'Collection to Connection' - A New Public Library in Bristol City Centre

‘COLLECTION TO CONNECTION’ PROPOSAL FOR A NEW PUBLIC LIBRARY IN BRISTOL CITY CENTRE

LOUIS EVANS 10095 TUTOR: FRANK LYONS

CONTENTS The Brief. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 01 The Site. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 The Proposal. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 Structure & Tectonic. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57 Environmental. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77 Regulations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87 Design Process. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97

“Against expectations, the public library building is enjoying a new era of prestige across the world. So too are many other forms of library design and architecture, as higher education expands to meet a global demand for better educated populations capable of attending to their own intellectual self-development and professional expertise�

Ken Worpole, Contemporary Library Architecture, 2013, p.4

THE BRIEF

THE MODERN PUBLIC LIBRARY ARCHITECTURAL INTENTION The modern public library plays an important role as a bastion for freedom of knowledge through the provision of books and other media to the community it serves.

However, in the information age - with the rapid growth of the internet and technology - the book has come under threat as the primary means of disseminating knowledge. So what does this mean for the library, which is fundamentally a collection of books? The

MEET

READ

PLAY

PERFORM

STUDY

BROWSE

DISCUSS

THINK

CREATE

term ‘Collection to Connection’ represents the evolving role of the modern public library and addresses its new responsibility in providing a platform for community life and social interaction as well as just a servicestation space to collect and read books. As such these are the projects main aims in order to effectively serve the Bristol community in the 21st century; •

Create a dynamic environment where life in the community can unfold

•

Human centric design that focuses on putting people and user experience first

•

The provision of flexible spaces that allows the community to ‘customise’ the library to their needs.

•

Create inspirational spaces that inspire learning and are not merely pragmatic

•

Accommodate for everyone in a modern diverse society and allow members to undergo their own personal intellectual journey either individually or collectively

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Informal Reading

Communal

A PLACE FOR COMMUNITY

Playful

A PLACE FOR LEARNING

A PLACE FOR DEMOCRACY

Community space is very important in the modern public library and they must

The study and learning spaces of modern public libraries are becoming increasingly

In the 21st Century there is no typical user of the public library and it must therefore

incorporate ‘long life, loose fit’ design that allows the library to, ‘accommodate

integrated. The current trend in design shows a movement towards open

function accordingly as a space that effectively accommodates to the needs for

change as well as a widening variety of activities’. These multi-functioning spaces

planned, interconnecting spaces where there is no strict compartmentalisation

all members in that society. However, this should not be seen as a challenge but

above all help define the library of the 21st century as a place that prioritises people.

of functionality. This has greatly evolved from public libraries in the 19th century

more of an opportunity, as it consolidates the crucial role public libraries play in

They show the ‘transformation of public libraries from a warehouse for books

that created a series of rational enclosed spaces, each operating with a specific

providing a platform for all to exercise free speech in the public realm; ‘everyone

into a gathering space for people’. This idea has extended to creating an informal

function. This trend was broken by Modernist architectural thinking which placed an

has a seat at the table and we treat everyone with the same respect and dignity’.

environment where the institutional atmosphere has been replaced with a more

emphasis on more liberal ‘flowing spaces’ that introduced the concept of an open

It is apparent then, that by nature, the library in the 21st century must transcend

familiar and relaxed appeal, with food and drink outlets enjoyed in the comfort of

spatial arrangement. It allows users to learn through conversation and interaction

any predisposition to ethnicity, class, religion, age, gender, nationality or intellect

domestic furniture.

and prescribes more informal, relaxed and pleasurable environments for learning.

and therefore the buildings themselves must imbue a similar sense of neutrality,

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sensitivity and equality.

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OPPORTUNITY

Issue

Partnerships

The Bristol City Council 2017 ‘Quality

As the modern public library is pivotal

of Life’ Survey, shows that there are

in providing a place for community

significant

dissatisfaction

there are often a lot of other functions

among the Bristol community regarding

incorporated into the building. This can

facilities and opportunities that a new

bring in partners who help to share cost

public library can provide. The data

as well as attract new library users.

shows that with less than half of the

This range of functions can include art

community satisfied with public libraries

galleries, health centres, radio stations,

in Bristol there is certainly scope to

youth services as well as retail chains

suggest a new public library could be of

and coffee shops. I have selected a series

great benefit to Bristol and it's people.

of local Bristol groups and business.

Client

Funding

Bristol City Council. Economic historian

By definition, a public library is established

Edward

local

under government regulations to serve a

councils and all those involved in urban

particular community and is supported,

regeneration to ‘invest in people’, and

in whole or in part, by public funding.

in projects such as public libraries

Government funding occurs at many

which encourage learning, participation

levels and depends, in great part, on the

and development of social capital.

structure of the individual government.

Public libraries have a civic edge over

The processes for funding vary and

art galleries or museums because of

are particular to the many types of

the richer range of public spaces that

government. (Lushington, 2016, pg 68).

serve the community. (Ken Worpole,

I estimate the cost of this library will be

Contemporary Library Architecture, pg

£14.5 million, based on Brighton Jubilee

79)

Library.

levels

Glaesar

of

encourages

51%

Not Satisfied with Libraries

56%

Not Satisfied with Leisure Facilities

65%

Not Satisfied with Opportunties for Children

68%

Not Satisfied with Adult Learning Opportunites

Adult Learning Opportunities Leisure Facilities Activities for Children and Young People Libraries

Figure [X] - Data from the Bristol City Council 2017 ‘Quality of Life’ Survey

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undertaken in the public library is collecting books. The two main complaints mentioned by library users were opening times and stock collection being inadequate.

40 20

Quiet Study

community responsibility the modern public library has. It is clear that the dominant activity

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Computers

takes into account the traditional library functions and doesn’t take note of the evolving

Borrowing other media

This research carried out by Department for Digital, Culture, Media and Sport on library users

80

Children

ACTIVITY

Research

100

Books

USER REQUIREMENTS

0

ILLUMINANCE Reading Space

Uniform Lighting

300 lux

Visual comfort is intrinsically linked to illuminance and for activity in library illuminance levels

Study Rooms

Adjustable

300 lux

can generally range from 300 lux to 1000 lux. For natural lighting top lighting is often a preferred

Study Carrels

Task lighting

500-1,000 lux

strategy as it is not blocked by book stacks and allows an even distribution of light. Artificial

Seminar Rooms

Adjustable

varies

lighting is often upwards facing as it reduces glare and is aided by local task lighting.

Conference Rooms

Adjustable

300-500 lux

Children’s Room

Adjustable

varies

Visual Comfort is very important as users spend long periods of time reading in the library.

