS OF THE TOY RESONATE INTO THE HANDICRAFT STRUCTURE.

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CIDORI JOIN ‘PART’ THE CIDORI JOIN IS THE PART THAT IS TESSELATED THROUGHOUT THE PROJECT AS THE ‘PART’. THE JOIN IS MADE UP OF 3X 500MM SPACED STRUT MEMBERS, MAKING THE SCALE COMPARABLE TO HUMAN 1:2LIMBS.

CRAFTSMANSHIP HERITAGE THE PROJECT PAYS HOMAGE TO TRADITIONAL JAPANESE WOODWORKING TECHNIQUES, AN ARTISENAL CRAFTSMAN USES HAND TOOLS TO CUT NOTCHES INTO STRUTS. THE USE OF NOTCHES IS A TRADITIONAL METHOD OF JOINING STRUCTURAL COMPONENTS IN JAPANESE ARCHITECTURE.

The parts significance was closely PARTinvestigated through drawings done by Miki Ueda. The drawings detail Kuma’s desire to imbue the building with aspects of Japan’s culture such as its skillful wood working techniques that has been adapted into a child’s play toy.

PRECEDENT STUDY OF GC PROSTHO MUSEUM BY KENGO KUMA LUCAS BECERRA & MIKI UEDA

THE INITIAL LAYING OF THE BEAM AND L SHAPED MEMBERS COULD BE DONE INDIVUDALLY

1.1 PRECEDENT

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CIDORI POSSIBILITIES

THE COMPLETED CIDORI BECOMES AN ELEMENT WHICH CAN BE AGGREGATED ON THE XYZ PLANE THROUGH AGGREGATION A GRID IS CREATED. MEASURING TO BE 500X500

L-MEMBER

Kuma limits his aggregation to a series of 2000x2000x3000 chunks to allow for easier production of the Prostho museum. If each 3 Cidori had to be made on its own the building would be highly complicated. The combination of Cidori into a larger lattice allows the structure to be realized easier than otherwise. However it is hard not to question the point of fixing a Cidori into place with little ability to take it apart again. Why not use normal timber grid systems AS THE CIDORI GETS LARGER AND MORE COMPLEX MORE PEOPLE WOULD BE REQUIRED TO SUCCESSFULLY ASSEMBLE AND TWIST THE WOOD INTO PLACE DUE TO TENSION

CIDORI ASSEMBLY

BEAM-MEMBER

L-MEMBER

L-MEMBER

BEAM-MEMBER L-MEMBER

TWIST

THE CHUNKS SPECIFIED BY KUMA REACH UP TO 3 METERS IN HEIGH LIKELY REQUIRING A DEDICATED WORKSHOP TO PRODUCE QUICKLY

HYPOTHETICALLY THE CIDORI COULD BE REPEATED IN AN INFINITE NUMBER OF WAYS TO CREATE STRUCTURES.

CIDORI CHUNK LIMITATIONS

3000 STRUCTURAL ASSEMBLY

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2000

2000

THE INITIAL LAYING OF THE BEAM AND L SHAPED MEMBERS COULD BE DONE INDIVUDALLY

BUILD TECHNIQUE

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FACTORY

AS THE CIDORI GETS LARGER AND MORE COMPLEX MORE PEOPLE WOULD BE REQUIRED TO SUCCESSFULLY ASSEMBLE AND TWIST THE WOOD INTO PLACE DUE TO TENSION

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CIDORI CHUNK LIMITATIONS

THE CHUNKS SPECIFIED BY KUMA REACH UP TO 3 METERS IN HEIGH LIKELY REQUIRING A DEDICATED WORKSHOP TO PRODUCE QUICKLY

THE CIDORI CAN ONLY SPAN SO FAR DUE TO THE LIMITATIONS OF THE JAPANESE CYPRUS COMBINED WITH THE LARGER THAN 75% CUTS IN THE JOINS SIGNIFICANTLY WEAKINGING THE MEMBERS. THUS ON THE EDGE OF EVERY CHUNK CIDORI ARE JOINED WITH A WOOD BLOCK SET IN PLACE WITH PINS

THE CIDORI ARE MADE OFFSITE AND ASSEMBLED BEFORE BEING PLACED ONTO A TRUCK. UPON ARRIVING ON SITE THE CIDORI CHUNKS WERE PLACED INITIALLY USING GUIDES BOTH IN THE SLAB AND THE WALL. THEY WERE LIFTED USING PULLEY SYSTEMS. THIS SPEAKS TO THE LIMITATIONS OF THE CIDORI AS A PART FOR AGGREGATION AS THE FIXED NATURE OF THEM PROMPTS THE QUESTION WHY ADD THE STEPS TO A TIMBER GRID WHICH COULD BE MADE EASIER CHEAPER AND FASTER.

1.1 PRECEDENT

22 KENGO KUMA RC PROSTHO MUSEUM

The series of isometrics below denote how the part and logic come together to form the whole. The resulting building is both playful and ephemeral in the space it creates. The project does draw some criticism in its failure to truly utilize the Cidori as something more than a gimmick. The fixed nature of the joints detracts from the playful intention to be able to interact with the structure and twist parts.

ROOF METALIC ROOF GROUNDS THE STRUCTURE. FORM COVERS THE CIDORI. HOLES CUT INTO ROOF TO ALLOW LIGHT INTO MAIN CHAMBER.

BOUND AGGREGATION

BOUNDING BOX

THE CIDORI ARE TREATED AS SINGULAR ELEMENTS WHICH ARE AGGREGATED WITHIN THE BOUNDING BOX ABOVE.

KUMA HAD A CLEAR IDEA OF THE BOUNDING FORM AND SPACES WHICH DEFINED WHERE THE CIDORI WOULD APPEAR IN THE BUILDING

BINDING VOLUME

FIELD AGGREGATION

CHUNK RATIONALIZA

ATION

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CHUNK DIVISION

GC PROSTHO MUSEUM RESEARCH CENTER

MAIN STRUCTURE

IN ORDER TO SUCCESSFULLY MAKE THE CIDORI STRUCTURAL AND WORK TOGETHER THE CIDORI STRUCTURE IS DIVIDED INTO CHUNKS.

WHILE THE CIDORI IS CONSIDERED STRUCTURAL THE MAIN STRUCTURE HANDLES MOST OF THE LIVE LOAD WITH THE CIDORI ONLY REALLY SUPPORTING THE ROOF

MAIN STRUCTURE

THE HYBRID NATURE OF THE AGGREGATION AND THE STRONG STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS CREATES AN EMPHERIAL ARCHITECTURE BUT LIMITS THE POTENTIAL OF THE CIDORI THROUGH FIXING THEM IN PLACE

THE WHOLE

1.1 PRECEDENT

24 CIDORI POSSIBILITIES

The Cidoris ability to be utilized in a variety of small structures is somewhat limited by how each part is joined. If a singular Cidori is joined on a smaller scale with wooden dowels or pins the ability for an individual to adjust the shape of the mass to their needs, creating chairs and tables is enhanced. However such joins would likely be insufficient for real world forces and loads when creating structures like a pavilion of enclosure.

PRE-PACKAGED MEMBERS THE COMPLEXITY OF ASSEMBLY REQUIRES PRE-PACKAGED CHUNKS WITH INSTRUCTIONS AT SOME POINT

MEMBERS OF CIDORI FURNITURE CAN BE ASSEMBLED FREELY WITH NO INSTRUCTIONS ALLOWING FOR VERSATILITY IN ASSEMLBY

SINGLE UNITS TRANSITION INTO CHUNKS

JOINS TRANSITION F

COFFEE TABLE/STAND

STOOL

TABLE/DESK

BOOKCASE/PARTITION

LOAD BEARING STAIRS

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POSSIBLE ADDITIONS

PRE-PACKAGED CHUNKS FELT OR RUBBER ADHESIVE

THE DEBATABLE NECESSITY FOR RULES AND INSTRUCTIONS AT SOME POINT TO NEGATE THE COMPLEXITY DETRACTS FROM THE CIDORIS ABILITY TO BE TREATED AS A SINGLE UNIT

CASTED IN METAL OR PADFOOTS

SPIKES FOR OUTDOORS

THE CIDORI CANNOT BE LAID DIRECTLY ON THE GROUND AND ACT AS A STRUCTURAL ELEMENT WITHOUT BEING LOCKED INTO PLACE SOME WAY.

THE STRENGTH REQUIRED TO TWIST THE WOOD INTO PLACE DUE TO THE FRICTION ON A MASSIVE SCALE WOULD REQUIRE EXPENSIVE MACHINES OR CRANES THAT CAN DELICATELY LIFT AND TWIST THE WOOD WITHOUT BREAKING IT

FROM WOODEN DOWELS TO TIMBER AND PINS

THE STRUCTURE CAN BE ENCLOSED THROUGH ADDING MEMBRANES AND ROOFING SYSTEM BUT NOT ON ITS OWN

IF FIXED IN PLACE THERE IS LITTLE POINT TO HAVE A JOIN THAT CAN BE TAKEN APART

THE MEMBER WITH MORE THAN 75% OF THE TIMBER TAKEN OUT OF THE JOIN WOULD LIKELY SNAP UNDER ITS OWN WEIGHT

6.8M

OPEN AIR/CLOSED PAVILION

FIXED WALL STRUCTURE

MEGA STRUCTURE

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2.1 R AND R Rather than moving straight into creating a part it was time to research and respond to what discrete and parametric design philsophies we responded to and were interested in.

STUDIO 18 LIKE HUMAN LUCAS BECERRA [STUDIO C] MIKI UEDA 779237 [STUDIO D]

2.1 R AND R

28 Retsin An issue or a pattern we found within most of the discrete aggregation precedents was the use of harsh geometrical forms. The work of Giles Retsin details this pattern and while many show the potential of Discrete architecture and its ability to resolve problems within a brief, the geometry remains largely the same.

These works are quite interesting but in many ways can be quite shocking for people who initially engage in discrete architecture.

However, these parts rely on consistent geometry to allow for an aggregation to take place. The ability to join end to end or side to end on these parts is what allows the form to actually be realized. The challenge to incorporate some sort of organic part into an aggregation relies on the part being able to connect and intersect with itself at other connection points. Which is what Retsins work highlights.

These diamond members can connect in tension and their endpoints because of the aligned geometry which underpins the part.

1) Diamonds by Giles Retsin 2) Royal Academy of Art Exhibition by Giles Retsin Images taken from https://www.retsin.org/

2.1 R AND R

29 Bloom

Bloom serves to create a structure based on “discreteness and redundancy”2 and aims to reflect themes of life and growth within the design. The part itself is an injection molded piece of plastic than can be connected in a multitude of different ways which allows for such an organic form to be created.

In contrast to Giles Retsin, Alisa Andraseks playful urban toy “Bloom” reveals how there is potential for more organic and interactive aggregations.

However, the part is not without its own limitations and while creating an organic form it is far from structural in its application

However when attempting to apply this small plastic part into something more structural its playful nature and organic form limits its structural applications. The challenge within the creation of a new part is to incorporate these organic thematics with the geometrical sensibility and applications of Retsin.

Images taken from https://www.alisaandrasek. com/projects/bloom

2.1 R AND R

30 PARAMETRIC PRECEDENTS Computation and parametric design today has become so closely associated with undulating complex geometries. The doubly-curved nature of these parametric structures are easily admired and successful in the creation of uniquely successful spaces. However, the members utilized to create these structures are typically a series of unique local elements interacting Computational and parametric design today has become so closely associated with these with each other within the specific system to ofcreate a specific They cannot undulating complex geometries which rely on series unique local elements interactinggeometry. with each other to create a specific geometry.

Whileown. computation design has advanced the complexity for its function in other systems that are not their Here in lies the potential the creation of a fabrication techniques and philosophies remain in the past relative to a discrete context. discrete part which can create curvilinear geometries that are applicable to multiple systems.

PARAMETRIC PRECEDENT

BUGA Wood Pavilion 2019

STUDIO GANG ARCHITECTS Lincoln Zoo Pavilion 2010

DOWNTOWN STUDIO Street Library 2017

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In order to fabricate this pavilion a robotic manufacturing platform was developed in order to produce and fabricate over 376 bespoke hollow wood segments. The parts were created with an automation system which relied on sub-millimeter precision. The wooden roofing system manages to span over 30 meters with its puzzle like system.

Inspired by a tortoise shell, the large span shelter is intergrated into the sidewalk. While the construction here haves a large amount of repeditive parts they still rely on each other heavily for support and cannot be used indepentantly in other structures. One use only.

The library utilized over 240 unique wooden pieces to build the library with a capacity of over 1500 books. The pavilion utilized Rhino and grasshopper to create the geometry and divide it into the waffle like structure.

1) https://materialdistrict.com/article/robotic-precision-in-manufacturing-parametric-design/robotic-precision-in-manufacturing-parametric-design-materialdistrict-1/ 2) http://www.iaacblog.com/programs/animated-systems-design-lincoln-zoo-pavilion/ 3) https://www.archdaily.com/883413/parametric-design-helped-make-this-street-library-out-of-240-pieces-of-wood

2.1 R AND R

31 COMPUTATIONAL PRECEDENT

While these complex geometries are in many ways showing how advanced fabrication has become the things they are fabricating only operate within a specific local system.

While this obviously has its place it justifies the part we have attempted to create as the parts ability to be applied in complex geometries and then go on to operate within other systems that arent pre-determined allows it to be utilized in an infinite amount of structures.

All images found at: http://papers. cumincad.org/data/works/att/acadia11_72.content.pdf

2.1 R AND R

32 DEFINING OUR RESPONSE For a large section of the process the discrete computational response of our design has in many ways been an evasive concept. Through watching SCI-Arc Media Archive’s “Discrete: Reappraising the digital architecture”x the presentation of Soomeen Hahm helped me to identify a key aspect of our aggregation and its response to the current context of parametric design. For a long time computational architecture has just meant weird pavilions and curved structures, I had placed a large amount of energy into thinking about the why or how these structures were being made. A point raised by Hahm is that these structures are very easy to like due to their complex geometries but while the geometry in parametric design is becoming every more advanced the fabrication of these geometries is still embedded in the past. Alot of the geometries which are created rely on a series of individually specifically fabricated local elements which rely heavily on other local elements to create these complex structures. The role discrete parts start to engage with re-creating these geometries with a heavy focus on part driven systems, whether they be Voxelization or Sementization as depicted below or a variety of other systems which exist within the discrete. In many ways this is an aspect of our part which should have higher emphasis. Our part is able to create complex geometries simply by the very nature of the part itself. Rather than filling the shape with voxels or segments our parts inherent geometry can start to explore complex geometries as soon as two parts connect.

