Fire Watch: Volume 18, Issue 1

Demographics Issue VOLUME 18 | ISSUE 1

THE OFFICIAL PUBLICATION OF THE TORONTO PROFESSIONAL FIRE FIGHTERS’ ASSOCIATION

Publications Agreement No: 41203011

THE OFFICIAL PUBLICATION OF THE TORONTO PROFESSIONAL FIRE FIGHTERS’ ASSOCIATION

IN THIS ISSUE

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President’s Message

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Secretary-Treasurer’s Message

9

Vice President’s Message

11

Chaplain’s Corner

12

TSF Demographics

20

Toronto Firefighters War Veterans Association

22

Fire Investigations –Cause Undetermined Often Misunderstood

27

Behind the Mask – How’s Your Rest Ethic?

30

2025 Rob Penney Slow-Pitch Tournament

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We’re saying welcome * with up to $600 in rewards.

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FIRE WATCH (ISSN 1715-5134) is published by the TORONTO PROFESSIONAL FIRE FIGHTERS’ ASSOCIATION 14 Cosentino Drive, Toronto ON M1P 3A2 Tel: 416.466.1167 www.torontofirefighters.org E-mail: firewatch@torontofirefighters.org CHIEF EDITOR Michael Smith MANAGING EDITORS Chris Sornberger, Suzanne Boss Tel.: 416.466.1167 Fax: 416.466.6632 E-mail: firewatch@torontofirefighters.org

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Retired Toronto Fire Fighters’ Association

35

Vent-Inter-Isolate-Search (VEIS)

36

Toronto Fire Historical Society

42

3888 Recent Happenings

:

SENIOR ASSISTANT EDITORS James Coones and Ken de Jong ASSISTANT EDITOR Matthew Spagnolo

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DESIGN AND ART DIRECTION Bryan Middleton Demograph

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FIRE WATCH PHOTOGRAPHER TPFFA Media Team CANADIAN PUBLICATIONS MAIL Agreement No: 41203011 PRINTED IN CANADA Copyright © 2025 Toronto Professional Fire Fighters’ Association ADVERTISING Please contact Bill Monson at 416.466.1167 or e-mail monson@torontofirefighters.org Merchant Card Acceptance

VOLUME 18

On The Cover

THE OFFICIAL

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PRESIDENT’S MESSAGE

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t is with great honour that I step into the role of President of the Toronto Professional Fire Fighters Association. Representing the brave, dedicated, and hardworking members of this association is not only a responsibility I take seriously, but also a privilege I hold close to my heart. I want to thank you for placing your trust in me. I am fully committed to serving every member of this union with transparency, integrity, and an unwavering commitment to the values that have defined our profession for generations.

I want to extend my heartfelt thanks to President Reed and Vice President MacLachlan for their outstanding leadership, guidance, and mentorship over the past two years. Both, have gone above and beyond to help prepare me for this new role, and I am truly grateful for their support. Their dedication to our membership and their willingness to share their knowledge and experience have been invaluable, and I will carry those lessons forward as I step into this new chapter.

This is a time of change and renewal—not just within our union, but within the broader structure of our fire service. The newly elected executive board brings energy, drive, and a strong desire to do right by our membership. While many of our board members are new and still gaining experience, they are passionate, intelligent, and deeply committed to learning and growing in their roles. I have full confidence that this group will rise to meet the moment. Leadership doesn’t come from tenure alone—it comes from dedication, listening, and the willingness to stand up and fight for what’s right. These are qualities I already see in our team.

At the same time, we are working with a management team that has also undergone considerable change.

Many in leadership roles on the employer side are still learning the ropes, and this creates both challenges and opportunities. While inexperience can lead to uncertainty, it also opens the door to building new relationships, setting a tone of mutual respect, and shaping a more collaborative and productive working environment from the outset.

As we move forward, we must remain focused on our priorities: protecting the safety and well-being of our members, advocating for better resources and working conditions, ensuring fair treatment and opportunities for all, and keeping the health and future of the fire service in Toronto strong. This includes supporting our members’ mental health, fighting for appropriate staffing levels, ensuring our training and equipment meet today’s standards, and being unafraid to raise our voices when decisions are made that impact our members’ lives.

I know this role will come with its challenges. There will be tough days, difficult decisions, and moments that require us to dig deep. But I believe in the strength of this association and the people who make it what it is. I believe in the power of solidarity, and I believe that by working together—with honesty, courage, and a clear vision—we can continue to protect the legacy of our profession while building a better future for the next generation.

I look forward to the work ahead.

I look forward to listening, learning, and leading with all of you. Together, we will rise to this moment.

In solidarity,

SCAN FOR MORE INFO

Michael Smith, President Toronto Professional Fire Fighters’ Association I.A.F.F. Local 3888

Vo l u m e 1 8 | Is s ue 1 | FIRE WATCH

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SECRETARY-TREASURER’S MESSAGE Clearing up some language

Transfers in your highest-ranked selection. Be There are many reasons a member mindful when ranking both location might request a transfer - whether to and shift preferences. change the type or volume of calls, re3. Designations and promotions are duce commute time, work with friends awarded based on a member’s posor classmates, pursue acting time, or ition on the list and their current shift career direction. Our collective assignment. Placement follows this agreement allows members the right to order: submit a transfer under Article 45. So, - Command and shift what should you know?

- Command - Shift Submitting a Transfer - Remaining vacancies Currently, transfer requests are submit TFS will make every effort to keep ted through Quatro, with the exception members as close as possible to their of those on a long-term absence. For current location. transfers, this includes absences such as WSIB, maternity, paternity, or 4. Transfer Rules You Should Know: parental leave, where the member is i) You cannot submit a transfer restill considered part of the workplace. quest until your probationary perVacation or lieu days do not qualify as iod is complete. long-term absences.

For those on a long-term absence, a ii) You must remain in your new transfer form - available on our webassignment for one year—two years site - must be emailed to Toronto Fire if placed on a specialty apparatus Services (TFS). (defined as squads, heavy haz, towOnce submitted, your request will be ers, high-rise units, or Pump 334). reviewed by TFS and either approved You may not submit another transfer or denied. Members should check the request until this term is complete. status of their request periodically and Division Commanders may exercise follow up as needed. If approved, your discretion in exceptional cases. transfer will enter TFS’s database for iii) Mutual transfers are also subthe next cycle and remain active until ject to a one-year minimum. If one it is completed or rescinded. Rescind party in a mutual transfer retires, requests must also be submitted via resigns, transfers divisions, is proQuatro. moted, or assumes an acting role Transfer Process within the first 12 months, the other (Operations – Every 2 Months) member will be returned to their Transfers, designations, and promooriginal position. Again, Division tions are processed in accordance with Commanders have some discretion. the current transfer practices:

iv) Special accommodations (e.g., 1. The most senior applicant will be command or shift preferences) will awarded the vacancy based on their be considered, provided they do not TFS start date, regardless of their negatively impact another member. position on a designation list. If two Submit accommodation requests or more applicants have the same prior to the transfer deadline. start date, selection is based on the Acting Time designation list for the higher-standing member. If neither are on a list, a We frequently receive questions regarding acting time eligibility and coin toss will determine the successbumping procedures. Although our ful applicant. collective agreement and Fire Chief 2. Members can select up to six locaCommuniqués provide some guidance, tions and all four shifts, for a total the language can still be unclear to both of 24 possible combinations. If you members and management. Below is a are the most senior candidate for summary of current practices, subject multiple options, you will be placed to change.

1. Scheduled to Act A member is scheduled to act whenever their Captain or District Chief is absent. “Extra time” refers to time off other than vacation or lieu days and comes into play when a full Captain needs to be assigned to a truck taken out of service. In such cases, the Captain will bump the most junior Acting Captain on extra time within command. The Acting Captain will not be paid unless the bumping Captain is working overtime.

2. Placement of Acting Captains TFS will first use the Acting Captain assigned to the truck.

If both the Captain and A/C are off, TFS will assign the most senior available A/C in the following order: - Within the same district - Within the same command - City-wide (if necessary) 3. Trucks Taken Out of Service When an Acting Captain’s truck is taken out of service for staffing purposes, TFS will reassign the member as follows.

Note: Seniority of the displaced A/C does not apply in these scenarios: i) Bump the most junior A/C acting off their truck and out of district ii) Bump the most junior A/C acting off their truck within district iii) If neither scenario applies, the A/C loses their ride and will not be paid iv) At no time can an Acting Captain bump another Acting Captain off their own truck. * Remember as well, at no time may an Acting Captain bump another Acting Captain off of their own truck, regardless of seniority.

Continued on the top of the next page...

Vo l u m e 1 8 | Is s ue 1 | FIRE WATCH

7

Secretary-Treasurer’s Message...Continued Secretary-Treasurer's Message..

Continued fromfrom pagepage 7 7

Final Thoughts Our Association and TFS continue working toward consistency and transparency in these processes. However, with the influx of new Platoon Chiefs, Acting Platoon Chiefs, and Designated Officers, occasional misunderstandings are expected.

If you believe your acting placement or transfer was handled incorrectly, raise the issue through your chain of command (TFS prefers inquiries after 0800h). If you still need clarity, please contact your Command Executive or reach out to me directly.

Stay safe,

Chris Sornberger, Secretary-Treasurer Toronto Professional Fire Fighters’ Association I.A.F.F. Local 3888

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VICE PRESIDENT’S MESSAGE

F

or my first Fire Watch article, I think it’s worth sharing a bit of my background - how I got here, why I chose this path, and what this job has come to mean to me. I promise that every article after this will focus on things much more important than me.

As most of you know, I grew up in a firefighting family. My father, John, joined Toronto Fire Services (TFD at the time) in 1978, following the suggestion of his father. My grandfather saw firefighting as an exceptional career, one that offered stability, respect, and community. That kind of foresight was rare in his generation, especially among immigrant families who often focused on more traditional trades.

My uncle, Dan, followed in his footsteps a few years later, joining the North York Fire Department. I can’t remember a single family dinner where they weren’t talking fire. I remember particularly heated debates around amalgamation. Of course, at the time, I didn’t understand most of what they were saying, but their passion for the job was unmistakable. It left an impression.

When my cousin Steven decided to carry on the family tradition and join the fire service, I was extremely proud of him. Still, at that point, firefighting wasn’t something I saw for myself. My parents, especially my dad, pushed me toward education.

So, I kept going. I completed my undergraduate degree in English and Philosophy at York University.

I stayed on to do a master’s degree in English, largely because I wasn’t quite ready to enter the “real world.”

Eventually, I buckled down, studied for the LSAT, and was accepted to Osgoode Hall Law School.

Law school was a completely different beast. Being surrounded by so many brilliant people was humbling.

After my first year, I found my niche in labour and employment law. It felt like meaningful work. When I gradu-

ated, I tried hard to find an articling job at a union-side firm. It’s a competitive and niche field, and while I came close, I couldn’t land a position.

I was lucky to be offered an articling spot at a small but very busy commercial litigation firm. We handled everything from construction disputes to family law and contract issues. I was in court within weeks. That part of the job - arguing cases, problem-solving under pressure -I truly loved. But the hours were punishing. The stress was constant. And often, it felt like my heart was not in the work.

All the while, firefighting remained in the background of my life, but it was starting to call louder. In 2017, my brother Michael joined TFS, and my brother-in-law Robert joined Hamilton Fire. I watched how much they loved their jobs. I saw the camaraderie, the purpose. I realized I was missing something.

It took four years of law practice before I admitted to myself that I needed a change. I completed my PreService Training online at night and on weekends, then used my two-week vacation to fly to Texas to complete the hands-on portion.

I joined TFS in 2018. From my first day in uniform, I knew I’d made the right decision. I haven’t looked back once.

Not long after I joined TFS, word of my uncle Dan’s illness began to spread. The support from the fire community during that time was overwhelming. I had no idea just how deeply he was loved until I joined.

When he passed, barely a year after I started, his funeral was one of the proudest, most emotional moments of my life. Gerlando Peritore and the Ceremony & Bereavement Committee did an outstanding job. The sea of uniforms, the rows of saluting members, is something I will never forget.

Being able to honour him in uniform, alongside my family, meant everything to me.

That day cemented my commitment not only to the job, but also to

this Association.

Shortly after, I ran in a by-election for South Command Executive Officer, when Geoff Boisseau stepped down. I was humbled to be elected. My first Board meeting in April 2020 was right as COVID took hold. The debates and decisions that unfolded were unlike anything I had experienced before.

