MSc Thesis Book - Environmental Retrofit of Historic Buildings in Amman

University of Westminster, Faculty of Architecture and Environmental Design Department of Architecture MSc Architecture and Environmental Design 2015/16 Sem 2&3 Thesis Project Module Environmental Retrofit of Historic Buildings in Amman : Adaptation and Reuse of Ibrahim Hashim House Lina Safarini




September 2016

Table of Contents 1. Abstract 2. Acknowledgement 3. Introduction

7 8 9

4. Context and analysis 4.1 Amman weather analysis - 4.2 Amman water scarcity

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5. Theoretical backgrund 5.1 History of population growth in Jordan - 5.2 Jordan economical background - 5.3 Amman old traditional architecture - 5.4 Current residential building architecture( observations) - 5.5 Typical house environmental performance in amman

13 14

6. Precedents 6.1. Amman traditional architecture history and environmental methods and techniques used in the middle eastern climate

20 21

7. Field work analysis and findings 7.1 Urban serenading architecture and behaviour analysis - 7.2 Traffic analysis and its impact on site - 7.3 Wind flow studies on the site and its surroundings - 7.4 Solar radiation impact on the urban surroundings.

- 7.5 Application : Ibrahim hashim house - 7.6 Visual recreation on the old Ibrahim hashim house and its environmental performance techniques.

- 7.7 Indoor illuminance behaviour.

- 7.8 Summary of major site visit observations.

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11 12

15 16 17 18

23 24 25 26 27 29 30 31

8. Design proposal 8.1 Design concept strategy.

- 8.2 Program brief.

- 8.3 Design development.

- 8.4 Design properties.

33 34

9. Environmental analytical work 9.1 Daylight Factor for Ibrahim hashim House After internal additions - 9.2 Natural ventilation aperture test on Ibrahim hashim house - 9.3 Environmental performance of Ibrahim hashim building fabric after renovation.

- 9.4 Wind flow studies effect on design outdoor spaces.

- 9.5 Seasonal environmental design strategies.

- 9.5.1. Evaporative cooling strategy in the outdoor courtyards.

- 9.5.2 Seasonal shading strategy applied on the design proposal - 9.5.2.1 Environmental performance of the southern mesh indoor and outdoor - 9.5.2.2. solar radiation studies on design shading elements.

- 9.6 Design development go the north facade - 9.7 Indoor daylight quality in the design studio before and after additional layers.

- 9.8 Natural ventilation strategies test and its performance on the design studio.

- 9.9 Environmental performance of west side section.

- 9.10 Indoor thermal comfort performance on the design studio.

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41 43 44 45 46 47 48 50 51 52 53 55 57

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10. Design objectives and conclusion.

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11. Design portfolio.

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12. Appendices. and References

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1. Abstract In the past 50 years, Jordan has been a platform for accommodating to multiple surrounding countries. Being located in the centre of a conflict zone, Its political stability situation has been an attraction for the surrounding refugees.

Due to the rapid population increase throughout the years, it followed with a tremendous demand for accommodation seeking. Jordan's resources are limited as it imports oil and electricity in parallel to facing water scarcity which is affecting the living style in Jordan.

As the demand for accommodation is becoming higher every year, people are seeking for a place to shelter, neglecting how the building is performing, which causes the occupants to spend high energy consumption and cost on thermal comfort. As the average utility bills in Amman is 25% from the average monthly salary per household, which leading the occupants to apply the basic environmental solution to achieve thermal comfort and cope with the weather conditions throughout the year.

The heritage building layer in Jordan is facing an issue as occupants are trying to cope with the current lifestyle and needs in terms of weather condition changes and urban density, which made the occupants either relocate to another area or reconstruct the existing building in a certain way that caused damage to the architectural appearance and losing the architectural identity.

Jordan’s weather results show the applicability of using natural resources to initiate free running/ low energy systems.

Applying design techniques strategies that result in lower energy consumption and utilising natural resources, as these methods have to be low-tech, affordable, available and applicable due to the countries limited resources and lack of unskilled labour.

Ibrahim Hashim House is going to be the ideal case study for applying all these environmental methods for its building, as it is a heritage building that was built in the 1920s and located in the downtown of Amman.

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This project aims to implement adaptive reuse of the building in order to cope with the user's current needs at the same time implements all the environmental and sustainable strategies that object to be a showcase for the future, local architects and designers. Therefore, results in spreading environmental awareness that can be applied to the other similar building situations.

2. Acknowledgements

My greatest gratitude goes to my supervisor Prof. Rosa Schiano-Phan and Nasser Golzari without whose encouragement and guidance this work would never come about; it also goes to the members of examination committee Klaus Bode, Jon Goodman and Collin Gleeson for their insightful comments.

I would also like to thank Architect Zeid Madi who helped me in collecting information about Amman, its architecture and people; I would like to express my deepest appreciation to all those who provided me the possibility to complete this report such as Arch. Mohammad Yaghan, Mr. Ali Maher, and Dr. Rami Daher who kindly allowed me access to their online personal architectural library.

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3. Introduction

In order to understand the architecture progression process in the middle east, several factors contribute to shaping the country’s image, and according to these factors, it shapes the country’s architecture, due to the population increase which has effected on the country’s resources.

The political situation in the middle east in the past 50 years is affecting the countries economic situation which effects the yearly income for Jordanians households. Gas prices used for daily use to generate energy are increasing, and affording utility bills have become a major concern for the people. The aim of this research is to understand the influences factors that lead to the current architecture situation and demonstrate the use of passive environmental strategies to replace the demand for electricity and gas and substituted with natural resources, such as direct solar radiation and wind speed to achieve optimum indoor comfort all year. This research is an adaptive reuse of a historic building that has been abandoned for the past 40 years. It aims to renovate and add a building extension to it to provide better and extended service.

The project will go through the architecture history of Jordan from its beginning until the current application. As it aims to demonstrate the process from early design stage until the analytical work to test its performance during seasons. The climate of Amman will be analysed in this project to determine the most efficient strategy to achieve better building performance.

The research is set to meet design, social and economical objectives as and are all considered in the environmental design process.

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4. CONTEXT ANALYSIS

4.1 Amman Climate Analysis

Mean max and min Mean average

Mean max and min Mean average

Mean max and min

Mean max and min Mean average

Mean average

Figure (1) : Monthly average dry bulb temperature 2010 and 2090

Figure (2) : Monthly average dry bulb temperature 2010 and 2090

Table (1) : Summary average min and max of temperature and humidity in Amman

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Sunshine duration (h) Astronomical sunshine duration (h)

2090

Amman’s location and altitude have a big effect on its climate; its location is on an upland plateau. Summers in Amman May to September are hot and dry with cool evenings, while the coldest weather in winter is in December and January with an average temperature of 10 degrees Celsius. Spring is brief, mild and lasts a little less than a month, from April to May. Sometimes snow falls on the city during spring. Autumn is also mild and relatively short duration, but are locally recognised as the most pleasant time of the year, and lasts from September to late November. In the next 90 years, the dry build temperature is expected to rise 3-4 degrees, especially during the summer season in the months June-August, which means the summer will be expected to be warmer and therefore, will require more cooling demands.

The relative humidity typically ranges from 24% to 90% over the course of the year, rarely dropping below 12% and reaching as high as 100%. The air is driest around May 31, at which time the relative humidity drops below 30%, it is most humid around January 29, exceeding 87%. Jordan has abundant supplies of solar energy, with the relatively high average of global horizontal solar radiation throughout the year and sunshine duration is around 3000 hours a year, which can be considered sufficient to provide enough energy for solar heating/cooling applications.

2010

32° N, 36° E

Figure (4) : Average direct radiation in amman 2010

Month

Average minimum daily temp. °C

Average maximum daily temp. °C

Relative Humidity am %

Relative humidity pm %

January

4

12

80

56

February

4

13

78

52

March

6

16

57

44

April

9

23

53

34

May

14

28

39

28

June

16

31

40

28

July

18

32

41

30

August

18

32

45

30

September

17

31

53

31

October

14

27

53

31

November

10

21

66

40

December

6

15

77

53

Sunshine duration (h) Astronomical sunshine duration (h) Figure (3) : Average direct radiation 2010 and 2090 kWh/m2

4.2 Jordan Water Scarcity

2090

2010 Table (2) : Average participation and wet days in Amman 2010

Rainfall Days

Rainfall Days

Figure (5) : Monthly average of rainfall in Amman 2090

Month

Average Participation mm

Average Wet Days (+0.25.mm)

January

69

8

February

74

8

March

31

4

April

15

3

May

5

1

June

0

0

July

0

0

August

0

0

September

0

0

October

5

1

November

33

4

December

46

5

Reflecting the physical geography of the region and the rapid growth of the city itself, a major issue for Amman is the supply of potable water. Over the last two decades, Jordan has suffered a chronic water crisis, and is the tenth most water-scarce nation in the world, as no water sources except aquifers. 98 % of households in Amman are connected to the water supply network. However, since 1987, the supply of water to households has been rationed. For most parts of the city, water is supplied on just 1 or 2 days of the week, and the problem for households is of storage.

