Test bank for principles of life 2nd edition hillis

Test Bank for Principles of Life 2nd Edition Hillis

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1. Which statement about the disease hemophilia is true?

A) It affects the daughters of carriers.

B) In an affected individual who has been injured, a clot forms within minutes and stops the bleeding.

C) It is not inherited but occurs randomly in a population.

D) It is caused by absence of a specific protein crucial for blood clot formation.

E) It is inherited solely from the father.

2. Which statement best explains the fundamental difference between the theory of blending inheritance and the theory of particulate inheritance?

A) Genes remain stable across generations according to the theory of blending inheritance, but not according to particulate inheritance.

B) Genes remain stable across generations according to the theory of particulate inheritance, but not according to blending inheritance.

C) Gametes fuse during fertilization according to the theory of blending inheritance, but not according to particulate inheritance.

D) Gametes fuse during fertilization according to the theory of particulate inheritance, but not according to blending inheritance.

E) The theory of blending inheritance applies to diploid organisms, whereas the theory of particulate inheritance applies to haploid organisms.

3. Gregor Mendel first presented his theories to the public in A) 1665.

B) 1725.

C) 1765.

D) 1865.

E) 1925.

4. A number of characteristics of the common garden pea made it suitable for Mendel's breeding experiments. Which of the following is not one of those characteristics?

A) It is “true-breeding.”

B) Self-fertilization can be controlled.

C) It can reproduce asexually.

D) It is easily cultivated.

E) It can be manually fertilized.

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5. If two strains of true-breeding plants that have different alleles for a certain character are crossed, their progeny are called A) the F1 generation.

B) the P generation.

C) the F2 generation.

D) F1 crosses.

E) F2 progeny.

6. The parents of individuals in the F2 generation are members of the _______ generation.

A) P B) F1 C) F2 D) F3 E) M

7. Which of the following is not a characteristic that makes an organism suitable for genetic studies?

A) Nonvariable traits B) A short generation time C) Ease of cultivation D) The ability to control crosses E) Variable traits

8. If Mendel had performed experiments on cattle rather than on peas, the patterns of inheritance would not have been easily detectable, because cattle A) reproduce asexually.

B) have small numbers of offspring.

C) do not have observable phenotypes.

D) do not have genotypes.

E) do not have autosomes.

9. Which method was not used by Mendel in his study of the genetics of the garden pea?

A) Maintenance of true-breeding lines B) Cross-pollination C) Chromosomal mapping D) Production of hybrid plants E) Quantitative analysis of results

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10. Mendel's crossing of round-seeded pea plants with wrinkled-seeded pea plants resulted in progeny that all had round seeds. This indicates that the wrinkled-seed trait is A) codominant.

B) dominant.

C) recessive.

D) rare.

E) abnormal.

11. If a trait that is not expressed in the F1 generation reappears in the F2 generation, the inheritance of the trait in question is an example of A) codominance.

B) dominance and recessiveness.

C) incomplete dominance.

D) epistasis.

E) a test cross.

12. Mendel concluded that each pea has two units for each character, and each gamete contains one unit. Mendel's “unit” is now referred to as a(n) A) gene.

B) character.

C) phenotype.

D) genotype.

E) trait.

13. Different forms of a gene are called A) traits.

B) phenotypes.

C) genotypes.

D) alleles.

E) characters.

14. At a certain locus of the human genome, 200 different alleles exist in the population.

Each person has at most _______ allele(s).

A) 1 B) 2 C) 100 D) 200 E) 400

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15. Which statement about an individual that is homozygous for an allele is false?

A) Each of its cells possesses two copies of that allele.

B) Each of its gametes contains one copy of that allele.

C) It is true-breeding with respect to that allele.

D) Its parents were necessarily homozygous for that allele.

E) It can pass that allele to its offspring.

16. In a simple Mendelian monohybrid cross, true-breeding tall plants are crossed with short plants, and the F1 plants, which are all tall, are allowed to self-pollinate. What fraction of the F2 generation will be both tall and heterozygous?

A) 1/8 B) 1/4 C) 1/3 D) 2/3 E) 1/2

Use the following to answer questions 17-19: In a species of tortoise, foot size (big or small) is controlled by one gene, while shell shape (round or lumpy) is controlled by another gene. Suppose that a big-footed lumpy-shelled tortoise mates with a small-footed round-shelled tortoise. Eight offspring result: four big-footed round-shelled tortoises and four small-footed round-shelled tortoises. (Assume that the parents are not necessarily homozygous for each allele.)

