Portfolio of Kwan Long Yin

KWAN LONG YIN

Work review since 2016

ACADEMIC

M. Arch

NEW GROUND IN NEW ERA Thesis

FROM CRACKS TO CAVES Studio work

HETEROSCAPE Studio work

NEO-HONGKONG ISLAND Studio work Collaboration: Fu Yat Him, Ho Jun Yin

2019 Spring 2018 Fall 2017 Fall 2018 Spring

NEW

GROUND

IN

NEW

ERA

The thesis aims to explode and investigate on the relation between public ground space and public life while Shatin is chosen as a testing ground. Public ground is defined by the access of the public with the dominant surface. How can newly built environment being developed without sacrificing the public life? Rome, Brasilia and Shatin are selected as three representatives for the study of relations between physical environment and human activities in different developing modes and time. Four key parameters are studied including the scale regarding the building separation, hierarchy of spaces, enclosure as well as proximity on ground.

The result shown that balanced scale of building separation, significant hierarchy of spaces, space enclosed with protection from weather as well as opportunities to interact between the edges of the private and public can create a pleasant public environment with edge effect, shaded area and high accessibility to promote public activities. From that, design strategies are implemented in three levels: network, interface and pedestrian levels, to improve the qualities mentioned. A new ground for the public with potential of numerous public life activities is speculated.

BRASILIA

TRANSPORT GROUND

SHATIN

ELEVATED GROUD

ROME

FIGURE GROUND PUBLIC GROUND DIFFERENCE

SCALE - Building Separation (D/H)

H

D0.33

D0.5

D1

D2

ENCLOSURE

HIERARCHY OF SPACE

PROXIMTY ON GROUND private entrance & window

D>2

public entrance

public window

private 0.33

0.5

1

2

>2

open

covered

closed

public

Left: Studies of Grounds Right: Factors affecting Public Activities

Top: Layers of Hong Kong Districts Left: Figure Ground Studies of Precedents Right: Figure Ground of Shatin Town Center

Left: Shatin Town Center Analysis Right: Existing Public Ground Analysis

Top: Site Plan Left: Site Model Right: The New Public Ground Network

Left: The New Public Life Right: Generatoin Diagram

With more than 250 islands, mostly uninhabited, and fifty percent of the territory composed of water, Hong Kong has the potential to re-invent a positive future where human economics are re-balanced with new territorial ecologies. The studio aims to re-territoialize the forgotten or invisible territory - Cape d’Augilar.

With the strong coastal processes, various unique and beautiful landforms are created in the area. The relations between the land and the sea, the landforms and the creatures are closily examined and for the exploration of new way of inhabiting the coastal area. From cracks to caves, the process is projected onto the development of a new research center. Once again, the beauty of nature is back and can be touched and experienced in the living of human.

Top: Middle: Bottom:

Geology & Topography Rock Types Landforms

COARSELY CRYSTALLINE TUFF

PORPHYRITIC RHYOLITE

AGE: OLDEST RESISTANCE: TO EROSION: HIGH

AGE: 2nd YOUNGEST RESISTANCE: TO EROSION: HIGH

GRANODIORITE

BASALTIC DYKES

AGE: 2nd OLDEST RESISTANCE: TO EROSION: LOW

AGE: YOUNGEST RESISTANCE: TO EROSION: HIGH

Middle: Bottom:

Wave & Landforms Life of Landforms

CRACKS

Crack happens both in section and plan. It provides the penetration between two environments. Light, air as well as movement of organism are able to pass through depends on the size of the crack.

SCALE

ALGAE

CRABS

BARNACLES

CIRCULATION

SINGLE ROOM

COMMON ROOM

COMMUNAL SPACE

BIRDS

Cracks in various scale provide different possibilities for numerous organisms ranging from tiny barnacles to human beings or even larger creatures.

ADD & SUBTRACT

There are two ways to creat shelter. One is by adding above the ground and the other is to subtract in to the ground.

The two actions are also happening in the coastal action of nature. In Cape d’augilar, the eastern coast is experiencing the subtraction while the south western coast is having addition.

GROUND

In sunny days, above ground space is comfortable and organisms may get out for living. However, the exposed above ground is also vulnerable in harsh weather. Below ground space thus can serve as a refuge for the organisms to hide from the dangerous environment.