Frank Ramagnano was an incredible leader—confident, strategic, thoughtful. Kevin McCarthy, then VP, was fearless in standing up for our members. James Reed, who would later become President, struck me immediately as a steady hand—meticulous, committed, and kind. When John Maclachlan returned to the Board, he brought wisdom and a deep well of experience. And I have to mention John Blair—never afraid to speak truth to power, and always standing by his convictions.

Now, as your Vice President, I am honoured beyond words. I feel deeply privileged to have the opportunity to help shape the direction of this job and to serve those that give their careers to helping others.

I joked during recruit class that I left law to actually help people. There’s some truth to that—but the deeper truth is that I wanted to feel proud of the work I was doing. I wanted to feel like part of something bigger than myself. And I found that here.

Justin D’Aloisio, Vice President Toronto Professional Fire Fighters’ Association I.A.F.F. Local 3888

Vo l u m e 1 8 | Is s ue 1 | FIRE WATCH

9

CHAPLAIN’SCORNER CORNER CHAPLAIN’S Doing Our Rest Best in Diffi cult Times Finding and Inspiration

in Unexpected Places

“What I feared has come upon me, what I dreaded has happened to me.”

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looking for public domain pieces hat do you do to live with a spirit of fear”. Rather, I’m uch are the words of Job, that speak to me. Over the last unwind — to recharge, going to do my best to trust God, help a character in the Bible year, I’ve collected more than relax, or reset? others, all the while holding on to my who, in one day, lost ten West Command Command West 400 works of art that rotate While I’m not as “springy” as I faith, which speaks of a world to come of his children and all of Chaplain Todd Rev. Todd RileyRiley a three used to be, for the purposes of in throughout which there isthe no day moreonsuffering, his resources (7,000 sheep, 416-318-9167 416.318.9167 minute schedule - the equivalent relaxation I oxen, still enjoy building tears, or death.

3,000 camels, 500 500 donkeys, tsriley@teksavvy.com ToddRiley@outlook.com of about 20 hours time. and fixing things, shoveling Why such a glum start toofanplay article? plus the tragic loss of most of his work It’s become a refreshing part snow, doing outdoor Sometime today, TFSof force).

To make things worse,work, a shortand my daily rhythm. theaffl occasional Communications will take a call where a huge difference. timeeven later,playing Job was icted withvideo a Let me tell you about couple of game.

This year, I’m particularly To attend a scene prepared (and the very worst thing has ahappened painful skin disease that left him in the my favorites so far. excited about starting a new phones, noall tables, just of a moment involves members the TFS) in that person/family’s life. After the this dirt as a broken man. His wife, having One piece I really like is Saudade project at the cottage: building a of pause middle the to leaveina the scene havingofdone call is taken, a fire crew will arrive and had enough, had this counsel for him, by or Almeida custom storage day. was Some are reading, realistically possible some given that person family’s door,Júnior. and what “Curse God and die’. shed. Hopefully at (1899) The a woman the weather cooperates, circumstances, can be greata willpainting witness forshows themselves what the laughing, one there is smoking While Job didn’t curse God, all hisand they in another just having done that. communications call-taker heardin comfort in black, standing sufferings certainly madetohim think nothing happens take over thedressed pipe, and looks deep in one’s consolation will be described on the about In fact,For for me, a period of the light of aphone. window, her shawl Sometimes, mydeath. schedule. working thought. What struck me was best in a diffiYou cult As awful a day it is for that person time,with he longed for it, and praying thatoutside God covering herasmouth and chin, this: my hands being the“I/We sensedid of our camaraderie. win! don’t To think to family, such is what atheletter.

TFS, asHer a situation.” take really his life.helps Such are the thoughts reading myoften mental, spiritual, andsomberly can tell That’s these aguys mind “I entered into this They’re person’s whole, people—who of desperate and broken people. When faceisisabout. so fullHelping of emotion you oneself, and physical health. being around each other. on together. what was their or their family’s might having the of theirof life people going through hardI’ve times, it canbealmost feelworst theday weight As arealready noted, found just It reminded me of worst day.

I did what I trained for, and lives. is vital to have supportive and caring whatever distressing news the the kind of fellowship that as the years continue to go many of best. I followed to the of Despitecontains. some of the“Saudade” horrible things people hand, for to wemake are to aloan our letter is a I did by,atI’ve had number youmy experience on shift or best at the abilities my training.

I treated and seen,word and the that it my strength to others in their time— of need.

Portuguese thattoll expresses of small adjustments both in heard station — and simple, but meaningful. the person and the family with often takes, it is a great privilege to I’ve always found the account of Job a deep, emotional longing for Collecting art digitallyrespect, what I do and how I go about has come into a person’s or family’s life patience, and compassion. I worked and doing his sufferings to be a bit unsettling; someone or something that’s no become a small but meaningful it. Things like my eyesight, with the intention of helping them in well with my team. While I can’t particularly the line, “What I feared longer present — with the quiet way I reset and clear my mind. endurance, and coordination their darkest hour. While it might not change what happened or take away has come upon me...” I have a vivid acceptance that whoever or It’s also reminded me how don’t always cooperate the way be possible to take away or even reduce their pain, I did what I could.” imagination. It would not be healthy whatever is on your heart might creative and gifted people are. I they used to. Such things are Helping, and being with people someone else’s pain or trial, how and for me to ponder the worst things that never seen moments or experienced course but find it diffi amazing how God equips cult times, is both a who we arebe in those that we during couldnormal, happen.ofSo, how—do I accepting process again.

I was drawn to this piece it?

That’s the harder part. each of us in different ways to are with them is of vital importance; privilege and a burden. Every member what he said? Instead of burrowing just because of the emotion About a year I discovered encourage, the TFS family is aand vital inspire part of dignity and respect afforded, the it ofbless, down the rabbit holeago, of “what could go a thenot carries, but also because grief and new hobby that’s really surprised others.

These painterstowards lived over We are all working the compassion shown, the patience given, this. wrong”, I live with the understanding experiences. much I enjoy a century ago, As butfortheir work end/mission. the burden goingare thatuniversal extra mile. These things, same that,me “Yes,with life ishow fragile, bad things can it. andloss We’ve all been therecan at make some ofstill somebutconversation reaches people today — service, it is impossible to “care which are called “soft skills,” and After do happen, I’m not going with to point, or will be. It’s at these without my wife, we picked up a Frame including me.

And it reminds me wearing”. Carrying our own points I’m particularly reminded load, TV — a screen that doubles as thatplus eachthat of of us,others, in ournecessitates own way, of my frailty and need of God’s monitoring digital art when it’s not in use. and by looking ourselves can be used God after to encourage sosomeone that our attitudes goodeven and help along the way.

One of the things that drove this else — stay maybe mind, knowing body and it. soul remain in a Another painting that I just our purchase was my love for classic without which us toI hope thrive,you’re enjoy happened upon is Lunchtime place artwork… and my not-so-classic Thanks forallows reading. life, and continue to serve others.

So (1903) by Pío Collivadino. It finding new ways to recharge budget. So, at no cost to myself, please, look after yourself, and as you shows a group of men on their too. Take care, have a great day I started scrolling through artable, ‘loan for yourall strength’ break at a rustic worksite — no are related communities on Reddit, and thanks you do.to others in their time of need.

Thanks for all you do!

Vo l u m e 1 8 | Is s ue 1 | FIRE WATCH 11

3

19

Software/data analysis

4

1

1

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8

Administrative Services

9

2

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43.3

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40

7

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4

53

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21

4

6

31

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10

2

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15

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20

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1

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9

7

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Operations

2,204

Policy, Project and Public Information

509

1

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Senior Management Staff*

2,438

618

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115.3

3,327.3

3 28 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 45

1 1 2 4 5 7 11 9 19 3 4 3 3 3 1 1

2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024

Average Age Average Years of Service Average Age when starting

46.6 46.9 46.7 46.2 45.9 45.6 46 45.6 45.6 45.9 45 45.2 44.7 44.3 17.9 18.1 17.7 17.9 17.9 17.5 16.9 16.4 16.3 17.0 16.4 16 15 14 28.3 31.4 30.1 30.3 30.5 29.8 29.4 30 29.6 27.9 29 32.5 31.8 32

Average age when retiring 56.9 58.6 57.7 57.9 59 58.6 56.5 57.7 58.8 57.4 59.4 57.3 59.6 60.4 Average sevice when retiring 29.3 32.0 30 30.8 30.8 30.6 30.5 32.1 30.5 30.9 32.3 30.1 31.8 32.5 Operations Captain Average Age 53.9 54.4 54.7 53.6 54.2 53.6 Captain Avg Years of Service 28.5 28.9 29.1 28.8 28.2 28.5 DC Average Age 56.8 57.1 56.9 55.8 55.8 56.3 DC Avg Years of Service 33.2 33.1 32.6 32.4 31.2 32.1

12

Vo l u m e 1 8 | I s s u e 1 | F I R E WAT CH 12

54.8 28.7 56.1 32.3

55.4 55.9 30.4 29.5 56.6 59 33.8 34.6

56.1 29.8 58.6 34.7

52.5 25 57 33.4

53 25.1 57.5 33.7

53.6 26.2 57.3 33.7

54.2 26 59 34.9

TFS Retirees

2

1 1 2 3 5 8 6 6 6 11 8 5 5 6 2 1 1

# of Members

4

37 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 67 68

Start Date

10

Information and Communication Systems

# of District Chiefs per each Service Year

82

# of District Chiefs per each service year

4

65

1 1 4 2 62 17 12 15 22 33 79 79 59 79 93 38 57 37 19 15 13 24 18 6 2 1 4 1 1 1

# of District Chiefs each age

4

Communications

11 12 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 46

# of District Chiefs

9

52

1 2 4 9 7 7 9 9 10 8 24 29 25 36 49 64 61 51 53 51 46 48 39 40 25 31 26 17 6 4 1 2 1

# of Captains per each Service Year Age

250

170

37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 72

Captain Years of Service

19

Fire Prevention and Public Education

129 187 199 189 61 97 174 90 104 132 155 72 106 37 70 81 102 59 39 40 34 45 99 98 66 99 109 42 68 50 29 27 30 41 42 10 10 5 8 5 4 1 1 2

# of Captains each age

9

CAPTAINS

0-1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 45 46

Age of Captains

TOTAL

FIREFIGHTERS

4 16 21 35 35 31 45 62 76 82 102 104 116 99 122 111 99 118 97 109 72 76 58 59 67 68 53 93 92 92 94 78 85 89 73 76 62 60 51 49 37 26 8 8 4 5 2 1

# of Members each Service Year

DISTRICT CHIEF/SENIOR DISTRICT FIRE BOAT CHIEFS CAPTAIN

MANAGEMENT/ EXCLUDED STAFF/ LOCAL 79

DIVISION

23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 72

Years of Service 3888 Members

Toronto Fire Services Staff Complement by Rank 2025

# of Members each age

Demographics

Age of 3888 Members

TFS

2024 2023 2022 2021 2020 2019 2018 2017 2016 2015 2014 2013 2012 2011 2010 2009 2008 2007 2006 2005 2004 2003 2002 2001 2000 1999 1998 1997 1996 1995 1994 1993 1992 1991 1990 1989 1988 1987 1986 1985 1984 1983 1982 1981 1980 1979 1978 1977 1976 1975 1974 1973

262 156 170 84 39 100 149 97 87 157 89 160 93 40 89 97 79 49 50 52 40 63 158 84 93 105 0 135 68 133 67 69 68 126 190 181 129 111 67 99 83 71 35 52 52 24 27 9 5 3 0 1

110 116 115 134 104 117 107 100 91 78 120 116 70 120 84 113 87 60 49 60 50 91 65 98 124 70 65

*T his chart is produced from data on record January 1, 2024 in Operations Division.