NOISE

Study

Reading

Multipurpose

Library Zone

Work Zone

Collection

Social

Noise Type

Silent

Quiet Conversaition

Conversion

Activity

Noise levels can be a difficult problem to resolve in the modern public library where the provision of more open plan flowing spaces can result in greater noise permeation and conflict between zones. Internal spatial arrangement requires careful planning in order to ensure areas like quiet study zones or conference rooms do no clash with noisier areas like the children’s zone or informal social spaces.

Quiet

Tolerant Noise

Noise

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EVOLUTION OF THE MODERN PUBLIC LIBRARY

Stockholm City Library, Gunnar Asplund

Berlin State Library, Hans Scharoun

- Reconfiguration of the Library into a concept of flowing spaces like an urban landscape that users can transition through

- Follows 19th century tradition of spaces expressed through metaphor

- Still upholds the 19th century concept of the library being a place that is a universal and boundless source of knowledge

- Entry sequence follows a succession of enclosed spaces

- Reading spaces are not located in separate spaces but are alongside shelving

- Stack rooms entirely separate from the central reading room

1935 1928

1978 Vyborg Library, Alvar Aalto

1920 Rigid Enclosed Static Enclosed Integrated

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- Volumes relate to specific inner functions and not the external situation or metaphor - Spaces increasingly open but still echoes the enclosed spaces of libraries of old - The administrative wing is located in an entirely enclosed and separate element

Seattle Public Library, Rem Koolhas

Flexible Open Flowing

- Introduction of very informal ‘lounge’ social spaces, ‘A living room in the city’ - The library is almost its own universe combining a wide range of functionality creating a community in its own right

2020

- Social space takes up the first 4 floors with a ‘information trading floor on the 5th and the spiral book collection on the next 4 floors.

2001

2015 2005 Dokk1, SHL Architects, Aarhus

Sendai Mediatheque, Toyo Ito

- Combination of a lot of functionality into one building defines it as a destination in the city - Functionality is integrated under one large democratic roof scape that unifies the building

- Introduction of highly flexible spaces where furnishings are movable and non intrusive

- The spaces have a very informal domestic feel to them where open spaces are flexible and customisable

- There a no real discrete areas and spaces appear to flow into one another - We no longer see the presence of books being emphasized and there is much more of an attention towards people

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SCHEDULE OF ACCOMMODATION

Book Space 750m²

Collection Space 1190m² 34%

Reading Space 440m²

Book Space 750m² Seating Space 440m²

Social Space 630m² 18% Cafe 30m²

Seating 150m²

Exhibition 150m²

Perform.

150m²

Digital Med. 150m²

Cafe 30m² Exhibition 150m² Performance 150m² Digital Media 150m² Seating 150m²

Staff Space 210m² 6% Rec. 30m²

Kitch.

30m²

WC 20m²

Con. 50m²

Con. 50m²

Con. 50m²

Children 180m²

Off. 40m²

Quiet Study 180m²

Off. 40m²

Seminar 65m²

Reception 30m² Offices 80m² Lounge 50m² Kitchen 30m² Toilets 80m²

Lounge 50m²

Meeting Space 280m² 8%

Seminar 65m²

Conference 150m² Seminar 130m²

Special User Space 490m² 14% Teen 80m²

Children 200m² Teen 80m² Quiet Study 180m² ICT 50m²

ICT 50m²

Non Assignable Space Storage 220m²

WC 80m²

Plant 50m²

Circulation 350m²

700m²

Circulation 350m² WC 80m² Storage 220m² Plant 50

Total 3500m²

7

20%

ADJACENCY DIAGRAM Emergency Escape

Con. 50m²

Con. 50m²

Seminar 65m²

Book Space 750m²

Reading Space 440m²

Seminar 65m² Con. 50m²

Circulation 350m²

Quiet Study 180m²

ICT 50m²

Teen 80m²

Delivery Storage 220m²

Plant 50m²

Kitch.

30m²

Staff Entrance

Lounge 50m²

WC 80m²

Perform.

150m²

Digital Med. 150m²

Exhibition 150m²

Seating 150m²

Rec. 30m²

Cafe 30m²

Children 180m²

Off. 40m²

Off. WC 40m² 20m²

Main Entrance

Diagram 1:500

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‘The users are not forced to sit next to one another in isolated concentration but can take a seat at a small table, making it possible to talk and exchange opinions. These open spatial landscapes emphasize seamless interconnection, whether between the parts of the space, between areas of knowledge or social contacts’.

Lushington et al, Libraries: A Design Manual, 2016, p.36

THE SITE

SITE LOCATION

Site Aerial Shot

The site is located next to the Bristol Bus Station and former Bristol Royal Infirmary. It is in a near central location with good transport links and connectivity which is important as it is reachable for all members of the community. It is also in good proximity to The University of Bristol campus so the Public Library could aid in serving the student community in the area.

The site has some clear constraints with roads flanking it on three sides with two of those being the departure route from the bus station. As certain spaces in the library require quiet activity these factors will need to be addressed sensitively.

Existing Libraries

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Site Location - Bristol City Centre 1:10000

There are plans for the rest of the main infirmary buildings to be demolished in the coming years. Unite Students developer group have made proposals for new student accommodation with 750 new bedrooms to be built. However, for the purpose of this project, the proposal will be designed for the site at this point in time.

3D Aerial - Contemporary Site

Fripp's Chapel (Grade II listed)

Bristol Bus Station

Former Royal Infirmary

The Site

St Jame's Priory

The White Heart Pub

University Hospital

Site photo - Lower Maudlin Street Approach

CGI - Unite Students proposal for 750-bed student rooms

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SITE PHOTOS

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Main approach down lower Mauldin street from the city centre

Apex of the site where lower Maudlin street and Whitson street converge

The site from Whitson street

Looking down Whitson street from the Bristol Bus Station towards The White Hart pub

SITE ANALYSIS

SITE LEVELS Site

APPROACH Approach

NOISE Noise

PUBLIC / PRIVATE Public/Private

INDICATIVE SUNPATH Indicative Sun Path

VIEWS Views

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The most ‘successful’ designs are those that are the simplest – open plan with good visibility across the floorplate and excellent connectivity - allowing staff and customers greater freedom to change the form and function of the public library over time. Yet, the simplest designs are not always the easiest to achieve, since open plan floors are often noisy, and flexibility involves careful planning.

Gemma Jones, Design Libraries in the 21st Century 2016, p.39

THE PROPOSAL

BRISTOL PUBLIC LIBRARY

Client Project Description Library Size Seating Capacity Computer Capacity Stock (est.)