CRACK TO THE SEA

CRACK TO THE LIGHT

The western part of the cave , which is one level below ground with the sufficient lighting and ventilation, is the living part of the researchers, serving as the dormitory.

A

The central part of the cave with two levels connected by the common space is serving as the dormitory in the upper level while the laboratorys and field sites in the lower level A

B

B

The pedestrain entrance is a large crack connecting both the ground and the sea. Pedestrain can experience both the ground, the sea and the cliff of the crack in the same time.

THe large crack also provides lighting and ventilation for the rooms on both sides.

The eastern part of the cave is similar to the central part with dormitory above and laboratorys and field sites below. In the meantime, it is also connected to the southern part, which is above ground. The extruded part is mainly the communal space with exposure to the nature and animals.

C

C D

D

Land and water are having a balanced spactial distribution before but the relation is disturbed in the modern society. Reclamation started together with urbanization and land is gaining more spaces in a rapid rate coherent with the pace of development. Because of development, global warming started and causing sea level rises. The water will gain back the space lost. How will be the future of the Land and the Sea? Is there other way out other than competing?

There are probably in every culture, in every civilization, real places which are something like counter-sites, a kind of enacted utopia. Between utopias and these quite other sites, these heterotopias, there might be a sort of mixed, joint experience.

- Michel Foucault Heteroscape is a spatial idea to have spaces that can be shared by both land and water but not excluding each other. It is a project consists of three hetero-spaces, which are HeteroCoast, HeteroRoad, and HeteroStreet to enhance the relations between the land and the water. A kind of heterospaces, in which occupable by both the land and the sea, can be found within the three. A vision of harmony between the people and the water is projected on these spaces without dominating parties occupying the spaces.

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il)

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MO

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街

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街

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LE

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道路

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ET

R EE

ANE

T EE TR S SAI

巷 水

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街

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街

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R OA

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OUNT

P ATH

LANE

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機利文 同文街 ET RE ST R

永和街 EY

STREET

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L ANE

士他花

IN K

嘉咸街

FU

RD

柯士

M

GAP

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S TATION ER S AI S TRE

S TR A HA GR

ST L

街

S TRE

乾秀里

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街

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LU N MEE

TUNG

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G WIN

P OT

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常 豐里

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Y AL NE G LE

泄蘭 街 高架 道路

R OAD ANY ALB

POK

GA

徑

Road

同樂

H ROAD

SHING

水

池 LAN K T AN

WIN

S TR

永吉街 GUT E

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M C HUK

S TA

PEE

吉士笠

DEEN

奧卑利

街 甸

文社里 MAN

E ET

T RO AD UT HNO AR B R 亞畢諾道 OAD NOT AR BUTH

麟街 閣

利街 卑

T

LAN

T EE TR S

W

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NG

Road Elevated

高架 道路

S HELLE

ET STRE IN G NH SHI

G H IN

TR

ET S TRE

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上街

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己連拿

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場 INE

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寶雲道

COASTLINE

dR

ate

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LU

道路

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磅巷

LAN R

QUA S

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巷

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M EE S TR LU N EE T

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ST EA

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里

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樓梯街

A BER

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EET

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道路

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香 雪道

街 EET STR PEEL

頂道

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薄扶林道

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徑）

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P ATH N

PO

街 LEC

Road

鴨巴甸

舊山

四方街 道路

Road te d E leva

L NSE

R oad

TON

Trail)

L UGAR

INGTO B AB

禧利街 H P AT R TE GUN T RE

差館上

H AR

山道

SA I WOO LA NE K ong Trail)

堅彌地街

寶雲 道 BOWEN R OAD

UNIVE R S IT Y D R IVE

HAT

Kong

（ 港島

西湖 里 (H ong

Road

道

EET

R OAD

E AS T E R N S T R E E T AD

道路

巴丙頓

梅芳街 力道

道

AD RO

K W ON G F UNG LANE

道路

HARLE

( Hong

H ATTON

廣豐里 （港 島徑）

R OAD

夏

RO

東 邊街 E CH

R oad

道路

T

YS

KE NNED

OAD

R

NUL

NE

STO

OAD R

COASTLINE - FUTURE

Present

temperature rises in 2100 2 °C 4 °C

앋룴

R ailway

Predicted coastline due to sea

Original 1840-1849 1850-1859 1860-1869 1870-1879 1880-1889 1890-1899 1900-1909 1910-1919 1920-1929 1930-1939 1940-1949 1950-1959 1960-1969 1970-1979 1980-1989 1990-1999 2000-2009 2010-Present