Winter rainfall is in the region of 300 mm annually, normally with the highest amounts in January and February. Rain falls between November and March with an average of 25 cm. The average number of wet days ( probability of rain on a day) is 48 days.

Figure (7) : locals store water and locate water tanks on top of buildings

Figure (8) : Providing space for water storage is considered in the new design buildings.

Figure (6) : Map of Amman demonstrates water distribution according to zones

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5. THEORETICAL BACKGROUND

5.1 History of population growth in Amman

Syria

0.5 M 1950 Iraq

Palestinian refugee 1950 + 1.6 M 1971

Palestine

Amman

Gulf war

Saudi Arabia

+ 3 Million 1990

Iraq war refugees 2003

+

5 Million 2003

6 Million 2008

In the past 50 years, Jordan has been a platform for accommodating to multiple surrounding countries which have played a key role in shaping the country’s demographic, economic and political structure. Being located in the centre of a conflict zone, Its political stability situation has been an attraction for the surrounding refugees. Such as Palestinian, Iraqi, and Syrian refugees. It has effected on the population growth. Which lead to an increase in housing demand and energy consumption.

Syrian conflict refugees 2011 + 7 Million 2011

9.5 Million 2015

MORE people

Figure (9) : Rapid urban growth Amman

MORE housing demand

A correspond of the history of rapid growth has been the marked social divide that has come to characterise the residential quarters of present-day Amman. Contemporary guides to Jordan comment directly on the marked social cleavages that characterise the urban space of the city of Amman: Eastern Amman which includes Downtown is home to the urbanised poor, it is conservative, more Islamic in its sympathies, and has vast Palestinian refugee camps on its fringe.

Western Amman is a world apart, with leafy residential districts, trendy cafes and bars, impressive, and art galleries.

MORE Vehicles

MORE Energy Demand

5.0 4.5

West Amman

4.0

East Amman

3.5 3.0 2.5 2.0 1.5 1.0 0.5 0 2000

1946

1956

Figure (11) : Urban development in Amman throughout the years

1967

1978

1985

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

Volume Figure (10) : Total volume of real state transactions in Amman 2007

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5.2 Jordan Economical Background

Jordan lack of natural resources is among the highest in the world in dependency on foreign energy sources. It Imports resources through the Red Sea and the Saudi Borders.

96% of the country's energy needs coming from imported oil and natural gas. meaning that it must depend on imported fossil fuel for power generation.

More than 70% of families have an average monthly income of 300 Jordanian Dinars (JD) or less. as 1 JD = 1 Pound 15% of the monthly income is spent on utility bills. ( electricity/ water/fuel).

Demand increase (1994 – 2005) Statics of the year 200: Transport sector: 40%; Industry: 21%; household: 21%; other: 18% with few natural resources and fresh water and agricultural land in short supply, Jordan is far from self-sufficient and depends on foreign aid, though there is a valuable income from tourism.

In 2003 the total energy consumed by housing accounted for about 23.1% of the total energy consumption in Jordan (Jaber, 2002). In addition to electricity, the main fuels that are used in housing are diesel, kerosene and natural gas. These sources of energy are primarily used for lighting, heating, and airconditioning, water heating, cooking and running various types of appliances. Diesel is the most popular fuel for space heating, while gas is mainly used for cooking stoves.

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20%

18%

CONFLICT CONFLICT

22% Irbid

40%

Zaatari refugee camp

Residential Transportation Industrial Others

Amman CONFLICT Figure (13) :Distribution of Jordan energy consumption in different sectors

Saudi Arabia imports 21.5% Figure (12) : Map demonstrates the location of Jordan around political conflict zones.

Figure (14) : Relative unit price increase of different energy forms used in households

End use

Energy consumption (MJ/household)

%

Space heating

25,989

47.22

Water heating

8,246

14.98

Cooking

9,902

17.99

Lighting

2,435

4.42

Electrical appliances

8,462

15.38

Total

55,034

100

Table (3) : Average energy consumption in a Jordanian household

Figure (15) : Indices values of historical fuel and electricity consumptions of the Jordanian residential sector

5.3 Amman Old Traditional Architecture Background

In Jordan houses tended to have flat roofs built of reinforced concrete slabs supported by steel built of reinforced concrete slabs supported by steel beams, reflecting the introduction of new building materials and facilitating the subsequent upward expansion of the structure by the Houses of this typology are known variously as “central hall” or “threeaisle” villas. The main entrance leads directly into a large, central space used for dining, entertaining and circulation. This hall is known as a liwan. The three-aisle villas of Amman span a broad spectrum regarding the sophistication of their design. Ammani villas tended to display a more natural character than their counterparts in cities such as Nablus and Beirut. In Amman, upper and lower floors were usually linked by means of an exterior stair. Lower floors were generally set back into a steeply sloping site. Earlier examples feature segmental arches for window and door openings. Typical for the later products of this building type, these buildings were invariably flat roofed.

Late examples of this typology built in the 1940s and after continue to adhere to the traditional centre hall floor plan while adopting modern elevations for their exteriors. This typology is thought to have derived from an earlier type of rural residential structure known as the liwan house. In the liwan houses, it is sheltered beneath a common roof structure but left open at one end, usually facing out through a large, arched opening centred in the main façade. This typology may itself have evolved from earlier houses in which the central space would have existed as an open courtyard. As this building type became adapted for modern urban environments in the 19th century, the large central arch evolved into a characteristic tripartite grouping of tall arched openings that enclosed the central hall and became the signature exterior detail for these buildings throughout the region.

Figure (19) : Evolution of central hall house in plan in Jordan

Figure (20) : Typical traditional house in Jordan

Figure (18) : Typical Liwan house in Jordan

Figure (17) : Schematic plans of typical mandate period three-bay villas in Amman

Figure (21) : Buildings on slope can predict future building expansion

Figure (16) : Traditional three-aisle villas in Amman

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5.4 Current Residential Building Architecture ( Observations )

The high levels of energy consumption in the housing sector are a direct result of the design and size of the houses. Existing building regulations do not impose limits on the size of the houses constructed, and most houses in Amman are quite large, even among poor families. The average house in Amman exceeds 150 m2. Thus, the amount of consumed energy is high, and consequently, gas emissions to the atmosphere are considerable. From a design aspect, in Jordan, there is no set design for housing units, but they are generally characterised by big windows, open balconies, glass frontages and gazeboes.

Many houses are also built without tiling. The lack of thermal insulation in most of the b uildings h as also inc reased energy consumption.

The tremendous increase in population and the severe demand in housing is leading contractors to built homes in order to house these people, neglecting the side effects of the overall environmental performance of the building and its appearance. That has effected on the urban scale. Void spaces such as green spaces and parks have been substituted and filled by solid buildings.

Historic buildings are being transformed and reused to serve people’s needs nowadays.

Residents in these houses are coping with the weather conditions in order to achieve thermal comfort. Therefore they are utilising these buildings in a certain way that resulted in losing its architecture features and identity due to the primitive solution techniques to adjust to the weather conditions.

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Figure (21) : Amman top view 2013.

Figure (22) : A layer was added to create an additional space to the house.

Figure (24) : Historic building after a building extension was added.

Figure (26) : An abandoned historic buildings in downtown Amman.

Figure (23) : Residential buildings under construction.

Figure (25) : Urban growth effecting the historic areas.

5.5 Typical Building in Amman (Construction) Summer 35

3000

28

2400

21

1800

14

1200

7

600

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

External Temperature (°C)

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

old house big Dry Bulb (°C)

18

19

20

21

22

23

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Residential buildings are well built with an outer white stone layer on walls and relatively well-sealed windows. Most houses are fitted with central heating systems and water heating using Diesel fuel feed boilers. The high cost of fuel renders limited and intermitted use of the space heating system or as an alternative, the use of fuel-less paraffin and gas fired heaters.

This in addition to cooking and other occupants activities causes the inside environment to become more unhealthy and uncomfortable in winter when ventilation is kept to its minimum. Dampness after leads to hold growth on cold surfaces of walls and ceilings.