17. Which statement about the inheritance of shell shape in tortoises is most likely to be correct, given your genetic analysis of the tortoise family?

A) Lumpy is dominant to round.

B) Round is dominant to lumpy.

C) Round and lumpy are codominant.

D) Shell shape is an example of blending inheritance.

E) This cannot be answered without more information.

18. Which statement about the inheritance of footedness in tortoises is most likely to be correct, given your genetic analysis of the tortoise family?

A) Big is dominant to small.

B) Small is dominant to big.

C) Big and small are codominant.

D) Footedness is an example of blended inheritance.

E) This cannot be answered without more information.

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19. If big feet (B) in tortoises is dominant to small feet (b), what is the genotype of the big-footed parent with respect to the foot gene?

A) bb B) BB C) Bb D) Either bb or BB E) Either bb and Bb

20. The physical appearance of an organism is called A) the phenotype.

B) the genotype.

C) an allele.

D) a trait.

E) a gene.

21. A pea plant with red flowers is test crossed, and one-half of the resulting progeny have red flowers, while the other half has white flowers. Therefore, the genotype of the test-crossed parent was A) RR. B) Rr. C) rr.

D) either RR or Rr. E) either Rr or rr.

22. A particular genetic cross in which the individual in question is crossed with an individual known to be homozygous for a recessive trait is referred to as a A) parental cross.

B) dihybrid cross.

C) filial generation mating.

D) reciprocal cross.

E) test cross.

23. Which statement about a test cross is false?

A) It tests whether an unknown individual is homozygous or heterozygous.

B) The test individual is crossed with a homozygous recessive individual.

C) If the test individual is heterozygous, the progeny will have a 1:1 ratio.

D) If the test individual is homozygous, the progeny will have a 3:1 ratio.

E) Test cross results are consistent with Mendel's model of inheritance for unlinked genes.

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24. In a(n) _______ cross, genes for two different characters separate.

A) monohybrid B) dihybrid C) trihybrid D) F1 E) F2

25. In garden peas, the allele for tall plants is dominant over the allele for short plants. A true-breeding tall plant is crossed with a short plant, and one of their offspring is test crossed. Out of 20 offspring resulting from the test cross, about _______ should be tall.

A) 0 B) 5 C) 10 D) 15 E) 20

26. The genotype of an organism that expresses a dominant trait can be determined by A) crossing the organism with a homozygous dominant organism.

B) crossing the organism with a heterozygous dominant organism.

C) observing the phenotype of the progeny from any cross.

D) crossing the organism with a homozygous recessive organism.

E) observing the genotype of the progeny from any cross.

27. In mice, short hair is dominant to long hair. If a short-haired individual is crossed with a long-haired individual and both long- and short-haired offspring result, one can conclude that A) the short-haired parent is homozygous.

B) the short-haired parent is heterozygous.

C) the long-haired parent is heterozygous.

D) both parents are homozygous.

E) This cannot be answered without more information.

28. Classical albinism results from a recessive allele. What is the expected ratio for the progeny when a normally pigmented male with an albino father has children with an albino woman?

A) 3/4 normal, 1/4 albino B) 3/4 albino, 1/4 normal C) 1/2 normal,1/2 albino D) All normal E) All albino

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29. Which statement about a dihybrid cross is true?

A) It results in a genotypic ratio of 2:1.

B) It involves genes located on the sex chromosomes.

C) It results in offspring of lower quality than that of the parents.

D) It results in two different phenotypes in the F2 generation.

E) It is a cross between identical double heterozygotes.

30. Mendel's dihybrid crosses using peas that differed in seed characters did not A) result in four different phenotypes.

B) involve two different characters.

C) lead to the formation of the law of independent assortment.

D) involve unlinked genes.

E) reveal that genes encoding seed characters are linked.

31. In cocker spaniels, black color (B) is dominant over red (b), and solid color (S) is dominant over spotted (s). If the genes are unlinked, and the offspring of BBss and bbss individuals are mated with each other, what fraction of the next generation will be black and spotted?

