Rain Pavilion | Playful Architecture using Biomimetics & Kinetics

R A I N

P A V I L I O N

Marie-Lou Valdes Master Thesis In Architecture & Urban Design 2017 Chalmers University of Technology

I D P R O J E C T A ]

I N T R O D U C T I O N

IDEA -RAIN- The primary idea is to work with [or without] water.

The future of architecture will be defined by the capacity of designing buildings in relationship with the elements, the weather & sometimes even extreme conditions. After a

RESTRICTION

bachelor thesis on extreme environments and a pre-thesis on vernacular architecture, I’ve decided to choose one of the elements to work with : water.

-MOVEMENT- In Architecture movement is always a challenge.

Kinetic architecture is a concept through which buildings are designed to allow parts of the structure to move, without reducing overall structural integrity. A building’s capability

LOCATION -GOTHENBURG- I’ve choose Gothenburg as a location, after I studied its weather [pre-thesis] and noticed large amounts of rainwater pouring each year. Nevertheless no known structure in the city is interacting with water in a practical or

playful way. Some flooding happened over the past few years and some were the result of rainfall and rivers overloading. But the result is always the same, traffic and facilities are affected.

METHOD

for motion can be used to: enhance its aesthetic qualities; respond to environmental conditions; and/or, perform functions that would be impossible for a static structure.

-BIOMIMETICS- Biomimetics is the imitation of the models, systems, and elements of nature for the purpose of solving complex human problems. Living organisms have evolved well-adapted structures and materials over geological time through natu-

ARCHITECTURE -SHELTER- Bus or tram stops can be considered as pavilions or shelter by architects. The overall structure is always led by one or two simple principles to be easily understandable : the forest for Sou Fujimoto [Bränden], folded thin metal sheet by

Architecten [Unterkrumbach Süd], curved shell for MAXWAN architects [Bus Station Canopies] etc. Likewise, bus stops from former soviet union countries express the simplicity of material and shape symbolic of the brutalism movement.

ral selection. Biomimetics has given rise to new technologies inspired by biological solutions at macro and nano-scales.

A B S T R A C T

I N T R O D U C T I O N

Marie-Lou Valdes

Rain Pavilion Playful Architecture using Biomimetics & Kinetics Climate change is a fact that Gothenburg will be facing soon and even if the emissions were to be reduced, we would still be forced to live in a warmer and wetter climate. By 2100, Gothenburg annual precipitation may increase up to 30%, heavy rains will become more frequent and intense accompanied by storms surges and flooded rivers. Flooding occurs when the ground is saturated and cannot take care of the surplus. Moreover the project of new residential and commercial area, Gothenburg is facing serious flooding threats.

On the other hand, biomimetics -or bio-inspired design- is the field of design by analogy.

Nature throughout evolution has came to great engineering solutions to very specific problems.

Systems seen from the naked eye to the nano-scale have evolved in an immense variety of shapes and structures, often passive “sustainable” solutions. As the technology catch up, the data base and research on biomimetics increases; replicate nature’s systems is becoming more interesting. The purpose of the thesis is

to research interesting new solutions actuated by water and using sustainable principles.

A panel of species will be identified and investigated to choose one or several systems answering to water or lack of water. The chosen ones will then be dissected, and their passive systems modelled through grasshopper.

The end result is a design for Gothenburg urban area to help the city face flooding. The object will be answering differently to storm intensities as well as water states (gas, liquid, solid). It should be playful [attack strategy] but also responsive to emergency situations [defend strategy].

Examiner: Jonas Lundberg Supervisor: Kengo Skorick

Bachelor Degree: BSc. Architecture

Master´s Programme: Architecture & Urban Design

1 S T E P 2 S T E P 3 S T E P 4 S T EP

T I M E L I N E B ]

I N T R O D U C T I O N

WATER >SPECIFY CHALLENGES STUDY SPECIES >PICK SPECIES THROUGH CHALLENGES STUDY PROPERTIES >PICK SPECIES THROUGH PROPERTIES >PICK PROPERTIES THAT ANSWER CHALLENGES

DIGITALISATION & MODELING >MODEL PROPERTIES STUDY PROPERTIES >TEST PROPERTIES 3D PROTOTYPE IRL PROTOTYPE REPEAT

TRANSLATE PROPERTIES TO ARCHITECTURAL PRINCIPLES STRUCTURE SHAPE INTERACTIONS SYSTEMS MATERIALS MOVEMENTS

DESIGN APPLY ARCHITECTURAL PRINCIPLES INTO DESIGN >DOES IT ANSWER FLOOD CHALLENGES ?

YES / DOES IT WORK ?

REPEAT

PROJECT’S CODE

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1 | W A T E R

-RAIN- The primary idea is to work

bachelor thesis on extreme environments and a pre-thesis on vernacular architecture, I’ve decided to choose one of the elements to work with : water.

with [or without] water.

The future of architecture will be defined by the capacity of designing buildings in relationship with the elements, the weather & sometimes even extreme conditions. After a

G O T H E N B U R G

SPRING

SUMMER

AUTUMN

WINTER

W A T E R

I N

WINTER

A

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1 | W A T E R S T E P

WATER IN GOTHENBURG

Water speed, water movement, water depth- Järntorget is located downhill several slopes. It is a square in the middle of closed dwelling blocks.