High energy cost in Jordan and poor building walls thermal specifications are two major factors that case the inside giving environment during the cold season to fall short off comfort conditions, damp and unhealthy.

The inside air quality can be improved by insulation of walls and the use of some environmental resources, such as sun radiation for heating and ventilation for cooling.

These modifications will contribute in saving every, provide comfort and prevent the appearance of moisture traces.

Typical house in Amman construction components: Exterior walls thickness: 30cm U value 1.8 Insulation: 2 cm Windows: double glazed. U-value : 6.7 window frames: Aluminium.

0

old house big Solar Gain (W)

The graph demonstrates the environmental building performance in Amman during summer time, the results show that the indoor temperature is constant in the thermal comfort zone. The house performance during hot period of time is not causing any temperature disturbance for the occupants.

Mid -season 35

3000

28

2400

21

1800

14

1200

7

600

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

External Temperature (°C)

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

old house big Dry Bulb (°C)

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

0

old house small Solar Gain (W)

Mid season is the most enjoyable season, as the indoor temperature is within the comfort zone.

Winter 35

3000

28

2400

21

1800

14

1200

7

600

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

External Temperature (°C)

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

old house big Dry Bulb (°C)

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

0

old house small Solar Gain (W)

High infiltration is causing heat transfer through walls and windows, which caused the a temperature drop inside the house during winter season.

Figure (27) : Avoid air infiltration through walls and windows.

Inputs

Output

Weather Data

meteonorm

Walls

Concrete 30 cm thickness

Roof

Concrete 30cm thickness

Windows

1 m x 1.5 m

Occupancy time

24 hrs

No. Occupants

4

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6. PRECEDENTS

6. Precedents Many precedents used several techniques whether in material choice or environmental strategies to cope with middle eastern climate. each precedent was considered to serve a different angle such as additional structure consideration process, material choice and outdoor comfort techniques.

3. Shading and cooling strategies Wadi Finan - Jordan By : Amman Khammash Architects

Figure (36) : External shading technique.

retniW

Concret

Air

Figure (35) : Courtyard form a passive cooling system.

Concret

Figure (34) : Wind chimney outlet

1. Concrete blocks were used in the building construction as it is affordable, solid and does not need maintenance. The worst thing about using such material is the poor insulation. Therefore, a double layer of blocks were used with an air gap in the middle.

2. Stone chips were used as sun-breakers in the southern and western elevations as they formed a climate control tool.

In the summer, the stones shade the walls from the vertical sun; as the sun moves, the elevation changes dynamically over the day. During the winter season, the sun is lower and the shade is shallower, thus heat is retained in the walls warming the building's interior.

3. The courtyards together to form a passive cooling system, especially when the wind blows right into the passageway, a wind chimney is created.

Figure (37) : Wall section with air gap in the middle.

remmuS

Wild Jordan building

1. Building Extension and material choice

Figure (29) : recycle materials were used to create shading in the outdoor terrace.

Typical building in Amman

Figure (30) : Exposed structural columns underneath the building for future infill.

building character

2.

Figure (39) : transparent partitions to create division in spaces

3.

4.

5.

Figure (40) : Additional smooth wall layers were added in the interior

wide openings that further enrich the sense of space.

An additional wall layer inside the house has not only improved the internal aesthetics but also can improve sound insulation in between rooms.

Dividing the area in the house by adding a transparent partitions that can be opened, in order to enhance connections and spaces.

The internal walls consists of two main materials, stone and concrete. stone was preserved in some area of the building and its texture creates an interesting pattern when exposed to light.

A Mashrabiya on the south facade was added to create an additional space internally.

Figure (31) : Typical additional infill in Amman is always on top of the building.

Casa De Pilatos - Spain

Historic House Restoration By : Pirsou Kedern Architects, Tel Aviv 1.

Environmental design strategies used in the design : - Urban typology consideration for possible future infill.

- Urban surrounding consideration as the building geometry and materials used fit with the fabric context.

- Recyclable materials were used as shading elements..

- Low energy building as it depends on photovoltaics to generate energy and natural ventilation systems.

2. Courtyard cooling strategy

4. Indoor Finishing ( house Restoration )

Figure (38) : A Mashrabiya was added to create additional space and to create a

Wild Jordan - Jordan By : Amman Khammash Architects

The climate in Spain is similar to Jordan, therefore, the passive environmental strategies in this case study can be implemented to similar cases in Amman.

Environmental design strategies : Figure (32) : Courtyard view.

- Courtyards often centred around a fountain that cools the space through evaporative cooling strategy. This strategy is applicable in moderate to humidity level areas and it efficient in decreasing air temperature in the courtyard space.

- Thick walls protect inner courtyard from wind.

Figure (33) : Courtyard ventilation cooling strategy.

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6.1 Amman Traditional Architecture History Environmental methods and techniques used in the middle eastern architecture.

Traditional architecture is a structure that is shaped by the lifestyle and build environment of the user and forms a harmonious, respectful and integral part of the geography, climate, topography, materials and techniques.

Traditionally, builders used knowledge, passed from generation to generation to ensure that their buildings could modify impacts of a hostile outdoor environment. The principles of traditional Amman design have evolved through many generations. These principles include physical functionality, beauty, lowenergy use, comfort, durability, and are generally seen to be well adapted to local climate conditions as well as often considered as an appropriate base for the environmental design. Furthermore, it has been found that many traditional technologies that were used in those historical and traditional buildings are energy efficient and sustainable.

The courtyard house represents a constant feature of domestic architecture in the most middle east region. The courtyards in Egypt, Syria and Iraq, has different characteristics than the courtyard in North Africa and Andalusia area, as they feature the most formalised configuration with the centrality of the courtyard. They work well in hot and dry climates, especially not square but narrow and deep to create a shade from the summer sun.

Their disadvantages in cold winter is limited to the sun and heat and in humid summers the lack of wind. Ventilation techniques: the interior courtyard is an excellent modifier of hot and dry climates, being an air-well that collects dense, cool air at night. Protected from the morning sun, all surroundings spaces stay cool till well into the day. When the sun reaches the courtyard, the air heats up and rises, creating convention currents and cross ventilation, particularly when the surrounding spaces have secondary openings. Shading devices were an essential in building designs; it allows winter sun to penetrate more deeply in southoriented rooms at the time when the earth is needed. During the summer, shading against the direct sun is desired in most of the middle eastern architecture.

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Figure (45) : courtyards are common in traditional Amman architecture

Figure (46) : Outdoor terraces were common in traditional Amman architecture

Figure (41) : Ventilation pattern in seaside wind tower house.

Figure (47) : Outdoor terraces were common to host guests during spring and summer seasons.

Figure (42) : centralized Courtyard plan in typical middle eastern house.

Figure (48) : Amman 1930

Figure (43) : Wind-scoops paroled to building wall.

Figure (44) : Decorated wind-scoops in Baghdad and Cairo.

7. SITE AND FIELD WORK ANALYSIS

7.1 Urban Surrounding Analysis Day Activities

Part of the field work was targeted to study the site urban surroundings, to understand the social behaviour and how locals are responding to weather changes while performing outdoor activities. The dry build temperature can be reached 36 degrees on a hot summer day, at that time, locals avoid to carry out any outdoor activities during the day, while at night the weather is pleasant as the temperature drops to 28 degrees, most of the locals tend to spend most of the night outdoor to socialise. On the other hand, winter season, the outdoor activities during the day are desired and at night are avoided.

The research aims to renovate a historic building located in downtown Amman, the environmental methodology that will be applied to the design process implemented in other similar cases. Therefore, an in the map below demonstrates the location of these historic building that suffered from the building issues. Also, the plan shows the location of the places where it is expected to have a high population density such as shopping streets, which might effect on the temperature and humidity level.

Night Activities

Figure (49) : Land plots of Jabal Amman district with associated cultural landmarks

Downtown Amman

Ibrahim Hashim House

Roman Amphitheater

Figure (50) : Site Location in downtown Amman.

Ibrahim Hashim House

Art Gallery

Rainbow Street

Balad Theater

Architecture School

Souq Jara

Major observations of the urban and site analysis: •

•

•

The surrounding area has lots outdoor activities during the night (summer time) and less during winter due to the outdoor comfort temperature.

As the site is surrounded by many tourist attractions. The Ibrahim house is excluded from the tourist path (track) which makes the neighbourhood has less security during the night.

The Ibrahim hashim house has been abandon for the past 30 years. the open accessibility to the building cause suspicious behaviours from the public which makes the neighbourhood residents concerned.