A) 1/16 B) 9/16 C) 1/9 D) 3/16 E) 3/4

32. In humans, a widow's peak is caused by a dominant allele (W), and a continuous hairline is caused by a recessive allele (w). Short fingers are caused by a dominant allele (S), and long fingers are caused by a recessive allele (s). Suppose a woman with a continuous hairline and short fingers and a man with a widow's peak and long fingers have three children. One child has short fingers and a widow's peak, one has long fingers and a widow's peak, and one has long fingers and a continuous hairline. What are the genotypes of the parents?

A) Female wwSS, male WWss B) Female wwSs, male Wwss C) Female wwSs, male WWss D) Female WwSs, male WwSs E) Female WWSs, male wwss.

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Use the following to answer questions 33-34: In dogs, phenotype A (erect ears and barking while following a scent) is caused by dominant alleles; phenotype B (droopy ears and silent while following a scent) is caused by recessive alleles. A dog that is homozygous for both traits of phenotype A is mated to a dog with phenotype B.

33. If the genes for the two traits are unlinked, what is the expected F1 phenotypic ratio?

A) 9:3:3:1 (A:erect silent:droopy barking:B) B) 1:1 (A:B) C) 1:0 (A:B) D) 1:2:1 (A:erect silent:B) E) 4:1 (A:B)

34. If the genes for the two traits are unlinked, and the F1 generation is crossed, what is the expected phenotypic ratio of the F2 generation?

A) 9:3:3:1 (A:erect silent:droopy barking:B) B) 1:1 (A:B) C) 1:0 (A:B) D) 1:2:1 (A:erect silent:B) E) 4:1 (A:B)

35. Segregation of alleles occurs A) during gamete formation.

B) at fertilization.

C) during mitosis.

D) during the random combination of gametes to produce the F2 generation.

E) only in monohybrid crosses.

36. Separation of the alleles of a single gene into different gametes is called A) synapsis.

B) segregation.

C) independent assortment.

D) heterozygous separation.

E) recombination.

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37. One of the major contributions of Mendel to the study of genetics was A) the use of a quantitative approach to analyze data.

B) a complete description of the process of meiosis.

C) the observation that phenotypes are affected by the environment.

D) the discovery that dominance is always complete.

E) the finding that heritable traits combine or blend together.

38. Mendel performed a cross between individuals heterozygous for three different traits: green versus yellow seeds (green is dominant), red versus white flowers (red is dominant), and green versus yellow pods (green is dominant). What fraction of the offspring would have been expected to have green seeds, red flowers, and green pods?

A) 27/64 B) 12/64 C) 9/64 D) 6/64 E) 3/64

39. Genetic mutations are not A) rare.

B) stable.

C) inherited changes in DNA. D) the process by which alleles can change to become different alleles.

E) always deleterious.

40. The particular allele of a gene that is present in most individuals in nature is referred to as A) dominant.

B) recessive.

C) epistatic.

D) wild type.

E) polymorphic.

41. Which statement about Mendelian genetics is false?

A) Alternative forms of genes are called alleles.

B) A locus is a gene's location on its chromosome.

C) In any population, only two alleles can exist for a given gene.

D) A genotype is a description of an individual's alleles.

E) Individuals with the same phenotype can have different genotypes.

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Use the following to answer questions 42-44: Agouti is a type of coat color pattern in mouse that cannot be expressed in albinos (white mice).

Nonalbino mice without the dominant agouti allele (AAbb and Aabb) are black. An agouti mouse that is heterozygous at the albino (A) and agouti (B) loci (AaBb) is mated to an albino mouse that is heterozygous at the agouti locus (aaBb).

42. What percent of the progeny are likely to be albino?

A) 0 percent B) 12.5 percent C) 37.5 percent D) 50 percent E) 100 percent

43. What percent of the progeny are likely to be agouti?

A) 0 percent B) 12.5 percent C) 37.5 percent D) 50 percent E) 100 percent

44. What percent of the progeny are likely to be black?

A) 0 percent B) 12.5 percent C) 37.5 percent D) 50 percent E) 100 percent

45. The complete phenotype of an organism is dependent on A) genotype.

B) penetrance.

C) expressivity.

D) environment.

E) All of the above

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46. In a species of wild lupine flower, the smooth seed allele (S) is completely dominant over the wrinkled seed allele (s). If the alleles for height are incompletely dominant, such that TT is tall, Tt is intermediate, and tt is short, what will result from crossing a smooth-seeded short (SStt) plant with a wrinkled-seeded tall (ssTT) plant?

A) One-half of the progeny will be smooth-seeded and intermediate in height; one-half will be smooth-seeded and tall.