I G A P R OAD

WAN C HA

E AS T E R N S T R E E T HARL

柯士甸

oad R

水街 興漢道

RS TR WATE

HON NG HI

坑口 水 AUST

R OAD D

N ROAD TO

ST

d R oa

道路

街 R OAD IN

BO NH AM R OAD

夏力 道

CH

道

Victoria Harbour, as the precious assets of Hong Kong, is threatened since the rapid economic development of the city. HeteroCoast is a design aimed to reesstablish the relations betweven the land and the sea, human and the nature in order to promote sustainable development to balance between the economic, environmental as well as social aspects.

HAT

福安里

D R OA A USTIN NT MOU

徑） 港島 （

LANE

OUNT M

COASTLINE IN PAST, PRESENT & FUTURE CONTEXT

WING

CONNAU

T AMAR

樂禮街

添美道

分域

F E NW ICK S T R E ET

B O WE N R OAD

廈門街

水街

高架道路 Road

E levated

克頓道

（港島徑 ） L UGAR R OAD (Hong ail)

漢寧頓 道

道路 Road

P AR K R O A D

路 高架道 Road

va ted

般咸道 B ONHA (Hong Kong Trail)

( Hong

道

島徑） R OAD

夏力道

西摩道

R oad

O AD

T rail) (Ho ng K ong

荷李活

ET

ET

己連拿利 Y

地利根 德里 GUNT P ATH

竹興

里

H ING

T

R oad

道路

W YND HAM S T R E E T

中

仁壽里 YAN LANE

道路

漆 咸徑

P ATH

柏寧 路

法院道

仙峽道 馬己

AD

AD AD

徑

道

寶雲徑 DR IVE

IV E

萬茂臺 d R o ad

荷蘭 徑

HOONE STR T

R oad

Elev Road

DE N LANE

AGO

Land and water are having a balanced spactial distribution before but the relation is disturbed in the modern society

RECLAMATION

Reclamation started together with urbanization and land is gaining more spaces in a rapid rate coherent with the pace of development.

SEA LEVEL RISES

Because of development, global warming started and causing sea level rises. The water will gain back the space lost.

It is a project consists of three hetero-spaces, which are HeteroCoast, HeteroRoad, and HeteroStreet to enhance the relations between the land and the water. A kind of heterospaces, in which occupable by both the land and the sea, can be found within the three. A vision of harmony between the people and the water is projected on these spaces without dominating parties occupying the spaces.

HETERSTREET HETERROAD HETERCOAST

CENTRAL - SHEUNG WAN INTERVENTION

CONNECTED ISLAND

MEDIUM ZONE

TIDAL ZONE

SHALLOW ZONE

SUNKEN PLAZA

ISOLATED ISLAND

OPEN SPACE FOOD KIOSK

DINNING SPACE

OYSTER BED

1:150

OBSERVATION ISLAND

SECTIONAL AXONOMETRIC - LOW TIDE

DEEP ZONE

1:150

OBSERVATION DECK

SECTIONAL AXONOMETRIC - HIGH TIDE

PROMENADE

HETEROCOAST

ROCK POOL

URBAN STRATEGY

WAN CHAI INTERVENTION

SAI WAN INTERVENTION

1:3500

SEA SEASEA SEA

SEA SEASEA SEA

TIDAL TIDAL TIDAL TIDAL LAND LAND LAND LAND

LAND LAND LAND LAND

STRUGGLE In the past, land was competing with the sea to gain more space. While in the future, sea may fight back to obtain the space when sea level rises.

TIDAL ZONE An intermediate area as tidal zone is introduced to serve both the land and the sea in particular time with tidal difference.

INTERLOCKING Interlocking of the two is introduced to enhance the relationship between the two.

HeteroCoast HeterCoast adapted the two stragegies to explore a new development approach to relieve the stress between the two.

Land and sea are now sharing the tidal zone while having a 1:1 ratio of area and created a negative of the other. Thus the balancing of the two further provides a closer relationship between human and the nature. People can start communicating with the nature again.

HeteroCoast is formed by a typical module in three different scales with a ratio of 2:3:6 to create a diverse environment for both human and nature. Various scales of habitats like rocky shore and rock pools can be found for different species of animals. Meanwhile people can enjoy a variety of entertainment along the coast.