Cost (est.)

Visitor Numbers (est.)

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Bristol City Council Public Library 7400m² 300 Seats 100 Units 125000 Volumes 14.5M Up to 1 million per year

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Bleinham House

CONTEXT PLAN

Marlborough House Hospital Marlborough St.

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University of Bristol Dorothy Hodkins Builings

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Bristol Bus Station

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Bristol Royal Infirmary

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Bristol Magestrate’s Court

St Jame’s Court

University of Bristol Dental Hospital

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St Jame’s Priory we

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au

dli

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Hostel Pub St Jame’s Park

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A3

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Bristol Eye Hospital

Hotel

A

1:1000 21

B

CONTEXT SECTIONS AND ELEVATION

Marlb. St

FormerRoyal Infirmary

Service

Bristol Public Library

White Heart (Pub)

St Jame’s Park

A38

60.0m

A-A Elevation 1:1000

Marlb. St

Former Royal Infirmary

Service

Bristol Public Library

Pub

Hostel

St Jame’s Park

A38

52.0m

B-B Section 1:1000

University Hospital

L. Maudlin St

Bristol Public Library

Whitson St

Magistrates’s Court

Marlborough St

50.0m

C-C Section 1:1000

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WHITSON STREET VIEW

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Meet

Relax

Discuss

+1 First Floor

Users

Activity Level

Read

Read

Present

Research

Study

+2 Second Floor

Users

Activity Level

Focus

Study

01

01

01

interaction and participation within the local community - all developing social capital.

aims to regenerate the former BRI site by investing in people through encorougaing learning,

The Bristol Public Library provides a rich range of public spaces and services. The proposal

Generating Urban Value

+3 Third Floor

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02

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03

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User Type

Activity Level

Listen

Study

information

Interaction

User Type

Activity Level

Bookshop

Browse

Play

Cafe

+0 Ground Floors

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Performance

Read

01

02

03

04

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LOWER GROUND PLAN 1:200 @A3

1. Entrance 2. ‘Out of Hours’ Book Returns 3. Floating Reception/Security 4. Bookshop 5. Exhibition Space 6. Cafe 7. WC’s 8. Cleaners Cupboard / Cafe Storage 9.

+ 1.0

+ 0.5

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6 8

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+ 0.0

1

5

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+ 0.0

2

+ 1.0

+ 0.5

+ 0.0

+ 3.0 + 2.5

UPPER GROUND PLAN 1:200 @A3

+ 2.0

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+ 3.0

12

+ 1.5

11 + 3.0

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1.

Entrance

2.

‘Out of Hours’ Book Returns

3.

Bookshop/Security desk

4.

Bookshop

5.

Exhibition Space

6.

Cafe

7.

WC’s

8.

Cleaners Cupboard

9.

‘Spanish Steps’

10.

Multipurpose Ramps

11.

Library Reception

12.

Electronic Book Drop/Rental Station

13.

Staff Office

14.

Staff Individual Office

15.

Staff Conference Room

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Staff Break-out Room

17.

Staff Toilets

18.

Plant Room

19.

Storage

20.

Deliveries

21.

Refuse Collection

22.

Staff Parking and Service Yard

10 9

+ 2.0

+ 3.0

22 + 1.0

20

+ 0.5

+ 3.0

21

4 6

3

8

+ 0.0

1

5

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+ 3.0 + 2.5

+ 2.0

+ 1.5

+ 1.0

+ 0.5

+ 0.0

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SECTION 1:200 @A3

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THE COMMUNITY CENTRE

The 'Spanish Steps' and 'Multipurpose Ramp' are at the heart of the ground floor community space. This multiuse space is designed to try and help foster community interaction and spontaneous activity. Primarily it will be an area for gathering and socialising, whether that be having a coffee and chatting or meeting with friends in a safe neutral environment. The space is also highly flexible and can transform into a performance space, exhibition space, or space for user groups to meet. There could be book readings, drama performances, lectures and even cinema screenings taking place. This range of activity allow members of the community to visit the library speculatively and discover new knowledge. Static and dynamic spacesa are interrwined to encourage interaction and create pockets of space for focus groups to meet.

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Static Space Dynamic Space

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CONCEPTUAL DESIGN PROGRESSION FILL THE SITE

ENTRANCE

SOUTH FACING COMMUNITY

It is important that the building hugs the perimeter of the site in

The one place where this rule is broken is the entrance. This

The servant spaces (storage/plant/core) are moved to the North

order to hold its place in the city and not break the rule of the street.

subtraction of mass signifies the entry revealing the access to the

and ‘back’ of this site. This creates a buffer to the noisy spaces of

All the buildings around the site are 4-5 storeys so a large multiple

building located on the southern tip of the site adressing the main

the bus station and service courtyard. It also allows the functional

storey building seemed to knit the massing into the local urban

approach from the city centre. (A turning head was also added

smaller units of space to be orthogonal allowing the expansive

fabric.

later for the service road)

open planned library and community space to open up to the relaxed geometry of the site and to the light from the south.

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‘STEPPING UP’ GROUND FLOOR

THE HEART

ELEVATED LIBRARY

Rather than large scale excavation and flattening of the the site, the

A hole is punctured through the centre of the building. This draws

The community space feels as though it belongs on the ground

change is level is solved by following it and stepping up the whole

all elements of the building together, fostering more of a communal

floor. It is an extension of the public realm outside and a place for

ground floor. This generated a unique ground floor community,

feel to the spaces as well as allowing the light to penetrate deep

noise and activity. This contrasts to the library space that feels as

creating different pockets for spontaneous social interacting

into the building. In addition by visable exposing upper floor plates

though it should be in the light and in the sky, a place for calm and

and informal conversation. The steps also created spaces for

from the ground floor, users of the library have visual command

study. Therefore the library space is elevated about the community

performance and exhibition as prescribed in the brief.

over the space, allowing them to see stairs and circulation routes,

space on a array of columns.

avoiding the need for extraneous signage.

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CORE IDEAS

Heart

Entry Sequence

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Core

Visual Command

Atrium

Non - Confrontational

Horizontal Activity

Vertical Activity

North Buffer

South Facing Community

Users

Front-Front / Back-Back

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FIRST FLOOR PLAN 1:200 @A3

23.

Childrens’ Library

24.

Digital Media Collection

25.

ICT Suits

26.

Employment Skills Centre

27.

Main Collection

28.

Group Study space

29.

Individual Study Carrels

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29

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27

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27

7

29

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“LIFE ATTRACTS LIFE�

All the main circulation wraps around the central atrium, flanked by an inhabited ballustrade creating an active core of the building. People can see down to the stepped performance space below and engage from higher floors. The inhabited ballustrade is punctuating with glass opening with space for children to sit, read and see down and across the building as to not feel cut off from other spaces.