These two criteria together [slope + small streets] increase highly the water velocity in case of rainstorm.

For this reason, Järntorget is an interesting site, not because of high levels of flooding, but because of the fast way water can arrive and block traffic.

-Water depth- There is two main watercourse that may affect Järntorget

Göteborgs Stad. “SKYFALL.” Vatten I Staden. DHI, n.d. Web. 25 Apr. 2017.

50 - 100 CM

30 - 50 CM

Göteborgs Stad. “HAV OCH VATTENDRAG.” vattenigoteborg.se. DHI, n.d. Web. 25 Apr. 2017.

10 - 30 CM

SKYFALL

MAXIMUM WATER VELOCITY

>100 CM

50 - 100 CM

30 - 50 CM

10 - 30 CM

HAV OCH VATTENDRAG

1 - 10 CM

in the future : The Göta River and Rosenlundskanalen. In case of a serious rainstorm, both canals will overflow and affect the square.

Göteborgs Stad. “RAOM version 2015” Raom.dhigroup.com. DHI Sverige AB, n.d. Web. 25 Apr. 2017.

Göteborgs Stad. “Regndata.” Vattenigoteborg.se/rdh?site=rd. DHI Sverige AB, n.d. Web. 25 Apr. 2017.

Göteborgs Stad. “Regntjänst.” Gbgregn. dhigroup.com. DHI Sverige AB, n.d.

Web. 25 Apr. 2017.

G O T H E N B U R G W A T E R

I N

-Site analysis- As shown above, the area is surrounded by different public services: - Stores, restaurants, schools, medical services, museums etc. The complete shut down of the neighbourhood would have severe consequences for businesses, education, medical services. Eventually, such an event will cost the municipality a lot to repair road SCHOOL CONFERENCE BAR & RESTAURANT DOCTOR SCHOOL

STORE

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1 | W A T E R S T E P

WATER IMPACTS

DENTIST RESTAURANT

SCHOOL

CLINIC

FAST FOOD BAKERY BAR RESTAURANT

COFFEE RESTAURANT

COFFEE MUSEUM

BAR

OPTICIAN

PHARMACY

TRAM LINES

IMPACTED TRAFFIC

TRAM STOP

BUS LINES

IMPACTED SERVICES

BUS STOP

and public construction damages.

-Site analysis- The Järntorget area present various services such as medical clinics, schools, restaurants, museums, movie theatre etc.

Several tram lines cross the area [1,3,4,5,6,7,9,10,11] as well as bus lines [60,190,Bla Ex].

BROMELIAD

CAPTURE + STORE

MECHANICAL

HYDROPHOBIC LEAF SURFACE

RESURRECTION

FOLD

MECHANICAL + ENERGY

LAYERS SHAPE + SPECIAL CELLS

INFLATE

ENERGY

EXTENSIBLE STOMACH

FOLD + STORE

MECHANICAL + ENERGY

SHAPE + BLADDER CELLS

GROW

ENERGY

VISCOELASTIC MESOGLEA

WATER

LACK OF WATER

INTERNAL FLUID PRESSURE

SPECIES CHARACTERISTICS

SOLID

GAS

LIQUID

RESURRECTION PLANTS

ICE PLANT

BROMELIAD

PUFFER FISH

POLLEN

LIQUID

SEA ANEMONES

GAS

FLOWERS BUD

POLLEN FLOWER BUD

UNFOLD

PUFFER FISH

MECHANICAL

SHAPE

ICE PLANT

MECHANICAL

SEA ANEMONE

W A T E R : S P E C I E S P I C K B ]

1 | W A T E R S T E P

FOLD

PLANT CLASSIFICATION

SOLID

M O V E M E N T : S P E C I E S P I C K B ]

1 | W A T E R S T E P

MOVEMENT IN PLANT KINGDOM

PLANTAE + TRACHEOPHYTA + MAGNOLIOPSIDA + CAROYOPHYLLALES + AIZOACEAE + [ICE PLANTS] MESEMBRYANTHEMUM + MESEMBRYANTHEMUM CRYSTALLIUM L.

DELOSPERMA N.E. BR. +

DELOSPERMA NAKURENSE

SEED CAPSULE

KEEL

KEEL CELLS

DELOSPERMA NAKURENSE (ENGL.) HERRE.

ICE PLANTS

-Scaling down- Biomimetics foundation is the capacity of searching the plant & animal kingdom for unique characteristics. Once a sample of species has been chosen, they are arranged to bring forward their characteristic. Delosperma is a plant that can survive and spread in extremely dry environments. The mechanism of the seed capsule, allows the plant to

open only when the time is right. This movement is directly related to the shape of the keels and more specifically, of the keel cells. The geometry and composition of the cells is the key to a smart low energy solution.

B ]

P I C K

:

M O V E M E N T

1 | W A T E R

S P E C I E S

S T E P

DRY

M O V E M E N T

WET

: S P E C I E S P I C K

Figure 3-1 Ice plant seed capsule Opening of the capsule due to exposition to water.

Figure 3-2 Keels Bending of the keel to reveal the seeds when wet.

Figure 3-3 Valve Change in the curvature of the valve backing in the XZ-plane in the wet and dry state.

Figure 3-4 Keel cells Hygroscopic keel cells organised as an honeycomb folding in the y direction.