Screen grab from Hahms presentation Found at: https://www.youtube.com/ watch?v=Tl_pzyYFUpc

https://www.youtube.com/ watch?v=Tl_pzyYFUpc reference x

2.1 R AND R

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2.2 PROTO-PARTS INITIAL ATTEMPTS TO CREATE OUR OWN PART FOR DISCRETE AGGREGATION

EXTERNAL MEMBRANE SLEEVE LOCKING PIN SKIN CAP MEMBRANE NOTCH INTERNAL SLEEVE INTERNAL/EXTERNAL MEMBRANE TEAR DROP MEMBER

STUDIO 18 LIKE HUMAN LUCAS BECERRA [STUDIO C] MIKI UEDA 779237 [STUDIO D]

350

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LEMON

2.2 PROTO-PARTS

The first iteration of the “Lemon” design was the tear drop. The idea was to utilized the ideology of parts like “bloom” and create something more structural. The resulting teardrop was quite limited in its1:5 application SCALE 225 0 25 75 and had to be developed far more to create something that would actually be worth exploring. One positive aspect or thought process behind this part was the creation of something that could easily be laser cut or fabricated and then connected with other parts such as a wooden pole or dowel system.

200

350

200

TEAR DROP

TEAR DROP 0 25

225

SCALE 1:5

200

350

75

0 25

75

225

SCALE 1:5 The most notable problems facing this design was the intersection of the tear drops when trying to create larger spanning planes which could then be transformed into walls floors and some sort of enclosure.

Furthermore the end to end connections limited the part to essentially one direction.

2.2 PROTO-PARTS

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LEMON LEMON

25

600

R50

375

375

25

400

The key realization from the initial tear drop iteration of this part was that the part needed to become symmetrical so it could create a flush edge with 600 the next part connected in the system. The system created by these “Lemons” was 400 reliant on some rigid pole system that would slot in the holes on the part locking each plane into the other. This system 25mm THICK could’ve been utilize to 25mm create enclosures.

THICK However the issue with this part iteration was its limited use within an aggregation. Essentially the was replacing a stud wall with extra attempting to SCALE 1:10steps and less stability. When SCALE 1:10 R50apply the part 150 a far450larger system than a 0 50 to simple enclosure its limitations became clear.

0 50 150

An aspect of the design which is quite desirable was the ability for the part to be flat packed and assembled by anyone.

The nod to the playfulness in bloom the parts success also relies on its ability to be easily put together and understood.

450

2.2 PROTO-PARTS

38 TWISTED WOOD The twisted wood part looked into how something such as steam bending a piece of timber could open up new axis to aggregate upon. The twisted wood part takes inspiration from Kengo Kuma’s Cidori part and attempts to add a secondary grid that operates on a 45 degree angle. The aggregation would seek to create structurally supported voids throughout a mass basically working with a stick that would support itself through massive connections. The project would largely draw on Kuma’s Cidori grid but attempt to replace the Cirdori with a tension based join approach .

The creation of a secondary grid on a 45 degree angle could allow the lattice to become somewhat more structural than a simple Cidori based grid. The secondary members would create almost a truss system utilizing the hypotenuse distance between the corners of the grid.

2.2 PROTO-PARTS

50.00 10.00

10.00 10.00

500.00

25.00

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The aim of this part was to create an omni directional wooden part which utilized steam-bending to emphasize the qualities of the material being used. However, the structural qualities of the member was questionable and would likely collapse under its own weight at a large scale.

The twisted part utilized a hole through the middle point of the member to then allow a secondary member to flow through and connect to allow the secondary grid to support and intersect the primary grid. The end to end connections were initially held together with tension but would have to be resolved.

2.2 PROTO-PARTS

40 TWISTED WOOD SIMPLE LATTICE

45 DEGREE LATTICE

45 DEGREE BRANCH

45 DEGREE LATTICE DOUBLE

Configuring the lattice with the options of a 45 degree secondary option would allow for the lattice to be supported where necessary. This allowed for a large variation in the structure.

However at the end of the day the lattice was still a lattice relying on a lattice with these thin members would be difficult. Furthermore the aggregation simply starts to look like a bundle of sticks held together with the tiniest amount of tension. The resolution of the joint in this instance would be important however the same problems which faced Kuma’s Prostho museum is apparent in this part. It is hard to justify the parts place to create something like a truss lattice system when there are so many more parts which already do this far more efficiently.

2.2 PROTO-PARTS

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The part was prototyped using steam bending . The wood was placed into the steamer for about an hour before being placed into a clamping system which would rotate the ends of the member by 90 degrees. Fishing wire was wrapped around the ends and slits of the member to hope that the wood would not split. The fabrication process itself was quite simple and easy to execute however the part itself still needed more refinement and ultimately was not worth pursuing further. This was due to its relative fragility and complexity to truss systems which already exist in the world.

The bend in the wood also doesn’t add much structural strength and would likely fail under large loads. The scarf joint to the bottom left of the page was some research into possible joins for the ends of the member but due to the nature of creating a lattice the join would have to be something that could be able to join 4 members together making the task largely impossible to remain super structural.

2.2 PROTO-PARTS

42 KERF-BASED COMPLEX WOOD SYSTEMS Research conducted within Harvard’s Performative Wood Studio looked into how complex wood systems could be constructed through steaming and robotically kerfed wooden slats. The project aimed to incorporate robotic manufacturing that allowed bending and twisting within the characteristics of the timber. The resulting project was able to produce “negative Gaussian geometry”1.

The issue with this project was that it relied on creating over 140 unique elements in the creation of its physical prototype. The project combated this through over 6000 lines specific code which would direct a customized saw blade to cut custom kerfing patterns. The resulting prototype of a hyperboloid was over 5 meters tall. The inspiration from this part was the potential to create negative Gaussian geometry with some sort of discrete part which could be combined in a variety of ways, however, the inherent complexity of Gaussian geometry makes it hard to realize.

Brad Crane, Andew McGee, Marshall Prado, Yang Zhao, Kerf Based Complex Wood systems, 2010, Harvard GSD. All images taken fromhttp://www.achimmenges.net/?p=5006

2.2 PROTO-PARTS

The next step was somehow translate the part created into something that could be steambent and not rely on kerfing to create unique parts. Instead aiming to utilize universal angles and curves to create a kit of parts small enough to be mass produced by diverse enough to create large Gaussian geometries which in-turn can be translated into architectural expressions.

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2.2 PROTO-PARTS

44 SPLIT WOOD BOW

Rough possibilities of the forms that could be created by the part through further development. However questions over the structural viability of this structure remains

Initial attempts to calculate some angles which will enable the part to create curved forms.

The complications of trying to make such a complex geometry work as a doubly curved Gaussian geometry with only a select few parts which utilize common angles such at 60 degree or so is that they ultimately don’t realign.

Furthermore the structural capability of such lightweight members is debatable. As a facade option the spread teardrop of two pieces of wood doubly curved could be an interesting possibility. However the part itself would be hard to justify as something that can be discretely aggregated as its ability to connect with itself is limited.

2.2 PROTO-PARTS

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SPLIT WOOD BOW Formative sketches attempting to figure out mechanisms to lock facades and members together

Sketches of possible alternative joins and spacers that could be used throughout the system

pictures of the prototypes at uni

Development of a screw cap system to lock facade skins into place

The immediate problem which made the part too complex to develop further than the interim assessment was the noticeable weakness, complexity and inability of the design to enclose an area alone. This lead to the development of a complex metal joining system with twist caps. Taking away from the parts ability to remain its own entity.

2.2 PROTO-PARTS

46 SPLIT WOOD LOCKING MECHANISM

Locking Mechanism Exploded Iso

EXTERNAL MEMBRANE SLEEVE LOCKING PIN SKIN CAP MEMBRANE NOTCH INTERNAL SLEEVE INTERNAL/EXTERNAL MEMBRANE TEAR DROP MEMBER

The intention of this contraption was to lock the wood end to end while also creating a connection point for an enclosure system which could be locked and unlock with hub caps. In practice while attempting to prototype such a complex part the initial attraction of creating a part which could create light and ephemeral

SPLIT WOOD LOCKING MECHANISM

2.2 PROTO-PARTS

30*

47

45*

90*

The initial 3 parts decided for the assessment were the 30, 45 and 90 degree angled bends. However, as the attempts to connect facade systems and attempt to create something more than a bent piece of timber became more complex the essence of the part was lost. Leading to unnecessary and complex contraptions.

METAL JOIN DETAIL SKIN CAP EXTERNAL SKIN CLADDING

LOCKING PINS INTERNAL SKIN CLADDING 80.00 200.00 400.00

The parts attempt to solve the weakness of the join is essentially negated by the bulkiness of the new contraption. It would likely cause the wood to deflect under such an immense weight especially if the part would have to be repeated across every join.

150.00

38.00

15.00

TIMBER MEMBER TUBE

30.00

SKIN CLADDING TUBE

Locking Mechanism Elevation

2.2 PROTO-PARTS

48 SPLIT WOOD

The aspiration of the part was to produce forms like the ones depicted below and incorporate them within a discrete architecture which was less abrasive as other precedents of the style. However the complexity of Gaussian geometries proved far too complex for a handful of parts to achieve. Resulting in a stark contrast between the Gaussian Hyperbolic on the left and the reality of only having 5 parts to make such complex geometries.

As the part itself spreads and lengthens a unique part is required, resulting in multiple parts that can only create one specific geometry

Possible Gaussian geometry enclosure

EACH SECTION UTILIZES A UNIQUELY BENT PART MAKING THIS IMPOSSIBLE TO RECREATE WITH AGGREGATION.

Creation of tubes and wavy forms

2.2 PROTO-PARTS TESTING 1

49

2

3 1) Steam Box 2) Spacer clamping 3) Full form-work 4) Material Failure 5) Failure Cross-section.

6) Diagram of process

4

6

The initial plan for the bend was to use minimal form-work to clamp two pieces together once bent around the middle spacer 5

After various attempts to prototype the part through steam bending the complexity of creating a doubly curved member that would be able to be replicated at a mass scale was beyond us. Although some steam bending techniques were successful in achieving slight arcs and forming such complex geometry was albeit impossible.

The materials tested included that of white oak, the same sort of material used on massive steam bending for wooden ships. The material was optimal for bending however the complexity of such a bend was beyond the capability of the timber.

2.2 PROTO-PARTS

50 PART EVALUATION AND FAILURES.

50.00 10.00

10.00 10.00

500.00

25.00

TWISTED WOOD PART

POSITIVES

NEGATIVES

The twisted wood could create multiple axis for the aggregation to take place within.

Flimsy and hard to fabricate with a high success rate

The axis could be self supporting and start to create enclosures through the density of infill.

The part would require minimal joinery and could possibly be connected through tension.

The use of only one part would allow for ease of packing and transport

LEMON

25

TEAR DROP PART

The multiple connection points of the teardrop part allowed for multiple parts to be connected laterally and vertically to form planes.

600 400

375

25mm THICK

R50

0 50 150

450

SCALE 1:10

CURVED WOOD PART

Services and pipes could run through the tear drop holes and the repetitive nature of the shaping when arrayed serves as strong supports for potential flooring systems as well as walls and roofing.

Part variation and tension fits struggle to make a structure thats actually capable of taking loads.

The part isnt rigid enough to connect normal architectural fit outs such as flooring, walling or roofing systems.

Parts development potential is very limited and would ultimately not be worth investigating The part still remains very planar and somewhat non structural.

The question as to whether the teardrop was the part or enclosure was problematic. The rails on which the part would likely slide was become more of the part than the part itself.

Overall nothing really groundbreaking or interesting and would struggle to be fitted with common architectural features.

The part started to explore alternatives to simple cubic parts.

The flimsy nature of the part creates multiple structural problems.

30*

The pursuit of Gaussian geometry was interesting in the potential for doubly curved spaces

The end to end and side to side connections still left a multitude of gaps between each member.

45*

The idea of utilizing steam bent wood into some form of discrete aggregation was unique and an interesting pursuit.

The enclosure system required too bulky of a connection system to even be somewhat viable.

90*

2.2 PROTO-PARTS

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REFLECTION Overall at this stage of part creation the challenges of steam bending were becoming tedious and unproductive. As things started to progress, the spread wood part started to become every more complex with the facade locking systems and structural instability decreasing the parts viability. With each development it felt as though the part was losing its draw eventually forcing us to ultimately start from scratch with a new system. However, the time was not completely lost as through conducting so many tests a greater understanding of what we wanted to achieve going forward become clear. The plan from this point was to take the weekend after the assessment of the current part and start generating new ideas that incorporated what we have come to want.

Whether it was based on the more organic curved wood form to create a part and aggregation which was more related to the human form or the utilization of locally sourced timber and inspiration from Japanese wood working requiring minimal fixtures to reiterate human expression in a computational

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2.3 NEW PARTS MOVING TOWARDS A NEW PART. THE PART SHOULD BE CURVILINEAR AND ORGANIC TO RESPOND TO A HUMANISTIC ASPECT OF DISCRETE ARCHITECTURE WHICH WE FEEL IS SOMEWHAT MISSING. THERE IS LARGE ROMANTICISM IN THE PHILOSOPHY OF DISCRETE DESIGN SO WHY NOT THE PARTS?

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2.3 NEW PARTS NEW PART DEVELOPMENT - ANDREA ROSSI The acceptance that whatever our part may be, it had to be able to be utilized within a discrete aggregation. To better understand what would be required of the parts geometry, the helpful tutorials of Andrea Rossi enlightened us to the types of geometry needed within an aggregation.

“Organic Modelling with Wasp, Weaverbird and Grasshopper - Tutorial #01 Basic Aggregation Setup”

“Organic Modelling with Wasp, Weaverbird and Grasshopper - Tutorial #01 Basic Aggregation Setup”

Although the aggregation still remains somewhat simplistic within the hexagon. It was this realization that whatever the new part may be it had to utilize simplistic geometries and their connection points to create self supporting discrete aggregations and then be replaced with organic parts with the same connections.

Throughout the tutorial series Andrea’s aggregations become more complex with their aesthetics and implementations of new parts. However they are consistently underpinned by initial geometries which would easily work within an aggregation and thats where we knew to start developing our curves.

Within the video Andrea manages to utilize geometry such as a hexagon to create initial aggregations which can then be replaced with organic members which mirror the connection points of hexagon giving the aggregation a more organic aesthetic.

The hexagon started to serve as a jumping off point for the next development of parts due to the ease of connection points it seemed to initially have

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2.3 NEW PARTS SIMPLIFIED GEOMETRIES

Initial hexagon sketch

Initial hexagon sketch

It is undeniable hexagon made up of isosceles triangles is an inherently strong structural shape. The distribution of load through triangles would limit how much thinking we had to dedicated to the shapes viability and if it would be able to self support when connected to other members.

The foundations of the new part came from the combination of a hexagon, an isosceles triangle and a circle which hit each point of the hexagons edge.

Utilizing strong geometry as the base

Taking the focus on strong geometry

of the part was an important aspect

further through dividing the hexagon

of creating a part which could be implemented within a discrete aggregation.

and circle into elements which acted as part of an isosceles triangle the structural qualities of the part would be substantially greater than anything we produced before.