Aalvar Aalto - Viipuri library, inhabited bookshelf

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SECOND FLOOR PLAN 1:200 @A3

30.

Seminar Room

31.

Informal Reading Space

32.

Small Conference Room

33.

Large Conference Room

32 33

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29 30 27 30

28 27 8

7 29

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BUILDING ORGANISATION Servant spaces flank the North perimeter of the building, allowing served spaces to open up to the south apex of the site. The utility spaces more modular and orthogonal whereas the main public spaces have relaxed geometries adapting to the unique shape of the site.

Collection Space Meeting Space Special User Space Service Space Social Space Staff Space

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EXTENDING THE PUBLIC REALM The community space rises up from the entrance at lower street level and meets the staff area at upper street level. At the interface between these spaces, the main reception desk is situated, as well as the first flight of stairs that climbs up into the light of the atrium towards the

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library that is elevated above street level.

One of the criticisms at the final review was that the reception desk is too remote from the main entrance. However this was an intentional move. As the building is really a hybrid community centre and library, the ground floor is all dedicated community space and an extension of the public realm outside. When entering I didn’t want members of the public to be confronted by a reception desk so that they do not feel their purpose and presence in the building is under scrutiny but instead allow them freedom of movement through this flowing urban landscape.

Week 2 - Concept Section Sketch

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Whitson St

01 Entrance and Bookshop

06 Informal reading

02 Community Centre

07 Conference room

03 Reception / Staff Area

08 Local collection

04 digital media central

09 Quiet study room

05 ICT suits

10 Main collection

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10

10

02

01

Lower Maudlin St

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THIRD FLOOR PLAN 1:200 @A3

34.

Reference Collection

35.

Local Literature

36.

Quiet Study Room

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35

29

27 34

28 27 8

7 29

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“A PLACE FOR QUIET�

Away from the activity of the atrium and at the other periphery of the floor plate, a series of study carrels flank the library space. These are designed to be highly customisable with sliding shutters to control daylight, local task lighting and an opennable window for ventilation control. The carrels are designed with timber screens for privacy and help improve concentration and focus for the user.

Louis Kahn, Exeter Library, Study Carrels

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LOWER MAUDLIN STREET ELEVATION This elevation demonstrates the transition from the two elevational treatments of the building. To the north is the protective brick buffer that wraps around the library. This protective arm, then opens up to intermitant brick piers with the study carrels sitting between them before becoming ceiling height glazing.

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SOUTHWEST ELEVATION 1:200 @A3

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SOUTH EAST ELEVATION 1:200 @A3

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SECTION 1:200 @A3

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STRUCTURE & TECTONIC

SUPER STRUCTURE

Concrete Ring Beam Strengthens roof slab to support atrium fins

CONCRETE SLAB AND BEAM

Concrete Wall Wraps around northern

Large spans, open uninterrupted floor plates, multiple stories and the

perimeter of the building

requirement for high load capacities promote steel or concrete or a combination as the most likely construction materials for this library.

“This type of construction sees slabs spanning onto beams spanning in one or two directions. The beams are either wide and flat or narrow and deep and span between columns or walls. They are generally used when there is an irregular grid or long spans which would make a simple flat slab unsuitable.” - Emma Walshaw

Concrete Cores Bring lateral stability to building Concrete Column Support

main

library

floor slab ‘Relaxed’ column grids - Because of the irregular shape of the site and resultant irregular form of the building a non-orthogonal structural grid has been devised.

Concrete Beams Strengthens slabs and

High Thermal Mass - As a building that is only used in the daytime a high

reduces depth

thermal mass is important as it stops high fluctuations in temperature from day to night. This will help to reduce heating costs and create more comfortable thermal environments.

Open soffits - This allows an option of omitting false ceiling and finishing the soffit so the underside of the slab can be exposed for thermal mass benefits and to allow vertical lighting to be diffused.

Concrete Ground Slab Stepped up the site

Basment Wall Strip Foundation Used for self supporting concrete wall

Pile Foundations Used for columns and concrete wall

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STRUCTURAL GRID One of the initial design moves was to make a strong buffer to the North of the site where the noisy Bus Station and Service road are located, and create a protected south facing community for the primary public spaces. The structural strategy mirrors this idea.

It transitions from concrete structural walls to the North - where the more modular and functional elements of the library are, and opens up to a grid of columns to the south that elevate the floor plates of the more open plan library above the ground. In a library the structural grid is quite heavily intertwined with the layout of bookshelves. Creating a grid of columns that alligned with the book shelves, while not interfering with with the ramp at ground floor as weill as allowing enough space for back to back seating in the study carrels proved to quite a challenge, especially on such a uniquely shaped site.

Figure X - Floor Plate Structural Grid

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CONSTRUCTION SEQUENCE

1. Secure the Perimeter (fence) 2. Assessment of the structural stability of nearby grade II listed Fripp’s chapel and adequate protection provided during construction.

3. Minor excavation of part of the site for lift core lower ground access. Excavated soil used to make minor leveling adjustments.

4. Screw drilling pile foundations and inserting reinforced precast concrete piles with pile caps.

5. Erecting shuttering for ground floor in-situ concrete casting with steel 6. formwork for steps and ramps to achieve accuracy of finish on vertical surfaces.

7. Pouring in-situ concrete ground floor slab with

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10. Pre-cast atrium biaxial concrete shading fins, (constructed off site using a waffle slab method)

02

lifted into place and fixed to atrium ring beam.

11. MEP first fix - Pipework for underfloor heating, cables for electricity and ICT distribution and

07

ducts for ventilation.

12. Cladding of External facades, construction of study carrels and inhabited balustrades, 13. MEP second fix -

acoustic ceiling panels

constructed and carpets laid.

03

14. Commission all systems 15. Fit out - infornal furniture, shelving units, ICT

08 - 10

units and books.

16. and Hand-over

steel reinforcement bars.