Vo l u m e 1 8 | Is s ue 1 | FIRE WATCH 13

HIGH HIGH RISE RISE

HRHR

3,038 3,038 2,000 2,000 AIRAIR LIGHT LIGHT AL325 AL325 1,762 1,762 HAZARDOUS HAZARDOUS MATERIALS MATERIALSHZ323 HZ323 1,614 1,614 COMMAND COMMAND CMD30 CMD30 207207

Demographics and Statistics...Continued fromC31 page 13 CHIEF CHIEF C31

Summary by Unit Type Summary Summary

by Unit

by Unit Type Type Count Count of Unit of Unit Type Type 28 28 4 4

Sum Sum of 2024 of 2024 Responses Responses 44,439 44,439 5,022 5,022

2 2

3,160 3,160

2 2 2 2 27 27 1 1

322322 4,617 4,617 17,284 17,284 339339

Pumper Pumper

67 67

159,469 159,469

Rescue Rescue Squad Squad

16 16 5 5

36,149 36,149 11,802 11,802

Tower Tower 1 1

1 1

78 78

UnitUnit Type Type Aerial Aerial Air Air Light Light Hazardous Hazardous Material Material Command Command High High RiseRise Chief Chief CarCar FireFire boatboat

Water Water Tanker Tanker

Rescue

Pumper

P314

Pumper

P332

Rescue

5,882 5,875

P312 P313

4,750

Busiest Unit by Unit Type

Unit Type

Unit ID

Sum of 2024 Responses

Emergency and non-Emergency PUMPER P314 6,519 Unit RESCUE R325 5,875 Command 2024 SQUAD S313 3,328 AERIAL L325 3,303 East 61,361 HIGH RISE HR 3,038 North 63,352 CHIEF C31 2,000 South 104,747 AIR LIGHT AL325 1,762 West 57,261 HAZARDOUS MATERIALS HZ323 1,614 Other 955 COMMAND CMD30 207 Total 287,676

2024

East North South West Other

61,361 63,352 104,747 57,261 955

Total

287,676

Response Times

2020

4,750

Emergency and 1:04min non-Emergency Emergency and non-Emergency Unit

by Command All Emergency Incidents

Unit Type Aerial 90th Percentile

Air Light

00:48

Hazardous95% % of Standard Material Achieved Command High Rise Responses Chief Car Fire boat th

by

94% 2

94%

67

159,469

01:56

01:55

1:20min

Rescue 50% % of Standard Achieved Squad

16 68%

Tower 1

5 1

1:26

70%

36,149 79% 11,802

87%

06:00

5:57 20

90th Percentile 05:25 Water Tanker

4:00min

% of Standard 70% Speciality Achieved

62%

60%

Total Response Time

90 Percentile

07:26

07:38

% of Standard Achieved

79%

90th Percentile % of Standard Achieved

Total Response Time 10:24min

th

05:51 1 1 6 163

93%

1:42

Travel Time

Not Specified

94%

3,160 322 4,617 17,284 339

02:17

Pumper

2023 Sum of 2024 2024 Responses 44,439 00:54 00:56 5,022

2 2 Command 27 1

90 Percentile

78

188 65 282,954

6:06

59%

56%

7:48

7:36

7:38

76%

75%

77%

77%

10:44

10:40

10:28

9:41

8:59

88%

89%

90%

93%

95%

Total

Effective Firefighting Force Response

2021 Count of Unit 2022 Type 28 00:52 00:53 4

Turnout Time

6:24min

Budget year

New truck(s)

Builder Chassis/Body

2

2022

Electric Pumpers

The REV Group

Both trucks are now delivered and in the Training and "upfit" stage. Charging systems have been installed at Stations 115 and 116.

5

2022

Pumper/Rescues

Spartan/Smeal

These five are in the build process with the completion date of September 2025.

30

2023/2024

Pumper/Rescues

Spartan/Dependable

These thirty units are currently in the build process with numerous already delivered, final order completion before year-end.

13

2025/2026

Pumper/Rescues

Spartan/Dependable

The production of these units will fall in directly after completion of the 30 noted above with delivery anticipated late 2025, early 2026.

3

2024

137' Quint Aerials

Emergency-One

These trucks are in the build process with the anticipated delivery of late 2026.

6

2024/5

105' Quint Aerials

Spartan/Smeal

The trucks are in production with delivery scheduled for late 2025.

2

2024

Platform Aerials

Spartan/Smeal

Two Platform Aerials are in the build process with delivery anticipated for mid-late 2026.

Busiest Unit by Unit Type

5,021

Call Processing Time

Quantity

5,021

Operational Performance

P313

(as of April 24, 2025)

TFS Fleet Purchasing Status (as of April 24, 2025)

Sum of Responses in 2024 6,519

R325

Pumper

1 1 1 1 6 6 Unit ID 163163

P312

Pumper

14

Unit ID

Operational Performance (the last five years) R325 5,875 Summary

by Unit Type (the last five years)

Pumper

Command

Unit type

Pumper

20 20 188188 Speciality Speciality 65 65 Unit type Sum of Responses Total Total 282,954 282,954 in 2024 * Data from CAD and including emergency and non-emergency events Pumper P314 6,519 * Data * Data fromfrom CAD CAD and and including including emergency emergency andand non-emergency non-emergency events events Pumper P332 5,882

BUSIEST UNITS NotNot Specified Specified

Fleet Purchasing Status

Top 5 Busiest Stations

BUSIEST UNITS

* Data from CAD and including emergency and non-emergency events

Vo l u m e 1 8 | I s s u e 1 | F I R E WAT CH 14

Responses

by

Command

Status

Two units will be out to bid soon for use on Toronto Island. These two trucks will replace the existing mini pumper and full size unit but have a larger combined waterflow capacity than the existing trucks.

2

2025

Mini Pumpers

TBD

2

2024

Squads

Spartan/Dependable

The PO is about to be awarded to build these two Squads.

2

2024

Air Light trucks

Freightliner/Dependable

The PO is about to be awarded to build these two Squads.

2

2025

Single axle Ladders

TBD

Single axle ladder trucks are being specified to replace the exisitng L315 and L331.

2

2025

Squads

TBD

Two more Squads have been specified and are waiting to go out to bid

9

2025

Pumpers

TBD

The specification is being revised to place more Pumpers out to bid.

2

2025

107' Quint Aerials

TBD

The specification is being revised to place more Aerials out to bid.

Vo l u m e 1 8 | Is s ue 1 | FIRE WATCH 15

Demographics and Statistics...Continued from page 15

Age of Current Fleet 2017

P142

Spartan

ERV

ERV

2024

2015

L315

E-One

E-One

Smeal

2017

P146

Spartan

ERV

ERV

SQUADS

2015

L331

E-One

E-One

Smeal

2017

P221

Spartan

ERV

ERV

2017

L312

Spartan

Smeal

Smeal

2016

P313

Spartan

ERV

ERV

2017

L426

Spartan

Smeal

Smeal

2017

P344

Spartan

ERV

2017

L226

Spartan

Smeal

Smeal

2017

P442

Spartan

ERV

2017

L325

Spartan

Smeal

Smeal

2017

P145

Spartan

2007

PL432

Spartan

Smeal

Smeal

2016

25076

P313

2015

A135

Spartan

Smeal

Smeal

2017

25077

2015

A421

Spartan

Smeal

Smeal

2017

25078

AERIALS

Spartan

Dependable

ERV

2012

S331

Spartan

Dependable

Dependable

2013

S143

Spartan

Dependable

Dependable

ERV

2016

S445

Spartan

Dependable

Dependable

ERV

2016

S232

Spartan

Dependable

Dependable

ERV

ERV

2022

S313

Spartan

Dependable

Dependable

Spartan

ERV

P344

Spartan

ERV

P442

Spartan

ERV ERV

2015

A125

Spartan

Smeal

Smeal

2017

25079

P145

Spartan

2015

A233

Spartan

Smeal

Smeal

2018

P111

Spartan

ERV

ERV

2018

A215

Spartan

Smeal

Smeal

2018

P232

Spartan

ERV

ERV

2018

A231

Spartan

Smeal

E-One

2018

P135

Spartan

ERV

ERV

2018

A423

Spartan

Smeal

E-One

2018

P222

Spartan

ERV

ERV

P226

Spartan

ERV

ERV

SUPPORT DECON 234

Operational Events

Operational Events (the last five years)(the last five years) Program

2020

2021

2022

2023

2024

2024 % of Total

Medical

76,560

86,498

115,213

129,793

116,137

65.7%

33,140

33,166

38,047

39,356

41,763

23.6%

7,214

6,934

7,267

6,938

6,514

3.7%

2005

WT211

Freightliner

2009

HMS323

Ford LCF

DEL Unicel

Seagrave

Fire Suppression Hazardous Materials* /CBRNE/Carbon Monoxide

2012

COM30

Freightliner

EVI

DEL Unicel

Rescue**

3,323

3,595

4,353

4,402

4,735

2.7%

1998

Dependable

Dependable

2018

T333

Spartan

Fort Garry

Smeal

2018

2015

MPV341

Ford F550

CET

Dependable

ERV

2015

P552

716

4,339

2.5%

Smeal

ERV

1,035

Smeal

Spartan

957

Spartan

P343

996

A221

2018

Non-Emergency

2020

Ford F550

CET

Dependable

2021

T1/STN 333

Mack/ Bronto

P131

Spartan

Dependable

Dependable

2015

TR235

Freightliner

Dependable

Dependable

3,027

3,081

3,555

3,312

3,105

1.8%

Smeal

2020

Other***

Lafleure/1200

2020

P123

Spartan

Dependable

Dependable

2022

T114

E-One

EVI

301

307

302

283

0.2%

P443

Spartan

Dependable

Dependable

Freightliner

Dependable

2020

A/L 325

278

Smeal

2015

Marine

E-One

2023

A242

Spartan

Smeal

Smeal

2020

P342

Spartan

Dependable

Dependable

2015

A/L 111

Freightliner

Dependable

CET

Total

124,538

134,532

169,777

184,819

176,876

100%

2023

A411

Spartan

Smeal

Smeal

2020

P334

Spartan

Dependable

Dependable

2015

Rehab

PK Vans

CET

Total Emergency

123,542

133,575

168,742

184,103

172,537

2023

A213

Spartan

Smeal

Smeal

2020

P212

Spartan

Freightlinter

Dependable

Dependable

2023

A113

Spartan

Smeal

Smeal

Dependable

Spartan

HR114

Dependable

P324

2018

Spartan

2020

Dependable

Dependable

2023

A341

Spartan

Smeal

Smeal

Dependable

Dependable

P244

Spartan

HR332

Spartan

2020

2018

Dependable

Dependable

2023

A142

Spartan

Smeal

Smeal

2020

P234

Spartan

Dependable

Dependable

2019

HMS145

Isuzu

NRR DEL Unicel

Dependable

2024

A322

E-One

E-One

Smeal

2020

P112

Spartan

Dependable

Dependable

FT121

E-One

PK Vans

2024

A415

E-One

E-One

Fort Garry

Freightliner

2020

P113

Spartan

Dependable

Dependable

2024

A433

E-One

E-One

Smeal

2021

P326

Spartan

Dependable

Dependable

COM10

International

Harves 4300

Dependable

Support 7

Freightliner

PK Bodies

Dependable

2020

Box 12

Freightliner

PK Bodies

NRR DEL Unicel

2022

A/L 421

Freightliner

Dependable

E-One

2022

A/L 231

Freightliner

Dependable

Harves 4300

Program

2023

HAZ323

Spartan

Dependable

PK Bodies

Medical

81,608

Fire Suppression Hazardous Material /CBRNE*/Carbon Monoxide

2024

A441

E-One

E-One

Smeal

2021

P431

Spartan

Dependable

Dependable

2024

A133

E-One

E-One

Fort Garry

2021

P426

Spartan

Dependable

Dependable

2022

P422

Spartan

Dependable

Dependable

2022

P116

Spartan

Dependable

Dependable

PUMPERS

16

R235

2021 2013 2020

2023

2024

92,472

127,259

148,079

124,807

159,475

133,202

143,839

141,160

126,372

14,335

13,412

14,084

13,638

12,960

Rescue**

10,296

10,925

12,661

13,220

13,454

Dependable

Non-Emergency

1,132

1,022

1,103

797

4,701

P335

Ford

2022

P323

Spartan

Dependable

Dependable

2007

P245

Spartan

Smeal

Seagrave

2022

P432

Spartan

Dependable

Dependable

2009

P224

Spartan

Smeal

Seagrave

2022

P125

Spartan

Dependable

Dependable

2010

P211

Spartan

Crimson

Smeal

2022

P411

Spartan

Dependable

Dependable

2010

P333

Spartan

Crimson

Smeal

2024

P415

Spartan

Dependable

Dependable

TRAINING (PDT)

2010

P312

Spartan

Crimson

Smeal

2024

P143

Spartan

Dependable

Dependable

2005

TRP2

Spartan

Seagrave

Dependable

2010

P144

Spartan

Crimson

Smeal

2024

P314

Spartan

Dependable

Dependable

Spartan

Crimson

Smeal

2024

P242

Spartan

Spartan

Dependable

P141

TRP1

Seagrave

2010

2005

Dependable

Dependable

2010

P423

Spartan

Crimson

Smeal

2016

TRP4

Spartan

ERV

Dependable

2010

P322

Spartan

Crimson

Crimson

2016

TRP5

Spartan

ERV

2010

P331

Spartan

Crimson

Crimson

2010

P225

Spartan

Crimson

Crimson

2013

P444

Spartan

ERV

Crimson

2013

P134

Spartan

ERV

Crimson

RESCUES

Operational Unit Response

Operational Unit Response (the (the last five lastyears) five years)

2022

2006

Dependable

Dependable

*Hazardous are accidental in in nature; CBRNE incidents areare intentional in nature / ** Rescue Incidents *Hazardousmaterials materialsincidents incidents are accidental nature; CBRNE incidents intentional in nature / ** Rescue Incidents include: rope, water and iceice rescues, industrial machinery entrapment, trench include:elevator elevatorentrapment, entrapment,vehicle vehicleextrication, extrication, rope, water and rescues, industrial machinery entrapment, trench and collapse, and streetcar/subway incidents / ***/ Other emergency and excavation excavationcollapse, collapse,confined confinedspace spaceand andstructural structural collapse, and streetcar/subway incidents *** Other emergency incidents Wires Down, Down, Natural and Vehicle Spill Clean Clean Up. incidentsinclude includePolice PoliceAssist, Assist, Public Public Hazard, Hazard,Lake LakeRescue, Rescue, Wires NaturalGas Gas Leak, Leak, and Vehicle Spill Up.