BENT WOOD JOINED TOGETHER TO CREATE TRIANGLES AND PYRAMIDS

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2.3 NEW PARTS INITIAL MODELING OF ARC The part started to operate within the triangle reflexing into the center point utilizing the inward curve to create continuous organic circular shapes. It also started to create recognizable architectural elements such as arches. Creating a more viable discrete and architectural system on a whole.

The breaking down of the part into segments of an arch and hexagon increases the likely ease of fabrication for the timber member.

SLIDING DOVE TAIL JOINS THE JOIN WOULD ALLOW FOR THE MEMBERS TO ROTATE 90 DEGREES.

The original plan for the join was to create a system which could be locked in and out that also allowed rotation

CREATES ARCHES AND MORE RECOGNIZABLE ARCHITECTURAL ELEMENTS

The mid semester holiday break gave us a chance to start to develop the part further into recognizable forms and gave us some more confidence. The creation of these smoother and more organic feeling parts made from wood started to open up a better understanding of what we were trying to achieve in our part and what its material limitations were.

The part just as easily could’ve been a metal pole system which would be somewhat stronger and more versatile but the limitations of the wood and how we would try to join it provided unique parameters which could start to direct the design architecturally.

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2.3 NEW PARTS DEVELOP PARTS BENT WOOD JOINEDOF TOGETHER TO CREATE TRIANGLES AND PYRAMIDS INITIAL PARTS

The Arc Triangle Made up of 3 members equally cut to interlace with each other and mirror an isosceles triangle.

The Arc A singular member made up of one arc used to provide supports and link other members together

The 5 way connection invs The 5 way connection MadeSLIDING up ofDOVE 2 TAIL triangles JOINS The 5 way connection rotated on a 180 allowing for rotated around onALLOW the FOR THE JOIN WOULD THE MEMBERS same TOaxis interlock a stable base connection ROTATEto90 DEGREES. and the or pillar system. and then create a 4 way connection point allowing for a grid style aggregation

For the purpose of the mid semester assignment the part was scaled to interact well with the human body with minimal part use. If the parts could be combined to create 3.2 meter arcs that would hit the point at 6.4 meter intersections rooms could easily be created within the bounds of only a few parts. This could help limit the amount of fit outs needed to enclose the apartments for the hotel quarantine brief.

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2.3 NEW PARTS

3.2M

2.8M

INITIAL LOGIC

When the basic part starts from the ground the arc is only split into 3 segments rather than 4 however without some form of connection these two different rotations of the circle will never connect or intersect.

Limiting some of the parts potential in form building and supports.

3.2M

1.6M

Rotating 90* degrees changes the ground connections of the parts and will also create two separate axis and grids which will not connect through current end to end joins

In order to connect the two different axis rotations of the part some new parts or ways of connection could be created to enable more variation and supports throughout the aggregation. In doing so some implementation of traditional joinery could be an option.

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2.3 NEW PARTS EARLY ENCLOSURE SYSTEMS The part is very skeletal and structural which allows for unique enclosure choices but also requires some consistent enclosure parts which allow for the aggregation to be enclosed quickly and efficiently rather than having to create heaps of enclosure variations in situ.

A limitation of the part in this current state is its reliance on some form of flooring system that it can connect into and some form of enclosure which can mirror the form.

However, this also allows us to explore some sort of versatile paneling system which can become a secondary aggregation structure that remains versatile and allows for interesting definition of spaces.

Within hotel quarantine some form of lightweight flat pack flooring system could be utilized to allow ease of access to thread service systems around the enclosure so that the aggregation can be free to enclose the space with a thinner walling system and allow the floor to dictate the program a little more with where bathrooms or bedrooms are placed.

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2.3 NEW PARTS INITIAL ENCLOSURE STRUCTURES Early drafts of possible enclosures showed that a bunker type of structure could be easily created and enclosed.

Enclosure system connection points within the part itself.

The enclosure system can be designed with multiple opening points to allow for natural light and ventilation.

Intersection points start to occur when enclosing the middle line of the parts.

It prevents some enclosures from continuing if more unique forms are attempted.

Flooring and walls would have to be created after the structure has been decided. While the space is great for spans and enclosure internal partitions are difficult.

The finger join connection system could be problematic with large amounts of load going through the join point.

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2.3 NEW PARTS LARGER STRUCTURAL DEVELOPMENTS Attempting to imagine the structure as a whole entire system with the internal enclosure system creates a few problems

The undulating wave nature of the enclosure system is satisfying but doesn’t truly mirror the form to its full capacity. This could surely become more complex and explore interesting geometries.

AS the structure starts to climb the question of how the space will start to express normal flooring levels perhaps through attaching systems to the structure with clamping type systems?

Rotating and changing direction with this enclosure system does not flow well.

A possible connection of a flooring system to the structural members could be through the notching system however the large spans required by members would likely make the overall construction relatively more expensive.

Through running the enclosure system through the middle multiple intersection points remain problematic

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2.3 NEW PARTS

PART DEVELOPMENT AND SOLUTIONS. Key problems facing the part and its enclosure system were centered around intersections and its difficulty in connecting flooring systems throughout. Looking into pre existing clamping systems and details which would provide a connection point for beam and joist flooring systems.

Steel I-Beam Clamping System Used to change the direction of ibeams without welding.

Facde enclosure systems would be pinned into the structural system along along spines. Little holes which would not effect the structural qualities of the members would be cut throughout the member.

Facade enclosure focusing on an interior and exterior shell system allowing for more complex interiors and exteriors.

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2.3 NEW PARTS

PART DEVELOPMENT AND SOLUTIONS, CONT. While the current parts were useful they could be developed further to add more connection points and aggregation options in the future. The additional parts are designed to add more alternative connection paths which offset the grid in a variety of ways, rather than an aggregation which rotates the part 90 degrees the part can add variety through offsetting the parts axis by the height of an arc.

X- Member Two arcs mirrored and connected at the center point Notch Flipped The notch can be flipped allowing alternative circular structures to be supported.

S-Bend Two arcs flipped at the mid point. Can be used to link x members and y-split members to other levels of the grid.

Y-Split Allowing for arches to be enclosed while allowing for another connection point.

Corner Member Designed to provide support in a tough place same structure as an 4 way connector but just cropped to fit into tighter spaces.

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2.3 NEW PARTS NOTCHING TO CREATE CONNECTIONS Through creating the potential for a connection point at the center of each member a secondary grid is created which allows for far more variation in the aggregations possibilities without the immediate need for new parts.

These new connection points could serve to provide structural supports for walls and floors.

The connection principle when rotated 90*

A possible connection point for the 90* Rotation could be some notching on the midpoint of the member

With the O representing the axis which starts at ground and the X representing the mid point of those members where an axis 2 member could be connected. The diagram still assumes that the connections would remain fairly grid like and not even explore aggregation possibilities displayed on pg...

2.3 NEW PARTS PRIMARY PARTS The refinement of the parts developed into replicating the singular member in a variety of ways to create larger more structural members.

The joins are still attempting to utilize a finger/dovetail join system which incorporates a second member. This remains a large problem which will need to be developed further in the final assignment as the joins are relatively weak and occur and major stress points.

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2.3 NEW PARTS FULL KIT OF PAPRTS

Through adding notches to each of the members multiple variations on the parts where created. These notches allowed for new supports and interweaving of the parts to allow for stronger structural systems to be created however, it also made it hard to aggregate the system, as each part was created to serve a unique purpose. The problem being that these unique instances wouldn’t serve well when aggregated randomly. Instead they need to be employed in specific circumstances.

2.3 NEW PARTS LOGIC

The next aspect of the design was figuring out where and how to connect members in certain instances. The current finger join allowed for the part to rotate 90* this would allow the part to span off in a multitude of directions but deciding when and where these connections would be necessary was ultimately up to our discretion.

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2.4 PROTO-MAKING Having figured out a connection logic and kit of parts it was time to test how the part could be physically prototyped. The prototyping of this part brought the project into a greater sense of reality. Physically having to test and engage with the materials that the part is made from provides a unique understanding of its characteristics and the likely limitations of the part based of the structural limitations of the materials as well as fabrication limitations.

STUDIO 18 LIKE HUMAN LUCAS BECERRA [STUDIO C] MIKI UEDA 779237 [STUDIO D]

2.4 PROTO-PART

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MANUFACTURING BENT GLULAM

GLULAM

Having conducted multiple tests with steam bending and other methods of bending timber Manufacturing process is offsite. Glue laminated (Glulam) timber is a process where veneered timber is glued together which can allow members to achieve an arc inforline with parts geometry we were directed towards looking opportunity curving timberour in such a way to create a thick structural component. into Glulam. Gluman is a structural timber which has been laminated. Essentially timber is sliced into veneer (thin strips of timber) and when it is cut into veneer the timbers material quality becomes less rigid as the thin piece of wood is more pliable and bended from there the timber

WHITE OAK TIMBER Off the shelf 100x60mm timber is put into processing

WHITE OAK TIMBER VENEER Timber is veneered into 10mm sheets.

GLUE LAMINATION

10 sheets of veneer are glued together assembling into a final thickness of 100mm.

BENDING

The timber assembly is cast into shape using reusable formwork.

GLULAM OUTCOME

Glulamin strengthened curved timber 100x100mm

1500 1000 0

500

2.4 PROTO-PART

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PART FABRICATION 1

4

2

3

5

6

7

(1) In order to bend timber without steam, veneers need to be cut. Members were cut to a width then taken to a band saw and cut to (2) 4 mm veneers. (3) A jig was cut on a CNC to provide a form work to bend the timber to which matched our part at a 1 to 10 scale. (4) The elements required for glue lamination. (5) Veneers are coated in laminate and stacked together to form a 40x40mm cross section. (6) The cross section is then placed into the jig and clamped together forcing it into an arc. (7) The timber is then hammered flat to ensure uniform edges.

2.4 PROTO-PART

72 PART FABRICATION 8

9

10

(8) The final jig with clamps is left overnight. (9) Once left over night the clamps are taken off and the glulam member is taken out and excess glue is scraped off. (10) The resulting member holds an arc and maintains a 40x40mm cross section. The next steps in this process is to take the part to a cnc and cut the geometries required for the parts end to end connections.

2.4 PROTO-PART PART FABRICATION 11

(11) Three glulam members which have gone through the CNC machine to produce the overlapping joins and the mid point notching produce mid-semester prototype. The finish quality of the timber achieves the organic curvilinear aspect of our part design which we aimed to pursue.

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2.4 PROTO-PART

74 PART FABRICATION 12

(12) The mid to mid point notches worked to the extent we wanted them too. They provide a unique connection and can increase structural stability in an overall project through increased interconnected support networks.

2.4 PROTO-PART

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STRESS TEST Before creating the prototype a variety of veneers were cut and tested in their flexibility to determine which would be most suitable for the project.

The tests provided a helpful insight into streamlining the prototyping process.

Members pre stress test

Members post failure

There was no particular break pattern from the different members they seemed to all break somewhere near the center point. Although all could bend close to the 30* angle required, the 4mm was chosen over the 5mm as the likelihood of failure and reflex was less likely.

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2.4 PROTO-PART

4MM STRESS TEST

In order to figure out the properties of the veneered wood we decided to cut out a variety of thicknesses to then test out the breaking poi The properties of a 4mm thick member worked well enough for the slight arc and would also be easy to work with as it would require 10 me veneering process is that multiple types of wood can be combined together 1MM STRESS TEST

2 MM STRESS TEST

2.4 PROTO-PART

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int of each member. The rule of thumb was that at least 5 different members for a the glue lamination bending to not straighten back out. embers to create the 40x40mm cross section required by the 1:5 scale we have chosen to reproduce the model at. The positive about the with minimal consequence to the structural capacity of the overall member.

3.5MM STRESS TEST

5MM STRESS TEST

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3.1 SKELETAL ARC The next step within the project was to apply the kit of parts and logic created so far to an actual architectural project. Exploring how discrete architecture could be utilized within projects such as a hotel quarantine to provide temporary structures with less wastage than permanent fixtures.

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3.1 SKELETAL ARC

Semester 1, 2021

The Victorian Government is currently considering the construction of a purposebuilt quarantine facility outside the Melbourne CBD. The location suggested is a site adjacent to Avalon Airport due to its relative isolation and aeronautical infrastructure.

As a case study, the brief for this mid-semester project will respond to key issues explored within Studio 18 and extend the world of discrete architecture.

Students are to develop a schematic design for a Quarantine dwelling using the part and logic developed to date. Students will build an architectural argument to develop their own stance and respond to wider social, cultural and political agendas of their built proposal. This will be derived from site exploration and analysis, as well as looking at wider and local building regulations to develop a body of research. This will form the last aspect of the discrete design methodology: The Whole.

Designs will incorporate a combination of off-the-shelf components and customdesigned parts for aggregation. Reconfigurability & adaptability is an ideal outcome when considering ‘flexible’ living, however students are able to comment on this to suit their brief however they please. The underlying notion of economies of scale, seriality, fabrication/manufacturing, smart assembly and flexible habitation however, must be at the forefront of investigation.

Design You will develop a strategy for a ‘dwelling’ that has the ability to ‘grow’ and accommodate a ‘flexible’ program whilst also responding to local site conditions and COVID-19 policies. The application of your design will test the limitations of your part through economies of scale, Mass-Customisation/production and serialty. This will outline your understanding of architectural components & elements, and be an opportunity to showcase the architectural qualities of your system. You will develop a logic and utilise computational power to tie both of these aspects (part and whole) together, responding to quick and ‘smarter’ assembly methods of construction. Your proposal for a quarantine dwelling will consider the logistics and reconfigurable nature of not only the building components but also how inhabitants will engage/live in your dwelling for a time period of 14 days.

Assessment 2: Aggregate (Mid-Sesmester)

Brief

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3.1 SKELETAL ARC SITE CONTEXT SITE CONTEXT

SITE CONTEXT AY

HW

M1

HIG

MELBOURNE

AVALON AIRPORT QUARANTINE HOTEL 25X DWELLING CLUSTER

AVALON AIRPORT

SWAMPY WETLANDS

SITE PLAN

GEELONG

2.5

5

250

10KM

500

E

IN

TL

AS

O

C

1000

2000M

0

0

20 10 0

2

5

The brief offered Avalon airport as a place to explore hotel quarantine alternatives in relation to Covid-19. While the brief was fairly open ended on how many people and where around Avalon to place the new system, we decided to explore to the south east of the actual air port. Furthermore we decided to facilitate around 500 mixed dwellings which could house upwards of 2000 people.

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3.1 SKELETAL ARC EXPLODED STRUCTURAL ISOMETRIC As we started to use the part in actual dwellings we attempted to play to the parts strengths. Utilizing overlapping supports to create undulating roofing and structural systems which could be enclosed with regular stud walls.