Figure 4-1 Bimolecular composition of hygroscopic keel cells. Thin cell wall (red) and CIL (blue)

Figure 4-2 Wet State Confocal microscopy images of safranine-stained keel cells during drying.

Figure 4-3 Half Dry State

Figure 4-4 Dry State

I

II

III

IV

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1 | W A T E R S T E P

Figure 5-1

Figure 5-1 Variation of the size of the keel’s cells in wet open state.

Light microscopy image of a fully open wet keel with cells shape and orientation illustrated in exaggerated size on top. Free cells close to the ridge of the keels are in average 25% larger in the Y-direction (shorter axis of the cell’s cross-section) than the cells near the keel’s base attached to the backing tissue. Going from the back of the keels connected to the middle septa in the seed capsules to the keels tip (Y-direction), cells perimeter increases while cells become more elongated in the longer transverse cross-section (X-direction).

Figure 5-2

Figure 5-2 Abstraction of the principles behind ice plant hydro-actuation system. Illustration of the actuation principles at different hierarchical level of the system: (I) The first hierarchical level shows the starting point where a highly swellable polymer can play the role of inducing and adjusting the inner pressure inside a confined compartment, leading to an isotropic volume change of the cell (Cryo-SEM image of the cellulosic inner layer). Next level (II), depicts how through tailoring the geometry of the cell one can achieve a desired anisotropic deformation upon changes in the inner pressure through swelling/ shrinkage cycles (Raman image of the cells transverse cross-section).

(III) illustrates the scaling up of the same concept, where the cooperative anisotropic deformation of individual cells can result in a unidirectional expansion/ retraction movement (autofluorescence confocal microscopy image of the keel’s honeycomb). (IV) Shows how a unidirectional expansion/extraction can be translated into flexing of the whole honeycomb structure when swelling of the cells in one side is restricted via attachment to an inert backing tissue (Flexing of the keels upon wetting based on the bilayer bending principle).

M O V E M E N T :

00:00:00

00:03:04

00:05:02

00:05:46

00:14:26

P I C K

S P E C I E S

[SOUTH AFRICA]

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1 | W A T E R S T E P

LAMPRANTHUS REPTANS

TANQUANA ARCHERI [WESTERN CAPE]

00:00:00

00:00:34

00:01:32

00:02:36

00:04:22

NANANTHUS VITTATUS [NOTHERN CAPE]

00:00:00

00:01:04

00:01:45

00:02:22

00:03:59

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2 | D I G I T A L I Z A T I O N - Reproduce nature’s systems, and test them digitally or IRL Computational synthesis of biological principals using different software to model and also test properties of

a shape. IRL prototyping (limited by provided facilities) informs how systems react scaled up or in different conditions.

SHAPE STUDIES

y

>UNIDIRECTIONAL FOLDING<

x

8 10

G E O M E T R Y

9

1,56

1,56

7

3,5

1,7

1,7

135° 11°

60°

51°

40°

Figure 5-1 Hexagon Area (a)=100; Area (b)=83. (a/b)=1.21.

Figure 5-2 Diamond Area (a)=38; Area (b)=19. (a/b)=2,00.

Figure 5-3 Square Area (a)=100; Area (b)=70,7. (a/b)=1,41.

Figure 5-4 Kite Area (a)=95; Area (b)=65. (a/b)=1,46.

Figure 6-1 Crystal A=2; B=16

Figure 6-2 Crystal A=4; B=12

Figure 6-3 Crystal A=5; B=10

Figure 6-4 Crystal A=6; B=8

Figure 6-5 Diamond A=7; B=6

Figure 6-6 Diamond A=8; B=4

Figure 6-7 Diamond A=8,75; B=2,5

Figure 6-8 Diamond A=9; B=2

Figure 5-5 Losange Area (a)=99; Area (b)=65. (a/b)=1,52.

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M O V E M E N T

D U E

T O

K E E L

22°

10

80°

6 pressure 20 pressure 20

pressure 20

pressure 20

pressure 20

pressure 20

Y/X 14

Y/X

14 12

pressure 20 20 pressure

12 10 10

Y DIMENSION Y DIMENSION

S T E P

120°

10

12

40/

2 | D I G I T A L I Z A T I O N

40/ 6

10 2

8

6

4

2

8

SHAPE STUDIES : ANISOTROPY

6

CELL SWELLING + STRUCTURE STUDIES

4

2

0 13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

X DIMENSION

0 13

14

15 DIAMOND y=2; x=9

16 DIAMOND y=4; x=8

17 DIAMOND y=6; x=7

HEXAGON a=40/6

18 LOSANGE a=10

19

20

pressure 20

pressure 20

G E O M E T R Y K E E L T O D U E M O V E M E N T

CELLS AGGREGATE

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2 | D I G I T A L I Z A T I O N S T E P

SINGLE CELL

CLOSE STATE

MODEL : KEEL CELL MOVEMENT IN 2D -Model blue print drawing- The first application from the keel cells geometry, is an engineer way of building several cells from fewest parts.

Several observations : each cell is made of 4 branches and 6 hinges, branches autonomous & the whole system is independent. Moreover,

there is no fixed maximum geometry, the diamond grows in y direction until it flip itself into the x direction.

Keel cells on the contrary, have no rotating hinges and their final shape is a swollen diamond.