2020

2021

2009

R115

Spartan

Smeal

Smeal

2021

TFP6

Spartan

Dependable

Dependable

Other***

4,337

4,371

4,785

4,293

4,099

2013

R434

Spartan

ERV

Smeal

2021

TFP6

Spartan

Dependable

Dependable

Marine

1,659

1,505

1,375

1,438

1,296

2013

R441

Spartan

ERV

Smeal

2013

R243

Spartan

ERV

Smeal

Total

272,842

256,909

305,106

322,625

287,689

2013

R325

Spartan

ERV

Smeal

271,710

255,887

304,003

321,828

282,988

R214

Spartan

ERV

Smeal

1964

WL Mackenzie

Total Emergency

2013

Dependable

2014

R425

E-One

E-One

Crimson

R122

E-One

1982

E-One

Crimson

Wlm Thornton

Dependable

2014 2014

R241

E-One

E-One

ERV

2025

FB334

Metal Craft

Dependable

2025

RB334

Zodiak

Dependable

2011

MRU20

2013

P213

Spartan

ERV

Crimson

2013

P435

Spartan

ERV

Crimson

2013

P231

Spartan

ERV

Crimson

2013

P421

Spartan

ERV

ERV

2013

P332

Spartan

ERV

E-One

2014

P412

E-One

E-One

E-One

2017

R227

Spartan

ERV

ERV

2016

P121

Spartan

ERV

E-One

2016

R413

Spartan

ERV

ERV

2016

P132

Spartan

ERV

ERV

2020

R346

Spartan

Dependable

ERV

2016

P114

Spartan

ERV

E-One

2022

R223

Spartan

Dependable

ERV

2016

P233

Spartan

ERV

ERV

2022

R341

Spartan

Dependable

ERV

2016

P311

Spartan

ERV

ERV

2024

R133

Spartan

Dependable

ERV

MECHANICAL & FIRE BOAT

2021

MRU30

Freightliner

2021

MRU30

Freightliner

Dependable

Dependable

Dependable

Dependable

Dependable

Dependable

Vo l u m e 1 8 | I s s u e 1 | F I R E WAT CH 16

*Hazardous materialsincidents incidents accidental in nature; CBRNE incidents are intentional *Hazardous materials areare accidental in nature; CBRNE incidents are intentional in naturein / nature / ** Rescue Rescue Incidents include: elevator entrapment, vehiclevehicle extrication, rope, water andwater ice rescues, ** Incidents include: elevator entrapment, extrication, rope, and ice rescues, industrial machinery trench and excavation collapse, confined confined space and space structural machineryentrapment, entrapment, trench and excavation collapse, and structural collapse, and streetcar/subway incidents / *** Other incidents include Police Assist, Police Assist, collapse, and streetcar/subway incidents / ***emergency Other emergency incidents include Public Hazard, Rescue, Wires Down, Natural Gas Leak, Vehicle CleanSpill Up. Clean Up. Public Hazard,Lake Lake Rescue, Wires Down, Natural Gasand Leak, andSpill Vehicle

Vo l u m e 1 8 | Is s ue 1 | FIRE WATCH 17

Demographics and Statistics...Continued from page 17

331 331 331 331 242 242 242 242 212 212 212 212 241 241 241 241 323 323 323 323 421 421 421 421 433 433 433 433 122 122 122 122 326 326 326 326 TFS Station 341 341 341 341 421 421 421 421 121 121 121 121 423 423 423 423 135 135 135 135 111 111 111 111 142 142 142 142 227 227 227 227 342 342 342 342 325 325 325 325 422 422 422 422 333 333 333 333 233 233 233 233 116 116 116 116 332 332 332 332 144 144 144 144 425 425 425 425 321 321 321 321 113 113 113 113 445 445 445 445 433 433 433 433 431 431 431 431 131 131 131 131 141 141 141 141 426 426 426 426 143 143 143 143 312 312 312 312 243 243 243 243 435 435 435 435 343 343 343 343 143 143 143 143 213 213 213 213 322 322 322 322 232 232 232 232 235 235 235 235 312 312 312 312 115 115 115 115 232 232 232 232 441 441 441 441 146 146 146 146 331 331 331 331 443 443 443 443 222 222 222 222 224 224 224 224 324 324 324 324 112 112 112 112 145 145 145 145 245 245 245 245 221 221 221 221 133 133 133 133 311 311 311 311 415 415 415 415 223 223 223 223 234 234 234 234 445 445 445 445 323 323 323 323 346 346 346 346 226 226 226 226 413 413 413 413 345 345 345 345 244 244 244 244 132 132 132 132 225 225 225 225 231 231 231 231 134 134 134 134 332 332 332 332 442 442 442 442 142 142 142 142 114 114 114 114 325 325 325 325 313 313 313 313 334 334 334 334 344 344 344 344 331 331 331 331 315 315 315 315 426 426 426 426 333 333 333 333 313 313 313 313 312 312 312 312 325 325 325 325 332 332 332 332 314 314 314 314

Aerial Aerial Aerial Aerial Aerial Aerial Aerial Aerial Pumper Pumper Pumper Pumper Rescue Rescue Rescue Rescue Haz Haz Haz Haz AirAir Air Light Air Light Light Light Pumper Pumper Pumper Pumper Rescue Rescue Rescue Rescue Pumper Pumper Pumper Pumper Unit Type Aerial Aerial Aerial Aerial Aerial Aerial Aerial Aerial Pumper Pumper Pumper Pumper Aerial Aerial Aerial Aerial Aerial Aerial Aerial Aerial Pumper Pumper Pumper Pumper Aerial Aerial Aerial Aerial Rescue Rescue Rescue Rescue Pumper Pumper Pumper Pumper AirAir Air Light Air Light Light Light Pumper Pumper Pumper Pumper Aerial Aerial Aerial Aerial Pumper Pumper Pumper Pumper Pumper Pumper Pumper Pumper Chief Chief Chief Chief Pumper Pumper Pumper Pumper Rescue Rescue Rescue Rescue Pumper Pumper Pumper Pumper Aerial Aerial Aerial Aerial Squad Squad Squad Squad Aerial Aerial Aerial Aerial Pumper Pumper Pumper Pumper Pumper Pumper Pumper Pumper Pumper Pumper Pumper Pumper Aerial Aerial Aerial Aerial Squad Squad Squad Squad Chief Chief Chief Chief Rescue Rescue Rescue Rescue Pumper Pumper Pumper Pumper Pumper Pumper Pumper Pumper Pumper Pumper Pumper Pumper Pumper Pumper Pumper Pumper Aerial Aerial Aerial Aerial Pumper Pumper Pumper Pumper Rescue Rescue Rescue Rescue Aerial Aerial Aerial Aerial Rescue Rescue Rescue Rescue Squad Squad Squad Squad Rescue Rescue Rescue Rescue Pumper Pumper Pumper Pumper Squad Squad Squad Squad Pumper Pumper Pumper Pumper Pumper Pumper Pumper Pumper Pumper Pumper Pumper Pumper Pumper Pumper Pumper Pumper Pumper Pumper Pumper Pumper Pumper Pumper Pumper Pumper Pumper Pumper Pumper Pumper Aerial Aerial Aerial Aerial Rescue Rescue Rescue Rescue Pumper Pumper Pumper Pumper Pumper Pumper Pumper Pumper Rescue Rescue Rescue Rescue Pumper Pumper Pumper Pumper Pumper Pumper Pumper Pumper Pumper Pumper Pumper Pumper Rescue Rescue Rescue Rescue Pumper Pumper Pumper Pumper Rescue Rescue Rescue Rescue Pumper Pumper Pumper Pumper Pumper Pumper Pumper Pumper Pumper Pumper Pumper Pumper Pumper Pumper Pumper Pumper Pumper Pumper Pumper Pumper Pumper Pumper Pumper Pumper high high high high rise rise rise rise Pumper Pumper Pumper Pumper Pumper Pumper Pumper Pumper Pumper Pumper Pumper Pumper Aerial Aerial Aerial Aerial Squad Squad Squad Squad Pumper Pumper Pumper Pumper Pumper Pumper Pumper Pumper Pumper Pumper Pumper Pumper Pumper Pumper Pumper Pumper Pumper Pumper Pumper Pumper Pumper Pumper Pumper Pumper Pumper Pumper Pumper Pumper Pumper Pumper Pumper Pumper Rescue Rescue Rescue Rescue Pumper Pumper Pumper Pumper Pumper Pumper Pumper Pumper

Unit Response Summary TFS Station Station Station Station Station

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The Tsuyuki Family

Unit Type Unit Unit Unit Unit Type Type Type Type

Unit ID Unit Unit Unit Unit IDID ID ID

331 331 331 331 331 331 331 331 331 331 331 331 331 331 331 331 234 234 234 234 331 331 331 331 331 331 331 331 331 331 331 331 331 331 331 331 331 331 331 331 331 331 331 331 121 121 121 121 235 235 235 235 211 211 211 211 145 145 145 145 331 331 331 331 331 331 331 331 331 331 331 331 116 116 116 116 331 331 331 331 331 331 331 331 4330 4330 4330 4330 331 331 331 331 334 334 334 334 335 335 335 335 435 435 435 435 212 212 212 212 226 226 226 226 242 242 242 242 441 441 441 441 111 111 111 111 432 432 432 432 445 445 445 445 415 415 415 415 125 125 125 125 231 231 231 231 411 411 411 411 142 142 142 142 133 133 133 133 233 233 233 233 423 423 423 423 225 225 225 225 113 113 113 113 114 114 114 114 231 231 231 231 244 244 244 244 211 211 211 211 213 213 213 213

Chief Chief Chief Chief Chief Chief Chief Chief Chief Chief Chief Chief Chief Chief Chief Chief Speciality Speciality Speciality Speciality Chief Chief Chief Chief Chief Chief Chief Chief Chief Chief Chief Chief Chief Chief Chief Chief Speciality Speciality Speciality Speciality Speciality Speciality Speciality Speciality Speciality Speciality Speciality Speciality Speciality Speciality Speciality Speciality water water water water tanker tanker tanker tanker Speciality Speciality Speciality Speciality Tower Tower Tower Tower 1 111 Chief Chief Chief Chief Chief Chief Chief Chief Command Command Command Command Vehicle Vehicle Vehicle Vehicle Chief Chief Chief Chief Chief Chief Chief Chief (Not (Not (Not (Not Specified) Specified) Specified) Specified) Command Command Command Command Vehicle Vehicle Vehicle Vehicle Fire Fire Fire Fire Boat Boat Boat Boat Pumper Pumper Pumper Pumper Chief Chief Chief Chief Chief Chief Chief Chief Aerial Aerial Aerial Aerial Pumper Pumper Pumper Pumper Aerial Aerial Aerial Aerial Air Air Air Air Light Light Light Light Pumper Pumper Pumper Pumper Chief Chief Chief Chief Chief Chief Chief Chief Aerial Aerial Aerial Aerial Air Air Air Air Light Light Light Light Pumper Pumper Pumper Pumper Chief Chief Chief Chief Aerial Aerial Aerial Aerial Aerial Aerial Aerial Aerial Chief Chief Chief Chief Chief Chief Chief Chief Pumper Pumper Pumper Pumper Chief Chief Chief Chief Chief Chief Chief Chief Chief Chief Chief Chief Pumper Pumper Pumper Pumper Aerial Aerial Aerial Aerial