STRUCTURAL AGGREGATION

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3.1 SKELETAL ARC EXPLODED STRUCTURAL ISOMETRIC In its current state the structural system is enclosed by a secondary wooden grid system which can provide connection points for normal fit outs and cladding to allow the largely skeletal system to start enclosing architectural spaces. The cladding however was simply only reflecting the arches and simplistically curved geometries.

STRUCTURE CONNECTION

FACADE FRAMING SYSTEM

SECONDARY SYSTEM PINNED IN

STRUCTURAL SYSTEM ENCLOSED

Overall, the structural system as it was needed further development past midsem. The complexities of attempting to enclose the structural member in such a way which reflected the doublycurved geoemetry which it framed was difficult to figure out in the limited amount of time.

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3.1 SKELETAL ARC MEDIUM DWELLING PLAN

BED 2 W/ BUNK OPTION

BATHROOM

KITCHENETTE DINING

MASTER BEDROOM

LIVING ROOM

WINTER GARDEN SPACE

The key guiding principle behind this hotel quarantine alternative was the creation of large voluminous spaces to alleviate the trapped feeling of being in a hotel room for 2 weeks. The variation in roof line, with it opening towards the exterior aims to provide greater connection with fresh air and nature rather.

0

0.5

1

2

5

DWELLING 1 - SECTION

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3.1 DWELLING SKELETAL ARC 1 - SECTION

MEDIUM DWELLING SECTIONS GREEN ROOFING SYSTEM

STUD WALL KITCHENETTE MASTER BEDROOM

DWELLING 1 - LONG SECTION LIVING ROOM

0.5 0 0.5

1 1

2 2

5 5

0

WINTER GARDEN

KITCHEN AND DINING LIVING ROOM

The sections showcase the structures ability to create nicer architectural spaces and doubly-curved geometries.

SERVICE WALKWAY

BATHROOM

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3.1 SKELETAL ARC LARGE DWELLING PLANS

FAMILY 5 BED UNIT GROUND PLAN

DWELLING 1 - FAMILY 5 BED UNIT F01 PLAN

WINTER GARDEN LIVING DINING BEDROOM

CUSHION FLOOR

BEDROOM

BATHROOM

BATHROOM

MASTER BALCONY

KITCHEN

0

0.5 1

2

MASTER BEDROOM

5

0

0.5 1

The second suggestion for the Hotel Quarantine dwelling was a family focused separated bunker. The design principles follow through from the smaller sized dwelling but attempt to create a more family focused apartment with more individual spaces and privacy. This is to factor in the variability of family dynamics and gives everyone opportunities to escape.

2

5

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3.1 SKELETAL ARC

DWELLING 1 - FAMILY 5 BED UNIT SECTION LARGE DWELLING SECTION

0.5 0

1

2

The section best captures the life within the bunker. The part creates large open span rooms and curvilinear spaces, however when attempting to enclose the largely structural member the complex geometry framed by the part still needs to be simplified.

Walls are enclosed with stud walls and cladding and while this is suitable for hotel quarantine systems it could be developed further to minimize stud walls and utilize systems which more directly mirror and highlight the geometry created by the part.

5

DWELLING 1 - INTERNAL VIGNETTES 88

3.1 SKELETAL ARC

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3.1 SKELETAL ARC

NETTES

PERSPECTIVES: MEDIUM DWELLING

Smaller vignettes of the medium sized dwelling. The renders show the life and variation in spaces throughout the structure emphasizing the importance of human relation to the space throughout

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3.1 SKELETAL ARC

Mid-Sem Reflection.

It became immediately apparent that the design of the part utilized within the brief had structural problems. While the arc it create was desirable the finger join connection method utilized was inadequate and would likely cause a fair few problems structurally. Furthermore, while the design was successful in creating doubly-curved roof geometry the reliance of orthogonal walls and other construction methods to create an actual enclosure diminished the parts overall presence. Moving forward the exploration of the parts joining system is vital in its viability, suggestions of lap joins and continuing the arches further to limit the breaks in the arch itself was taken into account.

Furthermore, in regards to the exposure and the greater celebration of the part within the structure itself, it was definitely a valid criticism and a good point to highlight going forward. The ability and pursuit of unique geometries should be expressed in the architecture it produces. Overall while the part was imperfect the potential of it was worth taking into the final project.

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3.2 SCALE MODEL While prototyping the part and digital modeling can provide so much information about the viability and spaces the parts could create a physical model would ultimately provide a more tangible and ductile feel of how the part could work.

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3.2 SCALE MODEL

94 MODEL FABRICATION

(1) The first step in crafting the model was to laser cut the necessary pieces onto sheets of 2.7mm luam ply. 2.7mm luam ply was chosen as it could be closely scaled to 1:20 when 4 layers were stacked together.

(2) The assembly process was alot more tedious than what could’ve been parts which should’ve probably been cut in one piece to minimize the time required and error shouldve replaced individual studs.

(3) The floor and joist system worked well as a solid base for the overall structure with the footings acting as the main connection points for the arc structure.

3.2 SCALE MODEL

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MODEL FABRICATION (4) Again while parts like the triangle member were cut in the exact way the part was modeled, having over 12 parts for each triangle which then had to be glued together was largely inefficient and a choice influenced by lack of sleep.

However, the extra detail was nice.

(5) The cladding for the secondary roofing structure gave the project a bit more life, with the doubly-curved surface the first successful instance of the parts complex geometries.

(6) Once all parts were assembled it made more sense to bring them to universty to assemble rather than assembling at home and having to risk the commute.

3.2 SCALE MODEL

96 MODEL FABRICATION

(7) The cross section of the major connection clusters. The large vaulted nature of the spans created nice spaces similar to Gothic architecture.

(8) The interconnected weave of the curved parts create a nice undulating structure. The easiest way to assemble the structure was through initially focusing on smaller roof clusters then placing it onto a base.

(9) The structure all completed during the mid semester review. Unfortunately due to Covid-19 lock downs this was the last model we got to make throughout the semester. However the useful lessons learnt from this model will ultimately become beneficially in later life. Essentially when working with scale models its important to simplify the parts rather than over complicating the model with tiny difficult parts.

3.2 SCALE MODEL

The models materiality really aligns with the greater philosophy of the project whereby we create a part which emphasizes the construction process and highlights the part itself. The curvilinear geometry is complex yet simple and satisfying to look at. The important aspect of moving forward with this part is figuring out how to best correct the structural issues within the parts end to end connections.

97

VVVD

4.1 PROTO 2.0 Moving forward into the final project the part had potential but was riddled with structural problems. Before turning the focus onto the final project the part needed to be resolved.

STUDIO 18 LIKE HUMAN LUCAS BECERRA [STUDIO C] MIKI UEDA 779237 [STUDIO D]

4.1 PROTO 2.0

100 FINGER JOIN PROBLEMS

The main problem of the finger join was how it connected the members at a key stress point.

Breaking the arch and placing large amounts of stress into the weaker finger joins.

The finger joins allowed for 90* rotation of the part however this was never used throughout the midsem project. The utility of being able to rotate the part was somewhat irrelevant, abandoning it would allow us to more solid end to end connections

4.1 PROTO 2.0

101

ALTERNATIVE JOIN OPTIONS The initial thought to fix the end to end connection was to possibly embed a metal member into the timber to allow for double centered arch connections which is the arch commonly seen in Gothic architecture. However, it still has the same problem that the finger join did which is breaking the arch and putting structural stress through a secondary join system which is not transferring the load directly into the timber

Ultimately the best connection for the part was to limit the possibility of rotation and lap the join in line with the wood grain this would allow each member to transfer load through to the other timber member more directly rather than putting it through a weaker secondary system.

4.1 PROTO 2.0

102 NOTCHED DEVELOPMENT The solution to the end to end connection problems was to utilize lapping joins and bolting the timber into each other. This created a far superior structural join system and ensured the part would have greater structural stability through the join. It also limited the part to only connecting upright and inverted. This inversion would rely on parts having various varieties where the laps would be optimized.

(1) The part geometry

(2) Lapped connection

Small scale prototype

(3) Lapping inversion if needed

4.1 PROTO 2.0

103

END TO END BOLT DETAILING

The parts shop drawing details the typical end to end connection between two members. These members would come to be known as th EQI_TRI and 120BEND. The member to the left is the EQI_TRI and is what is prototyped as it explores multiple end to end connections and shows how alternative members will likely be connected within the kit of parts.

4.1 PROTO 2.0

104 CONNECTION ISOMETRIC

4.1 PROTO 2.0

105 SHOP DRAWINGS

4.1 PROTO 2.0

106 SHOP DRAWINGS

4.1 PROTO 2.0

107 PART FABRICATION The fabrication of the new part largely remains the same up until a glulam member is created.

In this instance glulam members are then cut using a band saw and template to create flush flat surfaces to connect each end to. Bolt holes are then measured and marked and drilled on a miller. The individual glulam members are then bolted together. This is best described by the shop drawings on the previous pages. The part was lightly sanded and sealed with some light finish to provide it with some protection against the elements. Each member has a nice smooth touch and matte finish.

(1) Single member cut on band saw

(2) Bolt holes drilled

(3)

Two members (4) Members bolted bolted together side perspective

4.1 PROTO 2.0

108 PART FABRICATION The resulting prototype of the final part achieves what we set out to do. The expression of construction and an emphasis on natural materials is prominent. The texture of the wood and the cleanliness of the arc is showcased. Its stability and structural viability is somewhat increased too with the lap join logic. Given more time and without the 4th covid 19 lockdown it would’ve been nice to create a secondary member and show how to members could be connected together.

Although having plans for this lacking the tools within the University of Melbourne workshop inhibits our ability to properly produce a connecting member.

1

2

3

(1) Completed Eqi_Tri part (2) Part from diagonal (3) End bolt closeup

4.1 PROTO 2.0

109 PART FABRICATION

4.1 PROTO 2.0

110

Having completed the prototype the kit of parts largely stayed geometrically the same from the mid semester assignment. The simplified kit of parts below simply outlines each individual part and some simplified part logics and rules as well as the notching system. The parts connections we successful in creating the geometries we wanted it was then about going into further detail and exploration of what sort of spaces the part could be applied too and how it would ultimately work as part ofutilized a greater architectural program Simplified diagram of all parts within the structure.

All

KIT OF PARTS

parts have subtle variation and some custom parts where used.

INITIAL PART

OFFSET PARTS

S1_120BEND

- The inital part geometry which underpins every other part created - Used to show case the nature of the part throughout the building

S2_SBEND

- Offsets grid -Used to only off set vertically -links geometry together without interupting undulating surfaces

S3_XBEND

- Offsets grid - Used to only off set vertically - Creates strong structural lattices which link the offset areas of lattice back

S4_YBEND

- Offsets grid - Used to only off set vertically - Utilized similarlly to S2 and S3 but also in typical chunks for unique roof lines

STRUCTRUAL PARTS

S5_EQI_TRI

- Prototyped part - Follows the geometry of an equilateral triangle - part logic underpins structural connections

NOTCH VARIATIONS

S6_QUAD_MIX

- Largely structural member - Only used upright and inverted - Used to form a grid connection point

S7_TRI_TRI

- Modified S6 follows same rules - Used to allow grid to reach plot boundaries without overstepping.

S8_TRI_DOS

- Modified S6 follows same rules - Same logic as S7 part but used on corners of the boundary and internally orthogonal boundaries are needed

NOTCHED CONNECTIONS

BOTTOM NOTCH

Bottom of arch notch

TOP NOTCH

Top of arch notch

X BEND MIXED NOTCH

SIDE NOTCH

Notching on one side

The X bend notching has no specific top or bottom. This is used to create strong lattice infill chunks throughout the design

BOTTOM TO TOP Typical connection example

TOP TO BOTTOM

Similar to the bottom to top and both have variations, yet, the importance of defining the diffence is the nature in which they support each other

TOP TO TOP

Similar connections can also be seen in a bottom to bottom connection the structural logic typically dictates what is used where

4.1 PROTO 2.0

TIONALISATION

111

The overarching logic of the parts geometry is continued from the Skeletal arc project.

With a hexagon being broken up into equilateral triangles as the logic which underpins the connection of parts

The hexagon is aligned to ensure that the ends meet with the ground plane to allow for the parts to create a structurally strong arch

The equilateral triangle provides multiple connections throughout the structural lattice

VVVD

5.1 FINAL CONTEXT Having resolved the part to a greater extent it was time to focus on responding to the final brief. The brief would ultimately test the parts viability as a medium scale structure. Producing over 11 dwellings with a social focus on 156-160 Leciester street. This chapter focuses on how we framed our response to the context and developed a student Co-Housing model

STUDIO 18 LIKE HUMAN LUCAS BECERRA [STUDIO C] MIKI UEDA 779237 [STUDIO D]

Studio18

LikeHumans

Proposal Developing from prior studio research into part, logic and whole, use your quarantine dwelling as a starting point and propose a new mode of ‘housing’ further querying how we can provide more, with less. Leverage the nature of discrete architecture to seek a framework for diversity, and break free from the universal framework of modularity.

The program for the building will be up to you, however it must cover one key function; living. Proposals will critique current housing models to propose alternative solutions towards influencing contemporary construction tectonics and daily rituals of life. This building type will be explored as both ‘living’ (multi-dwelling unit) and ‘public’ (social infrastructure), expressing the dynamic and reconfigurable nature of the building in regards to time (think daily, weekly, yearly or decades).

As mentioned above, students are free to define living arrangements and are encouraged to look at designing for a variety of different people. Groups may again choose to introduce more programs into their schemes to lift the amenity of inhabitants.

Social infrastructure programs should ultimately cater to the wider community.

Projects may seek inspiration from the history of hospitality on the given site or present entirely new ideas. They should seek to exploit the underlying discrete aggregation system to produce innovative spaces that positively contribute to the community. All proposed designs must provide the necessary infrastructure to support their dwellings such as allowances for services and car parking.

Building typology to consider: + Temporary accommodation + Social Housing + Public Housing + Community housing + Rent-to-Own + Private ownership Site Designs will be sited at 154-160 Leicester Street, Carlton. VIC. This site (the old Carlton Inn) has historic cultural significance and is part of one of many heritage overlays until its illegal demolition in 2016.

Whilst the demolition of the site was due to poor consideration of planning schemes, your proposals will speculate on the ‘rebirth’ of it’s cultural presence.

Designs will respond to the site’s unique legislation, standards, policies and schemes to work within the limitations of the context.

Constraints Proposed building designs must have a clear integration of parts from a discrete aggregation library. Designs must also consider the guidelines for height and setback as illustrated in the Melbourne Planning Scheme.

Assessment 3: Whole

Program Propose a discrete architectural project that consists mainly of living spaces supported by a chosen social infrastructure. Develop a scheme which allows for at least 10 individual living spaces which will be designed to follow a defined housing model. The chosen housing model should aim to utilise the potential benefits of a discrete architectural system across a specified timescale.