Biodiversity can be developed with animals ranging from as small as topshells and sand crabs to as large as great egret which can live in the diverse habitats created by HeteroCoast.

A vibrant environment can be found in HeteroCoast with various activities can be enjoyed. Outdoor food store provides people a delicious meal and places to gather; Family and children may examine the coastal environment closely during low tide period.

6 6

33

22 SCALING

SPECTRUM OF ANIMALS

SPECTRUM OF HUMAN ACTIVITIES

Left: Right: Bottom:

Heterostreet Heterocoast Model Exploration

HETEROSTREET BEFORE

6 7 8 9 6 7 8 9

AFTER

PERMEABLE PATHWAY

FILTRATNIO WETLAND

ENGAGED CROSSING

ELEVATED CROSSING

SOCIAL SPACE

PERMEABLE PATHWAY 1 2 3 4 5 12

PEDESTRAIN

PEDESTRAIN

VEHICLE

RESTING

PEDESTRAIN

6 7 8 9

1 2 3 4 5 12

6 7 8 9

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

10.

11.

12.

WATER PEOPLE WETLAND

Permeable Pavers Bedding Course Bedding Reservoir Reservoir Course Underdrain Sediment Plan�ng Soil Rough Sand Gravel Porous Asphalt Pavement Concrete Paving Base Course Subgrade Soil

PEDESTRAIN

EXISTING Street is occupied by vehicles and pedestrian and vehicle is the first priority in planning the spatial arrangement. Water is hidden in uderground within its own drainage system. There is no relations between the parties.

REVEALING Street is being pedestrianised and water is brought back to the surface and exposed. Thus differences of the water such as tidal and rains can be observed and people can interact with the water in different levels.

CUTTING Form of flowing of water is simplified to geometrial cut on the space.

A varity of spaces can be created having various relations with the water flowing.

HeteroStreet A new scape is created with the two approahes for bringing back relations between the water and the people. The two can enjoy the space together in various conditions.

HETEROROAD BEFORE

9 2 3 4 5 12

10 11 12

10 11 12

WATER CROSSING WETLAND

1 2 3 4 5 12

9 2 3 4 5 12

6 7 8 9

AFTER

PERMEABLE PATHWAY

10 11 12

1 2 3 4 5 12

PEDESTRAIN

PEDESTRAIN

FILTRATNIO WETLAND

DRIVEWAY

CROSSING

TRAMWAY

DRIVEWAY

CROSSING

VEHICLE

TRAM

FILTRATNIO WETLAND

PERMEABLE PATHWAY

FILTRATNIO WETLAND

VEHICLE

FILTRATNIO WETLAND

PEDESTRAIN

6 7 8 9

VEHICLE

WATER CROSSING WETLAND

TRAM

WATER CROSSING WETLAND

VEHICLE

WATER CROSSING WETLAND

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

10.

11.

12.

Permeable Pavers Bedding Course Bedding Reservoir Reservoir Course Underdrain Sediment Plan�ng Soil Rough Sand Gravel Porous Asphalt Pavement Concrete Paving Base Course Subgrade Soil

PEDESTRAIN

EXISTING Road for vehicles has occupied the majority of the space while pedestrian is compacted to the two sides and water is hidden underground in the drains.

REVEALING Water is revealed by creating open channel. And the two lane road is reduced to a single lane for slow traffic which provide spaces for pedestrian crossing and wetland for filtration.

CUTTING The pathway is cut and moved to formed various pieces that create a kind of floating plate on top of the water channel. Water can also pass through the gap between the plates.

HeteroRoad No dominet party can be found anymore and spaces are shared by the water, vehicles and the people.

The thinking of the end of the World history was emerged from the end of the Cold War. However, the dissolution of numerous human conflicts happening all over the world in the form of problem -solving politics is challenging the idea.

With continuous political conflicts in Hong Kong and the development of political conjunction with China Greater Bay Area, the area is under a great tension when developing into a comprehensive economic body. While urban planning served as one of the tools to solve the conflicts between economic utilities, can it further be participate in the resolution of political conflicts?

With implementation of the diverse political beliefs in Hong Kong and the possibility of autonomous experiment in an island in Great Bay Area, a new planning strategy - political planning is proposed. Would it be able to form an ultimate form of governance? A narrative of the anticipation of the possibility of political planning is shown to provoke an imagination of new human history.

Neo Hong Kong Island in Uniform?