C3C3 C3 C3 C2C2 C2 C2 C8C8 C8 C8 C9C9 C9 C9 DE234 DE234 DE234 DE234 C1C1 C1 C1 C4C4 C4 C4 C6C6 C6 C6 C7C7 C7 C7 BOX12 BOX12 BOX12 BOX12 SUP7 SUP7 SUP7 SUP7 PF121 PF121 PF121 PF121 TRS235 TRS235 TRS235 TRS235 WT211 WT211 WT211 WT211 HS145 HS145 HS145 HS145 T1T1 T1 T1 C30 C30 C30 C30 C10 C10 C10 C10 CMD10 CMD10 CMD10 CMD10 C20 C20 C20 C20 C40 C40 C40 C40 (Not (Not (Not (Not Specified) Specified) Specified) Specified) CMD30 CMD30 CMD30 CMD30 FB334 FB334 FB334 FB334 P335 P335 P335 P335 C43 C43 C43 C43 C21 C21 C21 C21 L226 L226 L226 L226 P242 P242 P242 P242 A441 A441 A441 A441 LA111 LA111 LA111 LA111 P432 P432 P432 P432 C44 C44 C44 C44 C41 C41 C41 C41 A125 A125 A125 A125 LA231 LA231 LA231 LA231 P411 P411 P411 P411 C14 C14 C14 C14 A133 A133 A133 A133 A233 A233 A233 A233 C42 C42 C42 C42 C22 C22 C22 C22 P113 P113 P113 P113 C11 C11 C11 C11 C23 C23 C23 C23 C24 C24 C24 C24 P211 P211 P211 P211 A213 A213 A213 A213

322 322 322 322 415 415 415 415 324 324 324 324 411 411 411 411 132 132 132 132 345 345 345 345 412 412 412 412 215 215 215 215 341 341 341 341 432 432 432 432 214 214 214 214 421 421 421 421 123 123 123 123 231 231 231 231 434 434 434 434 221 221 221 221 423 423 423 423 135 135 135 135 145 145 145 145 125 125 125 125 114 114 114 114 444 444 444 444 315 315 315 315 114 114 114 114 331 331 331 331 242 242 242 242 212 212 212 212 241 241 241 241 323 323 323 323 421 421 421 421 433 433 433 433 122 122 122 122 326 326 326 326 341 341 341 341 421 421 421 421 121 121 121 121 423 423 423 423 135 135 135 135

Pumper Pumper Pumper Pumper Aerial Aerial Aerial Aerial Chief Chief Chief Chief Aerial Aerial Aerial Aerial Chief Chief Chief Chief Chief Chief Chief Chief Pumper Pumper Pumper Pumper Aerial Aerial Aerial Aerial Rescue Rescue Rescue Rescue Aerial Aerial Aerial Aerial Rescue Rescue Rescue Rescue Pumper Pumper Pumper Pumper Pumper Pumper Pumper Pumper Aerial Aerial Aerial Aerial Rescue Rescue Rescue Rescue Pumper Pumper Pumper Pumper Pumper Pumper Pumper Pumper Pumper Pumper Pumper Pumper Haz Haz Haz Haz Pumper Pumper Pumper Pumper Aerial Aerial Aerial Aerial Pumper Pumper Pumper Pumper Aerial Aerial Aerial Aerial high high high high rise rise rise rise Aerial Aerial Aerial Aerial Aerial Aerial Aerial Aerial Pumper Pumper Pumper Pumper Rescue Rescue Rescue Rescue Haz Haz Haz Haz Air Air Air Air Light Light Light Light Pumper Pumper Pumper Pumper Rescue Rescue Rescue Rescue Pumper Pumper Pumper Pumper Aerial Aerial Aerial Aerial Aerial Aerial Aerial Aerial Pumper Pumper Pumper Pumper Aerial Aerial Aerial Aerial Aerial Aerial Aerial Aerial

P322 P322 P322 P322 A415 A415 A415 A415 C32 C32 C32 C32 A411 A411 A411 A411 C13 C13 C13 C13 C34 C34 C34 C34 P412 P412 P412 P412 A215 A215 A215 A215 R341 R341 R341 R341 PL432 PL432 PL432 PL432 R214 R214 R214 R214 P421 P421 P421 P421 P123 P123 P123 P123 A231 A231 A231 A231 R434 R434 R434 R434 P221 P221 P221 P221 P423 P423 P423 P423 P135 P135 P135 P135 HZ145 HZ145 HZ145 HZ145 P125 P125 P125 P125 T114 T114 T114 T114 P444 P444 P444 P444 L315 L315 L315 L315 HR114 HR114 HR114 HR114 L331 L331 L331 L331 A242 A242 A242 A242 P212 P212 P212 P212 R241 R241 R241 R241 HZ323 HZ323 HZ323 HZ323 LA421 LA421 LA421 LA421 P433 P433 P433 P433 R122 R122 R122 R122 P326 P326 P326 P326 A341 A341 A341 A341 A421 A421 A421 A421 P121 P121 P121 P121 A423 A423 A423 A423 A135 A135 A135 A135

Unit Responses 2024 2024 2024 2024 1 111 2 222 2 222 2 222 2 222 5 555 5 555 8 888 8 888 9 999 9 999 1010 10 10 1010 10 10 2020 20 20 2525 25 25 7878 78 78 103 103 103 103 104 104 104 104 115 115 115 115 137 137 137 137 157 157 157 157 188 188 188 188 207 207 207 207 339 339 339 339 483 483 483 483 526 526 526 526 558 558 558 558 559 559 559 559 569 569 569 569 668 668 668 668 757 757 757 757 809 809 809 809 831 831 831 831 855 855 855 855 872 872 872 872 876 876 876 876 915 915 915 915 938 938 938 938 978 978 978 978 1,005 1,005 1,005 1,005 1,017 1,017 1,017 1,017 1,020 1,020 1,020 1,020 1,043 1,043 1,043 1,043 1,088 1,088 1,088 1,088 1,098 1,098 1,098 1,098 1,101 1,101 1,101 1,101 1,116 1,116 1,116 1,116 1,174 1,174 1,174 1,174 1,194 1,194 1,194 1,194 1,239 1,239 1,239 1,239 1,249 1,249 1,249 1,249 1,304 1,304 1,304 1,304 1,323 1,323 1,323 1,323 1,325 1,325 1,325 1,325 1,342 1,342 1,342 1,342 1,347 1,347 1,347 1,347 1,354 1,354 1,354 1,354 1,385 1,385 1,385 1,385 1,419 1,419 1,419 1,419 1,424 1,424 1,424 1,424 1,447 1,447 1,447 1,447 1,467 1,467 1,467 1,467 1,492 1,492 1,492 1,492 1,494 1,494 1,494 1,494 1,497 1,497 1,497 1,497 1,499 1,499 1,499 1,499 1,546 1,546 1,546 1,546 1,550 1,550 1,550 1,550 1,555 1,555 1,555 1,555 1,560 1,560 1,560 1,560 1,578 1,578 1,578 1,578 1,579 1,579 1,579 1,579 1,582 1,582 1,582 1,582 1,597 1,597 1,597 1,597 1,598 1,598 1,598 1,598 1,610 1,610 1,610 1,610 1,614 1,614 1,614 1,614 1,627 1,627 1,627 1,627 1,639 1,639 1,639 1,639 1,644 1,644 1,644 1,644 1,650 1,650 1,650 1,650 1,665 1,665 1,665 1,665 1,682 1,682 1,682 1,682 1,705 1,705 1,705 1,705 1,706 1,706 1,706 1,706 1,715 1,715 1,715 1,715

L331 L331 L331 L331 A242 A242 A242 A242 P212 P212 P212 P212 R241 R241 R241 R241 HZ323 HZ323 HZ323 HZ323 LA421 LA421 LA421 LA421 P433 P433 P433 P433 R122 R122 R122 R122 P326 P326 P326 P326 Unit ID A341 A341 A341 A341 A421 A421 A421 A421 P121 P121 P121 P121 A423 A423 A423 A423 A135 A135 A135 A135 P111 P111 P111 P111 A142 A142 A142 A142 R227 R227 R227 R227 P342 P342 P342 P342 LA325 LA325 LA325 LA325 P422 P422 P422 P422 T333 T333 T333 T333 P233 P233 P233 P233 P116 P116 P116 P116 C33 C33 C33 C33 P144 P144 P144 P144 R425 R425 R425 R425 P321 P321 P321 P321 A113 A113 A113 A113 S445 S445 S445 S445 A433 A433 A433 A433 P431 P431 P431 P431 P131 P131 P131 P131 P141 P141 P141 P141 L426 L426 L426 L426 S143 S143 S143 S143 C31 C31 C31 C31 R243 R243 R243 R243 P435 P435 P435 P435 P343 P343 P343 P343 P143 P143 P143 P143 P213 P213 P213 P213 A322 A322 A322 A322 P232 P232 P232 P232 R235 R235 R235 R235 L312 L312 L312 L312 R115 R115 R115 R115 S232 S232 S232 S232 R441 R441 R441 R441 P146 P146 P146 P146 S331 S331 S331 S331 P443 P443 P443 P443 P222 P222 P222 P222 P224 P224 P224 P224 P324 P324 P324 P324 P112 P112 P112 P112 P145 P145 P145 P145 P245 P245 P245 P245 A221 A221 A221 A221 R133 R133 R133 R133 P311 P311 P311 P311 P415 P415 P415 P415 R223 R223 R223 R223 P234 P234 P234 P234 P445 P445 P445 P445 P323 P323 P323 P323 R346 R346 R346 R346 P226 P226 P226 P226 R413 R413 R413 R413 P345 P345 P345 P345 P244 P244 P244 P244 P132 P132 P132 P132 P225 P225 P225 P225 P231 P231 P231 P231 P134 P134 P134 P134 HR332 HR332 HR332 HR332 P442 P442 P442 P442 P142 P142 P142 P142 P114 P114 P114 P114 L325 L325 L325 L325 S313 S313 S313 S313 P334 P334 P334 P334 P344 P344 P344 P344 P331 P331 P331 P331 P315 P315 P315 P315 P426 P426 P426 P426 P333 P333 P333 P333 P313 P313 P313 P313 P312 P312 P312 P312 R325 R325 R325 R325 P332 P332 P332 P332 P314 P314 P314 P314