Semester 1, 2021

114

5.1 FINAL CONTEXT

5.1 FINAL CONTEXT

Looking at the illegal demolition of the Corkman its initially very easy to support the forget it lets build something new and move on mentality. But a point raised by a peer within the Studio; Mitch, illuminated why sites like these tell such an important story about whats wrong with constructions lack of innovation. Although not a direct quotation, the point outlined how the rubble left emphasizes the waste and lack of reconfigurability within the built environment. While the developers illegally destroyed the pub, there was likely an incentive to do so, which begs the question why cant buildings be reconfigured and changed to suit changing needs why is the cycle so fixed on build, live, destroy instead of build and grow.

And while i personally like the romantic idea of buildings lifespans and rebirth, within a global context of wastefulness and un-sustainability its hard to challenge the question why aren’t we designing more innovative parts which can be adjusted or up-cycled

115

116 ADDRESSING THE CONTEXT

5.1 FINAL CONTEXT

Some of the basic principles gathered from reading the Schedule 61 overlay was to essentially respect what already exists within the site. However when conducting the site analysis it became apparent that a site so heavily embedded within the university precinct was surrounded by buildings which had already moved away from the prototypical Carlton Victorian and Edwardian terrace aesthetics. However, there was still an opportunity to respect the massing and the program which came before. This started to drive the projects parameters with the street set backs and the inclusion of a pub being the main focus.

Schedule 61 Design and Development Overlay.

https://www.abc.net.au/news/2019-02-20/the-carl-

Although the Schedule 61 design and development overlays were only used as a loose parameter, the mention of respecting the medical and university precinct around it is what really drove the decision to push towards creating university focused housing. The question became how to create housing which is different to what already exists and engages with the various problems of current university style housing.

5.1 FINAL CONTEXT

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CARLTON CONTEXT

CARLTON

Located within the suburb of Carlton 156-160 Leciester Street is situated within Melbourne’s education and medical precinct

CARLTON BOUNDARIES MELBOURNE UNIVERSITY

156-160 LECIESTER ST

MELBOURNE EXHIBITION CENTER

MELBOURNE CITY

N PEOPLE

Population: 19,001 Male: 46% Female: 54% Median Age: 24 15-19: years: 13.9% 20-24 years: 31.5% 25-29 years: 16.4 %

EDUCATION

In Carlton 61.8% of people were attending an educational insitution.

3.4% Primary School 3.4% Secondary 72.7% Tertiary or Technical Insitution.

HOUSEHOLDS

Average people per household: 1.9 Median weekly household income: $561 Median Weekly rent: $380 77.4% of households were rented 34% of dewllings were 1 bedroom 44.3% of households were lone persons 25.2% of households were group

207/200 BUS ROUTE

LINCOLN SQUARE

MUSALLA - MELBOURNE UNIVERSITY

154-160 LEICESTER ST

118

STUDENT VILLAGE - UOM 5.1

FINAL CONTEXT

RMIT BUILDING MELBOURNE LAW SCHOOL

MELBOURNE BUSINESS SCHOOL

THE SPOT - UOM

GIBLIN EUNSON LIBRARY - UOM

UNIVERSITY SQUARE

19

ALAN GILBERT BUILDING - UOM

SITE PLAN 5.1 FINAL CONTEXTUNIVERSITY SQUARE

119

LEICESTE R

PELHAM

ST

LEICESTE R

ST

MUSALLA - MELBOUR SITY ISLAMIC SOCIET

ST

PELHAM PELHAM

ST

ST

LEICESTE R

ST

PELHAM

ST

21.3m

SITE: 154-160 LEICESTER ST

21m

LEICESTE R

ST

MELBOURNE LAW SCHOOL

CENTER FO TICE

ER ST

ER ST

RMIT UNIVERSITY

STUDENT VILLAGE - MELBOURNE UNIVERSITY

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Through some initial context exploration and the understanding of Carlton’s demographics it became clear to us that we should explore student housing. Although there is an abundance of student housing through the area it is specifically because it is the optimal location for it. The question became what are the underlying problems plaguing student housing and well-being and how can our part and aggregation combat that.

STUDENT HOUSING In its current state the question isn’t whether theres enough student housing but why the quality of student housing is so abysmal and why is it acceptable? All data was taken from the Student Housing Survey: Joint Survey Report 2017

The survey starts to detail a picture wherein students with little knowledge of rental rights or in exploitative rental conditions are being exploited and neglected with repairs and over crowding. Stuck in a place where they have to live out of home but in doing so have to combat with new challenges.

I have to travel for a long time The accomodation is not well maintained I cannot study at home There are too many people living with me My accomodation is not clean I pay too much rent My landlord does not treat me well I dont have a lease/contract Other 0%

10%

“Poorly maintained and often overcrowded apartments and sharehouses”

20%

30%

40%

50%

“Over priced and poor quality university on-campus or in the private rental markets”

CONCLUSIONS

The high number of students who believe they pay way too much rent is just the beginning of a much more complex iceberg. In many ways it could be seen to reflect the gross inadequcy of government supports such as Youth Allowance and Ausstudy which dont typically provide enough for students to survive real costs of living. Furthermore it could also start to reflect how many students find themselves in exploitive casual working situations with over 76% of the students working 40% have reported that they had consistently been paid incorrectly

“Location trade offs for better housing but far longer commute times”

The survey shows that rent costs alone arent the only ways housing situtations in Australia is hurting students. And while there is currently an abundance of student housing available today due to covid the quality is still not up to scratch. It becomes clear that a well considered and thought out socially focused housing development for students is much needed at the Former Carlton Inn at 154-160 Leicester Street Carlton

5.1 FINAL CONTEXT

121

STUDENT HOUSING

Taken from the “large apartment” from the Student Village of the University of Melbourne, the perspective plan denotes the types of spaces are stressing to afford. Now while nothing abhorrent, the apartment gives students the bare minimum they need to survive, with a focus on square meter efficiency. However, with such a heavy emphaisis on space efficency the spatial quality is dilouted creating a very undesirable yet expensive living situation

KITCHENETTE

Students are able to cook meals and wash their dishes within their own apartment which is a great option for those students who do not desire to cook in communal areas. However the space to do so is very enclosed and poorly lit with natural light, likely making it undesirable to spend large amounts of time within.

3.4M

STUDY SPACE

A relatively narrow room and desk space for students to study within. Adequate for most tasks, however for some students who might need to set up monitors or large craft kits the space wouldnt be. Furthermore any monitors would start to block the only natural light available to the apartment.

4.2M

0.6M

0.9M

ONE WINDOW

The only natural light and ventilation available to this apartment is from one window leading the apartment to rely on air conditioning and artificial light

2.5M

0.9M

RENT: 471 PER WEEK All amentities included BATHROOM

Although many student apartments typically have a shared dorm toilet block this one is considered “lucky” enough to have a narrow toilet and shower for personal use. However, the lack of space and narrow nature of the bathroom cannot be excused simply because at least there is one.

BEDROOM/STUDY

Students who don’t want to use common areas available to them would be essentially forced to eat, sleep and study all in the same space. The lack of seperation of spaces would likely have a negative effect on the individuals mental well being.

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FINANCIAL ANXIETY A major study of university students conducted by Universities Australia in 2017 outlines how even before the prepandemic students were struggling with financial hardship

‘Financially supported’

‘Financially independent’

51%

63%

Students - Both Domestic and International - who indicated that they were financially supported

10% 20% 34%

58% My financial situation is often a source of worry for me - Domestic Students

Students - Both Domestic and International - who indicated that they were financially independent

Feel their finances are often a source of worry

19%

Regularly go without food/necessities because they cannot afford them

33%

Regularly miss classes to attend paid employment

52%

Feel their work commitments adversely affects their performance at university

10

Full time students’ median house worked per weekl

15

21

Part time students’ median house worked per weekl

38

All Students

14%

Domestic Students Domestic Undergraduates

I regularly go without food or other necessities because I cant afford them

International Undergraduates 0%

20% Supported

40%

60%

80%

100%

Independent

UNIVERSITIES AUSTRALIA | 2017 UNIVERSITIES AUSTRALIA STUDENT FINANCES SURVEY

5.1 FINAL CONTEXT

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CLIENT PROFILE ELISE KINSELLA Domestic Undergraduate

Elise is in her early 20s studying full time in Melbounre. Elise has moved to Melbourne away from her family and doesn’t have the luxury to live with family. While she works casually to survive her expenses still often out weigh her income.

Weekly Expenses Rent in a sharehouse - $200 Groceries - $80 Eating out and entertainment - $120 Car repayment - $70 Layby Pay,emt - $50 Bills - 60$ Software for Course: %20 Total: $600 Income: $450-650 Middle of the Road Realistically Elise’s situation is quite common and is where most Domestic students find themselves while trying to survive the responsibilities of adult hood while attempting to study Youth Homelessness According to the 2018 national census: 10,813 tertiary students are homeless. Almost 7000 are living in overcrowded homes and 1117 are living in facilities for the homeless Tertiary Students account for nearly 10% of all homeless Australians.

Many of these students started out in a similar situation to Elise struggling to make ends meet.

Centerlink The maximumn payable amount to a student over 18 but under 25: $426.80 This sum doesnt even cover Elise’s weekly expenses, leading her to seek casual work which reduces her centerlink by 50% if she earns more than $214 dollars a week. This forces students into exploitative working conditions such as Cash in hand jobs or illegal casual work. All while cutting into their time to study.

The inviduals below are representative of a greater group of people who share similar stories. These circumstances highlight the necessity of greater socially geared tertiary housing

RAIYAN CHOWDHURRY International Undergraduate

Raiyan settled in Chadstone while studying, when the pandemic hit Raiyan lost his job and housing. Raiyan had very little access to government support networks such as JobKeeper or Jobseeker, forcing him to rely on the kindness of others and charities to survive.

“It was feeling like hell” Raiyan suffered depression and hopelessness. Outside from calls home he did not talk to anyone for a month. “I was freaked out, under so much mental pressure” - Raiyan Going home was giving up on his dream In many circumstances students realise that going home will likely end their teritiary dreams.

No income support During the pandemic international students recieved no income support some government and university grants were available but were scarce. Students who had worked more than 12 months were able to access their superannuation

“As much as it’s lovely to have visitors to Australia in good times, at times like this, if you are a visitor in this country, it is time to make your way home” - Scott Morrirson. (April 2020)

University Sector in Criris International students provide an estimated $4.6 billion dollars of revenue for universities. - ABC. The university sector has been reported to be in financial crisis due to the large revenue gaps cause by the returning home for many international students.

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“In the Melbourne suburb of Heidelberg Heights, amidst the uniform rhythm of large singlefamily homes, one lot stands out. Its tall trees, myriad of parked bikes and the doubleheight windows of the large common house announce from afar that here, life is lived with a fuller breath. This is Murundaka, an environmentally and community-minded housing co-operative. Built as a courageous prototype for a kind of shared living still rarely seen in Australia (though common across Europe), Murundaka today showcases how much we can gain when we pool resources for the common good.” - Jana Perkovic https:// assemblepapers.com.au/2020/09/16/transformative-change-at-murundaka-cohousing/

The co-housing at Murundaka relies on the community it creates.

Residents sign an agreement which stipulates a 75% attendance rate of residents at communal meetings. The residents commit to becoming part of a community and have to interact as such. Murundaka is considered a flagship model with it being the only integrated collated co-op in the entire CEHL. The residents are encouraged to embrace the lifestyle, and have a keen focus on sustainability and renew-ability.

images of Co-Op found at https://assemblepapers.com. au/2020/09/16/transformative-change-at-murundaka-cohousing/

The Co-Housing model is an interesting system which could be applied to social student housing especially in such a digital age whereby people feel lonely and isolated even with such an emphasis on constant digital interaction. Its interesting to see how so many subtle differences in something like Murundaka creates a stark contrast to student housing which ostensibly is the same thing. This could be applied to the discrete project with great success as a strong solid co-housing community could provide greater support to at risk university students or it could serve as an ultra capitalist cash dormitory.

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CO-HOUSING PRECEDENTS

The line between a cash grab and a successful co-housing community is often fine. While in Australia there a few popularised Co-Housing establishments europes solution to the housing crisis has seen successful communties arise from commitments to sustainable and each other. While many current student housing precedents in Melbourne toe the line of co-housing they are largely unsuccessful in being considered as such due to their intention not being focused on created a community but largely maximising profits by fitting as many people as they can into the smallest spaces with communal space being an after thought.

MURUNDAKA, MELBOURNE

SPREEFELD GENOSSENSCHAFT, BERLIN

COOPERATIVE MORE THAN HOUSING, ZURICH

1

2

3

Co-Housing in Australia are no where near as popular as they are in Europe especially in a format such as Murundaka. Consisting of 18 households, living together across two apartment buildings. A prototype for a kind of shared living rare in Australia, the co-housing collective highlights how much can be gained from pooling resources together for the common good.

Created in response to the ever increasing cost of housing, a group of people came together to established a mixed and sustainable community. Mixing young, old, rich and poor all with the common desire to live in a more communal way yet retain ownership of their own space. Residents are diverse, mutltigenerational and mutlicultural. Apartments are barrier-free; there is a communal use of laundry, fitness, guest room, rooftops, music rooms and terraces.

Depicted above is an image on Hunziker Areal Haus A. One of apartment buildings within the Hunziker Areal in Zurich. The project was designed to offer a mixture of traditional and new housing types in response to the increasing awareness of the Swiss housing cooperative scene and its role in building affordable and high quality living and working spaces. Haus A implements co-housing through a mixture of private and communal spaces. The Bedrooms and bathroom denoted in the plan with the thick black lines are private to each member of the apartment, however every other amenitiy is communal with each floor being split into two mini communities. The success of the co-housing operation relies on peoples willingness to be part of a community as well as the built environments faciliation of this way of living.

1) https://assemblepapers.com.au/2020/09/16/transformative-change-at-murundaka-cohousing/ 2) https://righttobuildtoolkit.org.uk/case-studies/spreefeld-genossenschaft-berlin/# 3) https://www.mehralswohnen.ch/fileadmin/downloads/Publikationen/Broschuere_maw_engl_inhalt_def_181004.pdf

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CO-HOUSING MODEL

Defining Principles

The Co-Housing model adopted within our project aims to follow the Common Equity Rental Co-operatives model closely aiming to create a supportive communal environment for students. The community will require members to undertake significant responsibilities that are required to run a successful co-housing model but will be done so in a way that allows students to thrive within the university environment. In many ways it will also address the need for mass student housing in the area but in a way thats not driven by profit but rather community.

1 THE CERC MODEL

2 SOCIAL INFRASTRUCTURE

3 UNIVERSITY FOCUS

Co-op Resources

Common Equity Rental Housing Cooperatives Independent voluntary organsations which provide supportive environments for its community. The housing is managed by the Co-operative, and members have significant agency in how the housing cooperative is run. This large amount of agency comes with significant responsibilities such as: - Financial administration -Collecting rent -Arranging house maintenance -Selecting new members -keeping all associated records.