S I L I C O N E > L A Y E R

WORK TABLE TO POUR SILICONE

TEST N1

TEST N2

INSULATION CASE STUDY

SOFT ROBOT : CRAWLING

MODEL : KEEL CELLS 2D

MODEL : KEEL CELLS + CELLULOSIC LAYER

C E L L U L O S I C

SOFT ROBOT : BENDING

S T E P

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2 | D I G I T A L I Z A T I O N

SILICONE POURING

SILICONE REFERENCES -Silicone references- From silicone pouring to unmold and testing, silicone is an amazing material. When under tension, it can expand to 400% its original shape. The reasons it is used for soft robotics, are : - easy pouring and drying, - auto-glue itself,

- different types and elasticity ratio, - light, soft and translucent, - can be mixed with any pigment.

Depending on its shape and composition, soft robots can manage different actions such as bending, crawling, swelling etc...

MODEL : SILICONE RESEARCH -Silicone researchSilicone in this project has two origins.

The first one, from biomimetics where a keel cell is composed of a cell wall (structure) and a cellulosic layer (swelling action).

The second one is soft robotics, where the silicone is both structure and swelling material. For this research, test n°1 and test

n°2 tried to both combine conventional architecture structure into silicone.

Later work is only focusing on finding an advanced shape for the project’s “cellulosic layer”, that swell with water in case of rainstorm.

S T E P

S I L I C O N E > L A Y E R C E L L U L O S I C B ]

2 | D I G I T A L I Z A T I O N

MODEL : KEEL CELL MOVEMENT WITH SILICONE -Cells cellulosic layer research- As stated before, the keel cells are composed of a cellulosic layer, that swell when in contact with water. Here it is represented in grey, and embodied by silicone.

There is several ways of including the silicone inside the cells, with different swelling options and performances.

Some of them are represented here.

R O B O T I C S S O F T > M O V M E N T K E E L C ]

2 | D I G I T A L I Z A T I O N S T E P

BENDING [ PLANT INSPIRED]

BENDING [ SILICONE + SOFT ROBOTICS]

Pressure actuated Cells : An adaptive module A L α − ,α + with an arc length L can continuously change its shape between central angles α − and α + by varying the pressure ratio between cell rows.

Fig1. Pneumatic actuation : Channel in (a) a resting state (P=Patm); (b) a pressurized state (P1>Patm); and (c) in an activated state (P1>Pth) according to one or more embodiments Fig 2. Actuator device : Two sets of interconnected channels 1300, 1310 are secured on opposing sides of a sealing membrane/ strain limiting membrane 1320. Each of the sets of interconnected channels can be operated separately by selective pressurization through individual pressurizing inlets

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3 | T R A N S L A T E

T O

A R C H I T E C T U R E

From natureâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s principles, and through the laws of biomimetics, the properties are translated to architecture.

Shapes can become a structure, a material may finds its equal scaling up

etc. Systems can also be analysed and reproduced such as the interaction between different materials of parts of the same plant.

L O C A T I O N T H E W I T H R E L A T I O N S H I P

“A place to wait for buses that has a roof.“[Cambridge Dictionary] “A covered structure at a bus stop providing protection against the weather for people waiting for a bus.”

[Collins English Dictionary) “A roofed structure for people to wait under at a bus stop.” [Oxford Dictionary] Bränden bus stop by Sou Fujimoto.

Unterkrumbach Süd bus stop by Architecten.

FOR ARCHITECTS : “A bus stop is perhaps the simplest form of shelter and therefore the simplest form of architecture. As such it is a surprisingly rich area for design innovation [..]”

Galbraith, D. Bus stops as Architecture. Retrieved from http://www.oobject.com/category/bus-stops-as-architecture/

Bus Station Canopies / MAXWAN architects.

Unknown bus stop in former soviet union country (1)

S T E P

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3 | T O

A R C H I T E C T U R E

BUS SHELTER (NOUN) :

SIMPLICITY OF SHAPE AND MATERIAL.

Unknown bus stop in former soviet union country (2)

Unknown bus stop in former soviet union country (3)

Bus or tram stops can be considered as pavilions or shelter by architects. The overall structure is always led by one or two simple principles to be easily understandable : the forest for Sou Fujimoto [Bränden], folded thin metal sheet by Architecten [Unterkrumbach Süd], curved shell for MAXWAN architects [Bus Station Canopies] etc. Likewise, bus stops from former soviet union countries express the simplicity of material and shape symbolic of the brutalism movement.

L O C A T I O N T H E W I T H A ]

R E L A T I O N S H I P

A R C H I T E C T U R E 3 | T O S T E P

FLOW / BEFORE The diagram show the flow of people as it is now. In general, people tend to make a straight path to their goal : here going from one stop to another.

And then they gather around the shelter here marked as a circle.

Even though Jarntoget is considered as one stop, there is nothing to unify the flow, nor the central part is used like it should be : a place to gather, walk around, pass by or stay under.

SHELTER IMPACT / BEFORE As it is nowadays, the shelters are multiple entities spread around the central part without any connections betweens them. They don’t create architectural space. The only thing signifying is the “blanks” that exists between them, which is the “free space”.

This diagram is used to qualify the current space as something that needs to be improved.