Site Historic houses Historic possible additional structure

Site Commercial areas

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Figure (51) : Map of downtown Amman 2016.

7.2 Traffic Analysis and its Impact on Site

45 db

40 db

The site is located near one of the busiest streets in Amman; the has a high sound level.

Which can affect the building internally. Sound measurements were taken once at 11:45. The results show that the high noise level can affect the indoors, Double glazed, and wellsealed openings are considered in the coming design proposal to decrease the amount of sound level affecting the building.

39 db

Measurement Time: 11:45

` ` High traffic Medium traffic Figure (53) : Site section source: Author

Low traffic Figure (52) : Site map. source: Author

Commercial Area ( Downtown )

aa

re

ba

n

Ba

Al ke br la

d

Th

ea

l

ite

ch Ar

Residential Area

ee

ti S

tre

et

te

r

m

oo

ch

S re ctu

Because of the steep natural terrain, systems of winding staircases developed on the terraced slopes, producing pedestrian-friendly neighbourhoods that provided privacy for neighbouring residences as well as a diversity of views and pathways.

Si

50

Sh

aa

n ba

eb lk A

i et

r St

Sh

t ee

Pedestrian Vehicle Approach to the Site:

te

Site Stairways

Figure (54) : Pedestrian pathways near the site in downtown Amman.

Source: Author.

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7.3 Wind Flow Analysis on the Site Surroundings Weather data : Meteonorm Software used for simulation : CFD

Wind flow studies on outdoor spaces

Wind velocity of 3 - 4m/s coming from the North-west. The surrounding topography has contributed in lowering wind pressure from the west and north-west side to 2 m/s.

Considering wind flow pressure can determine the storey level for the building extension massing design and openings.

The diagram for Amman shows how many days within one month can be expected to reach certain wind speeds. Monsoons create strong, steady winds on the Tibetan Plateau from December to April, but calm winds from June to October.

Figure (55) : A profile section of downtown Amman.

Source: Author.

Figure (56) : A profile section of downtown Amman.

Source: Author.

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Figure (57) : demonstration of wind flow on site.

Source: Author.

Figure (58) : Wind rose of Amman Source: Author.

7.4 Solar Radiation Analysis Impact on The Building Surroundings

The tremendous increase in population and the severe demand in housing has affected on the urban scale. Void spaces such as green spaces and parks have been substituted and filled by solid buildings.

The lack of vegetation in the area contributes to increasing the air temperature.

Due to the low angle during winter time, the solar radiation the building surrounding surfaces has an

Figure (60) Solar radian analysis Source: Author

average of 7 kWh/m2.

As the season changes towards summer, the average of temperature on building surfaces rises to 16 kWh/m2.

Diffuse

Global

Mid - March

Figure (58) : Daily average of horizontal radiation in Amman

Summer - July

High amount of hard surfaces. lack of vegetation in the area.

Figure (59) : A view from the opposite hill to Jabal Amman

26

7.5 Application : Ibrahim Hashim House The site of Bait Ibrahim Hashim is situated on a plateau on the steep hillside of Jabal Amman. Bait Ibrahim Hashim is a two-story house composed of a main upper story and a lower story with connected and adjacent spaces. Upon entering the site, a large empty lot spans approximately 42 meters west towards the house which used to be called a Diwan where residents used to hosts guests outdoors during spring and summer season.The area to the south of the house along the wall was once a high terraced garden.

To understand the place of the house within a historical context, the topography, land use, and population demographics have to be considered in the study area. An understanding of the topography of the area and how this is reflected in the neighbourhood character will indicate the use limitations at the site and incorporate issues of area circulation into the larger context. Exploring the role and transitions that have taken place in the historic neighbourhood as reflected in the resident population and existing built environment.

Figure (61): A visual 3D of Ibrahim Hashim site Source: Author

Figure (62): Ibrahim Hashim site plan.

Source: Author

Figure (63): Ibrahim Hashim house plans Source: Author

Master Bedroom

Terrace (entrance)

Dressing room

Figure(64): Ibrahim Hashim House is highlighted in red, the underneath street level shops are highlighted in blue.

Bath

Liwan

Bay 3 Study

Bedroom

Bay 2 Bay 1 Later additions

ST. Master Bedroom

Dressing room

Bath

Bath Bedroom 2

Kitchen living room

Terrace (entrance)

Liwan

Study

Bedroom

Site location Terrace

27

Figure (65): Hashim House site plan

7.5 Application : Ibrahim Hashim House Sections and Plans

Figure (67): East elevation of the upper level of the house

Figure (68) : Underground plan before the additional space

Figure (69) : East view of Ibrahim Hashim House

Figure (70) : East view of Ibrahim Hashim House

Figure (66): North elevation of the upper level of the house

Figure (67) : G round floor plan after the additional space

Early buildings were built along the slopes to take advantage of landscape views and cooling breezes through the valley. Because of the steep natural terrain, systems of winding staircases developed on the terraced slopes, producing pedestrian-friendly neighbourhoods that provided privacy for neighbouring residences as well as a diversity of views and pathways. Bait Ibrahim Hashim, most construction was built into the hillside with stories integrated into the natural topography, preserving the view shed of the surrounding area. These houses can be seen interspersed between new construction and a network of garden walls. While the largest homes have in some cases been abandoned, many retain their structural integrity. Located in the centre of large plots, the houses are frequently obscured by small-scale construction at the street-front.

These new structures were often built without a larger vision in mind and with inexpensive materials, such as cinder block. With existing housing in the centre, new immigrants moved into the vacated spaces of Jabal Amman, often building residential additions and establishing commercial and light industrial businesses along street fronts.

Figure (71) : East section of Ibrahim Hashim House source: Author

The interior plan follows the central hall scheme typical for urban villas built throughout the region in the 19th and early 20th centuries.

Houses of this typology are known variously as“three-aisle� villas. The main entrance leads directly into a large, central space used for dining, entertaining and circulation. This hall is known as a liwan. The main hall contains a study room and bedroom to the north, and a bedroom, dressing room, bathroom and hallway to the south. The hallway facilitated circulation between the dressing room and bathroom without passing through the main hall. A doorway at the west end of the central hall provides passage to the rear loggia, which now forms part of a long narrow hallway in the rear wing. Two doors and two interior windows in the hallway open into a small bedroom and a kitchen. Beyond the kitchen, the westernmost extent of the wing houses a separate apartment, with a bathroom and living space.

Figure (72) : East section of Ibrahim Hashim House source: Author

28

7.6 Visual Recreation of the Old Ibrahim House with its Surroundings Figure (73) : Visual recreation of the old Ibrahim House with its surroundings Source: Author

Before Terraced garden

Ibrahim Hashim house

Entrance (accessibility control) Diwan ( Guest house ) Depressed pavilion (entrance)

Soft landscape located on the south side contributed in : 1. reducing the surface temperature during summer time.

2. increasing humidity.

3. the vegetation functioned as a shading elements for the south side facade during summer.

Figure (74) : Environmental performance of the old Ibrahim House with its surroundings Source: Author

After

A fountain was located in the middle of the courtyard helped in decreasing the air temperature. the North-West wind flow helped in decreasing the air temperature via evaporative cooling strategy in the courtyard.

The Diwan building located in front of the house on the east side provided additional shading to the courtyard from the east morning sun.

West and north west openings for west air flow accessibility. the opposite side openings were applicable for cross ventilation strategy indoors.

Photos that belongs to the Ibrahim family provide evidence for the old architecture design and form existence. Photo A was taken from the southern upper side of the house as a decorated fence was placed on the south side near the terraced garden. The windows were all open in photo B, especially on the east side in front of the Diwan area. A fountain was placed in the centre of the courtyard in photo C. 29

Figure (76) : Site 3D Source: Author

Figure (75) : Site images before and current A

D

A

C

B

B

C

D

7.7 Indoor illuminance Behaviour

14 April 2016 Time: Ave. 11:00 + 17:00 Amman weather station: Outdoor temperature 22 C Humidity 24%

Weather data : Meteonorm Software used for simulation : Rhino-Diva Sky condition: Forecast

1000 Lux - 8000 Lux 100 Lux - 1000 Lux 5 Lux - 50 Lux 0 Lux

Figure (78) : Illuminance level indoor measurements Source: Author

9 lux

17 lux

Figure (77) : daylight factor simulation A

D

9 lux

2 lux

E

18 lux

19 lux

2 lux

17 lux

17 lux

Source: Author

Indoor illuminance measurements were taken inside the building twice a day on April 14th, 2016 between 11:00 - 17:00 for the upper and the lower floor. The dry bulb temperature for the outdoors was 22C, and the humidity was 24%. Indoor illuminance study was done to implement and develop methods to allow natural daylight access and utilise it in the building. Daylight accessibility will decrease the amount of energy that will be used to enhance the indoor illuminance level.