8. Pre-cast columns set in place on ‘starter’ bars that project from the pile caps.

04

9. Pre-cast beams and slabs sequencially craned into place and fixed.

11 - 14

05

15 - 16

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61

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A large wall cavity incorporated insulation contributing to the efficient U-value performance.

can be handmade at the Ibstock factory and these chamfered bricks miror that of the building opposite.

transport the load of the external bricks across to the brick piers. Bespoke brick special reveal heads

concrete blocks with standard brick accessories. Steel I-beams with brick infill are used as lintels to

The brickwork is self supporting from the ground slab and tied back with to the concrete frame and

DETAILS 1:20

PILE FOUNDATION 75mm Concrete screed with embedded heating pipes (decide finish on concrete) Separating layer 100mm Kingspan Kooltherm Insulation 300mm Reinforced concrete raft slab Damp proof membrane 50mm concrete blinding creates level surface and seals platform 450mm Well compacted hardcore

GROUND STEPS 75mm Concrete screed with embedded heating pipes (decide finish on concrete) Separating layer 100mm Kingspan Kooltherm Insulation 300mm Reinforced concrete raft slab Damp proof membrane 50mm concrete blinding creates level surface and seals platform 450mm Well compacted hardcore

Timber seating Electrical socket

Concrete block

Reinforced concrete pile cap

Reinforced precast concrete pile

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ROOF PARAPET WALL 1:10

GROUND PERIMETER 1:10 Roof drain

Metal parapet capping

Rigid insulation

Metal flashing

I beam

Rigid insulation Insulative block

Timber Louvres

DPM

ROOF BUILD UP

Deep section strip foundation

Single–ply non–bituminous membrane Damp proof membrane 50 mm Screed to fall 100mm Kingspan Kooltherm Insulation

WALL BUILD UP Double leaf brickwork (standard wall ties)

Vapour barrier 300mm Concrete roof slab Unistrut suspended acoustic ceiling system

50mm cavity 100mm Kingspan Kooltherm Insulation 140mm concrete blockwork Vapour barrier 40mm timber battons 15mm plaster board with finish

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RAMP DETAIL 1:25 Timber handrail 20mm vertically cantilevered glass balustrade 100mm min. Aluminium frame (ramp guarding for part K) Polished concrete finish 75mm Concrete screed with embedded heating pipes Separating layer 100mm Kingspan Kooltherm Insulation 300mm Reinforced concrete raft slab Damp proof membrane 50mm concrete blinding creates level surface and seals platform 450mm Well compacted hardcore

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STANDARD FLOOR 1:25 High durability carpet 75mm screed with underfloor heating pipes 50mm acoustic insulation 300mm precast prestressed concrete floor slab 300mm precast prestressed concrete beam Unistrut suspended acoustic ceiling systeme with service trays and ventilation ducts

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Figure X - Acoustic ceiling panels (below)

SUSPENDED CEILING

01 - Rio suspended indirect light

02 - Unistrut stainless steel channel

03 - metal ventilation duct

04 - Aluminium dowel

05 - Service Tray

06 - Vertical acoustic panel

01 Figure X - Acoustic ceiling panels (above)

02 03 04 05 06

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DETAILED SOUTH ELEVATION 1:25

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SECTION 1:25

HORIZONTAL SECTION 1:25

INTERNAL ELEVATION 1:25

A

B

A

B

A-A

B-B

115x25 mm Ventilated Air Dried Oak Shiplap Cladding 40x40 mmTimber Battens Breathable Sarking Membrane 50 mm Kingspan Kooltherm Insulation

Ibstock Aldrigde multi-grey rustic Brick I beam 50mm Cavity Standard Wall Tie

Breathable Sarking Membrane 18 mm Plywood Board 180 mmTimber studs 50 mm Kingspan Kooltherm insulation 40 x 40 mm Timber stop battens Vapour control layer 18mm Plywood Board

100mm Kingspan Koolthern Insulation Vapour Barrier Concrete Superstructure

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EXPLODED ISOMETRIC STUDY CARREL FACADE

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Steel Rail

Timber Study Carrel

Timber Sliding Shutter Steel I-beam

Plaster Board (White Plaster Finish)

40 x 40 mm Timber Battons 18mm Plywood Board

Concrete Block Timber Studs with Kingspan Insulation (Vapour Barrier)

75 mm Concrete Screed 50mm Acoustic Insulation 100mm Kingspan Insulation Ibstock Aldridge Brick (Wall Tied) Timber Reveals 18mm Plywood Board Kingspan Insulation (Breather Membranes) 40 x 40 mm Timber Battons Ventilated Air Dried Shiplap Oak Cladding Timber Frame Windows Timber Louvres

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ATRIUM SKYLIGHT 1:20

300x1800mm pre-cast biaxial concrete fins 300x100mm metal offset frames to help airflow for ventilation and reduce thermal briding.

100x50mm window frames double glazing window panels.

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Glazing panels

Glazing bars

Metal glazing frames

Cable reinforced concrete fins

MVHR parapet with vents

Reinforced concrete ring beam

74

ENVIRONMENTAL

OVERALL STRATEGY RAINWATER RETENTION Rainwater that falls upon the roof can be collected and

MVHR

retained to be used as greywater within the building

POWER GENERATION Photovoltaic cells will harness energy from the Sun to power appliances thoughout the building

VENTILATION The atrium allows for buoyancy driven natural ventilation in the summer, which is mechanically assisted in winter

DAYLIGHTING Floor plated are restricted to 14m wide and are lit from both sides by atrium light and clerestory window light.

HEATING AND COOLING The atrium allows for buoyancy driven natural ventilation in the summer, which is mechanically assisted in winter

SHADING Both horizontal and vetical timber louvres shade the south east and south west facades.

ACOUSTICS Acoustics slats are used on the ceiling to dampen internal noise, while a buffering wall blocks external noise.

GSHP

(Indicative location)

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MVHR

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FORM AND ORIENTATION ASPECT The main open-plan public spaces are located to the south of the building enabling them to be passively heated and benefit from solar gains and daylighting. Storage and utility space is to the N-W where these aren’t needed. This does mean appropiate shading will be required on the Southern facade to prevent unwanted gains.

FORM FACTOR A score of <3 is generally considered a good for the form factor.

Total heat loss area - 5410m² Total floor area - 2196m² Form factor - (5410/2196 = 2.46) This shows the compact nature of the building will be effective in limiting heat loss and less insualtion will be required to make the building efficient.

Zoning and aspect of the building Open plan expansive zones Modular units

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POWER GENERATION AND RAINWATER RETENTION

Mains

Rainfall

WATER RETENTION SYSTEM Kitchen

Showers / Sinks

Storage of the rainwater will be provided

Greenbelt Trees

in tanks in the plant room which are

Roof Collection

designed to hold a total of 100m3 (approx.

5% of the yearly demand and 22 dry days).

Greenbelt Planting

Toilets

The storage tank will also filter the water

Grey Water

to ensure its suitable for use.