L O C A T I O N T H E W I T H A ]

R E L A T I O N S H I P

A R C H I T E C T U R E 3 | T O S T E P

FLOW / AFTER In this case, where the space is inverted, we start to create “gates” to go in and out the main island. Those gates, or ways in, “bend” the regular flow and gather some of those flows.

From this diagram, we can conclude that the current disposition of shelters on the central part and the addition of a “roof ” is not working well together. The disposition of the shelter should change as well.

SHELTER IMPACT / AFTER Using the “blanks” of the previous diagram, we created one entity that correspond to a multiple of shelters.

The space is literally inverted to create quality space.

This “proximity diagram will later resemble the top viex of the stucture.

03. Create diagonals

04. Construct the first half of cells

Input a polyline A with 3 or more segments.

Offset initial curve A into curve B and reconstruct. Divide A into x points per segments (=y) and B into y points. Sort points along curve A.

Create lines between points of A & B to create the diagonals of the future cells.

Entwine lines, partition list into 3 lines and join them. The first half triangles of the cells (diamonds).

S H A P E

02. Offset curve

A ]

A B

pressure 20

A

05. Construct the second half

06. Repeat 02. to 05. for x curves

07. Add diagonals

08. Repeat with x curves

With the same scheme create the second half. Merge both. Arrange the centers along curve A. Partition the list into 2: triangles 0+1 create a cell etc.

Offset B to give C, C to give D, etc. Each offset has its own parameters.

Use the control points of the cells to create a delaunay mesh.

In order to run the mesh through kangaroo, all the diagonals must be input.

Add infinite number of initial curves to recreate a geometrical shape.

A B C D E F

A R C H I T E C T U R E 3 | T O S T E P

01. Initial curve

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S H A P E

A R C H I T E C T U R E

pressure 20

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3 | T O A ]

S H A P E

A R C H I T E C T U R E

pressure 20

78.0

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42.3

S T R U C T U R E

78.0

42.3

42.3

TEST N°1

TEST N°2

TEST N°3

The distance between the first curve and the second is defined by an offset value & an angle degree to rebuild the second curve. The result is a lot of weight on this part of the structure.

In this case, the second curve is defined by an offset value & fillet the angles with a fixed radius. The weight is transfered to the 3rd curve and the rest.

The distance between the 3rd curve and the rest defines the respartition of the forces on the structure.

3 | T O

A R C H I T E C T U R E

78.0

78.0

78.0

42.3

42.3

42.3

S T E P

78.0

TEST N°4

TEST N°5

TEST N°6

The whole structure has the same pipe radius, due to hyper optimisation of the forces distributed.

The goal is to have a gradiant of pipe radius from bigger in the center to smaller on the edges, without being too changing in the corners.

The distance between the tweens determines how forces are distributed, thus the radius.

78.0

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42.3

S T R U C T U R E

78.0

42.3

42.3

TEST N°7 Fair distribution of the weight on the structure.

TEST N°7.1

TEST N°7.2

WEIGHT : 100 kg/m² > 162 kg/m² RADIUS : 0.035m > 0.045m

WEIGHT : 198 kg/m² > 305 kg/m² RADIUS : 0.035m > 0.05m

3 | T O

A R C H I T E C T U R E

78.0

78.0

78.0

42.3

42.3

42.3

S T E P

78.0

TEST N°7.3

TEST N°7.4

TEST N°7.5

WEIGHT : 296 kg/m² > 454 kg/m² RADIUS : 0.035m > 0.055m

WEIGHT : 393 kg/m² > 604 kg/m² RADIUS : 0.035m > 0.0603m

WEIGHT : 469 kg/m² > 754 kg/m² RADIUS : 0.035m > 0.0603m

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M A T E R I A L S

HSS, especially rectangular sections, are commonly used in welded steel frames where members experience loading in multiple directions. Square and circular HSS have very efficient shapes for this multiple-axis loading as they have uniform geometry along two or more cross-sectional axes, and

thus uniform strength characteristics.

This makes them good choices for columns. They also have excellent resistance to torsion.

NONWOVEN FABRIC Nonwoven fabric is a fabric-like material made from staple fiber (short) and long fibers (continuous long), bonded together by chemical, mechanical, heat or solvent treatment.

Nonwoven geotextile containers (sand bags) are used for [...] frost protection, water barriers. Nonwo-

ven fabrics provide specific functions such as absorbency, liquid repellence, resilience, stretch, softness, strength, flame retardancy, washability, cushioning, thermal insulation, acoustic insulation, filtration, use as a bacterial barrier and sterility.

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A R C H I T E C T U R E

STEEL TUBES

SILICONE Silicones, also known as polysiloxanes, are polymers that include any inert, synthetic compound made up of repeating units of siloxane, which is a chain of alternating silicon atoms and oxygen atoms, frequently combined with carbon or hydrogen or both. They are typically heat-resistant

and rubber-like, and are used in sealants, adhesives, lubricants, medicine, cooking utensils, and thermal and electrical insulation.

SUPER ABSORBENT POLYMER Water-absorbing polymers, which are classified as hydrogels when crosslinked, absorb aqueous solutions through hydrogen bonding with water molecules. A SAPâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s ability to absorb water depends on the ionic concentration of the aqueous solution.