B) All of the progeny will be smooth-seeded and tall.

C) All of the progeny will be smooth-seeded and short.

D) All of the progeny will be smooth-seeded and intermediate in height.

E) All of the progeny will be smooth-seeded; one-half will be tall, and one-half will be short.

47. In Netherlands dwarf rabbits, a gene showing intermediate inheritance produces three phenotypes. Rabbits that are homozygous for one allele are small; individuals that are homozygous for the other allele are deformed and die; heterozygous individuals are dwarf. If two dwarf rabbits are mated, what proportion of their surviving offspring should be dwarf?

A) 1/4 B) 1/3 C) 1/2 D) 2/3 E) 3/4

48. If the allele for tall (T) plants is incompletely dominant over the allele for short (t) plants, what will be the likely phenotype of the offspring resulting from a cross between two Tt plants?

A) 1/4 tall, 1/2 intermediate, 1/4 short B) 1/2 tall, 1/4 intermediate, 1/4 short C) 1/4 tall, 1/4 height, 1/2 short D) All tall E) All intermediate

Use the following to answer questions 49-50: Suppose members of a true-breeding strain of salamanders with yellow stripes are crossed with a true-breeding strain with red stripes. Red and yellow are two alleles of the same gene. The resulting offspring have both yellow stripes and red stripes.

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49. Which dominance pattern is most consistent with the observations?

A) Red stripes are dominant to yellow stripes.

B) Yellow stripes are dominant to red stripes.

C) Red and yellow stripes exhibit incomplete dominance.

D) Red and yellow stripes exhibit overdominance.

E) Red and yellow stripes exhibit codominance.

50. What pattern would you expect in the F2 generation?

A) Half will have yellow stripes, and half will have red stripes.

B) Half will have both yellow and red stripes, one-quarter will have just yellow stripes, and one-quarter will have just red stripes.

C) One-third will have both yellow and red stripes, one-third will have just yellow stripes, and one-third will have just red stripes.

D) Half will have both yellow and red stripes, and half will be stripeless.

E) One-quarter will have both yellow and red stripes, half will have just yellow stripes, and one-quarter will have just red stripes.

51. In the ABO blood groups in humans, A) IA, IB, and IO are codominant.

B) IA, IB, and IO are incompletely dominant.

C) IA and IB are codominant and are dominant to IO. D) IO is incompletely dominant to IA and IB. E) IA is dominant to IB and IB is dominant to IO.

52. If an infant born to a mother with blood type O is also type O, possible genotypes for the father are A) IAIO, IBIO, and IOIO. B) IAIA only.

C) IBIB only.

D) IOIO only.

E) IAIB only

53. A patient with blood type AB requires a blood transfusion. Which blood group would be rejected by the patient's immune system?

A) A B) B C) O D) AB E) None of the above

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54. Commercial chicken breeders will cross two different breeds of chickens (e.g., White Rocks and White Cornish) to create a fast growing chicken that is larger than either of the parental breeds. This result is best explained by the phenomenon of A) true breeding.

B) incomplete dominance.

C) hybrid vigor.

D) expressivity.

E) blending inheritance.

55. Epistasis refers to A) a group of genes that are close together.

B) the equal interaction of two genes so that a new phenotype is produced.

C) the expression of two genes in the same individual.

D) the linear order of genes on a chromosome.

E) one gene altering the phenotypic effect of another gene.

56. When a given trait is the result of multigene action, one of the genes may mask the expression of one or all other genes. This phenomenon is termed A) epistasis.

B) epigenesis.

C) dominance.

D) incomplete dominance.

E) penetrance.

57. A dominant allele (K) is necessary for normal hearing; kk individuals are deaf. A dominant allele (M) on a different locus results in deafness no matter which other alleles are present. If a kkMm individual is crossed with a Kkmm individual, _______ percent of the offspring will be deaf.

A) 0 B) 25 C) 50 D) 75 E) 100

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58. The blue sclera allele has 90 percent penetrance for producing blue sclera, 60 percent penetrance for fragile bones, and 40 percent penetrance for deafness. If these probabilities of penetrance are independent, _______ percent of individuals with the blue sclera allele will have deafness, blue sclera, and fragile bones.

A) 22 B) 40 C) 50 D) 60 E) 90

59. The site on the chromosome occupied by a gene is called a(n) A) allele.

B) region.

C) locus.

D) type.

E) phenotype.