Plant Storage

Irrigation

Underfloor Heating

Underground / Longterm Storage

Flagship

Roof falls to drains and gutters Summer Usage

Rain water collection flow chart

PHOTOVOLTAIC PANELS As seen in the virtual helidome analysis, the buildings roof recieved a lot of direct sunlight

21st June - 0900

21st June - 1200

21st June - 1800

21st March - 0900

21st March - 1200

21st March - 1800

throughout the year, therefore pv power generation was chosen as an effective strategy. The total roof area available for PVs is 1400m². Using PVs with an efficiency of 20%, given the average annual sunlight hours, produces a total of 61800 kWh for the whole year, this energy can then be used to power the ground source heat pump or the artificial lighting system. Using this PV instead of electricity from the grid results in a carbon saving of 15.7tCO2e per year.

Indicative location of PV panels

21st December - 0900

21st December - 1200

21st December - 1800

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DAYLIGHTING

Overall strategy South East/West Facade

Atrium

DAYLIGHTING CONCEPT The central atrium allows light to penetrate deep into the building. As you climb up the central staircase you also climb up towards the light and towards the books of the library, playing on the idea of light, knowledge and enlightenment. The main library space is designed so that the book stacks are orientated at 90 degrees to the natural light sources both from the clerestory lighting above the study carrels and the diffused light from the atrium. This allows light to penerate deeper onto the floor plate, reducing the use of artificial lighting. As visual comfort is imperative in a library, reading areas are located where light levels are the highest with a target of 300lx.

DAYLIGHT FACTOR CALCULATION

Plan diagram of standard library floor plate dayligting strategy

This simulation from environmental software diva shows the percent of the time - during openning hours of the library - that the daylight factor reaches the target of 300lx. This is without the additional calculation of light brought in from the atrium. It shows how the reading areas are well lit as shown in read and natural light levels are lower in the browsing areas where people will not spend as long reading. Calculations showed that the average daylight factor was approximately 330 lx.

Diva for Rhino Daylight Autonomy Simulation

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Formal Reading

General Browsing

Informal Reading

Section diagram of standard library floor plate dayligting strategy and indicative light levels

ATRIUM SHADING

STUDY CARREL SHADING

Deep section concrete fins spaning the atrium ceiling act as

The Study Carrel timber pods are inset, with the wall. This

shading devices diffusing direct sunlight, creating a softer

allows both vertical slats to shade the spaces from direct

more even light throughout the building. This increases

East/West light and horizontal louvres to protect the spaces

visual comfort whilst reading and prevents direct light from

from the harsh southern light.

SOLAR SHADING

Overall strategy

creating uncumfortable glare.

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ACOUSTICS AND NOISE CONTROL

Atrium Noise

â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;Carpeted Bufferâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;

Atrium Noise

Overall accoustic strategy

Controlling both external noise levels and internal noise levels have been an important factor while designing this building.

Although open plan, expansive floor plates are great for bringing light deep into the building and allowing users to orientate themselves in the space, it can make controlling noise levels difficult. In addition preventing noise pollution from external factors such as engine noise from the bus station and service courtyard was highly influential in the early massing moves of the building.

Quiet Plan diagram of standard library floor plate noise reduction strategy

Noise Threshold VDU Suspended Acoustic slat system (Stil Acoustics)

Loud

To control external noise pollution there is a defiant brick wall that wraps around the north perimeter of the site. In addtion quieter spaces are organised to be higher up the building away from the hustle and bustle of city life such as research rooms and formal study areas. Carpeted floors, acoustic panels

Noise

Bookshelf Buffer

Quiet

and the bookshelves themselves are used to buffer sound that rises from the community space at the bottom of the atrium.

Study spaces elevated above the noisey city

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Section diagram of standard library floor plate noise reduction strategy - Slated timber acoustic panels stop sound waves from being reflected across the library floor plate

Study Zone

Individual Study Rooms

Reference and Research

Third Floor

Third Floor

Conference Rooms

Seminar Rooms

Second Floor

Second Floor Library Zone

Computer Suits

Childrens Library

First Floor

First Floor

Community Zone

Staff Area

Delivery Entrance

Ground Floor

Ground Floor

Overall vertical organisation

North - West flank vertical organisation

North - East flank vertical organisation

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VENTILATION STRATEGY

SUMMER STRATEGY

EXHAUST AIR

MVHR UNIT FRESH AIR

Buoyancy driven ventilation is used In the summer. We can rely on occupants of the building using the opennable side windows that will allow fresh air to be drawn across the floor plates. On the ground floor where there are no openable windows, attenuates will allow air in. As the air is heated both by occupants

PRE HEATED FRESH AIR TO BUILDING

and other gain from computer terminals etc, the hot air will rise through the atrium and be exhausted out the building.

WINTER STRATEGY

MVHR

MVHR

MVHR PRINCIPLE In winter the outside air is likely to be too cold to be brought directly into the building. Therefore, mechanical ventilation with heat recovery units (MVHR units) will be utilised to allow an exchange of heat from hot exhaust air from the In winter we cannot rely on uses to open windows for natural ventilation. Therefore a cascade ventilation approach will be implemented where air ducts supply air to each floor, in essence replacing the air supplied by the open windows.

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building and cold fresh air entering the building. This will allow fresh air being introduced into the building to be applied at a comfortable temperature.

HOT AIR FR ATRIUM

HEATING AND COOLING STRATEGY

SUMMER STRATEGY

FABRIC HEAT LOSS

VENTILATION HEAT LOSS

QF/ΔT = ΣU × A

QA/ΔT = 1/3 x N x V Area (m²)

U-Value

Loss (W/K)

Target ventilation

4 air changes per hour

Floor

2196

0.14

307.4

Volume of Building

35920m³

Roof

1942

0.08

155.4

Walls

2212

0.23

508.8

Glazing

1256

0.80

1004.8

GSHP

Floor

Roof

Walls

Glazing

QF/ΔT = 1975.7 W/K QA/ΔT = 1/3 × 4 × 35920= 47893.3 W/K

Fabric

Ventilation

In the summer cooled water and anti freeze is circulated around the network of underfloor water pipes. via conduction, the cold water cools the screed and

4.0%

concrete, exploiting the high thermal mass of the superstructure and cooling the

28.0%

building.

7%

WINTER STRATEGY

53%

25%

96%

GSHP

Figure X - Breakdown of fabric heat loss

Figure X - Breakdown of total heat loss

In winter, greywater is passed through a network of underground pipes that uses

HEAT COSTING

CONCLUSION

the natural heat of the earth to warm the water. It is then circulated around the

Bristol annual degree days = 254

From this it is evident that the vast quantity of heat is lost through

building via the underfloor heating pipes. Once again as the water passes near

Cost of heating = 0.2 KWh

ventilation. As the fabric elements of the building have U-values

the screed and the concrete it warms it and due to the high thermal mass, the

24 x 49869 = 1196 KWh

to passivehaus standards the heat loss through this is minimal.

building holds this heat. This is important in a library where it is only open during

1196 x 254 = 303784 KWh

95% of the heat lost is due to ventilation. The introduction of a

the day so it is important the building retains heat well.