Indoor illuminance in Ibrahim Hashim house requires improvement, especially in the lower floor where there are some parts of the building natural daylight does not access at all which requires artificial lighting.

The upper floor has an acceptable level of illuminance due to the direct exposure to the sun from the south facade and the high amount of openings on all side of the building.

The dark wall finishing in the building interior decreases the amount of reflectance, therefore, reduces the illuminance level.

13 lux

17 lux 9 lux 9 lux

9 lux

0 lux

A

D

E

20 lux

0 lux

30

7.8 Summary of Major Site Visit Observations Bait Ibrahim is a two-storey house composed of a main upper storey and a lower story with connected spaces. Access was limited at that time to the lower level. Therefore, the condition assessment summary will focus on the main upper level and the immediate surrounding site.

Reinforced concrete slab: Thickness 30 cm

Recommendations: Site • • •

Lot should be secured, and vehicular traffic on the site should be restricted Additional future building extensions are possible on the site.

Outdoor space/ terrace can be utilised efficiently.

Plaster Thickness: 2 cm

Exterior Water infiltration on the roof is causing damage to the interior walls.

High solar exposure on the south • facade, which might require the building to have an additional layer to control the amount of solar radiation.

Interior

Figure (79) : Wall section of the current old house Source: Author

•

• • • •

•

•

• •

31

Restoration/ placement of wooden window and door for the entire building.

Original flooring should be cleaned and repaired or replaced if needed.

Replacement of indoor plaster by adding new layer.

Indoor illuminance requires improvement, especially in the lower floor where dark areas occur.

Window and wall shutters were added in the past to minimise the amount of solar radiation accessing the building during high temperature.

Interior walls are in a bad condition which requires adding another layer taking into consideration to preserve the of the old stone layer.

High sound level from the main street effecting the building on the north facade.

Wind breeze from the NW can be utilized to initiate an efficient natural ventilation system in the building.

Source: Author

Stone wall Thickness: 50 cm

Roof: consists of poured concrete flat slab tar membrane.

External Wall: The walls are usually bearing with a thickness that varies from 80*120 cm and acts as thermal masses and Acoustic insulator.

Thick walls used to have a thickness that varies from 80- 120cm, not only to support the weight of the roof but also to support loads.

Traditional houses owing to their very thick walls remained cooler in the summer and warmer in the winter.

Utilising massive walls with high thermal capacity was a suitable solution to reduce the energy demand and improve thermal comfort in buildings, especially in hot-arid climates due to a wide range of temperature variations during days and nights.

Lime, mud and gypsum were the traditional binders used by masons.

Plaster was used to protect the bond stone and to reduce the temperature inside the building.

The traditional plaster was made of lime mixed with flax-threads cut in small pieces, brickdust, sand.

A survey was initiated to explore more about the site location, the project and the potential users of the building.

Residents and students from the architecture university participated in the survey.

How residents feel about this abandoned house?

-

-

Most of the residents do not feel comfortable and secure enough living next to an abandoned house because it may cause any suspicious activities.

Some local residents agreed on the empty area in front of the house is beneficial because it can be used as a parking space.

What are the major environmental issues you face in your house?

-

Water shortage.

Heating during cold seasons.

High infiltration rate during winter season, through walls and windows, due to the poor building finishing.

How locals feel about initiating environmental sustainable systems in the new residential architecture?

-

Figure (80): The lower floor is visible through the floor hole.

Figure (81): Walls throughout the interior are finished with painted plaster

Applicability to their current homes.

Affordable techniques are always recommended.

Figure (82): Study room area

Survey highlights outcomes : -

-

Figure (83): Main hallway towards the living room on the west side

Figure (84): Metal fences on windows were common for protection.

The lack of parking spaces in the area is causing the local residents disturbance regarding traffic conjunction and pollution.

Recommending a 24hr building use will provide a sense of security in the neighbourhood especially during night time.

7.9 Ibrahim Hashim House Environmental Assessment and Regeneration Methodology

Water efficiency

Sustainable site planning and design -

-

L i m i t i n g construction to the limits of the exciting structure to m i n i m i z e environmental impact on the site.

Maximization of open spaces.

Reduction of the urban heat island through shaded outdoor area.

-

-

Native and water e f f i c i e n t landscaping to eliminate the demand of potable water used for cooling and irrigation.

Use of hard landscape areas to minimize water consumption.

Energy efficiency

-

-

-

The sizing of existing windows will retain to minimize undated solar gains into interior spaces.

Stone and concrete materials will be used throughout the building envelope to increase thermal mass.

Natural organic materials is considered to be used to improve the building thermal insulation.

Indoor environmental quality

Materials and resources

-

-

Reuse the existing structure and elements to minimize the consumption of raw materials and construction waste.

Implementation of recycling materials.

Use of local materials for the main building fabric including lime stone, and concrete.

-

-

-

Design and verification for thermal comfort conditions for all spaces.

Optimization of natural daylight in the building.

Maximizing visual accessibility to the exterior environment.

After research and site analysis, since the Ibrahim Hashim house project being located in the heart of downtown Amman on a steep hill, many environmental factors such as the building location and building context can effect the site and the design built methodology. Environmental design strategies can be identified upon the environmental potentials and issues. site environmental potentials: Due to the terrain in the topography where the site is located: • visual comfort ( 180 degrees of the Amman downtown) • High sun exposure all seasons which can be beneficial is generating renewable energy.

• Wind flow coming from the south and south- west can provide ventilation systems indoor.

• Large empty hard spaces on site, where can be used to add additional greenery or terraces.

Site environmental issues: •

•

• • •

High noise level coming from the south where the main street is located, which is considered to m=be one of the busiest streets in Amman.

High sun exposure during summer time on site.

Lack of soft landscape greenery on site.

High amount of hard surfaces around the building which can cause urban heat island during summer time.

Initial treatment Methodology: 1. Utilising buildings using natural resources such as solar radiation and wind speed power to initiate free running/ low coast energy buildings.

2. Reutilizing these buildings by implementing environmental and sustainable strategies.

3. Low-Tech, affordable, available and applicable methods of implementing these strategies due to the country’s limited resources and lack of unskilled labour.

4. Local materials = fits with the urban 32 context.

8. DESIGN PROPOSAL

8.1 Design Strategy ( Design Concept )

Figure (89): Temple of Hercules located on the opposite hill evening time

Figure (88): Temple of Hercules located on the opposite hill morning time

Downtown Amman

Wild Jordan (Tourist attraction) Architecture School Balad Theater Site ( Ibrahim hashim House)

Visual connection from downtown Amman

Figure (86): Locals demonstrating art work buildings in Amman

Figure (87): Berlin wall Became a tourist attraction because of its art work

Figure (85): Design concept strategy

In Amman, most of the buildings are cubic in geometry with four main elevations on the side, and since it is a mountainous city with low rise buildings, people interact with the roof as a fifth elevation, which adds a third dimension to the understanding of the city.

Early buildings were built along the slopes to take advantage of landscape views. The scale of construction in Jabal Amman is limited to four stories with few existing structures surpassing two stories.

One of the social objectives of the design is to design a building that can be a showcase to demonstrate the implementation of the passive environmental strategies. It contributes to reducing energy consumption and substitute it with natural resources, to spread environmental awareness among the public and inspire local architects and designers to pursue alternative environmental solutions.

The design concept strategy for this project aims to build a visual connection between the public and the building, as it is intended to be an attraction for the locals. Therefore, it will revive the neighbourhood and bring more visitors to it which will lead to increase the sense of security in the community.

The public and the building users will define the shape and the overall appearance of the construction by demonstrating student artwork and art graffiti which will determine the form and the visual appearance of the building. This strategy aims to target into inviting more people to the area.

34

8.2 Program Brief : Open space free standing shapes and

Ibrahim Hashim House is located next to an architecture school. The design school lacks providing additional space for the students to perform work.

The Ibrahim Hashim house will be transformed and dedicated to a study building, and a building extension which will be applied on top of the original house which will be designed as working studios for the students.

Ibrahim Hashim House zone areas %

Platform Outdoor Gallery

8%

56%

36%

The main modified social demands to meet the needs of the occupants in GJU are: Large open spaces to perform work.