60. Despite the law of independent assortment, when two loci are on the same chromosome, the phenotypes of the progeny sometimes do not fit the predicted phenotypes. This outcome can be explained by the phenomenon of A) translocation.

B) inversions.

C) epistasis.

D) linkage.

E) conjugation.

61. If Mendel's crosses between pea plants with round yellow seeds and pea plants with wrinkled green seeds had produced an F2 generation in which many more than one-sixteenth of the plants had wrinkled green seeds, the conclusion would have been that A) the round and yellow traits are linked.

B) the wrinkled and green traits are unlinked.

C) all traits in peas assort independently.

D) all traits in peas are linked.

E) the green allele is dominant.

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62. When a dihybrid black, normal-winged fly is crossed with a double-recessive gray, vestigial-winged fly, the frequency with which black vestigial-winged and gray normal-winged flies are seen in the progeny is called the _______ frequency.

A) mutation B) mitotic C) meiotic D) allele E) recombination

63. Organelles such as mitochondria and the genes that they contain display _______ inheritance and are _______ inherited.

A) Mendelian; maternally B) non-Mendelian; paternally C) Mendelian; cytoplasmically D) non-Mendelian; maternally E) Mendelian; paternally

64. Alleles for genes located on mitochondrial DNA are said to be maternally inherited.

What is the reason for this pattern of inheritance?

A) The egg and sperm contribute equal numbers of cytoplasmic organelles to the zygote.

B) The egg contributes virtually all of the cytoplasmic organelles to the zygote.

C) Half of the nuclear chromosomes in the zygote come from the father.

D) Half of the nuclear chromosomes in the zygote come from the mother.

E) All of the nuclear chromosomes in the zygote come from the mother.

65. In tomatoes, tall is dominant to short and smooth fruits are dominant to hairy fruits. A plant that is homozygous for both dominant traits is crossed with a plant that is homozygous for both recessive traits. The F1 progeny are tested and crossed with the following results: 78 tall smooth fruits; 82 short hairy fruits; 22 tall hairy fruits; and 18 short smooth fruits. These data indicate that the genes are A) on different chromosomes.

B) linked but do not cross over.

C) linked and show 10 percent recombination.

D) linked and show 20 percent recombination.

E) linked and show 40 percent recombination.

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Use the following to answer questions 66-68: Egg and Fluffy are two linked bird genes that are 16 map units apart. The E allele of Egg produces large eggs and the e allele produces small eggs (E is dominant). The F allele produces fluffy feathers and the f allele produces nonfluffy feathers (F is dominant).

66. If EeFf is crossed with eeff, what proportion of female offspring will produce small eggs and fluffy feathers?

A) 8 percent B) 16 percent C) 42 percent D) 84 percent E) 100 percent

67. If EeFf is crossed with eeff, what proportion of female offspring will produce small eggs and nonfluffy feathers?

A) 8 percent B) 16 percent C) 42 percent D) 84 percent E) 100 percent

68. If EEFF is crossed with eeff, what proportion of female offspring will produce large eggs and fluffy feathers?

A) 8 percent B) 16 percent C) 42 percent D) 84 percent E) 100 percent

69. Humans have 46 chromosomes and _______ autosomes.

A) 23 pairs of B) 22 pairs of C) 1 pair of D) 45 E) 16

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70. When reciprocal crosses produce identical results, one can conclude that the trait is A) not sex-linked.

B) sex-linked.

C) not autosomally inherited.

D) expressed on both X and Y chromosomes.

E) due to a hemizygous gene.

71. Very few genes have been located on the Y chromosomes of humans. Y-linked genes include a gene called testis-specific protein Y. A male with this gene will A) usually pass it to his sons, but occasionally also to a daughter.

B) pass the gene only to his sons.

C) pass the gene only to his daughters.

D) pass the gene only to his grandsons.

E) pass the gene to all of his children if the mother is a carrier.

72. A human male carrying an allele for a trait on the X chromosome is A) heterozygous.

B) homozygous.

C) hemizygous.

D) monozygous.

E) holozygous.

73. White eyes is a recessive sex-linked trait in fruit flies. If a white-eyed female fruit fly is mated to a red-eyed male, their offspring should be A) 50 percent red-eyed and 50 percent white-eyed for both sexes.

B) all white-eyed for both sexes.

C) all white-eyed males and all red-eyed females.

D) all white-eyed females and all red-eyed males.