1,582 1,582 1,582 1,582 1,597 1,597 1,597 1,597 1,598 1,598 1,598 1,598 1,610 1,610 1,610 1,610 1,614 1,614 1,614 1,614 1,627 1,627 1,627 1,627 1,639 1,639 1,639 1,639 1,644 1,644 1,644 1,644 1,650 1,650 1,650 1,650 Unit Responses 1,665 1,665 1,665 1,665 1,682 1,682 1,682 1,682 1,705 1,705 1,705 1,705 1,706 1,706 1,706 1,706 1,715 1,715 1,715 1,715 1,715 1,715 1,715 1,715 1,720 1,720 1,720 1,720 1,734 1,734 1,734 1,734 1,740 1,740 1,740 1,740 1,762 1,762 1,762 1,762 1,763 1,763 1,763 1,763 1,774 1,774 1,774 1,774 1,804 1,804 1,804 1,804 1,808 1,808 1,808 1,808 1,821 1,821 1,821 1,821 1,826 1,826 1,826 1,826 1,835 1,835 1,835 1,835 1,851 1,851 1,851 1,851 1,870 1,870 1,870 1,870 1,872 1,872 1,872 1,872 1,878 1,878 1,878 1,878 1,879 1,879 1,879 1,879 1,924 1,924 1,924 1,924 1,955 1,955 1,955 1,955 1,958 1,958 1,958 1,958 1,998 1,998 1,998 1,998 2,000 2,000 2,000 2,000 2,007 2,007 2,007 2,007 2,027 2,027 2,027 2,027 2,040 2,040 2,040 2,040 2,041 2,041 2,041 2,041 2,114 2,114 2,114 2,114 2,160 2,160 2,160 2,160 2,183 2,183 2,183 2,183 2,208 2,208 2,208 2,208 2,212 2,212 2,212 2,212 2,258 2,258 2,258 2,258 2,266 2,266 2,266 2,266 2,267 2,267 2,267 2,267 2,294 2,294 2,294 2,294 2,338 2,338 2,338 2,338 2,341 2,341 2,341 2,341 2,345 2,345 2,345 2,345 2,384 2,384 2,384 2,384 2,385 2,385 2,385 2,385 2,402 2,402 2,402 2,402 2,471 2,471 2,471 2,471 2,482 2,482 2,482 2,482 2,486 2,486 2,486 2,486 2,497 2,497 2,497 2,497 2,532 2,532 2,532 2,532 2,533 2,533 2,533 2,533 2,538 2,538 2,538 2,538 2,592 2,592 2,592 2,592 2,592 2,592 2,592 2,592 2,684 2,684 2,684 2,684 2,687 2,687 2,687 2,687 2,705 2,705 2,705 2,705 2,724 2,724 2,724 2,724 2,783 2,783 2,783 2,783 2,847 2,847 2,847 2,847 2,900 2,900 2,900 2,900 2,934 2,934 2,934 2,934 3,000 3,000 3,000 3,000 3,021 3,021 3,021 3,021 3,038 3,038 3,038 3,038 3,074 3,074 3,074 3,074 3,089 3,089 3,089 3,089 3,098 3,098 3,098 3,098 3,303 3,303 3,303 3,303 3,328 3,328 3,328 3,328 3,344 3,344 3,344 3,344 3,376 3,376 3,376 3,376 3,690 3,690 3,690 3,690 3,907 3,907 3,907 3,907 3,918 3,918 3,918 3,918 4,370 4,370 4,370 4,370 4,750 4,750 4,750 4,750 5,021 5,021 5,021 5,021 5,875 5,875 5,875 5,875 5,882 5,882 5,882 5,882 6,519 6,519 6,519 6,519

Vo l u m e 1 8 | Is s ue 1 | FIRE WATCH 19

www.tffwva.ca

Looking back, 2024 was a good and busy year for us. The Colour Guard had an increasing number of parades. To illustrate that, here’s a basic run down:

3 Bridlington Street, Scarborough, Ontario M1H2L2 Wayne Bridger President

Paul Moffatt Secretary

Eric Motton Treasurer

MAKING IT HAPPEN IN 2025

Greetings All!

As we put this issue together, some of our members have just returned from attending many events associated with the 80th anniversary of the liberation of Holland. We have one item from a recent adventure and will have more of that content in our next issue.

Last issue, we shared all the changes we were contemplating and the plan for implementation.

Not to suggest that all the work put into planning is easy, sometimes the actual “making it happen” part can be just as much of a challenge, sometimes more. Our first membership meeting of this year was a big hit. We had the biggest attendance since 2018. We are hoping that some of that increase can be attributed to the new format. We had a few hitches, but we were able to deal with them on the fly and make the meeting work. We began

with the usual committee updates, including some of the events that our new Social Group is looking at. In the last issue, we reported that they had attended several events at the Royal Canadian Military Institute and had an outing at the Haida and Canadian Warplane Heritage.

We are working on more similar outings for this year.

Our first Guest Speaker was our own Chris McCune. We think it important to showcase our own talents along with others from the outside.

Chris gave a great presentation of his service with the South African Defense Force and had a Q & A session at the conclusion. We adjourned the meeting and broke for lunch. We think that we have a good new format and will continue the same in the future.

Celebration of Life for Gail Fry - Ajax Ontario Saint Patrick’s Day Parade -Toronto TFS Inspectors Graduation - TFA Recruit Graduation - TFA Celebration of life for George Evans - Pickering Ontario D-Day Memorial - Coronation Park D-Day Memorial (Legion Zone - St Johns Norway) LODD Service for Capt. Paul Manning LODD Service for Capt. Sean Coles TFS Memorial Service Harbourfront Korean War Memorial - Meadowvale Cemetery Colour Guard Social Event (HMCS Haida & Canadian Warplane Heritage) Peacekeepers Day Parade - Angus Ontario Warriors Day Parade (We were the 1ST Place John Labatt Trophy) TFFWVA Recruit Class Presentation - TFA LODD Service for Robert Smith - Port Perry Ontario Colour Guard Social Event (Royal Canadian Military Institute Dinner) Funeral Service for Trevor Harris - Brantford Ontario 9th Annual Hero’s of Suicide (Branch 10) Relinquishing of Command Ceremony (Chief Pegg) - TFS HQ (Not a parade) Toronto Fire’s 150th Anniversary Celebration - TFA Ontario Fire Fighters Memorial - Queens Park City Council Chambers - City Hall (Not a parade) Walk through - Captain B.S. Hutcheson VC Armoury 66 Birmingham St. Colour Party Rehearsal - Same Location Colour Party Rehearsal - Same Location Colour Consecration Ceremony - Same Location Funeral Service for Kelly Smith - Orillia TFFWVA 87th Remembrance Banquet - RCL Branch 527 Remembrance Day Ceremonies (Prospect Cemetery, East York & City Hall) Islington Golf Club Remembers D-Day Funeral Service for Peter Harvey - Newmarket Ontario

Again, for those following the project, you will know that we have 323 WW-2 Veterans on our list and all things being equal, we only had one loss. On the 29th of May 1944, while serving in the RCAF in Dartmouth Nova Scotia, Toronto Firefighter, Robert Bertram Donaghy, suffered a fatal heart attack. He was buried here in Toronto at St James Cemetery, and members of our Colour Guard will make a visit in the coming months.

For those who are following our “Project Not Forgotten”, you will know that of the six Toronto Firefighters lost in WW-1, we were only able to visit five last year. We are happy to report

We think it miraculous that we only lost one member during WW-2.

that we were able to visit our last member earlier this month in Belgium. This will conclude the group from WW-1.

We will continue fine tuning the changes we’ve made so far, and we hope that we are on the right track. We are working on some constitution refinements, along with the work that our new Dress and Deportment Committee is working on. We will report on their progress in future issues. We hope that everyone has a good summer season.

TFFWVA Membership Our membership drive is continuous.

If you’re interested in becoming a member, feel free to contact us at tffwva@gmail.com.

The dues ($25.00) are payable annually.

Consider becoming a member!

Your Exec TFFWVA

Don’t forget to follow our Social Media feeds:

20

1- 29 Feb@1100 2- 17 Mar@1100 3- 05 Apr@1300 4- 31 May @1200 5- 01 Jun@1300 6- 06 Jun@1000 7- 09 Jun@1000 8- 11 Jun@1030 9- 19 Jun@0930 10- 23 Jun@0900 11- 27 Jul@1000 12- 08 Jul@1000 13- 09 Jul@1000 14- 17 Aug@0900 15- 22 Aug@1130 16- 12 Sep@1200 17- 11 Sep@1800 18- 21 Sep@1130 19- 22 Sep@1700 20- 03 Oct@ 1300 21- 05 Oct@ 0900 22- 06 Oct@ 1230 23- 09 Oct@ 0900 24- 10 Oct@ 1900 25- 15 Oct@ 1900 26- 22 Oct@ 1900 27- 27 Oct@ 1400 28- 30 Oct@ 1000 29- 07 Nov@ 1800 30- 11 Nov@ 0700 31- 14 Nov@1800 32- 13 Dec@1100

On The web:

www.tffwva.ca

On Facebook:

https://www.facebook.com/groups/TFFWVA

On Twitter:

@TFFWVA

The Next TFFWVA membership Meeting will be announced later this spring. Please watch our social media platforms for the updates. Our meetings are aways held quarterly at the Royal Canadian Legion - Branch 527 Wilson, 948 Sheppard Ave W, North York, ON M3H 2T6.

Instagram

https://www.instagram.com/tffwva

All are welcome.

Vo l u m e 1 8 | I s s u e 1 | F I R E WAT CH 20

Vo l u m e 1 8 | Is s ue 1 | FIRE WATCH 21

Fire Investigations Cause Undetermined Often Misunderstood Understanding the Challenges and Complexities

Q

BY STUART WEST, ACTING CAPTIAN, FIRE STATION 145-C

uite often when I talk to firefighters about fire investigations, the subject of undetermined fire cause comes up.

Fire investigations are intricate and multifaceted processes aimed at determining the origin and cause of a fire. However, it is not uncommon for these investigations to conclude with the cause being classified as "undetermined." This outcome arises from various challenges and complexities inherent in fire investigations. Understanding why this happens can provide insights into the arduous task of fire investigators and the nature of fire incidents.

Classifying a fire cause as undetermined should never be viewed as a failure.

Rather, an undetermined fire cause should be viewed as an affirmation of the investigative process.

Assigning a fire cause that is not supported by the evidence, would be a major error. This type of mistake can have long lasting repercussions not only to the credibility of an individual investigator, but to the larger organization that they represent. Many novice investigators feel that classifying a fire as undetermined is somehow a slight on their individual abilities as an investigator. To the contrary, an investigator that is not afraid to be honest and forthright regarding the lack of evidence in an investigation, should be held in high esteem.

A fire report must detail the evidence that was used to support the investigators findings. If the supporting evidence is lacking, or if the scientific method was somehow circumvented in order to steer the investigation to a single narrative, then the investigation was corrupted.

Any conclusions based on a flawed investigation are not scientifically valid and should be discarded.

The Nature of Fire

Fires are destructive forces that can obliterate evidence and make it difficult to ascertain their exact origins. The intense heat and flames can consume physical clues, leaving behind little to reconstruct the sequence of events leading to the fire. As such, the primary challenge for fire investigators lies in piecing together the evidence that has often been severely compromised or destroyed.

22

Vo l u m e 1 8 | I s s u e 1 | F I R E WAT CH 22

The Complexity of Fire Dynamics

Fire dynamics, which encompass the behavior, movement, and growth of fire, are complex and influenced by numerous variables. These variables include the materials involved, the architecture of the building, ventilation patterns, and human actions.

The intricate interplay of these factors can make it challenging to pinpoint the exact cause of the fire.

Even with advances in fire science and technology, the dynamic nature of fire remains a significant obstacle.

Evidence Collection and Analysis

The collection and analysis of evidence in fire investigations are fraught with difficulties.

Investigators must sift through debris, which may contain remnants of the materials that contributed to the fire. Identifying and preserving these fragments is crucial, yet often problematic, due to the extent of damage caused by the fire.

The meticulous process of evidence collection can be hindered by the chaos and destruction left in the fire's wake.

with limited information to work with, further complicating the determination of the fire's cause.

Technological Limitations

While technological advancements have enhanced fire investigation techniques, limitations still exist. Tools such as thermal imaging cameras, chemical analysis, and fire modeling software have improved the ability to analyze fire scenes.

However, these technologies may not always be able to provide definitive answers, especially in cases where the evidence is minimal or ambiguous.

Often, crucial evidence of ignitable liquids is consumed in the fire, leading negative laboratory results, despite a strong suspicion that ignitable liquids were used to initiate or spread the fire.

The Role of Witnesses and Testimony

Witness testimony, including firefighters, is a vital component of fire investigations, providing firsthand accounts that can help reconstruct the events leading up to and during the fire. However, witnesses may be traumatized or have fragmented memories, which can affect the accuracy and reliability of their testimonies. Additionally, the absence of witnesses can leave investigators

Vo l u m e 1 8 | Is s ue 1 | FIRE WATCH 23

Fire Investigations...Continued from page 23

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Human Factors and Errors

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Human factors and errors can also contribute to the undetermined classification of fire causes. Fire investigators are highly trained professionals, but human error is an inherent risk in any investigative process. Misinterpretation of evidence, oversight, and biases can affect the conclusions drawn.

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External influences, such as environmental conditions and external interventions, can further complicate fire investigations. Weather conditions, such as rain, wind, and temperature fluctuations, can alter the fire scene and obscure evidence. Additionally, the actions taken by firefighters to extinguish the fire and overhaul the area can inadvertently disturb or destroy crucial evidence, making it harder for investigators to ascertain the cause.