In deionized and distilled water, a

SAP may absorb 300 times its weight (from 30 to 60 times its own volume) and can become up to 99.9% liquid, but when put into a 0.9% saline solution, the absorbency drops to approximately 50 times its weight.

M O V M E N T D ]

A R C H I T E C T U R E 3 | T O S T E P

RESEARCH PROCESS Timeframe showing a type a bag made of sylicone and filling with water.

M O V M E N T D ]

A R C H I T E C T U R E 3 | T O S T E P

RESEARCH PROCESS Timeframe showing a structure interracting with itself thanks to special joins.

M O V M E N T D ]

A R C H I T E C T U R E 3 | T O S T E P

RESEARCH PROCESS Timeframe showing the structure from under, creating moving, enjoyable space.

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4 | D E S I G N Presentation of the final design, using the principles and properties explained before.

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T H E

L O C A T I O N

4 | D E S I G N

W I T H

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L O C A T I O N T H E W I T H R E L A T I O N S H I P A ]

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PRIMARY FLOW NETWORK As seen before : In this case, where the space is inverted, we start to create “gates” to go in and out the main island. Those gates, or ways in, “bend” the regular flow and gather some of those flows.

From this diagram, we can conclude that the current disposition of shelters on the central part and the addition of a “roof ” is not working well together. The disposition of the shelter should change as well.

RESULTING FLOW NETWORK

L O C A T I O N T H E W I T H R E L A T I O N S H I P A ]

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With a new disposition of the â&#x20AC;&#x153;meeting pointsâ&#x20AC;? under the new structure, there is still the principles of gates to go in and out the shelter.

There is also a simplified walking network ( compared to the previous one) that clean the flows of people on the central part.

A X O N O M E T R Y

94

.21

Here is an exploded axonometry of the shelter. We can distinguish 3 Main layers.

(1) The primary structure made of steel tubes (30cm) and that support the weight of the whole pavilion. It is also composed of suspensions cables to suspend the secondary structure.

3

Primary structure Steel Tubes Ø30cm

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EXPLODED AXONOMETRY

Suspension cables Steel Tubes Ø7cm Secondary structure Steel Tubes Varies from Ø6.3cm to 12.7cm Bags (fabric) filled with hydrophilic polymers Weight varies from 489kg/m² to 754kg/m²

(2) Secondary structure that is dimensioned to support the weight of the balloons.This part is the one movable.

(3) The balloons made of textile and super absorbent polymers. They sweel as the water pours on the pavilion.

94 .21 3

F A C A D E S

The open state of the rain pavilion offers the visual of a “blown” structure.

The primary structure blends in the rest of the façade and the secondary structure is almost invisible. It is due to the maximum swelling of the bags, that when full with water will spread vertically and horizontally.

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MAIN FACADES / OPEN STATE

MAIN FACADES / CLOSE STATE On the contary the close state offers the visual of several umbrellas suspended in the air. The balloons are completely dry and thus they look like pieces of textile hanging.

proper weight.

The whole structure is very light and look very light, supporting only its

[The maximum height is 7 meter high.]

In this state, the structure will move, following the movements of the wind. But also when touching it.

The super absorbent polymer inside the bags will fill up and push the inner faces of the bags until it looks like a solid material. This will make the structure in an open state look very heavy and “plain”.

S T E P

M O V M E N T

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STRUCTURAL KINETIC THROUGH TIME This is a diagram showing the movement in the primary and secondary structure through the fluctuation of water and time.

The movement of the structure should be pretty uniform since they’ll all receive the same amount of water

in the same time. The only difference is when the bags don’t have the same volume thus, some swelling faster than others. Here this is the case.

They all have the same opening factor, but their diagonals don’t have the same lenght.

S P A C E I N N E R

4 | D E S I G N S T E P

FULLY OPEN STRUCTURE

HALF OPEN STRUCTURE

FULLY CLOSED STRUCTURE

CHANGE OF SPACE PERCEPTION Opening and closing view from a humans perspective.

The materials used here have a great capacity of changing their perception when they are filled with water, or empty. From a piece of textile, to a solid bag.

As shown on the left, the bags are made of an fixed amount of super absorbent polymer, that will take up to 300 times their own weight in water.

When all filled and stacked together they push the inner layer of the bag, pushing the whole structure.

S T E P

P E R S P E C T I V E

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PERSPECTIVE The perspective illustrates the kind of space that the structure creates when fully open.

T H A N K

Y O U !

A P P E N D I X

A B A C U S

A P P E N D I X

D(mm) 60.3 60.3 60.3 70 76.1 76.1 76.1 88.9 88.9 88.9 101.6 101.6 108 114.3 114.3 114.3 127 133 139.7 139.7 139.7 152.4 159 159 168.3 168.3 168.3 193.7 193.7 193.7 219.1 219.1 219.1 244.5 273

e (mm) 2.9 3.65 4.5 2.9 2.9 3.65 4.5 3.2 4.05 4.85 3.65 5 3.65 3.65 4.5 5.4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

1 365 452 545 498 593 735 891 897 1118 1321 1337 1795 1516 1704 2077 2462 null null null null null null null null null null null null null null null null null null null

1.5 240 297 358 328 391 282 587 592 738 872 884 1186 1003 1127 1374 1629 1528 1681 1859 2233 2472 2488 2494 2714 2793 3374 3050 null null null null null null null null