E) 50 percent red-eyed males, 50 percent white-eyed males, and all red-eyed females.

74. In humans, spotted teeth are caused by a dominant sex-linked gene. If a man with spotted teeth whose father had normal teeth has children with a woman with normal teeth, A) all of their daughters will have normal teeth.

B) all of their daughters will have spotted teeth.

C) all of their children will have spotted teeth.

D) half of their sons will have spotted teeth.

E) all of their sons will have spotted teeth.

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Use the following to answer questions 75-76: Cleft chin is an X-linked dominant trait. Assume that a man with a cleft chin marries a woman with a round chin.

75. What percent of their female progeny will show the cleft chin trait?

A) 0 percent B) 25 percent C) 50 percent D) 75 percent E) 100 percent

76. What percent of their male progeny will show the cleft chin trait?

A) 0 percent B) 25 percent C) 50 percent D) 75 percent E) 100 percent

77. Morgan demonstrated that white eye color in Drosophila is carried recessively on the X chromosome (recall that females are XX and males are XY). Which of the following best describes the offspring of a heterozygous (carrier) female and a white-eyed male?

A) Half of the daughters have red eyes and all sons have red eyes.

B) All daughters have white eyes and half of the sons have red eyes.

C) All daughters have red eyes and all sons have white eyes.

D) Half of the daughters have white eyes and all sons have white eyes.

E) Half of the daughters and sons have white eyes.

78. Which organelle does not contain DNA? A) Nucleus B) Chloroplast C) Mitochondria D) Ribosome E) All of the above contain DNA.

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79. Bacteria engage in genetic transfers after a thin projection called a _______ extends from one cell to another.

A) chromosome B) plasmid C) sex pilus D) highly packed linear strand of DNA E) chiasma

80. Which statement about plasmids is false?

A) They are small circular chromosomes containing a small number of genes.

B) They are small segments of genes that replicate independently of the main chromosome of the cell.

C) They are small pieces of DNA that transfer genes between bacteria.

D) They have the same function as the mitochondria in eukaryotic cells.

E) They are moveable pieces of DNA found in bacteria.

81. The genes contained in bacterial plasmids can be involved in A) breaking down hydrocarbons.

B) cleaning up oil spills.

C) inserting new genetic information into cells.

D) the spread of drug resistant bacteria.

E) All of the above

82. If bacterial conjugation is allowed to take place for more than an hour, two different genes (A and B) are conjugated. If, however, conjugation occurs for only a few minutes, only A or only B can be conjugated. Based on this information, which of the following is most likely?

A) Genes A and B are involved in the same metabolic pathway.

B) Genes A and B are close together on the bacterial chromosome.

C) Genes A and B are far apart on the bacterial chromosome.

D) Genes A and B exhibit epistasis.

E) Genes A and B are codominant.

83. The term _______ refers to the offspring of crosses between organisms differing in one or more characters.

84. A(n) _______ is an observable feature, such as flower color; a(n) _______ is a particular form of a character, such as a white flower.

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85. A cross between two parents that differs by a single trait is a(n) _______ cross.

86. When a cross is made and a trait that disappears in the F1 generation reappears in the F2, one can conclude that the trait is _______.

87. The physical appearance of a character is the _______, whereas the genetic constitution is the _______.

88. A(n) _______ is a portion of DNA that resides at a particular locus or site on a chromosome and encodes a particular function.

89. A cross between two heterozygous parents that differs by two independent traits is a(n) _______ cross.

90. To determine the overall probability of independent events, one should _______ the probabilities of the individual events.

91. To determine the probability of an event that can occur in two or more different ways, one should _______ the individual probabilities.

92. A diagram representing the presence and absence of inherited phenotypes in individuals belonging to a human family is called its _______.

93. The allele of a gene that is present in most individuals in nature is called _______.

94. The AB phenotype found in individuals with an IAIB genotype is an example of _______.

95. When the expression of one gene depends on the expression of another gene, the genes are said to demonstrate _______.

96. Traits that arise through the action of multiple genes are often referred to as _______ traits.

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97. The phenotype of an organism is determined by an interaction between its genotype and the _______.

98. The region of the chromosome occupied by a gene is called the _______.

99. An individual who has a heterozygous genotype but does not express the recessive trait is said to be a(n) _______ for that trait.