0.2 x = £60756 a year to heat (without MVHR systems)

MVHR system may be required to recover some of the lost heat

with some MVHR systems 90% of the ventilation heat loss can

energy as well as increase control of this ventilation in Winter.

be recovered.

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REGULATIONS

OVERALL REGULATORY COMPLIANCE BUILDING REGULATION

MANAGEMENT

Part A - Structure

Refer to tectonic section

Part B - Fire Safety

Refer to fire strategy

Part C Site preparation and resistance to contaminants and moisture

The brownfield site will be prepared in accordance with Part C. Refer to ground floor section for moisture resistance.

Part D - Toxic Substances

There will be no toxic substances used for construction of the building.

Part E - Resistance to the passage of sound

The building is orientated to buffer against external noise pollution

Part F - Ventilation

Refer to environmental section

Part G - Sanitation, hygiene and water efficiency

There are adequate facilites for the public thoughout the building. A rainwater retention system is proposed to be used in the building.

Part H - Drainage and waste disposal

An adequate system of drainage shall be provided to carry foul water from appliances with the building to a public sewer.

Part J - Combustible appliances and fuel storage systems

No combustable appliances are proposed to be installed into the building.

Part K - Protection from falling, collision and impact

Refer to pages on part K regulations

Part L - Conservation of fuel and power

MVHR (Mechanically Ventilated Heat Recovery) Units are proposed to conserve energy lost through ventilation. A ground source heat pump is used to heat the building.

Part M - Access and use of the building

89

Refer to page on part M regulations

CDM manager will be appointed during

correct PPE (Personal Protection

the design process to take measures

Equipment) at all times including

to eradicate any foreseeable health

hard hats, high visibility clothing

and safety risk in relation to all

and suitable footwear.

project participants when preparing

M

5. All members on-site must wear

St

1. To comply with CDM regulations a

on ts hi

During Construction

W

Pre Construction

ar lbo

ro ug hS

t.

CONSTRUCTION DESIGN & MANAGEMENT

or modifying a design.

Bristol Royal Infirmary

Bristol Magestrate’s Court Fripp’s Chapel

6. Materials will be delivered at suitable times via the service road only when

2. A secure site compound will be

required to avoid the risk of storing

established using heras fencing to

large amounts of unstable material.

ensure the public are protected but

can still see in and engage with the

7. When excavating additional protective

building at an early point.

hoarding will be implemented around

dangerous zones.

3. There will be an access route that is

signed, gated and monitored by a 24

8. The pile foundations will be dug at

hour security office using the existing

appropriate hours (between 8am

service road. Adjacent to this will be

and 5pm) as the drilling process can

the necessary office, catering and

cause vibrations and be extremely

WC facilities for on site members

loud.

throughout construction.

Bristol Bus Station

9. When pouring concrete for the

4. The Grade II listed Fripp’s Chapel is

cast in place floor slabs, adequate

in close proximity to the construction

scaffolding should be erected around

site so extra protective measures will

the formwork to provide safety for

be needed especially when the pile

on-site members.

University of Bristol Dental Hospital

St Jame’s Priory Lo

we

rM

au

dli

nS

t

Hostel

foundations are drilled as this can

White Heart Pub

cause ground vibrations.

Bristol Eye Hospital

Secure Boundary

Listed Buildings

Vehicle Access

Site Security

St Jame’s Park

Site Office Lower Maudlin St

Figure [X] - General arrangement of the construction site highlighting protecting buildings

Hotel

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PART B - FIRE SAFETY B1A - Fire detection and alarm system As the library is designed to be an inclusive facility and a meeting place for different disability groups it is important to include both visual and audio fire alarm systems in order to alert those who are hard of hearing and/or impaired visually.

From every point of each storey an occupant is within 45 metres to the nearest vertical escape route which is required where there is more than one escape route provided. In addition, there is access to all vertical escape stairs accessible from every part of each storey.

extractors through the top of the atrium.

All escape stairs are located more than 4.5 metres away from the opening.

Internal finishes are critical in reducing fire loading a space, As such all internal finishes are treated to resist fire across their surfaces.

B3 - Internal fire spread In fire, concrete performs well – both as an own right. It has the highest fire resistance

According to Appendix D, in order to calculate the occupant number for the library the floor space factor of 7 m2 per person for a library is divided into the storey floor area (1820m2/7) = 260 people. As there are three stories this gives the total library occupancy served by the fire stairs to a value of (260*3) = 780 people.

building,

classification (class AI) under EN 135011:2007- A1:2009. It is this slow rate of conductivity (heat transfer) that enables concrete to act as an effective fire shield not only between adjacent spaces, but also to protect itself from fire damage.

B4 - External Fire Spread

As the library is both an ‘open-plan’ and recreation’

automatic sprinklers and mechanical smoke

engineered structure, and as a material in its

B1C - Design for Vertical Escape

and

additional fire protection measures including

B2 - Internal fire spread

B1B - Design for Horizontal Escape

‘assembly

In addition the central atrium space will require

a

simultaneous evacuation strategy is required.

For simultaneous evacuation, vertical escape stairs of 1400mm can serve 390 people over 3 storeys. This means a total of three vertical escape stairs are required to serve an occupancy of 780 people as one must be discounted in the event it is blocked by fire, therefore (2x390) = 780 people. All escape stairs have adequate artificial lighting and a

As the library is over 18 metres high and always further than 1000mm from an adjacent building.

B5 - Access and facilities for the fire service The GIA of the building is between 2000 8000m2 (7200m2) and is greater than 11 metres high (24m). Therefore 50% of the building perimeter must be accessible for fire vehicles and every flank of the building has an access door.

900mm x 1400mm refuge point for disabled persons.

Figure [X] - Horizontal routes to vertical escape cores from a standard library floor.

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t. ro ug hS ar lbo

W

M

on ts hi St

Bristol Royal Infirmary

Bristol Magestrate’s Court Fripp’s Chapel

Bristol Bus Station

University of Bristol Dental Hospital

St Jame’s Priory Lo

we

rM

au

dli

nS

t

Hostel White Heart Pub

Bristol Eye Hospital

Vertical fire escape enclosed staircase with direct access to the outside

St Jame’s Park

perimeter accessible > 50% of footprint Area accessible for fire engines Lower Maudlin St

Figure [X] - Access to the building for fire services

Hotel

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PART M - ACCESS AND USE OF THE BUILDING

GROUND FLOOR DISABLED ACCESS All ramps are 1:20 pitch with landings every 10000 mm horizontally (500mm vertically).