Multifunction spaces that can be used upon season.

Utilities such as kitchenette and bathrooms.

Outdoor terrace for to showcase work to public.

Library area.

Research offices.

35

Offices & research department

Alongside with the social demands, the environmental demands are considered such as daylight, thermal comfort, natural ventilation and visual comfort.

The main modified social demands to meet the needs of the occupants in GJU are: Quiet zones that include single and sharing working units.

Living room area for indoor activities.

Sharing utilities such as kitchen and bathrooms.

Outdoor terrace for outdoor activities during spring and summer time.

Expected occupants : 30 - 50 yearly Occupancy time : September - May

University staff

Entrance #3

wide openings to maximize visual comfort and connection to the outdoors.

Library

Multi use zone areas %

Work studio.

7% 21%

43%

One exposed elevation to North.

Daylight illuminance control

Two exposed large surfaces on the North and south facade.

Sun radiation access requires control upon season. cross ventilation strategy is Ideal.

Multi use area

7% 21%

Expected occupants : 80 - 100 yearly Occupancy time : September - May

Student Use

Offices and work area Group and individuals studios with optimum daylight and sound level.

Architecture studios

Architecture school

Public Use

Entrance #2

Architecture work studios

Single study area Group study area Utilities

Site Project

elements to demonstrate art work

Entrance #1

Two exposed large surfaces on the west and east facade.

Sun radiation access requires control upon season. cross ventilation strategy is Ideal.

Reception Offices Circulation Multi purpose area research department

Research offices

Architecture studios building zone areas %

7% Figure (90): Site and design 3D Source: Author

37%

56% work / study space

Studio Library Utilities

limited opportunities for expansion.

Small areas with limited openings. requires improvement in the indoor daylight level and provide daylight access to the lower level. through sun pipes.

8.2 Program

The building design consists of 3 major zones, the study area zone which can be entered from the east side of the building where the research department is located, secondly, the architecture workshop zone which is dedicated to more active students and can be open 24/7. Therefore, it has a separate entrance from the south side of the building. Finally, the public outdoor gallery zone has a completely separate entrance from the private zones ( study + architecture studios) to provide a security control accessibility for the building and privacy for the original users.

Entrance to the outdoor terrace

Outdoor gallery Second level of the library

Second level of the Architecture studios

First level of the library Entrance to the library and architecture studios

First level of the Architecture studios

2nd level of the multi purpose room Individual study areas

Offices

Multi purpose room

Main courtyard connecting between 3 zones : The study area, offices and the multi purpose area

Entrance to the research department courtyard belongs to the research department Figure (91): Program plans Source: Author

36

8.3 Design Development

Environmental Design Concept Amman weather studies show the applicability to use natural resources to provide a comfortable indoor space utilisation in the design. Therefore, the initial design plan was to create a basic rectangular form placed on top of the Ibrahim Hashim house. According to site environmental potential and issues, the design form will be customised to adapt to weather conditions, to provide a visual, phycological comfortable space for the building users. The aim is to provide a winter and summer environmental passive strategies to provide natural ventilation and daylight accessibility in all seasons. The design concept is to initiate a protective shell to the historic house. By adding masses around the house. The additional shell will be identified as building masses and terraces wrapped around the building to provide environmental protection from the external weather conditions, as it will be adjustable upon seasons. During summer time these layers will protect the building from high direct solar radiation that can cause internal temperature increase and discomfort for the building users but at the same time, it can allow natural breeze the access the building to regulate the indoor temperature.

Summer

1

2

3

Ibrahim hashim house without building additions.

A rectangular shape form was added on top if the historic house to create a straight platform to allow user accessibility from the street.

The rectangular mass was partially pushed towards the north to allow daylight accessibility to the original house. Movable openings( partitions) were considered to allow natural wind to pass through the building mass. An extra mass was placed on the east side of the historic house for creating user accessibility control.

4

5

6

The additional building mass that was placed in front of Ibrahim house was moved closer to the elevated rectangular mass, to create a stronger connection between the two zones. The upper floor roof was completely pushed towards the north to create a long continuous terrace.

The upper rectangular form top was extended towards the east to create a physical connection with the additional building mass.

An additional shading was implemented in the design form on the south side to minimise solar gains accessibility to the indoor and the outdoor spaces.

8

9

Vertical circulation was added outdoors to provide accessibility to the elevated outdoor terraces. The outdoor terraces will be utilised by the building users and by the public.

An additional layer was designed to be implemented on the upper mass where the studios will be located, to create an extra protection for the building from the external environmental factors such as horizontal solar radiation and wind pressure.

7

Winter

N

37

Figure (92): design development Source: Author

A third mass was added to the east side to create an additional courtyard. The southern shading element was extended not only towards the east to provide shading for the other courtyards, but also it was extended vertically to provide additional visual privacy from the street for the terrace users

8.4 Design Properties

Re-defining outdoor spaces :

Recognizing urban context :

by modifying the volume, the relationship between volume and context is re c o g n i z e d t o a r t i c u l a t e o u t d o o r activities.

Frame the view:

Maximizing open surfaces :

the north side large openings maximize the view of the old downtown of Amman.

Figure (93): design properties Source: Author

38

9. ANALYTICAL WORK

9.1 Daylight Factor for Ibrahim Hashim House After internal Additions Before :

Zone 1

Environmental Performance Weather data : Meteonorm Software used for simulation : Diva Sky Condition:

A deep narrow corridor with nearly 0% daylight factor, which requires additional openings for natural daylight accessibility.

After: Group study

Single study

Zone 1

Zone 2

WC

Single study

A

2 x 6m glass stack to improve indoor

The interior stack in the common area has increased the daylight factor from nearly 0% to 3 % which is the natural daylight standard for classrooms and libraries.

ventilation process and enhance indoor illuminance

Figure (95): Daylight factor Source: Author

Figure (94): Old house plans Source: Author

Studio

Studio

Studio

Studio

Study area

Figure (96): Indoor stack section Source: Author

The old internal plan of Ibrahim Hashim house consisted of 3 main zones separated by load bearing walls. The middle zone was directly connected to the hallway and the other rooms.

The daylight analysis shows that the middle zone have complete dark areas which make the area unsuitable to be considered as a study environment, which requires artificial lighting to achieve the proper illuminance for a study zone.

As a passive environmental solution, a 2x 6 glass stack was implemented in the middle to function as a sun pipe to deliver daylight from the roof. Daylight simulations show that the daylight factor for the area was improved from 0% to 5% which is the environmental requirement for daylight to have a study place.

The new reformation was done internally in the building, it was divided into 2 zones. Single study and group study area. Single workshops are highlighted in red and common study area is highlighted in blue.

Internal walls on the south side were removed to enhance the workshop area to provide a spacious sense and a visual connection to the outdoors. Glass partitions were added on the north side to divide the area into small study rooms. The internal plan from the west side remained the same as some of the rooms were transformed into a more private study areas.

The stack function is to deliver daylight from the upper roof to the lower floor where the group study area will be located. The stack opening can be adjustable upon season as some external shutters will be placed on top of the stack to monitor daylight accessibility into the building.

Study area Figure (95): design 3D Source: Author

40

9.2 Natural Ventilation Strategy Test on Ibrahim Hashim House Environmental Performance

Weather data : Meteonorm Software used for simulation : Optivent

Designing Openings with the proper proportion plays a significant role in energy reduction for indoor ventilation. First, It determines the amount of daylight accessing the building and secondly, the air flow accessibility which will determine the indoor air quality and air temperature.

In the case of Ibrahim Hashim house, the window opening remained to its original size to preserve the historical value appearance of the building. The windows glass material and the inlet/outlet design, in addition to the percentage of the window opening, to allow the air flow to access the indoors were designed carefully, as it results in minimising energy consumption needed to improve indoor thermal comfort.

In order to achieve the most efficient opening design in the building, a simulation was tested on different opening(inlet/outlet) with different opening percentages.

A, B and C demonstrates the different openings scenarios.

The test was applied to a small room in the historic house located on the Northside of the building. The room was taken as a sample and has similar room properties as the other rooms in the house.

The room is 3m*4m and contains three occupants doing office work activity.

41

Simulation Data:

Construction Data:

Month : April Time: 15:00 Room Dimensions: 3m*4m Outdoor temperature: 25 Indoor temperature: 26 Latent Gains: 2 occupants.

Occupancy behaviour: Office work.