100. Recombination is most likely to occur between two loci that are (close/distant) _______.

101. Egg and Fluffy are two genes in a bird that are 16 map units apart. The E allele of Egg produces large eggs and the e allele produces small eggs (E is dominant). The F allele produces fluffy feathers and the f allele produces nonfluffy feathers (F is dominant). In a cross of EeFf with eeff, _______ percent of the female offspring should produce large eggs and fluffy feathers.

102. Female Drosophila that have vermillion eyes are crossed with males that have wild-type eyes. If this allele is recessive and X-linked, then _______ percent of the sons and _______ percent of the daughters should have vermillion eyes.

103. Geneticists make use of _______ frequencies to create genetic maps that show the arrangement of genes on a chromosome.

104. A female that is heterozygous for a recessive sex-linked trait is called a(n) _______.

105. In bacterial _______, genetic material is passed from the donor cell to the recipient cell.

106. The antibiotic penicillin kills bacteria by preventing assembly of the bacterial cell _______.

107. E.coli strain R is resistant to penicillin. E.coli strain S is not resistant to penicillin.

However, after being mixed with strain R, a subpopulation of strain S exhibits resistance to penicillin. This outcome indicates that strain R carries the resistance gene to penicillin on a(n) _______.

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108. A horticulture researcher crosses a true-breeding plant with red flowers with a true-breeding plant with white flowers. The F1 generation has only red flowers. If the researcher then crosses these plants, what is the probability that an F2 plant cross will produce white flowers? Draw a Punnett square that shows the cross and the results.

109. A horticulture researcher crosses a red plant with a white plant and all of the progeny have pink flowers. What is the probability that the progeny of the F1 generation will have white or red flowers? Explain your answer.

110. Draw a Punnett square that shows a dihybrid cross with independent assortment. One gene affects whether mice have tails or are tailless, with tails being dominant. The other affects whether the mice have black or grey color, with black dominant. Write out the ratio of expected phenotypes from the cross.

111. Marfan syndrome is due to an autosomal dominant gene that causes abnormal connective tissue. The syndrome is linked to a defective allele of the fibrillin-1 gene. An affected mother and an unaffected father have one daughter who does not exhibit any traits of the syndrome. If this daughter has a child, what is the probability the child will have inherited Marfan syndrome from his or her grandmother? Explain your answer.

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112. Refer to the diagram below. A single gene with two alleles controls leaf color in this plant, but leaves can be white, gray, or black. The diagram shows the results of a number of crosses. What would be the phenotype and ratio of offspring for a cross between a gray plant and a gray plant?

113. Refer to the diagram below showing a pedigree of a sex-linked recessive trait. In generation II, female number 5 marries a man and has three children. One daughter and one son do not have the recessive trait; the other son does have the recessive trait. What conclusion can be drawn about the maternal genotype based on these results? (Note: Black = phenotype expressed.)

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114. X-linked severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) syndrome is caused by recessive inactivating mutations that result in a defective antibody response due to the absence of functional T-lymphocytes. In the following pedigree, indicate a known carrier by placing a dot in center of the relevant symbol. Indicate any possible (unknown) carriers by placing a question mark (?) in the center of the symbol. The twins II.2 and II.3 are dizygous (nonidentical). Explain your conclusions.

115. Why is it possible to predict that half of all human babies born will be male and half will be female?

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Use the following to answer questions 116-117: Refer to the figure below illustrating the pedigrees for two different traits in the same family.

116. Based on the expression of the traits (black = phenotype expressed), predict the inheritance patterns for Trait B.

117. Trait A shows an interesting inheritance pattern: only males express the trait, and every son born to a man with the trait expresses it as well. Predict the inheritance pattern for Trait A.

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118. Match the following disorders with the correct pedigree: Sickle cell anemia (recessive, autosomal) Lou Gehrig's disease (dominant, autosomal) Hemophilia (X-linked)

Use the following to answer questions 119-121: Refer to the diagram below showing a pedigree.

119. What is the most likely mode of genetic transmission?

120. What is the probability that individual C will pass on the trait to her offspring?

121. What is the probability that individual D will pass on the trait to his offspring?

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122. Draw a pedigree for at least three generations and 12 individuals that shows the transmission of a dominant X-linked trait when the affected mother is heterozygous (XtX) and the father is unaffected.