2 176 218 263 242 288 357 433 438 546 645 655 879 744 837 1020 1209 1135 1249 1382 1661 1838 1851 1805 2020 2028 2512 2271 2704 3994 3739 3479 5147 5393

2.5 null null null null 226 280 339 344 429 507 516 692 686 660 805 954 897 988 1093 1314 1454 1466 1430 1600 1607 1991 1800 2146 3170 2968 2764 4088 4284 5370 5173

3 null null null null null null null 280 350 413 422 566 480 541 659 781 736 811 899 1080 1195 1206 1177 1318 1324 1641 1483 1771 2616 2449 2283 3378 3539 4441 4282

3.5 null null null null null null null null null null 353 474 402 454 553 656 619 683 758 910 1007 1018 994 1113 1120 1387 1254 1500 9916 9074 1937 2865 3002 3771 3640

4 null null null null null null null null null null null null null 388 473 560 530 586 650 781 864 875 856 959 964 1195 1080 1295 1912 1790 1675 2477 2585 3264 3155

5 null null null null null null null null null null null null null null null null null null null null null 671 657 735 742 919 831 1002 1479 1385 1301 1925 2016 2545 2467

6 null null null null null null null null null null null null null null null null null null null null null null null null null null null 801 1183 1108 1046 1547 1621 2054 1998

7 null null null null null null null null null null null null null null null null null null null null null null null null null null null null null null 858 1268 1328 1692 1654

8 null null null null null null null null null null null null null null null null null null null null null null null null null null null null null null null null null 1411 1388

9 null null null null null null null null null null null null null null null null null null null null null null null null null null null null null null null null null null 1174

R E F E R E N C E S E X T E R N A L

A P P E N D I X

BIOMIMETIC

SOFT ROBOTIC

Pia Parolin, Ombrohydrochory: Rain-operated seed dispersal in plants – With special regard to jet-action dispersal in Aizoaceae, Flora - Morphology, Distribution, Functional Ecology of Plants, Volume 201, Issue 7, 12 October 2006, Pages 511-518, ISSN 0367-2530, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.flora.2005.11.003

Mosadegh, B., Polygerinos, P., Keplinger, C., Wennstedt, S., Shepherd, R. F., Gupta, U., Shim, J., Bertoldi, K., Walsh, C. J. and Whitesides, G. M. (2014), Pneumatic Networks for Soft Robotics that Actuate Rapidly. Adv. Funct. Mater., 24: 2163–2170. doi:10.1002/adfm.201303288

Pagitz, M., Pagitz, M., Hühne, C.: A modular approach to adaptive structures. Bioinspiration Biomimetics 9, 046005 (2014), https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-3182/9/4/046005

Wehner, Michael, Ryan L. Truby, Daniel J. Fitzgerald, Bobak Mosadegh, George M. Whitesides, Jennifer A. Lewis, and Robert J. Wood. 2016. An Integrated Design and Fabrication Strategy for Entirely Soft, Autonomous Robots. Nature 536, no. 7617: 451–455. doi:10.1038/nature19100.

J.K. Stroble, R.B. Stone, D.A. McAdams, S.E. Watkins, An Engineering-to-Biology Thesaurus To Promote Better Collaboration, Creativity and Discovery, Proceedings of the 19th CIRP Design Conference – Competitive Design, Cranfield University, 30-31 March 2009, pp355, http://hdl.handle.net/1826/3719 Guiducci L., Weaver J. C., Bréchet Y. J. M., Fratzl P., Dunlop J. W. C. (2015). The Geometric Design and Fabrication of Actuating Cellular Structures. Adv. Mater. Interfaces, 2: 1500011. doi: 10.1002/admi.201500011 Guiducci L, Razghandi K, Bertinetti L, Turcaud S, Rüggeberg M, et al. (2016) Honeycomb Actuators Inspired by the Unfolding of Ice Plant Seed Capsules. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0163506

Morin, S. A., Kwok, S. W., Lessing, J., Ting, J., Shepherd, R. F., Stokes, A. A. and Whitesides, G. M. (2014), Elastomeric Tiles for the Fabrication of Inflatable Structures. Adv. Funct. Mater., 24: 5541–5549. doi:10.1002/adfm.201401339 Robert F. Shepherd, Filip Ilievski,Wonjae Choi, Stephen A. Morin, Adam A. Stokes, Aaron D. Mazzeo, Xin Chen, Michael Wang, and George M. Whitesides. Multigait soft robot. PNAS 2011 108 (51) 20400-20403; published ahead of print November 28, 2011, doi:10.1073/pnas.1116564108 Martinez, R. V., Fish, C. R., Chen, X. and Whitesides, G. M. (2012), Elastomeric Origami: Programmable Paper-Elastomer Composites as Pneumatic Actuators. Adv. Funct. Mater., 22: 1376–1384. doi:10.1002/adfm.201102978

Khashayar Razghandi, Luca Bertinetti, Lorenzo Guiducci, John W. C. Dunlop, Peter Fratzl, Christoph Neinhuis, and Ingo Burgert Bioinspired, Biomimetic and Nanobiomaterials 2014 3:3, 169-182 https://doi.org/10.1680/bbn.14.00016 Harrington, M. J. et al. Origami-like unfolding of hydro-actuated ice plant seed capsules. Nat. Commun. 2:337 doi: 10.1038/ ncomms1336 (2011).