Legal and Regulatory Constraints Legal and regulatory constraints can also play a role in the undetermined classification of fire causes.

Investigators must adhere to strict protocols and guidelines, which can limit their ability to explore alternative hypotheses or unconventional methods.

Furthermore, the legal implications of determining a fire's cause can be significant, influencing the thoroughness and direction of the investigation.

NFPA 921, Guide for Fire and Explosions Investigations 2024 Edition, paragraph, 19.6.5.1. states, “In circumstances where all hypotheses have been rejected, or if two or more hypotheses cannot be rejected, the only choice for the investigator is to conclude that the fire cause, or specific causal factors, is undetermined. It is improper to base hypotheses on the absence of any supportive evidence. That is, it is

improper to opine a specific fire cause, ignition source, or fuel that has no evidence to support it even though all other such hypothesized elements were eliminated.

Conclusion

The frequent assignment of "undetermined" as the cause of a fire in investigations highlights the myriad challenges faced by fire investigators. The destructive nature of fire, the complexity of fire dynamics, evidence collection difficulties, witness-related issues, technological limitations, human factors, external influences, and legal constraints all contribute to the difficulty of pinpointing the exact cause of a fire. Despite these challenges, fire investigators continue to strive for accuracy and precision, often working in arduous conditions to uncover the truth. Understanding these complexities not only underscores the importance of fire prevention and safety measures but also appreciates the intricate work of those dedicated to solving fire-related mysteries.

Fire investigations are difficult at the best of times.

Sometimes the cause may seem obvious at first glance.

However, once the investigation has been initiated, other evidence may be discovered that turns the investigation in a completely different direction.

No matter how small or complex each individual investigation is, the scientific method must always be followed. This helps ensure that there are no shortcuts taken and the investigative process is free from personal bias and assumptions.

From someone who has worked as both an operations firefighter and an investigator, I have a great deal of respect for those who are tasked with sifting through the fire debris looking for answers. It’s not for the faint of heart and it’s dirty, very unglamorous work and usually goes unrecognized. Stay safe!

Vo l u m e 1 8 | Is s ue 1 | FIRE WATCH 25

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Lynn Sciberras

More often than not we hear of reference to work ethic, though not so much to “rest ethic”. The two really go hand in hand, especially for roles in the fire service. Between the 24-hour shift in Operations, various shifts in other divisions, covering multiple roles, involvement in committee work, additional duties as required and oh yea, our busy personal lives – rest is a must! My question is, do you get enough? Do you take time out of your busy day to “smell the roses”, take a mental health break, be aware or take a breath - remember boxed breathing from R2MR? Work requires recovery, and to recover, the body and mind require rest and quality sleep.

In this line of work, it begs the question whether we get either, especially since quality sleep doesn’t exist during the 24-hour shift. How important it is though? People tell me, “That’s what retirement is for.” Others say they are so busy in retirement there’s no time for rest. Without rest or sleep, the body breaks down and performance suffers, the mind suffers from lack of clarity and focus, and illness lingers. Essentially, we wear out, no matter what our role is. This is no way to live well, and quality of life is important.

Sleep hygiene refers to the healthy habits and practices that promote restful, quality sleep. It encompasses both environmental factors and behavioral aspects that contribute to better sleep. The challenges of shift work are clear. One of the principles of sleep hygiene is consistent sleep time, which is impossible with shift work. But there are many things you can do – e.g. darken the room, have no tech in bed, and prioritize sleep.

Different people need different things to achieve rest/relax/refresh – e.g. for some it’s social time, for others it’s alone time. It is important to be mindful of what works best for you.

So, whenever you can, and for as long as you can, get the rest you need and deserve.

Below are two links to CIPSRT (Canadian Institute for Public Safety Research and Treatment) and IAFF Sleep Seminar reports, followed by an article on rest: Sounding the Alarm Clock: Addressing Sleep Deprivation in the Fire Service (IAFF) https://www.iaffrecoverycenter.com/continuing-education/sounding-the-alarm-clock-addressing-sleep-deprivation-in-the-fire-service Running on empty: Answering your questions about fatigue and burnout among first responders and other public safety personnel (CIPSRT) https://youtu.be/8wy6_AKm-RQ

We’re happy to introduce content from Crackyl: Firefighter Lifestyle & Health Magazine in this edition The key to physical recovery is good sleep hygiene. of Fire Watch Behind the Mask.

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NOTE: This article has been reprinted with the assistance of Adina Kaufman and permission from: CRACKYL: Firefighter Lifestyle & Health Magazine (crackyl.com)

How’s Your Rest Ethic?

Hard work must be balanced with ‘hard’ rest to maintain productivity and avoid burnout Dedication to hard work is great, but how’s your dedication to rest? Our culture, and especially certain careers in our society, place great value on hard work, pushing through, and sucking it up when you’re tired. Resting is often treated as a luxury, or even as a sign of weakness.

But more and more evidence shows our capacity to work hard, no matter the task, is dictated as much by our resting as by our training. While many of us take pride in a strong work ethic, perhaps it’s just as important to develop a strong rest ethic.

The Lesson from the Ring

One of the strongest, toughest people in the world learned about the strength and power of rest the hard way. In 2016, UFC champion Conor McGregor was on the rise, a heavy favorite to beat Nate Diaz. McGregor lost. In the second round, he visibly ran out of gas and Diaz overwhelmed him.

The story goes that when asked if he was training harder for his next fight, McGregor answered “No.” He determined his exhaustion wasn’t from a lack of training, it was from not enough rest. In spite of his intense training, his lack of sufficient rest left him unable to train at the level he needed to boost his cardio fitness. So, no amount of additional training was going to get him there.

The Foundation for Performance

What McGregor learned, and what’s so often overlooked, is that rest is the foundation for better training and higher performance, whatever the task. Fortunately, we can apply this lesson to life outside the UFC ring. If we replace the word “training” with “work,” we can consider the value of rest to enhance performance, and even satisfaction, in whatever work we do. Training

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for a marathon, taking on overtime, building a deck at home. These are just a few examples of work that benefits from focused, hard effort and pushing through discomfort.

But without enough rest, those training runs will be too slow, the overtime will be dangerous, and that deck won’t be square.

The lesson isn’t that we shouldn’t work hard or train hard. The lesson is that a work ethic without an equal rest ethic will undermine the hard work and probably leave you defeated.

Getting Restorative Rest

In the fire service, most tour schedules already follow a version of focused hard work followed by rest, or at least not-work. One problem is firefighters often use their time off of work to do other work, some of it not so restful.

But instead of focusing on how much you’re working, or “over” working, consider if you’re really resting. And in this case, time with family and friends, and even alone, can be an important part of restorative rest. When a family is fraying because one spouse is almost never home, notice that the remedy is time at home, not just a reduction in overtime.

So take a look at your training, your work, anything you put your time and energy into.

Are you rested enough that you can really give it your all? By focusing on rest, you reorient your point of view. If a strong rest ethic is your foundation, then the work you do, the training, the overtime, the deck, whatever it is, that work will yield greater results. You come to the work truly restored, ready, and energized. You can work harder, with more focus, and more awareness of your performance and limits.

Here’s a slogan you can use to build you and your community’s rest ethic: “You can’t overtrain, but you can under rest.”

TORONTO FIRE SERVICES EAP/CIS NEWSLETTER

VOLUME 18 | ISSUE 1 | FIRE WATCH

Name

Name Lynn Sciberras

Lynn Sciberras Sean O'Connell SeanMartyn O'Connell Marcus Jones Rodney Johnston Marcus Martyn Jones Hugh Doherty Rodney Johnston JohnHugh Drimmie Doherty Adina Kaufman John Drimmie John Malcolmson Adina Kaufman Cary Stather JohnJackson Malcolmson Robert Cary Stather Brian McAlinden Robert Jackson Louise Chen Sidney BrianZigah McAlinden Darren Taylor Louise Chen Tony Mellozzi Sidney Zigah Louis Chow Darren Taylor Chris Rodrigues TonyLeufkens Mellozzi Bernie Louis Chow

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Tech Days lynn.sciberras@toronto.ca 233 Ops FP/B sean80446@gmail.com 233 FP/B sean80446@gmail.com 331 A m.martynjones@gmail.com 332 AA rj3111@hotmail.com 331 m.martynjones@gmail.com 231 A hugh.doherty@sympatico.ca 332 A rj3111@hotmail.com 142 AA johndrimmie@gmail.com 231 hugh.doherty@sympatico.ca 342 A adina_kaufman@hotmail.com 142 A johndrimmie@gmail.com 222 B johnmalcolmsonpeerteam@gmail.com 342 A adina_kaufman@hotmail.com 324 C cstather@sympatico.ca 222 B johnmalcolmsonpeerteam@gmail.com 333 C firejackt333@gmail.com 324 cstather@sympatico.ca 114 CC bmcalinden@me.com 333 firejackt333@gmail.com 321 CC louise.deanne.chen@gmail.com 143 DC smkz45@hotmail.com 114 bmcalinden@me.com 341 DC darren.taylor@rogers.com 321 louise.deanne.chen@gmail.com 313 D tony_rockclimb@hotmail.com 143 D smkz45@hotmail.com 313 D chowl@live.com 341 D darren.taylor@rogers.com Mental Health Professional chris.rodrigues@toronto.ca 313 Retired D tony_rockclimb@hotmail.com tapemeasure92@hotmail.com 313 D chowl@live.com Mental Health Professional chris.rodrigues@toronto.ca Chaplain Retired NORTH chaplainleck@gmail.com tapemeasure92@hotmail.com Chaplain Chaplain Chaplain Chaplain

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They shall grow not old, as we that are left grow old; age shall not weary them, nor the years condemn. At the going down of the sun and in the morning, we will remember them.

Patrick McManus On June 2, 2025, Retired Captain Patrick “Patty” McManus passed away with his family and loved ones by his side at the age of 67, after a brave battle with cancer. Brother McManus began his career with the Scarborough Fire Department on September 15, 1981. He served with pride on A-Platoon throughout his entire career, working at Stations 244, 245, and 222, before being promoted to the Hazmat unit at Station 145. Captain McManus was a well-known and respected figure within the fire service and the community.

He was a peer that many members gravitated to; he led by example and shared his knowledge to help better those around him. For many years, he was a proud presence at the annual St. Patrick’s Day Parade, always seen wearing the green and representing the Irish heritage with pride. On February 29, 2016, after more than 34 years of dedicated service, Brother McManus retired from the Toronto Fire Department, leaving a memorable impression on those he worked with and befriended over the years.

In Honour of Captain Patrick McManus, a Memorial Plaque will be hung at TFS Station 145.

Joseph Bonanno

February 18, 2025 – June 23, 2025 James Albert Reynolds February 21, 2025 James Leonard Ward February 22, 2025 Elgon Thomas March 11, 2025 Kenneth Condie March 12, 2025 James George Abdee March 29, 2025 Robert Wilson April 9, 2025 Robert John Wilson April 13, 2025 Keith M. Ralph April 16, 2025 David Thomas Macdonald April 16, 2025 Fredrick H. Marks April 20, 2025 Arthur Victor Webster April 20, 2025

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William George Craig Richard Thomas Turner Kenneth Howard Snelgrove Donald Kent Ball Gordon W. Stewart Robert Scott McMillian Bruce Thomas Barker Peter Gresser Joseph Leonard Boyd Robert Franklin Thornton Robert Allan Smith

April 26, 2025 April 28, 2025 April 29, 2025 May 1, 2025 May 12, 2025 May 17, 2025 May 22, 2025 May 25, 2025 June 13, 2025 June 12, 2025 June 18, 2025

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Retired Firefighter Joseph Paul Francis Xaviar Bonanno began his career with the City of York Fire Department in August of 1971. For most of his career, he worked with his crew at TFS Fire Station 442 on A Platoon, and after more than 35 years of dedicated service, he retired on May 31, 2007, at Station 422.

Brother Bonanno was extremely proud to be a part of the fire community. For his entire career, he not only focused on being a good firefighter, but also a good person. He was a man who lived by a moral code of treating others with care and compassion. He always helped where he could, spoke kindly to others and listened when it was needed. He truly cherished the bonds he formed with his brothers and sisters on the trucks and within the fire service. This way of life was also reflected in his personal life.

Joe loved his family dearly and would do anything for them. Family was always his number one focus; they were his world.