A Narrative of governmental Possibility under Political Zoning

Hong Kong in Urgency of Political Conflicts

The Fundamental obstacles to Any other problem Solving

Politic is the art of problem solving. To Hong Kong, there are lots of problems about the current citizen life and the city’s future. Solutions are proposed yet never carry out as those solution are always put into debate in its rationale and possible consequences, it resulted in political confliects. Everyone is holding different views on how to resolve a problem, and put into protests like Umberlla Movement. Division of society by polarized acts there is no way reach any consent for further action.

The city is risks of no progression.

BINHAIWAN New Development An Exclave Island of Hong Kong

Dongguan government has reclaimed back the new district area of Changan to integrate with Fumen for a new development project, Binhaiwan New District. It is aimed to collaborate with the Great Bay Area development of the Guangdong province.

In order to enhance the collaboration of the area, two islands are designed for collaborating with Hong Kong and Taiwan as a platform for different parties to collaborate. Thus the Hong Kong government will have a exclave outside its borders with an autonomy to develop. The initial question is raised as follow

Hong Kong Exclave

(1) Why Hong Kong would valued the development opportunities in the exclave island?

(2) What is the unique value of Hong Kong which helps the further progression of Dungguan?

BINHAIWAN New Development An Exclave Island of Hong Kong

Dongguan government has reclaimed back the new district area of Changan to integrate with Fumen for a new development project, Binhaiwan New District. It is aimed to collaborate with the Great Bay Area development of the Guangdong province. In order to enhance the collaboration of the area, two islands are designed for collaborating with Hong Kong and Taiwan as a platform for different parties to collaborate. Thus the Hong Kong government will have a exclave outside its borders with an autonomy to develop. The initial question is raised as follow (1) Why Hong Kong would valued the development opportunities in the exclave island?

(2) What is the unique value of Hong Kong which helps the further progression of Dungguan?

Role of Planning Can Planning resolve political Conflict

[HONG KONG PLANNING BY ECONOMIC UTILITIES]

[TIANJIN IN ZONING BY COLONLIALISTS CONCESSION]

Role of Planning

Can Planning resolve political Conflict The current planning system in Hong Kong, outline zoning plan, is used to resolve land use conflicts of economic utitlity. We are at the post industrial age, the conflicts, pollutions caused by production has been eliminated.

Yet, conflicts from ideology, from gender, from culture , from race has been arises. In particular, Hong Kong conflicts in ideology is severe. We see the conflicts of ideology as extended to couples, friends zone, and family during the occupation movement. So, if planning is used to solve conflicts, can it also solve ideology conflicts?

This begins our exploration and imagination of political zoning.

The current planning system in Hong Kong, outline zoning plan, is used to resolve land use conflicts of economic utitlity. We are at the post industrial age, the conflicts, pollutions caused by production has been eliminated. Yet, conflicts from ideology, from gender, from culture , from race has been arises.

In particular, Hong Kong conflicts in ideology is severe. We see the conflicts of ideology as extended to couples, friends zone, and family during the occupation movement. So, if planning is used to solve conflicts, can it also solve ideology conflicts? This begins our exploration and imagination of political zoning.

Which Ideology do you want to Enter?

Heading to a new identity

Politician, or people who don’t believe the ideologies they are living today will depart for their exploration right after arrive the transport hub. Here is the time for them to make a decision where to go, for some ideology, particular the authoritarians who are afraid of someone is destroying their utopia building plan, admission interview and security check is required.

ORGANIC GROWTH Organic growth will gives full autonomy the ideology to test out the alternative, intervention is avoided.

INSERTION Experts introducing new ideology into the in between zone that would expect both extreme could be mediate by a win-win thought.

HARD BORDEDR Hard border is introduced to avoid direct conflict and competition between each ideologies before a fulfilling mediation is developed.

SOFT BORDER Soft border offers a buffer of retreat when new ideologies are totally in violence to the principles of belief

Call For Alternative Experiments A Debate on reclaiming the Island Residual

To seek for alternative improvement, they start to come back to the forum of central hub on negotiating their alterations. They considered various option including cooperation for a mediated urban form but they are still holding a strong thought to their ideology. Finally, they seek for organic reclamation on the residual space in the default of the island, which is in principle not to be controlled by HK government.

HOSTILITY It is interrupted by the HK government after noting the political experiment of full freedom encounter violence, which deviated from its expected result.