Wind speed: 1.5 m/S Buoyancy: Yes Inlet (surface) Azimuth: N Occupants gains: Equipment gains: Total solar gains:

Wall: Surface Absorptance (0-1): 0.6 U-Value ( w/m2.K): 0.3 Ext Surface transmittance (W/m2.K): 4.0 Roof: Surface Absorptance (0-1): 0.6 U-Value (W/m2.K): 0.2 Ext surf. transmittance (W/M2.K): 4.0 Glazing: Solar transmittance factor (0-1): 0.6 Shading proportion (%): 20%

Figure (97): A building sample from the old house.

Source: Author

Case A :

Natural Ventilation strategy: Single sided ventilation

Fixed window pane, only can be opened from the bottom and top.

In Scenario A, The opening was designed to have separate inlet and outlet, to see how natural ventilation will help in reducing the mount of heat gained during a hot season. The results show that the indoor air quality was improved but the air received was not enough to cool down the indoor space.

Window properties

1m*2m 30% inlet 30% outlet

Required amount for cooling ACH

65.33

Required amount for fresh air ACH

2.00

Achieved ACH

13.09

Case B :

Natural Ventilation strategy: Single sided ventilation Openable window pane Double glazed window with wooden frame.

Case B, The inlet and the outlet share the same opening which is 40% for each; The results show in the table below that the amount of fresh air required for the indoor space is achieved; meanwhile, the amount of cooling is still low which needs improvement by increasing the aperture percentage.

Window properties

1m*2m 40% inlet 40% outlet

Required amount for cooling ACH

65.33

Required amount for fresh air ACH

2.00

Achieved ACH

17.00

Case C : Case C is similar to Case B, except the amount of opening was increased to 60%, The Test shows the result of fresh air required in the room is achieved, The amount of cooling needed in the room still needs to be improved due to the high outdoor temperature on a hot day in summer, Case C has higher results compared to case A and B. Which concludes that the higher the opening percentage is during a hot season, the more efficient for the coming air to cool down the indoor space.

Openable window pane Double glazed window with wooden frame.

Natural Ventilation strategy: Single sided ventilation

Window properties

1m*2m 60% inlet 60% outlet

Required amount for cooling ACH

65.33

Required amount for fresh air ACH

2.00

Achieved ACH

28.65

9.2 Natural Ventilation Strategy Test on Ibrahim Hashim House Construction Data:

Simulation Data:

Wall: Surface Absorptance (0-1): 0.6 U-Value ( w/m2.K): 0.3 Ext Surface transmittance (W/m2.K): 4.0 Roof: Surface Absorptance (0-1): 0.6 U-Value (W/m2.K): 0.2 Ext surf. transmittance (W/M2.K): 4.0 Glazing: Solar transmittance factor (0-1): 0.6 Shading proportion (%): 20%

Month : April Time: 15:00 Room Dimensions: 3m*4m Outdoor temperature: 25 Indoor temperature: 26 Latent Gains: 2 occupants.

Occupancy behaviour: Office work.

Wind speed: 1.5 m/S Buoyancy: Yes Inlet (surface) Azimuth: N Occupants gains: Equipment gains: Total solar gains:

Weather data : Meteonorm Software used for simulation : Optivent

Openable window pane Double glazed window with wooden frame.

Natural Ventilation strategy: Single sided ventilation

Winter

Mid - season

Summer

The results show that the ACH achieved during winter needs to be improved, as it is expected to minimise aperture %, to minimise heat exchange. Wind driven results are expected during the winter season.

The results show that the indoor air temperature does not imply with ASHRAE standards; therefore, an additional aperture is considered to decrease the indoor temperature.

During spring time where the average outdoor temperature is 24C. High latent gains during that period cause temperature increase. Therefore, additional cooling devices are considered to cool down the indoor space during peak occupancy to reach optimum thermal comfort.

The results in the graphs below demonstrate the results of natural ventilation performance during a typical day in summer where the average outdoor temperature is 33C. Due to high temperature, the indoor air temperature requires improvement, to cool down the indoor space. The Wind-driven is expected on the site location; the overall results does not imply with ASHRAE standards, which requires additional cooling devices to reach indoor thermal comfort.

42

9.3 Environmental Performance for Ibrahim Hashim House Building Fabric Environmental Performance

Summer 35

3000

28

2400

21

1800

14

1200

7

600

Stone wall 50cm

A new wall was built inside the existing wall and completely fill the space the insulation.

0

The new wall was covered with air vapour barrier.

The Ibrahim Hashim house building envelope required improvement to be able to perform efficiently during seasons. The condition suffered from high infiltration percentage because of its bad construction conditions. An extra layer of 2 cm foam board insulation was added internally to minimise heat transfer.

Also, an additional layer of gypsum board and plaster were implemented on the wall internally.

After construction additions, the building was simulated on TAS to test its thermal Output performance Inputsduring seasons.

Weather Data

meteonorm

Walls

light weight concrete (20cm thickness )

Roof

light weight concrete (20cm thickness )

Windows

1 m x 1.5 m

Internal gains

2

3

4

5

6

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

old house big Dry Bulb (°C)

15

16

17

18

19

20

old house big Solar Gain (W)

21

22

23

0

24

old house small Dry Bulb (°C)

The outdoor temperature during a typical summer day ranges between 20C min and 35C max. The results show that the additional shading and masses placed on the south facade contributed in decreasing direct solar radiation accessibility into the building, it resulted in a constant indoor temperature between 25C - 27C which is within the thermal comfort range for the building occupants.

Figure (98): Wall construction display of the old house after renovation.

Source: Author

Mid -season

35

3000

28

2400

21

1800

14

1200

7

600

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

External Temperature (°C) old house small Dry Bulb (°C)

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

old house big Dry Bulb (°C) old house small Solar Gain (W)

19

20

21

22

23

0

24

old house big Solar Gain (W)

The results in the graph show the indoor temperature in 20C in the morning and the temperature rises few degrees along with the increase of solar gain in the building. The results show that the thermal performance of the building is providing a comfortable space for the occupants. Therefore, no additional heating devices are needed.

Winter

35

3000

300

28

2400

Occupancy time

24 hrs

21

1800

No. Occupants

30

14

1200

7

600

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

External Temperature (°C) old house small Solar Gain (W)

43

7

External Temperature (°C) old house small Solar Gain (W)

Concrete covered with plaster layer 1cm

Weather data : Meteonorm Software used for simulation : TAS

1

7

8

9

10

11

12

old house big Dry Bulb (°C)

13

14

15

16

17

18

old house big Solar Gain (W)

19

20

21

22

23

24

0

old house small Dry Bulb (°C)

Avoiding air infiltration during winter time contributes in decreasing heat exchange between the outdoor and the indoor, Using additional heaters during winter time for a short period can be possible as the heat can be kept inside for a long time. The graph below shows the building performance during a typical winter day that the indoor temperature is constant at 20C, which is within the adaptive comfort range.

9.4 Wind Flow Studies Effect on Design Outdoor Spaces 1

Velocity

Figure (101): CFD simulations Source: Author

Environmental Performance 1

3

2

Weather data : Meteonorm Software used for simulation : CFD

One of the environmental influences on the design project is high wind pressure coming from the north-west during seasons. Amman weather analysis results show the wind velocity can be operated efficiently in the design proposal to improve air quality and reduce air temperature during hot seasons.

The design was tested on an environmental simulation to see how the building will be affected by high wind velocity especially during the winter months where the wind required for ventilation need to be controlled to provide the optimum comfort level.

Simulation results show that building masses and heights contribute to lowering wind pressure coming from the west orientation.

Wind velocity of 1.5 - 2 m/s on top the architecture studios building.

2

Velocity

Lower wind velocity rate between 1- 1.5 m/s on top of the multi-use building. Additional building elements are required on the west side to minimise the pressure on the roof to the roof to be utilised for outdoor activities.

Velocity

3

Wind Velocity flow and pressure on the building design : Software used for simulation : CFD

Lower wind velocity rate between 0 - 0.5m/s on top of the research building. Possibility for the roof to be utilised for outdoor activities.

Openings placement in the upper building extension should be considered upon wind velocity pressure. Openings are recommended to be placed on the East and North facades due to lower pressure points in comparison to west facade as the pressure drops from 8 Pal to 3 Pal. East - West / West - south sides are effective for cross ventilation strategy in the building extension.

Figure (99): Amman wind rose Source: Author

Velocity

Wind velocity of 1 - 1.5m/s in front of the multipurpose building. Additional outdoor elements are required to minimise the pressure on the west side building during winter time. Meanwhile, a pond is considered to lower down the temperature via evaporative cooling strategy for outdoor thermal comfort during summer time.