4 SPATIAL CREATION WITH COMMUNAL FOCUS

Social Infrastructure Co-op Business

Co-op Members

Tasks and Member Skills The co-op intends to implement social infrastructure into its everyday operation. Utilizing its location and the skills of its members to create and manage businesses which inturn fund the sustainable operation of the Co-Op. The pooling of communal resources to serve the common good of the community.

5 IT TAKES A COMMUNITY

CASUAL WORK

COMMUNAL WORK

STUDY TIME

The requirement for community members to invest within their own community to ensure its function has a double positive action to it. As through investing ones time within the community which would involve aiding and running businesses or sustainable gardens. Essentially communal work would replace most if not all the casual work undertaken by the university students as the businesses and social infrastrcucture throughout the co-op would fund sustain those within the community. As such strenuous and pointless casual work can be replaced by important communal work leaving more time for study when needed. The work is embued with far more meaning as it is a necessity for the communtiies success.

6 Discrete Architecture and Co-Housing

VS

Diverging from Mass Student Housing There is fine a line between co-housing and current student housing models. However many mass student housing systems currently only offer communal facilities as an after thought without careful planning for creating strong community spaces. Many communal spaces are equally alloted and just placed whereever convienient. The key difference within the model outlined here is a strong focus around creating communal focused spaces which has equitable access and function for all. There will be less barriers internally creating a real co-housing situation rather than a exploitive dormitory that maximises cash flow.

The Pursuit of Economic viability and Social Responsibility Pooling the limited resources of students into a non-profit entity which aims to only provide benefits to its members strives to provide high quality affordable housing at a low cost.

However, like any alternative housing model it takes a commitment from those involved to sacrifice some aspects of privacy commonly associated with private dwellings, yet it is in this sacrifice countless strides towards higher quality living situations are made. Co-operatives have been extremely successful throughout Europe often garnering the support of local governments, philanthropic organisations or socially responsible employers.

Adaptability and Sustainability The concept of Co-Housing is so closely associated with sustainability and economic use of resources which is why it alligns perfectly with the goals of discrete architecture. The needs and people within Co-Housing establishments gain a large amount of high quality communal lesuire and activity based spaces by sacficing their own private luxuries. What they sacrifice as their own, whether that is a private living room, bathroom or study they gain back in higher quality spaces that provides an overall higher quality of living.

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CO-HOUSING OPERATION

The flow diagram below explains how the day to day operation of the Co-Housing will be implemented. The idea is that through communal pooling of funds and the sharing of amenities the Co-Op occupants sacrifice some of the luxuries commonly associated with student housing in its current state but gain back higher quality communal spaces. The model aims to provide an alternative to student housing that promotes being part of a community as a vital key to the successful operation of the Co-housing model. What members sacrifice, they gain back in more meaningful spaces and interactions, they arent simply paying rent but contributing their time working for the community as it fundamentally relies on this. This work would also replace much if not most of the casual work completed by the students and ensure that the work they do within the community covers all if not most of their rent.

Co-op Resources

Social Infrastructure Co-op Business

Co-op Members

Tasks and Member Skills

COORDINATING MEMBERS

POOLING OF FUNDS

PROMOTION OF CO-OP BUSINESSES

RE-INTRODUCTION OF THE PUB

RESOURCES

CO-OP OCCUPANTS

UNIVERSITY STUDIES

SHARED AMENITIES

75% COMMITMENT TO ALL COMMUNAL OPERATIONAL REQUIREMENTS

COMMUNAL WORK

SOCIAL HOUSING PROVISIONS

COMMUNAL MEETINGS

DISCRETE ARCHICTURE (ADAPTABILITY)

COMMUNAL EVENTS

Respecting the past through re-creating a pub, which would provide resources and funds for the community above.

Giving Students a chance to implemnt their studies into the communities function.

Whether it be research or skill implementation

VVVD

5.2 NEW LOGIC Through developing a new program it was time to develop new logics which would allow the part to create successful Co housing spaces.

STUDIO 18 LIKE HUMAN LUCAS BECERRA [STUDIO C] MIKI UEDA 779237 [STUDIO D]

130

5.2 NEW LOGIC

The first change to the overarching logic behind the part was the scale. We decided to shrink the part to half of its original size. This would allow us to operate with more freedom in form creation due to the limited space of the site. The original circle which could be created by the part had a diameter of around 6.4 meters this has since been changed into a diameter of around 3.2 to allow for the aggregation to operate on the pink grid below.

Furthermore through the midpoint notched connections the part could now also operate on the secondary blue grid as well to provide unique spaces and increased support

R ST

PRIMARY GRID

LEICESTE

SECONDARY GRID

21m

LEICESTE

R ST

SITE PLAN

PELHAM

ST

21.3m

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5.2 NEW LOGIC

Further more due to the complexity of the parts geometry and its struggle to use traditional aggregation software such as wasp, a lot more influence over how the design was to come about was left in our hands. As such we conducted a simple site analysis to provide some guiding principles over how we wanted to organize our program. Our main emphaise was creating naturally lit spaces with strong connections to the exterior and uni park square.

SUN STUDY

SUMMER SOLSICE

WINTER SOLSICE

STRONG ASPECT WITH PARK VIEWS

N

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5.2 NEW LOGIC

The program diagram below shows the spaces we ideally designated to the social housing coop and the public offering. As the public offering would be heavily intertwined with the Coop we wanted the spaces to be connected to some degree but still remain largely separated to ensure Simplified program diagram denoting the mainbetween seperation between private residential privacy of co-op residents and healthy balances co-op work and life within the co-op spaces and the public theatrical offering on ground level. the main private level circulation living spaces. The podium circulation is largely while is located towards the back of the building where the least natural light is likely to be seen.

PROGRAM DIAGRAM

PRIVATE LIVING SPACES CO-OP CIRCULATION

CO-OP MIXED USE MEZZANINE PERMANENT COOP KITCHEN

MULTIFUNCTION PUBLIC SPACE

PUBLIC MEZZANINE

CO-OP PODIUM CIRCULATION

CO-OP MIXED USE SPACE

PUBLIC LOUGNE HALF LEVEL

PERMANENT BAR/CAFE

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PROGRAMMATIC SECTION

This early programatic section highlights the organisation and balance of private and communal spaces in both the public offering and the communal space The program is tesellated using a volume based unit which is dictated by the spheres created by the aggregation.

VERTICAL CIRCULATION STAIRS, ELEVATORS COMMUNAL SPACES LIVING ROOM, COMMUNITY GARDEN, HALLWAY STUDY KNOOKS SHARED AMENITIES BATHROOM, SHOWERS, KITCHEN PRIVATE SLEEPING POD SLEEPING AND STUDY SPACE

24m

40m

PUBLIC SPACES DOUBLE HEIGHT OPEN PLAN WITH FLEXIBLE FITOUT FOR BAR, LANEWAY CAFE, POP UP MARKET/EXHIBITION SPACE, COWORKING SPACES, KIOSK/GROCER

0m 1m

5m

10m

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Having defined the programmatic logic it was time to utilize the kit of parts created throughout the semester to start creating spaces which fit the program and the parts overall philosophy. Through attempting to utilize our kit of parts architecturally we could start to figure out clusters and rules which could be utilized within the aggregation.

KIT OF PARTS

Simplified diagram of all parts utilized within the structure. All parts have subtle variation and some custom parts where used.

INITIAL PART

OFFSET PARTS

S1_120BEND

- The inital part geometry which underpins every other part created - Used to show case the nature of the part throughout the building

S2_SBEND

- Offsets grid -Used to only off set vertically -links geometry together without interupting undulating surfaces

S3_XBEND

- Offsets grid - Used to only off set vertically - Creates strong structural lattices which link the offset areas of lattice back

S4_YBEND

- Offsets grid - Used to only off set vertically - Utilized similarlly to S2 and S3 but also in typical chunks for unique roof lines

STRUCTRUAL PARTS

S5_EQI_TRI

- Prototyped part - Follows the geometry of an equilateral triangle - part logic underpins structural connections

NOTCH VARIATIONS

S6_QUAD_MIX

- Largely structural member - Only used upright and inverted - Used to form a grid connection point

S7_TRI_TRI

- Modified S6 follows same rules - Used to allow grid to reach plot boundaries without overstepping.

S8_TRI_DOS

- Modified S6 follows same rules - Same logic as S7 part but used on corners of the boundary and internally orthogonal boundaries are needed

NOTCHED CONNECTIONS

BOTTOM NOTCH

Bottom of arch notch

TOP NOTCH

Top of arch notch

X BEND MIXED NOTCH

SIDE NOTCH

Notching on one side

The X bend notching has no specific top or bottom. This is used to create strong lattice infill chunks throughout the design

BOTTOM TO TOP Typical connection example

TOP TO BOTTOM

Similar to the bottom to top and both have variations, yet, the importance of defining the diffence is the nature in which they support each other

TOP TO TOP

Similar connections can also be seen in a bottom to bottom connection the structural logic typically dictates what is used where

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5.2 NEW LOGIC

The flow chart below denotes the basic recipe of how we crafted the final product. Its basic premise is that parts were combined in a way that was specific to the brief. Whether the chunk came from necessity in the sense of infill or were our own creative intervention they were then arranged within the program the bounding half grid.

From there programmatic This flowchartonto is the condensed logic of how the kit of span parts created throughout semester was applied to 156-160 which Leciester Street. chunks were connected with infill lattice chunks provided support and structure.

The building was then enclosed manually using an ETFE system detailed in a later chapter

LOGIC FLOWCHART

PART CREATION

BRIEF SPECIFIC PART RULE DEVELOPMENT

INFILL CHUNKS AND CONNECTIONS

KIT OF PARTS

CHUNK DEVELOPMENT

PROGRAMATIC CHUNK ARANGEMENT

BOUNDING HALF SPAN GRID

BRIEF SPECIFIC PART RULE DEVELOPMENT

CREATIVE INTERVENTION

CONTEXT AND SITE STUDY

CHUNKS CONNECTED WITH LATTICE

PRECEDENT AND BRIEF RESPONSE

BUILDING ENCLOSED MANUALLY

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5.2 NEW LOGIC

Most of the chunks created operate off a simple 2D into 3D system where the profile of the space is defined then extruded with a weave connection system

2D INTO 3D

TYPICAL CHUNKS CONNECTIONS CREATE DESIRABLE PROFILES THESE PROFILES ARE EXTRUDED AND CONNECTED WITH MID JOINS AND WEAVING INFILL CREATING THE 3D STRUCTURAL LATTICE

Typical chunk seen in areas where ceiling heights or flooring level changes are necessary. The logic behind the chunk is further explored in the X Y and Z part offset logics.

Internally this chunk is utilized in a lot of areas but hidden in some to create larger open spaces. The arch and circle reoccours frequently.

Linking Chunk utilizes in areas where the aggregation is offset by certain XYZ parts for architectural effect. This chunk is used to level out the aggregation back in certain areas to ensure the lattice is leveled.

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5.2 NEW LOGIC

WEAVE CONECTIONS

Show casing the importance of mid to mid connections throughout the structure aiming to ensure the lower parts are notched in the correct area which provide the best structural support

Mid to Mid notching connections create a structrual weave which all parts operate within. This weave serves to provide supports and infill within the structure to connect 2D chunks and also allows for undulating surfaces

End to end connections follow the same structural logic of the mid to mid connections ensuring that the bottom part supports the top part

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ALTERNATIVE GRIDS The parts below start to take the part onto alternative axis which never re-allign with the base support network touching the ground. While the is somewhat problematic they do create a new grid which does reallign with itself.

S-BEND

X-SPLIT

Y-SPLIT

5TH OFFSET 4TH OFFSET 2ND OFFSET GROUND X-SPLIT OFFSET

3RD OFFSET 1ST OFFSET GROUND LEVEL

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5.2 NEW LOGIC

OFFSET UTILZATION

The parts start to become less complex when limiting the amount of times the can be used.

They can provide these open spaces and large span areas but cannot be easily reconnected to the main structural grid which touches ground.

CONTINUOUS CURVES

The undulating surfaces created by the X, Y and S members cannot be allowed to aggregate endlessly onto each other. The can only start to realign to the base grid when they hit a part of the grid which has been off set by the same amount of parts.

DESIRABLE OFFSETS

Areas like this work well to create higher ceilings and larger open spaces. yet can be difficult to aggregate if they are continually used,

The parts can be used in a variety of places throughout the aggregation, to re-unite different levels and sections while also creating alternative spaces such as double stacked halls.

The successful implementation of these parts allow for unique open spaces which could provide better circulation spaces and light wells throughout.

The double stack can be used to created the double curvature within the greater aggregation in some rooms and areas for specific uses.

All parts continue to be problematic on the 60 and 120 angled areas. The part is especially problematic in these instances as it doesnt simply offset the grid vertically instead the new grid is offset diagonally 60 or 120 degrees away by the distance that is the height of the arc.

UNDESIRABLE OFFSETS

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5.2 NEW LOGIC

NOTCH LOGIC

In order for the part to be aggregated in a meaninful order, the parts are put through a definition filter to extrapolate moments which are orientated on the orthogonal plane. The notching logic can then be utilised for rotating the main structural grid 90 degrees in 2 axis which allows for new support systems and more robust creation of spaces.

TOP NOTCHES

SIDE NOTCHES

BOTTOM NOTCHES

The top notch can be utilized for creating spheres or supports

Side notches provide a connection point for a rotated system to connect to the main structural one. Intersecting the two systems axis is important as it creates greater freedom with using members which offset the grid in a weird manner.

Undulating and double-curved geometries can be pursued with easier connection points

The bottom notch can be utilized for creating spheres or supports

MAIN AXIS The reason why this initial starting grid/lattice is chosen is its strong ground connection. The initial half circle beginning on the ground ensures the arcs created are structrual stronger than the secondary grid. The grid in this instance does not allow for connection notches to be placed on the sides as the parts start to self intersect and do not offer much for an aggregation. However they could be replaced with notched parts which could provide straight bracing if needed

SECONDARY AXIS The second axis is useful in creating arcs and alternative spaces along the main axis. The secondary axis can be used to create horizontal spans with the members which may not be a primary structure but can help to enclose space. The reason why this axis is not chosen is due to its breaking up of the arc in 4 sections if starting from the ground plane.

NOTCH CONNECTIONS

the side notch connection point will also have to remain only on the orthogonal sections of the aggregation

X represents the places where notches are not allowed to occour on the axis as they create undesirable connection points which create a complicated aggregation

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5.2 NEW LOGIC

SIMPLE CONNECTIONS Limiting how and where the parts will be able to connect is vital in ensuring the aggregation process is successful. The complex geometries of the part and limited connection points forces it to be connected in a more regimented way.

4-WAY SPLIT

X

X

UNDESIRABE

X

ONLY INVERTED AND UPRIGHT MEMBERS

X ORTHOGONAL

The 4 way split should only be inverted and upright. Any other rotations and the connections start to create paths which intersect undesirably with other parts. However when inverted and upright the part provides strong structural connetion points.