AUTONOMY Grids are drawn on the in between reclamation to regulate the expansion of both ideologies. Yet this would still result in competition.

MANIFESTO Rules is introduced of using the in between land by the government. A manifesto is required to be developed by both ideologies when developing the land.

IDEOLOGY Directly propose a new mediated ideology’s urbanism for extremist consideration.

A Manisfesto Approach on Development From compromise to new ideology

In the step in of HKSAR government as hostility began, all development in the newly reclaimed zone are prohibited. Rather, SAR tabled a few option for the ideologies to achieve consent. The first one is equally distributed the plot to ideologies at both side. The second one is to insert some new urbanism proposed by specialist by observe and reseavrch on the common needs of ideologist, and the third one, is to sign a manifesto on the development of in between sector.

Utopia or Dystopia?

The end of Hong Kong history, or the alternative history?

Through continuous understanding and negotiations between ideologies by the opportunities of vision realisation, can an ultimate form of goverment be developed for all Hong Kong people, and project back to Hong Kong territory and future China?

Even not, will particular ideology become more advanced in solving the problems and visualized a better Hong Kong that majority want? By taking over the other ideologies when one become popular, will it give a tempo to Hong Kong history, and achieve harmony in making progression in short?

The worst scenario is not terrible. The split of ideologies may still be existed. Yet, that will just be a replica of today’s Hong Kong. Some particular ideologies will keen on cooperating with mainland directly while other may indirectly contributed. To Dongguan, the connection with Hong Kong is no longer seperated by Shenzhen, meaning more interaction is inevitable whatever the island is developed. Moreover, by contextualizing the ideology in a given place, true competition is possible to lead to an overall progression, which is great step move on from the current paper debates.

YEAR OUT

PROFESSIONAL

Z Design Limited Architectural Assistant

INTERSHIP

Drainage Sevices Department Summer Intern

Aug 2016Jul 2017

Jul 2013Aug 2013

RESIDENTIAL TOWER CONSTRUCTION

In the entire year of year out, a residential tower construction project was followed since the first meeting of main contract and the date of site handover. The management of the whole construction process was assisted with the provision of documents such as meeting minutes, following-up of submission, coordination with suppliers, amendment on submission drawings etc.. Moreover, the modifed designs of the entrance lobby and typical lift lobby were assigned. Communication with the client was the key in this design process together with searching of suitable suppliers of material.

SCHOOL RENOVATION

A secondary school requested on the renovation of the school canteen as well as the chapel of the school. Canteen had to be modified to fit with the changing demand of the students while the chapel to regain its signifiance in the school by redesigning. The process from signing contract with the school to the construction process was experienced. Most of the documents and drawings of the tender were prepared including schedules and furniture drawings. The detail level of design was incomparable with careful and cautious ideas from the client as the direct end-user of the project.

Entrance Lobby Perspective

Entrance Lobby Plan

44.50

5/F

41.00

4/F

37.49

3/F

33.99

2/F

30.48

1/F

26.97

G/F

23.22

School Elevation T: +852 2851 2122 E: mail@zgroup.com.hk

F : +852 2581 4478 U: www.zgroup.com.hk

2

3

4

5

6

8

7

9

BOUNDARY LINE

1 R/F

School Chapel (Before)

Typical Lift Lobby Perspective

ELEVATION 2C,OXFORD ROAD,KOWLOON TONG

Scale :

Date :

File no. :

Drawing no. :

Rev

Date

Rev

Date

School Chapel (After)

EXTRA-CURRICULAR ACTIVITIES THE MODERNIST'S EXCAVATION OF THE PAST

- How Did Le Corbusier and Louis Kan Learn from Italian Architectural History?

Italy Study Trip

Jun 2016

"Over the past three centuries, a rite of passage for architectural students has been a visit to Italy to study the evolution of the “Western classical architecture� that followed a strict linear trajectory: from antiquity, medieval to renaissance and baroque. In contrast to this convention, I propose that we instead visit some of the Italian historical sites with a reversed timeline and a new perspective: to view history through a modern lens. More specifically, my plan is to help students review how two generations of modern architects in the 20th century, represented by two master figures, Le Corbusier (1887-1965) and Louis Khan (1901-1974), had interpreted the Italian architectural heritage with their own unique perspectives, and consequently made far-reaching impacts on the course of modern architecture."

- Zhu Tao (Leading Professor)