Razghandi, K. (2014). Passive Hydro-actuated Unfolding of Ice Plant Seed Capsules as a Concept Generator for Autonomously Deforming Devices. PhD Thesis, Technische Universität Berlin, Berlin. http://dx.doi.org/10.14279/depositonce-4364 Lorenzo Guiducci, Peter Fratzl,Yves J. M. Bréchet, John W. C. Dunlop. Pressurized honeycombs as soft-actuators: a theoretical study. J. R. Soc. Interface 2014 11 20141031; DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2014.1031. Published 8 October 2014

DEPLOYABLE STRUCTURES

FLOODING

Simon David Guest, Deployable Structures: Concepts and Analysis. For the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy, Cambridge University, May 1994. http://www2.eng.cam.ac.uk/~sdg/preprint/SDG%20dissertation.pdf

P. Thörn, U. Moback, K. Buhr, G. M. Morrison, P. Knutsson, H. Areslätt, Climate Change Adaptation of Frihamnen: Visualising Retreat, Defend and Attack. http://www.mistraurbanfutures.org/sites/default/files/climate_change_adaptation_ of_frihamnen_poster.pdf

Z.You, S. Pellegrino, Foldable bar structures, International Journal of Solids and Structures, Volume 34, Issue 15, 1997, Pages 1825-1847, ISSN 0020-7683, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0020-7683(96)00125-4.

Daniel Rosenberg, Novel transformations of foldable structures -controlled Shape Generation for in-between states-. MIT Design and Computation Group, http://papers.cumincad.org/data/works/att/caadria2009_013.content.pdf

Susanna Gelin, Gothenburg & Molndal’s present and future vulnerability against weather-related flood events. Master thesis of Sciences, Göteborg University. 2015 http://gvc.gu.se/digitalAssets/1512/1512660_b801.pdf

A P P E N D I X

R E F E R E N C E S

BACK TO BASICS

THROUGHOUT

DISSIDENT

Author: Vogel, Steven, Published: Princeton, NJ : Princeton Univ. Press, cop. 2003.

Author: Gruber, Petra, Published: Wien, Springer Verlag : cop. 2011.

Author: Vogel, Steven, Published: New York : W.W. Norton, cop. 1998.

General textbook on the field of biomechanics--how living things move and work-. Vogel use examples drawn from throughout the plant and animal kingdoms.

He looks notably at the relationships between the properties of biological materials--spider silk, jellyfish jelly, muscle, and more-and their various structural and functional roles.

Overview of the present state of research in the scientific field of biomimetics that shows its potential. Strategic search for lifeâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s criteria in architecture delivers a new view of architectural achievements and makes visible the innovative potential, although it is not yet exploited.

Selection of case studies.

Reflection on human vs. nature technology. Human technology has taken 10,000 years to develop; natures mechanical designs are billions of years old. Human designers love right angles, but nature is rounded & its angles are diverse. Our hinges turn because their parts slide, whereas natural hinges turn by bending their flexible materials.

CASE STUDIES

GEOMETRY

Author: Pawlyn, Michael, Published : London : Riba Publishing, c2011.

Author: Finsterwalder, Rudolf, Published : Wien, Springer Verlag : cop. 2015.

Gathering of case studies, of designs that believe to go beyond conventional sustainability to be truly restorative. The principal chapters look in turn at: structural efficiency; material manufacture; zero-waste systems; water; energy generation; the thermal environment; and biomimetic products.

Outline of the history of the human examination of nature.

Nature is in many ways a pool for the productive human being, but also a counterpoint to his/ her own work. Both the energetic and constructively optimised forms as well as the adaptability and the variety serves as role models.

T E R M I N O L O G Y U S E D

A P P E N D I X

Biomimetic â&#x20AC;&#x201C; [Biomimicry] The design and production of materials, structures, and systems that are modelled on biological entities and processes.

Flood - An overflow of a large amount of water beyond its normal limits, especially over what is normally dry land.

Sustainable architecture - Architecture managed in such a way as to employ design techniques which minimize environmental degradation and make use of low-impact materials and energy sources.

Actuate - with object Make (a machine or device) operate Swell - become larger or rounder in size, typically as a result of an accumulation of fluid.

Isotropic - (of an object or substance) having a physical property which has the same value when measured in different directions.

Anisotropic - (of an object or substance) having a physical property which has a different value when measured in different directions. An example is wood, which is stronger along the grain than across it.

Hygroscopic - (of a substance) tending to absorb moisture from the air.

Lumen - The central cavity of a tubular or other hollow structure in an organism or cell.

(Oxford Dictionary) Deployable architecture - A deployable structure is a structure that can change shape to significantly change its size. (University of Cambridge) Soft Robotics - Soft Robotics is the specific sub-field of robotics dealing with constructing robots from highly compliant materials, similar to those found in living organisms (Trivedi, D., Rahn, C. D., Kier, W. M., & Walker, I. D. (2008). Soft robotics: Biological inspiration, state of the art, and future research. Applied Bionics and Biomechanics, 5(3), 99-117.)

Keel - A prow-shaped kind of leaf CIL â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Cellulosic inner layer, highly swellable. May contain additional biomacromolecules such as pectin or hemicelluloses in smaller amounts