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5.2 NEW LOGIC

SIMPLE CONNECTIONS Limiting how and where the parts will be able to connect is vital in ensuring the aggregation process is successful. The complex geometries of the part and limited connection points forces it to be connected in a more regimented way.

NOTCHING

DESIRABLE

X

X UNDESIRABLE

X

X

DESIRABLE

Limiting notches to only occour on the horizontal and veritcal planes will aid in preventing undesirable intersections and notch points. This would likely limiting either where notched varition on parts occour or how they connect .

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5.2 NEW LOGIC

CHUNK DEVELOPMENT POD CHUNK

These early parts start to explore the spaces that can be created by the aggregation and prompts the question over how the can be enclosed and work within an overall Draft of possible private and commnal areas for the CO-OP. scheme. Placing these chunks in various spaces to suit the program became the overarching logic

CHUNK SPECULATION The wave like nature of the part can be used to offer a greater variety of spaces which can be infilled to fill the purpose of the program

This could be a possible residential block with private bedroom pods connected with another level.

0 1 2 5 The pink highlights the desirable spaces which could be inhabited by humans these could be fitted out in a variety of ways

0

1

2

5

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5.2 NEW LOGIC

FACADE JOINS AND CHUNKS

Connection members using y splits in such a way allows the structure to start framing a more continuous facade rather than flat surfaces and pinch points

The ETFE facade would easily enclose the structure however, through connecting offsetting members in a certain way, the facade rather than crimping into hard to fitout spaces would continue in a wave like fashion. Creating easier to enclose doubly-curved structures.

FACADE

STRUCTURAL MEMBERS

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5.2 NEW LOGIC

CIRCULATION CHUNK Drraft for possible circulation tubes. Creating softer stairs or escalators which can connect various levels and half levels throughout the structure.

Through utilzing the offsetting parts ability to create softer level changes, side notch connection points could allow for unqiue circulation framing opportunities which could function as theatrical circulation in certain areas.

0

1

2

5

146

5.2 NEW LOGIC

SOFT CLUSTER LIBRARY

The ground floor will offer a flexible program where the program changes throughout the day and as such the space can be modified by the users. We have speculated on a series of clusters which can be functional for different needs.

SIMPLE BLOCK

CAN BE STACKED OR ORIENTATED TO CONNECT END TO END

DISPLAY

FOR GALLERIES OR MARKET

COUNTER SEATING FUNCTIONS AS A BARTABLE OR FOR SALES

FOR REST

SUSPENDED OPERABLE WALL TRACK WHERE A SUSPENDED WALL SYSTEM OR CURTAIN SYSTEM CAN DIVIDE SPACES INTO PRIVATE/PUBLIC

Speculation on how the part could be used in other areas.

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5.2 NEW LOGIC

SOFT AGGREGATION LOGIC We begin to speculate how the aggregation of the soft system on the ground floor may occur.

DISPLAY AREA

BOH

F+B REST AREA

FIELD POINT AGGREGATION AREAS DIVIDED USING ATTRACTOR POINTS WITH VARYING AREA STRENGTHS

ARC AGGREGATION

THE PART TESSELATES THROUGH STACKING AND END TO END ALONG PREDEFINED CIRCULAR PATHS

SUSPENDED WALL TRACK

THE ENTIRE GROUND FLOOR HAS A SUSPENDED WALL TRACK SYSTEM HANGING FROM THE CEILING

PRIVATE VS PUBLIC

PUBLIC AND PRIVATE SPACES ARE DIVIDED USING THE SUSPENDED WALL SYSTEM

Although only the Arc aggregation made it into the final design as adjustable furniture the suspended wall track was interesting but unmanageable due to the parts intersecting geometry.

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5.3 ENCLOSURE Before getting to the final part of the design there was still a massive flaw in the design and that was the enclosure system.

Throughout this chapter ETFE cushions and kerfed wood systems are explored and proposed as solutions to this aspect of the part.

STUDIO 18 LIKE HUMAN LUCAS BECERRA [STUDIO C] MIKI UEDA 779237 [STUDIO D]

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5.3 ENCLOSURE SPLIT WOOD LOCKING MECHANISM Some form of Kerfing could be utilized to create a doubly curved enclosure system which could emphasize the form of the structural system better than a simple stud wall enclosure system. The double curved part wouldn’t even necessarily need to be the whole walling system rather just a false wall. A study into the possibility of double-curved wooden panels for fabrication was conducted by Subhash Parajapat at the Institute for advanced architecture of Catalonia. The resulting insight into the nature of double-curved panels and the possibility of the application throughout this aggregation project is very positive.

Kerfing: Timber:Double_Curvature

Images from Subhash, Parajapat, An Exploration on Possibility of Double-Curved Wooden Panels Fabrication The kerfing could allow for more structural reflecting enclosure systems

Images from Subhash, Parajapat, An Exploration on Possibility of Double-Curved Wooden Panels Fabrication

Through CNC milling of timber the kerf patterns could become far more complex allowing for the timber to start to double curve. The patterns created by the kerfing are also somewhat aesthetically pleasing which would likely make it easy to apply and show throughout any enclosure system within the aggregation.

The double-curved enclosure system could then free up the service systems to run straight within the internal voids that would be created. This could allow for easier navigation of the curved structures as it would be hard to then create full curved service systems as well.

151

5.3 ENCLOSURE MATERIAL TESTS 1

3

2

Multiple kerf patterns were tested however the most useful for us was the one depicted in image (2) its flexibility was perfect for enclosing 1 directional undulating spaces. Although it wouldn’t solve the internal enclosure options it did provide an opportunity to utilize an internal fit-out that would stray away from traditional plasterboard walls. However, while we acknowledged that some orthogonal walls would likely exist within the structure the preference to include as many curves as possible throughout the structure remained.

4

The kerfing patterns gathered from the living hinge1 project provided a unique exploration into whats possible with kerfed wood enclosures. Ultimately we decided to only utilize one way kerfing patterns as the doubly-curved patterns in (1) (3) and (4) were all super fragile and not durable. This prompted new exploration into other enclosure systems.

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5.3 ENCLOSURE DEFINING SPACES WTH ENCLOSURE Applying the kerfed wood systems to the part in a unique way allows the geometry to be reflected in the enclosure. The image below is a rough draft of the podium defined by the program. The mezzanine level is enclosed with a kerfed timber cladding flowing through the members and mirroring the curve only in a single direction as the other kerfing patterns explored in the previous page didn’t have enough ply ability or DRAFT 1nature PERSPECTIVEof SECTION workability to form to the doubly-curved the structural system without failure.

PODIUM SECTION

MEZZANINE CHUNK

://www.youtube.com/ h?v=QbwD_NvvCwY g hinge

KERF ENCLOSED CHUNK

5.3 ENCLOSURE

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ETFE PRECEDENT The structures ability to create the framework for double-curved geometry starts to become an issue when trying to enclose the largely structural system. Rather than attempting to enclosure an abnormal structure with a traditional building enclosure system we decided to start looking at what is good at enclosingcomplex geometries.

There are multiple precedents on ETFE enclosure systems, both single skin and cushion based systems.

Precedents like Aarau Bus Station canopy

by Vehovar and Jauslin Architektur as well as the 2015 Serpentine Gallery Pavilion Opens by SelasCano show the potential of an ETFE and how it could work for the enclosure system.

All Images taken from https://www.archdaily.com/645194/ selgascano-s-2015-serpentine-gallery-pavilion-opens

The playful use of ETFE as a single skin enclosure system around a skeletal frame system.

Relyining on a tensioning system which locks the ETFE into place the unique curvature of the geometry createdby the frame is easily enclosed and installed by a few people.

When attempting to apply this sort of system to the current structural system of our project it become clear that some lightweight framingsystem might be necessary in maintainining the curves intended curved structure as the span and tensioning of the ETFE will create a straight line connection toeach member rather than mirroring the intended spherical form.

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5.3 ENCLOSURE ETFE PRECEDENT CONT. All images found at https://www. archdaily.com/473610/aarau-bus-station-canopy-vehovar-and-jauslin-architektur?ad_medium=gallery

The Aarau bus station’s utilizes ETFE cushions held in place with a framing and tensioning system to create a single bubble large span roofing system. The systems logic could be applied to the current structural system for this project. Looking to utilize the structure as framing and tensioning points for the entire structure. Still similarlly to the serpentine pavilion to maintain the spherical curvature of the project some framing system will still need to be implemented to hold the cushions in place and away from the interior of the building. Yet as dicussed on the next page ETFE’s positives are more than just simply being able to enclosure unique curvature.

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5.3 ENCLOSURE ETFE QUALIT

Text and images found at https:// www.sciencedirect.com/science/ article/pii/S0950061816318232

1

While theres no specific need to go into extreme depth through some basic research into Architen Landrells processes it becomes clear this system is suitable for our structure.

Essentially the plan would be to apply the ETFE cushioning system devised by companies like Architen Landrell with the current structure as the mounting point for the secondary aluminum perimeter extrusion. While the ETFE systems seems to be very specific they have characteristics which allign with the greater philosophies of the discrete system we are trying to enclose. Ranging from zero waste upcyclability, extreme longevity, self cleaning, modularity in repair.

2

https://www.sciencedirect. com/science/article/pii/ S0950061816318232

3

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5.3 ENCLOSURE

“Architectural performance (experience) is mainly composed of light, thermal, energetic, acoustic and sustainable aspects. Insulation property could be a positive addition to energy performance and energy consumption of this building is low due to sufficient light into building and insulation properties. Embodied energy of manufacture, transportation and fabrication of ETFE buildings is relatively low. These architectural properties along with recyclable capability of ETFE foils could achieve the environmental-friendly and sustainable goals.

Therefore, this section presents detailed analysis of these architectural performance and sound performance is also added to understand overall architectural performance.” - 1

Text and images found at https:// www.sciencedirect.com/science/ article/pii/S0950061816318232

The points raised within the article above best articulate the reasons why ETFE seems to be ideal for our structure. The studio initially challenged us to question the construction industry and lack of innovation throughout the sector, and when presented with an opportunity to apply such an innovation which has been around since the 80s it seems like the perfect opportunity to simply just utilize the research and existing systems and mount them to our structural part. While the exact mathematics and detailing of such a part will likely mimic already existing systems, the framework of research and precedent application should make it easier to justify in contrast to creating a system made up of typical construction timbers and attempting to mold those members to the complex system

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5.3 ENCLOSURE

ETFE QUALITIES

Durability, adaptability and exceptonally lightweight ETFE serves as an ideal facade solution for the glulam structural system.

RECYCLABLE

ETFE waste from manufacturing is easliy remoulded into new ETFE productis. Furthermore the lack of degregaton of ETFE allows old ETFE elements to be recycled as well.

LONGEVITY

ETFE is believed to have a life span in excess of 50-100 years. It also does not degrade under exposure to environmental polluition, UV light, harsh chemicals, or extreme temperature variations. It is also conssidered to be self cleaning.

ACOUSTICS

A major problem which plagues ETFE is the acoustics. As an ETFE cushion acts much like a drum, which when raining occurs can be problematic for the Acoutstics of the building. However products like Architen Acoustic (2) can reduce sound by 10 decibels and counteract the drumming sound. The product can be retrofitted but is essentially a rain suppresion mesh which lays over the ETFE Cushion.

FIRE PERFORMANCE

ETFE films have been rated under Australian standards as self-extinguishing with no burning drops.

COMMUNAL AREAS Three-layer ETFE Cushion

THRMAL PERFORMANCE

ETFE can be applied in a variety of layers and inflated to create the cushion systems utilized in this project. Utilizing air as an insulator ETFE can achieve solid R and U values.

For example a 3 layer system by MakMax can achieve an R-Value of 3.0 and a U-Value of 1.9

SUSTAINABLE

From extruding the film to transporting it to site, compared to other cladings little sunken energy cost is consumed. ETFE weights about 1% of glass, the lightweight nature and low energy exterusion process reduces the overall relative carbon footprint.

Furthermore, ETFE systems can improve buildings through insulation, daylighting, and as it is so lightweight require less overall structure to support contributing to a lower overall building energy cost. However, while the aluminium framing systems have an initial high energy cost, the recyclability and longevity of these members as well as modularity within this system are ultimately offset.

Most communal areas will only require a typical Three-Layer ETFE cushion to successfully enclosure and insulate the environment.

PRIVATE AREAS

Three-layer ETFE Cushion W/ Rain Mesh

In areas where sound might be an area of concern and internal enclosures might not be enough to combat the external conditions, Rain meshes and other layers could be implemented to ensure the system is successful.

INFORMATION (1) Information on ETFE systems gathered from various sources including MakMax Australia’s ETFE bochure. Found here: https://www.architectureanddesign.com.au/getattachment/099d653ca255-4aa4-8124-7403bfeecc28/attachment.aspx (2) https://www.architen.com/products/architen-acoustic/

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TOWER

5.3 ENCLOSURE

ENCLOSURE SYSTEM

ETFE Cushion mem-C] AND MIKI UEDA 779237 [STUDIO STUDIO 18 LIKE HUMANUltimately the conclusion to all this research is this enclosure system. Whereby anLUCAS BECERRA [STUDIO brane will enclose the curvature of the structure as its inherent ability to form to any shape necessary is perfect for this system. Furthermore its underlying qualities align with the philosophies of our own part. Modularity and longevity along with up cycling are present in both part and enclosure.

The wave like nature of the part is expressed externally through soft membrane enclosure.

Furthermore in many and where Kerfed wood systems Theinstance nature of the structure also allowspossibly a cavity to be formed at the boundaries of thedesigned by a 3rd party the opportunity for to services to bethe tucked away in these such as DUCTA woodbuilding, couldallowing be incorporated mirror geometry ofvoids. the part as much as possible.

ENCLOSURE ASSEMBLY

DUCTA WOOD KERFED WOOD INTERNAL ACOUSTIC ENVELOPE

CURVED SKELETAL SYSTEM FUNCTIONS AS STRUCTURE AND FORMS AN AIR CAVITY WHERE SERVICES CAN RUN THROUGH THE PERIMETER OF STRUCTURE CARCASS SUBSTRUCTURE ALUMINIUM FRAMING

5 3

ETFE MEMBRANE INFLATED MEMBRANE WITH PORTAL FRAME CUT OUTS FOR WINDOWS

1 0

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5.3 ENCLOSURE

FACADE SYSTEM ISOMETRIC Simplified isometric of the connection of facade to structural system

ETFE CUSHION

SECONDARY ALUMINIUM STRUCTURAL FRAME Aluminium system holds the cushion in place and connectts to the main structural system

END AND MID CONNECTION POINTS FOR GRID

Connection points and intersections for the framing system occour on the mid and end to end points of the main structural system

COMPLETE SYSTEM

ETFE Cushion mirrors geometry consistently created by by the structural and framing systems. The repititon allows the cushion to become more modular rather only a local element within this specific system

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5.3 ENCLOSURE

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5.3 ENCLOSURE

Lastly is a simple speculation on how the floor to structure connections would work throughout the design just focusing on how normal stump, joist and beam connections would operate.