On June 4th, 2025, at the age of 75, we lost Brother Bonanno to a battle against an occupational illness that he couldn’t fight anymore. Surrounded by his family and close loved ones, Joe was able to let go and say goodbye like the gentleman he was. He will truly be missed by all who knew him.

In Honour of Firefighter Joseph Bonanno, a Memorial Plaque will be hung at TFS Station 422.

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Looking Out for Your Future

The OMERS Sponsors Corporation!

When I joined the Toronto Fire Department (as we were called in 1981), it was with the knowledge that I had a secure, full-time job that would carry me through to retirement. I knew there would be challenges and forks in the road, but I felt secure in knowing that I was a member of a recognized defined benefit (DB) pension plan that would be there when I reached the end of my career. Having never had a job with a pension plan, my surprise came when I received my first pay cheque and I discovered that I would also be a partner in paying for my future benefits. As time passed, my knowledge of accounting, budgeting and how pensions worked increased, as did my payments into the OMERS Pension Plan, matched of course by my employer’s contributions.

A pension plan is essentially deferred income. Your contributions are matched by the employer and are squirrelled away, earning interest and growing to provide you a secure, dignified retirement. And guess what? It works. Because pension plan earnings are protected from income tax until the money is paid out, studies have shown that only about 30% of the benefits you receive from your pension plan come from the contributions. The vast majority of your benefits come from return on investments made by the plan. That is why defined benefit pension plans have such a positive impact on the economy. Retirees on DB pensions spend their pension income, pay taxes, and generate economic activity in their communities.

As a retired firefighter, you are a member of the Ontario Municipal Employees Retirement System, more commonly known as OMERS. You are not alone.

Municipal workers across Ontario are members of OMERS making it one of the largest DB pension plans in the world. OMERS has gone through many transformations over the years, not the least of which is asset growth and diversification, but today I want to focus on a very specific part of OMERS, the OMERS Sponsors Corporation.

OMERS consists of two distinct corporations with very specific roles and duties. The largest by far is the Administration Corporation (AC) which deals with the day-to-day business of OMERS. The administrative side includes the distribution of pensions, collecting contributions from municipalities and members, paying the bills and keeping the lights on. The AC also includes the investment operations, which has offices around the world to make sure that the returns operate at the highest level in short-, medium- and long-term investments.

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Who is the Sponsors Corporation (SC) and what are they responsible for? The SC Board is made up of appointees from various sponsor groups of the plan.

Both employer and employee groups are represented. The Association of Municipalities of Ontario (AMO) and the City of Toronto, along with other employer groups, have appointees on the board.

Employee groups such as CUPE, OPFFA, PAO, as well as other employee groups, have appointees on the board. The Retirees Group also has an appointee on the board. The Retiree Group consists of the Municipal Retirees Organization Ontario (MROO), the Ontario Retired Fire Fighters Association (ORFFA) and the Police Pensioners Association of Ontario (PPAO). In 2022, I was honoured to be appointed to the SC Board by the Retiree Group.

The role of the SC Board is distinctly different than the AC Board. Where the AC has a distinct fiduciary duty to each and every member (both active and retired), the SC has a fiduciary duty to the plan itself. It is the duty of the SC to ensure the plan is sustainable, affordable and meaningful, and that a balance is maintained between these three elements through a continuous process of reviewing the relationship of contributions, benefits and the economic health of the plan. The plan must remain affordable to contributors, meaningful in its current and future benefits, and sustainable against the various economic headwinds that we experience with increasing frequency. What do I mean by this balance? OMERS sums it up this way: A pension plans is sustainable if it can consistently, over the long term and across generations of members, deliver a meaningful, valuable and appropriate range of benefits to members, within a range of costs that is affordable to stakeholders.

The SC Board has a fiduciary responsibility to the plan itself. So, although each member is appointed to the board by an employer or employee group, their fiduciary duty is to the plan not the group appointing them. The SC Board, by its mandate, ensures the plan is maintaining a balance and providing benefits to members now and for the future.

Don’t forget to follow our Social Media Feeds:

On The web: https://www.retiredtorontofirefighters.org/ On Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/TFSRetirees On Twitter : https://x.com/tfsretirees

President Alan Thomas - Secretary/Treasurer Mike Neely - Al Falkner - Alan Hall - Vo Ron Coates - Chuck West l u m e 1 8 | I s s u e 1 | F I R E WAT CH

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VENT-INTERISOLATE-SEARCH Trayce Shaw - traycegshaw@gmail.com

Our primary mission is to save lives. To do this effectively, we must prioritize immediate primary search, fire attack, and coordinated ventilation. We should look to optimize our operations for those we serve. Hopefully, the following article will shed some light on a tactic that has yielded positive results.

path, pre-suppression, drastically reduces exposure to heat and toxins for both victims and firefighters.

What is VEIS?

Isolating for Survivability

Vent-Enter-Isolate-Search (VEIS) is a targeted search aimed at rescuing victims quickly. Members enter a building through a window to isolate the space from heat and harmful gases and remove any victims through the entry window. Using this tactic, we can gain immediate access to areas where victims are most likely trapped and provide a prompt exit from the IDLH environment.

VEIS requires crew coordination, knowledge of building construction, and a full understanding of fire dynamics.

While removing a victim through a door is an option, it may not always improve survivability. A study done by UL found that, pre-suppression, isolating a room from fire and toxic gases—even if slower— greatly increases survival chances. Prioritize limiting exposure over speed, and consider both rescue time and environmental conditions before making a decision.

Why VEIS? By entering through a window and isolating the space, we create a safer environment for us and a more survivable one for victims.

Ventilating the compartment and isolating it from the fire significantly reduces heat and toxic gases, while increasing visibility. Research by the UL Firefighter Safety Research Institute (FSRI) shows that isolating the space from the fire and its flow

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Vent-Inter-Isolate-Search...Continued from page 37

Where Are We Finding Victims?

Our textbook says, “Quickly check likely victim locations and all affected areas”. The data shows the most likely victim location to be the bedroom, regardless of the time of day. A survey of over 4,000 rescues confirms this. This insight is particularly relevant when considering the "Close Before You Doze" campaign by the OFM, which encourages people to close their bedroom doors before sleeping. With this in mind, bedrooms should be heavily targeted for VEIS operations.

VEIS Basics There are typically three positions in a VEIS operation:

-NFPA & www.FirefighterRescueSurvey.com

Who Is Finding Victims?

According to data from the Clackamas Search Manual & the Firefighter Rescue Survey: • 24% of victims were located by Fire Attack, with a 59% survival rate.

• 56% of victims were located by Primary Search, with a 62% survival rate.

This highlights the critical role of primary search in improving the chances of victim survival.

1. Ladder Firefighter

This Firefighter is responsible for positioning a ladder (14’, 24’, 35’, etc.) to the window with minimal assistance, to allow their crew time to mask up. The ladder should be set up for rescue, to improve safety and ease victim removal. After placement, they stage tools (like a NY Hook or Halligan) on the ladder for the Search Firefighter.

Once these tasks are done, their main role is to secure (butt) the ladder.

2. Search Firefighter Victim survival rate is highly dependent on how quickly they are located. The National Institute of Health tells us that for every minute that passes between cardiac arrest & CPR, survival rate decreases by 7-10%. By reducing our time to the interior, we improve their chances of survival significantly.

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This Firefighter brings tools from the apparatus to the VEIS location, masks up quickly, and climbs the ladder for entry.

Using tools staged by the Ladder Firefighter, they ventilate the window—breaking high first then working down in a “Z” pattern—then remove the sash by striking down and toward them on either side of it. They clear the remaining glass with a tool along the frame. Before entering, a quick scan with a TIC can help assess room layout, door location, heat levels, and potential victims. This DOES NOT replace the need for a Primary Search.

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After ventilating the window, the Search Firefighter stays low in the frame away from heat. Before sounding the floor, they sweep beneath the window using a Hook or Halligan in a wide semi-circle. This is to avoid injuring any trapped occupants by locating them before sounding the floor. They then sound the floor by striking it with a tool or applying body weight to ensure it's safe for entry.

The Search Firefighter places their tool against the windowsill to mark the exit point. They then enter using the Controlled Headfirst method—or step through if the window allows—while staying low. In a Controlled Headfirst entry, they reach down to the floor, then guide their body through carefully, flaring their legs against the window frame to slow and control the descent.

After entering, the Search Firefighter quickly locates the room’s door, performs a “Life, Fire Layout” down the hallway for victims, then closes the door.

Closing the door is crucial— it cuts off the flow path to the vented window. Once isolated, they begin a primary search of the room. The Search Firefighter can also update Command on interior conditions.

3. Captain

The Captain remains at the sill to scan the room for victims and doors with a TIC. VEIS is typically a single-firefighter entry operation, however additional members can join the search. Consider the size of the room and how adding members could impact egress in an emergency. An officer at the sill can maintain crew accountability, monitor radio traffic, and assist with victim removal. A searching officer can make real-time decisions in the IDLH, help move obstacles or victims and speed up victim extrication.

Once the room has been cleared, all members descend the ladder.

This process can be repeated as many times as necessary.

The Search and Ladder Firefighter can be rotated to minimize fatigue and maximize air availability.

This article offers a basic overview of VEIS. A more detailed document is available. Please email me.

Thank you to Captain Maybrey, Terry Leimonis and Christopher Downham for providing their knowledge. Without them this article wouldn’t have the street level experience needed to reinforce the message behind it.

We only improve if we track data. If you make a rescue, PLEASE fill out the Firefighter Rescue Survey. An Ontario specific survey is currently being developed, Firefighter Rescues Ontario. It will be the primary source of data for rescues in our own backyard.

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It was an Election Year!

Please join us in welcoming the new TPFFA 2025 New Executive Board: President Mike Smith Secretary Treasurer Chris Sornberger Vice President Justin D’Aloisio North Command:

East Command:

South Command:

West Command:

Dan Bellio Bob Burland Ryan Morrison

Geoff Berenz Travis Mathews James McCreight

Steven D’Aloisio Justin Gaspini Rob Kular

Matt Fabbro Tori Goulart Ryan Grech Annual Retirement Dinner & Dance TPFFA celebrated their 2024 Retirees this Spring. It was a great celebration with old friends, crews and family. Congratulations to all our Retirees.

Toronto Fire Fighters Families of the Fallen (TFFFF) Spring Luncheon Event This Spring, the loved ones of our fallen members gathered to support each other. This family group welcomes all family members who have experienced loss of a loved one, from both LODD and death from other causes.

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Jr. Firefighters enjoying their first few days of Summer!

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3888 Recent Happenings...Continued from page 47

k the ould like to than w I d an ily m fa d My port we receive p su e th l al r fo membership n. The g of our son Rya n si as p e th r te af overwhelming. as w rt o p p su f o ages outpouring number of mess e th t n u o c n e the I can not ev d colleagues on an s d n ie fr m o , I received fr hed out by text ac re le p o e p y job. So man d for this , and phone, an e ag ss e m l, ai m e grateful.

I am extremely nded the s from TFS atte d n ie fr y an m o S by this e were touched w d an n o ti ta si vi ure. supportive gest Thank You. n. arty and Maso Josh, Tracey, M

If you have photos of your crew or a recent event you’d like to share with the membership, please email Suzanne Boss at the Association Office: sboss@torontofirefighters.org

2025 TPFFA Events: TPFFA Family Picnic at Canada’s Wonderland Wednesday, July 16, 2025 Charity Golf Tournament at Royal Woodbine Tuesday, August 19, 2025 Toronto Labour Day Parade Monday, September 1, 2025 Canadian Fallen Fire Fighter Memorial in Ottawa Sunday, September 7, 2025

Paul Kwiatkowski’s Award Kings Coronation Medal Ceremony – Congratulations Toronto Fire Captain Paul Kwiatkowski Brother Kwiatkowski was awarded the King Charles III’s Coronation Medal.

IAFF Fallen Fire Fighter Memorial in Colorado Springs September 20/21, 2025 National Truth & Reconciliation Day Tuesday, September 30, 2025 PINK Campaign October 2025 Ontario Fire Fighter Memorial at Queen’s Park, Toronto Sunday, October 5, 2025

Platoon C Family Day at Station 231.

This crew honoured the daily support system we all have…our Families!

Movember Campaign November 2025 Remembrance Day Ceremonies Tuesday, November 11, 2025 Annual Children’s Christmas Party @ Variety Village Saturday, December 13, 2025

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Fire Watch Volume 15 Issue 4_v1.indd 46

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