All ramps are 1800mm wide (minimum 1500mm) with landing areas of 1800 mm (equal width minimum). Because the total rise between levels is 3000mm (greater than 2000mm ) a lift is available from the lower ground floor providing an alternate means of access for wheelchair users.

A ground floor ramp providing accessible to all areas

REFUGE AREAS IN FIRE ESCAPE Each fire stair has a disabled refuge area outside of the evacuation flow. (900mm x 1400mm)

A fire escape route with a refuge area

DISABLED TOILETS There are 4 disabled toilets provded on every floor of the building. These are all at least 1500mm by 2200mm to comply with regulations and allows wheelchair users ease of turning.

Public Toilets with disabled cubicles

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PART K - PROTECTION FROM FALLING, COLLISION AND IMPACT

166mm

333mm

Acess to seats

3600mm

400mm

1200mm

1600mm

1100mm

950mm

1000mm

Main circulation

4000mm

Figure X - Section with dimensions of part of main seating area for proposed building.

The main stepped area is designed to be regulation compliant so that ballustrades are not required. This means that there are no drops (stepped seats) greater than 380 mm or the height of two steps. This does mean the seating height was reduced to 333mm which is slightly low but with the addition of cushions this can be bumped up to a comfortable 450 mm.

1000mm

950mm

Sheppard Robson, MMU

1100mm

Grafton Architects, Kingston University Town Hall

2000mm

400mm

1200mm

Upon reflection, this regulation was potentially interpreted too literally as there are a lot of recent examples around the UK of projects where this compliance has not been met. Its evident at Kingston University Town House by Grafton architects the stepped seating is aided by cushions to raise seat height to a comfortable

Ground floor stairs with balustrades and handrails to comply with regulations

level. It is also evident in these image that some the seats are the same height as 3 steps

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DESIGN PROCESS

DESIGN REVOLUTION AND EVOLUTION

EVOLUTION OF PLAN

EVOLUTION OF 3D

EVOLUTION OF SECTION

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WEEK 3

WEEK 7

WEEK 9

WEEK 12

WEEK 14

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INITIAL ORGANISATION

This early sketch shows the fundamental organisation of the plan and ... of the primary elements of the building. The location of the public entrance and service entrance have been loosely identified as well as the main community space which was centered at the heart of building. Other spaces have been positions depending on their adjencies and relation to external influences such as noise and light.

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MASSING EXPLORATION

101

1:500 Massing model with context

102

THE ATRIUM AS THE HEART OF LIFE

103

Vision of the Atrium space as the heart of life and activty on the building

104

INTERIM CRIT PROPOSAL

This proposal attemped to solve the +3 metre level change across the site by leveling the site and creating stepped access up to the main entrance with flat access coming from a higher level on the pavement flanking the front facade.

105

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FURTHER DEVELOPMENT

GESTALT PRINCIPLES These plan developement sketches show the intention to try and discover the gestalt geometry of this complex site and try and harness the those relaxed geomtries to try and produce a design that is extremely site specific and responsive to its immidiate environment.

107

FINER DETAILS These elevation and section sketches show the developement of study carrel spaces. and they need to be designed to create a comfortable and customisable environement for the user.

108

REFLECTIONS

PERSONAL REFLECTION Firstly, a big thank you to all the specialist tutors for their help throughout the project, and in particular a massive thank you to Frank whose support and guidance not only for project specifics but also for more general life advice has been invaluable. The past few months have been extremely tough and there were many points along the way where I lost direct and was unsure whether I would make it to the end but I am glad I got through.

DESIGN REFLECTION In the end I am fairly happy with where the design ended up, however next time I will certainly not leave regulations to the end as they caused some big changes to the ground floor which was problematic. To advance the design further I would have liked to play around with the column placement and make a less formal grid to make the building more playful. This would be the same with the facades where if I had more time I would have liked to bring greater variation to the south facade and potentially introduce some brick patternation on the north wall.

GOING FOWARDS I feel I really need to take lessons from this project and in particular the design process and not try and rush to a final design too quickly or panic if I don't achieve it as readily as I may have hoped for. I feel I have learnt a lot about â&#x20AC;&#x2122;relaxed geometriesâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; and gestalt principles and how to go about designing site specific buildings. I hope in the future to give myself more time at the end to clean things up and improve presentational skills. I am looking fowards to a break now but will no doubt be ready for the next chapter soon!

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REFERENCES Books Worpole, K. (2013). Contemporary library architecture. London: Routledge.

Lushington, N., Rudorf, W., Wong, L., Blake, N., Reisenberger, J. and Stein, R. (2016). The design and evaluation of public library buildings. Birkhäuser.

Edwards, B. (2009). Libraries and learning resource centres. Oxford, UK: Architectural Press.

Cotton Dana, J. (1884). A Library Primer. Unknown: tredition Battles, M. (2004). Library: An Unquiet History. London: Vintage.

Articles John, Gemma. (2016). “Designing Libraries In 21st Century, Lessons For The UK.” British Council, Winston Churchill Memorial Trust, pp. 0-59. http://www.designinglibraries.org.uk/documents/designing_libraries.pdf Yoshida, Yuko (2012). “The public library as a space for informal learning”. Scandinavian library quarterly, pp. 16-17. https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/56657351.pdf Evans, Louis (20 20). “Collection to Connection”. The role of the public library in the 21st century, pp 1-22.

Websites Smith, P. (2013). What to expect from libraries in the 21st century: TEDxMileHigh. [online] Available at: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fa6ERdxyYdo. [Accessed 20 Dec. 2019].

Ptacek, B. (2016). The library is not a place, it’s a concept: TEDxCalgary. [online] Available at: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ES0zGUvZj5s [Accessed 23 Dec. 2019].

Colgrove, T.(2013). Libraries of the Future: TEDxReno. [online] Available at: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RvE0gHhK3ss [Accessed 23 Dec. 2019].

Morten, B. (2018). Why more people are using these libraries. [online] Available at: https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-46504759. [Accessed 4 Dec. 2019].

Schmidt, M (2016). The design of world-class libraries. [online] Available at: https://www.slv.vic.gov.au/view-discuss/design-world-class-libraries [Accessed 5 Jan. 2020].

Doherty, T (2014). Why do we still need public libraries in the digital age? | British Council. [online] Available at: https://www.britishcouncil.org/voices-magazine/why-stillneed-public-libraries-digital-age [Accessed 5 Dec. 2019].

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