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5.4 FINAL DRAWINGS THe the

final drawings part and logic

STUDIO 18 LIKE HUMAN LUCAS BECERRA [STUDIO C] MIKI UEDA 779237 [STUDIO D]

of the building. come together to

Showcasing form the

how whole.

5.4 FINAL DRAWINGS

164

WHY THIS AGGREGATION The implementation of this aggregatable part seeks to resolve many of the issues within student housing currently. Whether it be the creation of more desirable spaces through unique techtonics or greater degrees of adaptability within the structure geared toward the individual.

2 ADAPTABILITY AND EXPANSION OVER TIME 1 HUMAN INTERACTION WITH ORGANIC FORM The aggregated part combats the shoe box nature of many student housing models by creating organic architectural forms which better interact with the human body. This is aspect of the part is enhanced through the use of organic materiality, utilizing exposed timber as a structural feature.

10

11

12

13

6

7

8

9

3 CREATION OF PLAYFUL SPACES The organic undualiting nature of the part allows for a uniquely fun creation of space thorughout the building.

Giving students the chance to define how they want to use the space through interactions

4 SPATIAL VARIETY The part allows for greater variety in spaces without having to spend extra resources in creating new parts. The span and implementation of architectural elements such as the arc create a strong structural system which can allow for variation in program.

1

2

3

4

5

Aggregation with a focus on parts which can be continually taken apart and put together allows the solution to adapt to various paradigm shifts thorughout the market. Global shocks such as covid-19 has left the student housing market with a tonne of temporary vacancies. However as things return to normal the demand reaches insane heights causing prices to sky rocket. The aggregation could grow, shrink and adapt when needed to best match the needs of the current and future students. This adaption could also occour with minimal impact to those living in the partments

5 ECONOMIC CREATION OF SPACE A lot of current housing blocks seek to create the cheapest and most compact housing possible because it creates the most profit. However, while this part wont create the most compact dwellings possible to maximise profits. It will create the most desirable spaces with taller ceilings and larger room footprints at a relatively cheap cost due ot the repetition of the part and its ability to be reused and added to over time.

5.4 FINAL DRAWINGS

165

SITE PLAN

MELBOURNE BUSINESS SCHOOL

BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERIN MELBOURNE UNIVERSITY

PELHAM

ST

PELHAM

LEICESTE

ST

LEICESTE

PELHAM

MUSALLA - MELBOURNE UNVERSITY ISLAMIC SOCIETY

R ST

R ST

UNIVERSITY SQUARE

ST

PELHAM PELHAM

ST

ST

LEICESTE

R ST

PELHAM

ST

21.3m

SITE: 154-160 LEICESTER ST

21m

LEICESTE

R ST

MELBOURNE LAW SCHOOL

ST

ST

RY

BAR EICESTER

S

PELHAM

S

CENTER FOR INNOVATIVE JUS TICE

RMIT UNIVERSITY

LEICESTE R ST

PELHAM

STUDENT VILLAGE - MELBOURNE UNIVERSITY 5m 10m SCALE 1:500

20m

5.4 FINAL DRAWINGS

166

GROUND PLAN MAIN ENTRANCE CO-HOUSING MAIN ENTRY CAFE/TAKEAWAY WINDOW

BB

MULTI-FUNCTION PUBLIC OFFERING

PERMANENT BAR/CAFE INFRASTRUCTURE

BB

UNISEX BATHROOM 1

BOH/STAFF AREA SOFT BOUNDARY

AA

UNISEX BATHROOM 2

AA

CO-HOUSING STAIRCASE

GROUND BOH/ STORAGE

MEZZANINE STAIRCASE

MULTIPURPOSE STORAGE

CO-HOUSING ELEVATOR

SECONDARY ENTRANCE

SCALE 1:100 @A3

0m

1m

2m

5m

10m

N

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CO-OP MULTIFUNCTION LESUIRE SPACE

PORTHOLE BALCONY

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AGGREGATED FURNITURE SYSTEM

CO-HOUSING STAIRCASE MAIN CIRCULATION FROM STREET AND PODIUM

CO-HOUSING ELEVATOR CO-OP KITCHEN

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SHARED AMENITIES + RESIDENTIAL PLAN Typical plan

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TYPICAL SLEEP POD

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LOUNGE FLOOR WITH SOFT UPHOLSTERY BB

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COFFEE CORNER

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SHARED AMENITIES + RESIDENTIAL PLAN F06 Upper level of Extroverted/Active combination housing cluster.

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NORTH ELEVATION CO-HOUSING LIVING AREAS

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5.4 FINAL DRAWINGS

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Co-Op Main Entry and Circulation beginning

Co-Op Leisure space circulation

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Public offering and pub entry

Co-Op mixed use mezzanine level

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Co-Op Leisure space porthole balcony

Co-Op Lesuire space atrium

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1 to 20 SCALE TURNTABLE VIDEO SCREENS

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The video rotates around a section cut of a Co-Op residential living level.

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VVVD

6.1 REFLECTION Throughout this project I have often found myself gravitating towards the making and construction of architectural parts. Which is an aspect of Architecture I had not put large amounts of thought into before the Like Humans studio. I felt as though I have achieved a greater understanding of the philosophy behind Aggregation and Discrete architecture.

Although it was something I have never gravitated to before I have largely enjoyed reading the romantic philosophies prominent within the field.

Where our part situates itself within the field is somewhat questionable.

While we did create a part that could be considered capable of discrete aggregation its still reliant heavily on our guiding hands to make it work.

However, it still managed to achieve the undulating surfaces and double curvature with an expression of natural organic materials that I feel is lacking within the discrete architecture field. Moreover, the building created contains nice architectural spaces with high vaulted ceilings and unique playfulness.

While the parts playfulness is largely reliant on the ETFE cushioning system which serves as its enclosure, I feel as though it was through the acceptance of our part as a purely structural system reliant on alternative and experimental fit-outs which allowed it to create a building enclosure fitting of the geometry outlined.

The parts certainly limited in its structural viability at this scale, and while this may be the case I think the parts success could lie in a temporary structure. If the brief was focused on something like set design or pavilion design or even a flat pack enclosure, the parts creation of undulating ceilings and organic feel could create something more successful than the large Co-Op building.

Overall while this semester has been alot of heavy lifting it has been enjoyable thanks to Darcy and Danny’s above and beyond support. My partner Miki’s positive attitude and collaboration has made the overall semester enjoyable.

STUDIO 18 LIKE HUMAN LUCAS BECERRA [STUDIO C]

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DESCRIPTION (1+2) Kengo, Kuma GC Prostho Museum Research Center Sketches. Images from: https://www.moma.org/collection/works/180402 GC Prostho Museum Research Center. Images from: http://www.archtalent.com/projects/gc-prostho-museum-research-center Japanese wood joints by InfoArquiecturaBio Images captured from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Dzh_IITTDCA Kengo Kuma GC Prostho Museum. Images taken from https://www.archdaily.com/199442/gc-prostho-museum-research-center-kengo-kuma-associates Images taken from The Japan Architecture Spring 2018 issue 109. Issue found here https://au-magazine.com/shop/japan-architect/ja-109/ Kengo Kuma GC Prostho Museum. Images taken from https://www.archdaily.com/199442/gc-prostho-museum-research-center-kengo-kuma-associates Sketches: LB Computation: LB Computation: LB + MU. Sketches: LB Graphics: MU. Text: LB Graphics:LB Text: LB Graphics:LB Text: LB Graphics:LB Text: LB Giles Restin, Diamonds and Royal Academy of Art Exhibition, Images taken from https://retsin.org/Royal-Academy-of-Arts Alisa Andraseks, Bloom, Images taken from https://www.alisaandrasek.com/projects/bloom Buga, Wood Pavilion, 2019, Found at: https://materialdistrict.com/article/robotic-precision-in-manufacturing-parametric-design/robotic-precision-in-manufacturing-parametric-design-materialdistrict-1/ Studio Gang Architects, Lincoln Zoo Pavilion, 2010, Found at: http://www.iaacblog.com/programs/animated-systems-design-lincoln-zoo-pavilion/ Down Town Studio, Street Library, 2017, Found at: https://www.archdaily.com/883413/parametric-design-helped-make-this-street-library-out-of-240-pieces-of-wood Achim Menges, Stuttgart University, Harvard Univeristy, 2011, Integrative Design Computation, found at: http://papers.cumincad.org/data/works/att/acadia11_72.content.pdf Writing influenced by Soomeen Hahms presentation in https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Tl_pzyYFUpc. Image taken from same source Graphics: LB Sketches: LB Writing: LB Writing: Own Photography: Own Fabrication and Prototyping: LB + MU Brad Crane, Andew McGee, Marshall Prado, Yang Zhao, Kerf Based Complex Wood systems, 2010, Harvard GSD. All images taken fromhttp://www.achimmenges.net/?p=5006 Sketches: LB Writing: LB Graphics: LB Writing: LB Graphics: LB + MU Photography: LB Prototyping and Fabrication: LB + MU Sketches: LB Writing: LB Graphics:LB Text: LB Text: LB Andrea Rossi, “Organic Modelling with Wasp, Weaverbird and Grasshopper - Tutorial #01 - Basic Aggregation Setup”, found at https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=D6dIOjATzvU Sketches: LB Writing: LB Graphics: LB Writing : LB Graphics: MU Fabrication: LB + MU Photography: LB + MU Writing: LB Graphics: MU. Text: LB Graphics:LB Text: LB Graphics: MU. Text: LB Graphics: LB + MU Text: LB Graphics: MU Text: LB Renders: LB Text: LB Model Assembly and Fabrication: LB Photography: LB Text: LB Model Assembly: LB + MU Photography: LB + MU Sketches: LB Writing: LB Graphics: LB Photography: LB Graphics: MU + LB Texture: LB Writing: LB Graphics: LB Writing: LB Photography: LB Part Fabrication: LB + MU Photography: MU Writing LB Part Fabrication: LB + MU Writing: LB Graphics: LB Emma Younger, "Developer pleads guilty to illegal demolition of Melborne's Historic Corkman Pub, ABC, accessed https://www.abc.net.au/news/2018-05-10/corkman-melbourne-developers-heritage-pub-court/9734252 Melbourne Planning Scheme; Schedule 61 Design and Development Overlay. Found at https://s3.ap-southeast-2.amazonaws.com/hdp.au.prod.app.com-participate.files/6015/2048/9329/Schedule-61-design-and-development-ove Writing: LB Graphics: LB Information aquired on slides on 120: Student Housing Survey: Joint Survey Report 2017. 121: ABC News,https://www.news.com.au/finance/money/budgeting/why-are-aussie-students-still-struggling-to-m Transformative change at Murundaka Cohousing, Words by Jana Perkovi, Photos by Jasmine Fisher and Chris Grose, found at https://assemblepapers.com.au/2020/09/16/transformative-change-at-murundaka-cohousing/ Transformative change at Murundaka Cohousing, Words by Jana Perkovi, Photos by Jasmine Fisher and Chris Grose, found at https://assemblepapers.com.au/2020/09/16/transformative-change-at-murundaka-cohousing/ Spreefeld Genossenchsaft,Berlin, 2007, Right to build tool kit. Found at https://righttobuildtoolkit.org.uk/case-studies/spreefeld-genossenschaft-berlin/#

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Graphics: MU. Text: LB Graphics: LB + MU Text: LB Graphics: MU Text: LB Renders: LB Text: LB Model Assembly and Fabrication: LB Photography: LB Text: LB Model Assembly: LB + MU Photography: LB + MU Sketches: LB Writing: LB Graphics: LB Photography: LB Graphics: MU + LB Texture: LB Writing: LB Graphics: LB Writing: LB Photography: LB Part Fabrication: LB + MU Photography: MU Writing LB Part Fabrication: LB + MU Writing: LB Graphics: LB Emma Younger, "Developer pleads guilty to illegal demolition of Melborne's Historic Corkman Pub, ABC, accessed https://www.abc.net.au/news/2018-05-10/corkman-melbourne-developers-heritage-pub-court/9734252 Melbourne Planning Scheme; Schedule 61 Design and Development Overlay. Found at https://s3.ap-southeast-2.amazonaws.com/hdp.au.prod.app.com-participate.files/6015/2048/9329/Schedule-61-design-and-development-ove Writing: LB Graphics: LB Information aquired on slides on 120: Student Housing Survey: Joint Survey Report 2017. 121: ABC News,https://www.news.com.au/finance/money/budgeting/why-are-aussie-students-still-struggling-to-m

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Transformative change at Murundaka Cohousing, Words by Jana Perkovi, Photos by Jasmine Fisher and Chris Grose, found at https://assemblepapers.com.au/2020/09/16/transformative-change-at-murundaka-cohousing/ Transformative change at Murundaka Cohousing, Words by Jana Perkovi, Photos by Jasmine Fisher and Chris Grose, found at https://assemblepapers.com.au/2020/09/16/transformative-change-at-murundaka-cohousing/ Spreefeld Genossenchsaft,Berlin, 2007, Right to build tool kit. Found at https://righttobuildtoolkit.org.uk/case-studies/spreefeld-genossenschaft-berlin/# Cooperative More than Housing, 2007-2017, Mehr Als Wohnen, Found at https://www.mehralswohnen.ch/fileadmin/downloads/Publikationen/Broschuere_maw_engl_inhalt_def_181004.pdf Writing: LB Graphics: LB Writing: LB Graphics: LB Graphics: MU Writing: LB Graphics: LB Graphics: MU Subhash, Parajapat, An Exporlation on Possibility of Double-Curved Wooden Panels Fabrication, images and text accessed https://helpx.adobe.com/be_en/indesign/using/numbering-pages-chapters-sections.html#add_section_and Writing: LB Graphics: LB SelgasCano, Serpentine Gallery Pavilion, 2015, Images found at https://www.archdaily.com/645194/selgascano-s-2015-serpentine-gallery-pavilion-opens Vehovar and Jauslin Architektur, Aarau Bus Station Canopy, 2014, Images found at https://www.archdaily.com/473610/aarau-bus-station-canopy-vehovar-and-jauslin-architektur?ad_medium=gallery Jianhui Hu, Wujun Chen, Bing Zhao, Dequinmg Yang, Buildings with ETFE foils: A review on material properties, architectural performance and structural behavior, in Construction and Building materials, Vol 131, 30 Jan 2017, pp. 411 MakMax Australia, ETFE building guide, found at www.architectureandurbandeisng.com.au/getattachment/099d653ca255-4aa4-8124-7403bfeecc28/attachement.aspx Graphics: MU Writing: LB Graphics: LB Graphics: LB Graphics: MU Graphics: LB Graphics: MU Renders: LB Text: LB Video Production: LB Modeling: MU