123. A researcher is working with two strains of E. coli that carry plasmids with antibiotic resistance genes. Strain A is resistant to the antibiotic ampicillin, while the Strain K is not resistant to ampicillin but to kanamycin. Strain A also carries the LacZ gene in its chromosomal DNA, whose product is the enzyme -galactosidase. When an agar plate contains the -galactosidase substrate X-gal, each colony turns blue. The researcher mixes strain A and strain K and allows them to grow without selective antibiotics. When the researcher grows the mix of bacteria on agar plates that contain only ampicillin and X-gal, the majority of the colonies are blue, indicating strain A selection, but there are also some white colonies. The researcher finds that these white colonies will also grow on agar plates containing kanamycin. Provide an explanation for the development of colonies with both ampicillin and kanamycin resistance.

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Answer Key 1. D 2. B 3. D 4. C 5. A 6. B 7. A 8. B 9. C 10. C 11. B 12. A 13. D 14. B 15. D 16. E 17. B 18. E 19. C 20. A 21. B 22. E 23. D 24. B 25. C 26. D 27. B 28. C 29. E 30. E 31. E 32. B 33. C 34. A 35. A 36. B 37. A 38. A 39. E 40. D 41. C 42. D 43. C 44. B

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45. E 46. D 47. D 48. A 49. E 50. B 51. C 52. A 53. E 54. C 55. E 56. A 57. D 58. A 59. C 60. D 61. A 62. E 63. D 64. B 65. D 66. A 67. C 68. E 69. B 70. A 71. B 72. C 73. C 74. B 75. E 76. A 77. E 78. D 79. C 80. D 81. E 82. C 83. hybrid 84A. character 84B. trait 85. monohybrid 86. recessive 87A. phenotype 87B. genotype 88. gene

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89. dihybrid 90. multiply 91. add 92. pedigree 93. wild type 94. codominance 95. epistasis 96. quantitative 97. environment 98. locus 99. carrier 100. distant 101. 42 102A. 100 102B. 0 103. recombination 104. carrier 105. conjugation 106. wall 107. plasmid 108. Because red (R) is dominant, the F2 generation will have a red:white ratio of 3:1.

109. There is a probability that 50 percent of the F2 generation will be red or white. Because red (R) and white (R) are codominant, any heterozygous plant (Rr) will be pink.

Therefore, only the homozygous plants will be red or white.

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110.

111. The probability for inheriting the grandmother's defective fibrillin-1 allele would be 0 percent for this grandchild. Because Marfan syndrome allele is autosomal dominant, if the daughter does not exhibit any traits of Marfan syndrome she did not inherit the allele from her mother. Consequently, the daughter cannot pass the Marfan syndrome allele onto any of her children.

112. The phenotype and ratio for offspring would be 1 black:2 gray:1 white.

113. The female parent in generation I is heterozygous for the trait.

114. The known carriers (XsX) for this pedigree are females I.1 and II.3. The daughters of I.1 and I.2 have a 50 percent probability of being carriers. Although II.3 is a carrier, we cannot be certain that II.2 is also a carrier, since she is a dizygous twin. II.2 has one unaffected son, but if she is a carrier each son has a 50 percent chance of not being affected. II.5 and III.4 are unknown, since they have had no children. Note that the existence of an affected son reveals that the mother is a carrier, but the existence of an unaffected son (or sons) does not provide enough information to determine the mother's genotype.

115. X and Y chromosomes segregate during male meiosis. These will fuse with female

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Test Bank for Principles of Life 2nd Edition Hillis

gametes with X chromosomes, yielding 50 percent XX (female) and 50 percent XY (male).

116. Autosomal dominant 117. Sex-linked (Y) 118. B – Sickle cell; D – Lou Gehrig's disease; A – hemophilia 119. The trait is passed from only the mother to her offspring (as in mitochondria).

120. 100 percent 121. 0 percent 122. See a sample diagram below. Diagrams may vary, but they must include the following information: Since the female parent is heterozygous for the dominant X-linked trait (XtX), each child (boy or girl) in generation II has a 50 percent chance of being affected.

Affected girls in generation III will be heterozygous unless the partner of the generation II parent is also affected. All affected boys are hemizygous for the dominant trait (XtY)

123. When strain A and strain K were mixed, some bacteria of each strain appear to have undergone conjugation. From strain A bacteria, plasmids carrying the ampicillin resistance gene passed through the conjugation tube into recipient strain K bacteria. This plasmid then became part of the recipient strain K bacteria genomes, thereby conferring ampicillin resistance in addition to the kanamycin resistance.

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