South West

Velocity

Velocity (m/s) (pressure (Pal) ) 10.800 (27.781)

Figure (100): Wind pressure simulation Source: Author

7.637 (13.890) 9.353 (20.835) 5.400 (13.890) 0 (0)

East North

44

9.5 Seasonal Design Strategies Environmental performance for the outdoor comfort ventilation and solar strategies - Summer Passive cooling strategies were considered in the design because of its financial and environmental efficiency and it aims to cool the building and its users during hot season meanwhile provide warmth during cold seasons.

High wind velocity during winter and high amount of solar radiation during summer time effect on the user outdoor thermal comfort, especially when it is common for Jordanians to perform outdoor activities during seasons. therefore, outdoor comfort has to be achieved during all seasons.

Summer season design strategies: The efficiency of the building envelope can be maximized in a number of ways to minimize heat gain by : Implementing external louvers and shading surfaces to windows, walls and roofs in order to protect from direct solar radiation.

Light colours were used to on roof and bring to reflect sun gains heat. vegetation to provide cool sense on a hot day. it provides shading to the ground around them, reducing the surface temperature.

1. Light concrete mesh aligned with the terrace to provide privacy from the public street on the south side.

Roof surfaces were utilized efficiently to function as an outdoor gallery that can be accessible by the student and public. Due to the high direct solar radiation during summer, the lower terraces were shaded mainly to be dedicated to summer outdoor activities.

Roof surface material that has low reflectance. concrete: 1. Movable shutters can be adjusted upon season, to minimize west solar rays accessibility.

2. Cross ventilation strategies in the multi use building and research department.

1. Higher wind velocity at this point.

Therefore, little pond was added for heat reduction in summer through evaporative cooling.

2. seasonal trees can provide additional shading to reduce the surface temperature in the courtyard.

Environmental performance outdoor comfort ventilation and solar strategies - Winter

Passive strategies for the outdoor comfort : to maximize heat loss, natural source of cooling during hot season are used : Air movement ( cooling breezes) which comes from the south-west. seasonal shading strategy.

Pond implementation in the centre of the courtyard. A 6m x 3.5m and 20 cm depth was implemented in the centre of the courtyard to function as a cooling element during summer time.

1. Light concrete mesh aligned with the terrace to provide privacy from the public street on the south side.

2. High terrace to maximize visual comfort of downtown Amman.

Winter season design strategies:

1. Movable shutters can be adjusted upon season, to minimize west solar rays accessibility.

Shading elements were design to function as well during cold season where the solar radiation is desired to increase both the indoor and the outdoor space. The low winter angle can access through the shading element (mesh) located on the south side.

45

Roof surfaces were utilized efficiently to function as an outdoor gallery that can be accessible by the student and public. Roof surface material that has low reflectance. The upper terrace partially intentionally was left exposed to dedicated for winter activities where the direct solar radiation is desired.

2. Cross ventilation strategies in the multi use building and research department.

Seasonal trees can provide solar ray accessibility to increase the surface temperature in the courtyard.

Figure (102): Seasonal environmental performance of the courtyards.

Source: Author

9.5.1 Evaporative Cooling Strategy in the Outdoor Courtyards

Figure (103): A section through Jabal Amman Source: Author

Figure (104): A section through the main courtyard Source: Author

Replacement of hard surface with soft landscape.

Temperature reduction by implementing a pond and vegetation in the courtyard space.

Mesh provides visual privacy from the southern side street.

Environmental performance of the main courtyard connecting between the old house and the research department Pond Dimensions: 3*5 Dry bulb temp: 35 C Wet bulb temp: 23C Relative humidity: 50% Wind speed: 1 m/s

Street Street

An elevated mesh was created to provide a relaxing area for the students that can be accessible from the second level of the studio building. During summer time the temperature decrease as the air flow increases at that level.

One of the passive strategies used for comfort outdoor is implementing a water pond in the centre of the courtyard. Outdoor comfort is necessary for this project as the courtyards are the occupant's interaction zones in the design. Occupants use the courtyard to social interaction and a connection point between zones. In addition to lots of activities can be held outdoors such as the outdoor gallery

Air movement: Air movement is a primary element of passive cooling.

Direct cooling water evaporates directly into the air and reduces the air’s dry bulb temperature and increases the relative humidity.

It cools outdoor users by increasing evaporation and requires wind breeze. The process is to carry the heat out of the courtyard and replace it with cooler air.

Evaporation of perspiration is the most effective physiological cooling process. It requires air movement and moderate to low humidity ( less than 60%).

Air movement is useful for outdoor heat reduction, A wind speed of 0.5 m/s equates to a 3 C drop in temperature at a relative humidity of 50%.

The evaporative cooling system was considered in the design because of its health and environmental benefits constant air movement of the evaporative cooler pushes hot air out removing dust and pollution and replace it with cool fresh air. Also, it is an environmentally friendly alternative to air mechanical conditioning use.

Figure (105): A perspective view of the main courtyard Source: Author

Figure (104): Psychometric chart

46

9.5.2 Seasonal Shading Strategy Applied in the Design Proposal July 12:00

December 12:00

Weather data : Meteonorm Software used for simulation : Rhino + Grasshopper To minimise the high solar radiation access to the building during hot seasons, an external mesh was created and implemented on the south facade to control solar ray accessibility to the building. The external mesh contributes to lowering the window surface temperature during summer time where the surface radiation on the mesh is around eight kWh/ m2. The mesh depth blocks the sun radiation access to the inside. On the other hand, it allows the sun radiation accessibility during winter because of the low sun low angle in the winter. As a result of this passive shading strategy, The amount of energy used during summer for cooling to maintain indoor thermal comfort for the users will be reduced and replaced by an alternative energy source such as natural ventilation.

The architectural element was tested to see its efficiency during seasons; the simulations show that the surface temperature during winter is higher than summer due to the lower sun angle which is 11kWh/m2. The high surface temperature during cold season can contribute in delivering heat to the building.

Meanwhile during a hot season where the sun angle is around 80 degrees. The surface temperature is reduced to 8 kWh/m2.

The mesh element provides visual privacy from the southern street. Moreover, it consists of 20 x20 cm cubes placed on top of each other to create a cubic pattern, between each cube there is an air gap 20cm. The mesh construction material is lightweight concrete due to its durability, sustainability which requires less maintenance, in addition to the cost of this material is low.

The Lightweight concrete mesh is hung on the south facade by fixtures leaving a 20cm gap between the mesh and the south window to create a buffer area that can minimise heat transmittance to the window surface.

47

Figure (104): The light concrete mesh prevent the direct solar radiation to access the studio sudden summer.

Figure (105): The low sun angle allows solar radiation to access through the light concrete mesh and heat up the internal space during the cold season.

Figure (106): Solar radiation test on the mesh on the south facade Source: Author

Summer Surface temperature on the mesh in July is 8 kWh/m2 due to the high sun angle 82.

Figure (107): South mesh view from the street Source: Author

Mid

Winter Surface temperature on the mesh in December is 11 kWh/m2 due to the low sun angle 34.

9.5.2.1 Mesh Effect on the Outdoor Comfort Summer

Weather data : Meteonorm Software used for simulation : Rhino + Grasshopper

Figure (109): Sun angle during seasons Source: Author

The light concrete mesh acts as a shading control to the courtyards. the 20cm depth of light concrete blocks the summer radiation. As the sun angle decreases, the solar ray can access the concrete mesh towards the courtyard. The solar ray effect will increase the surface temperature on the ground and buildings.

Mid-season

Figure (110): Solar ray simulation on the south mesh.

Source: Author

One of the designs elements is the southern mesh that is located on the south side of the building. The main function of the mesh is to control the amount of solar radiation accessing the building during seasons. During the summer time when the amount of solar radiation is high which results in outdoor discomfort for the users, the 20x20 blocks will block the direct solar radiation accessibility because of its high angle during summer. As it slowly the sun angle starts to get lower towards the winter season, the solar accessibility through the mesh is high. Solar radiation during winter time will increase the surface temperature in the courtyards, therefore, will increase the outdoor dry bulb temperature. The mesh material is lightweight concrete as it is sustainable which requires less maintenance in addition to its low cost.

Seasonal shading strategy The outdoor shutters can perform as a shield to protect the glazed facade from the high amount of solar radiation during summer time, meanwhile, can allow ventilation accessibility to the inside. Outdoor shutters provide shading during seasons. Which will minimise the wall and window surface temperature during summer but also provide natural ventilation to access the building indoors through lower openings. External shadings are more efficient than internal shadings because they block

The light weight mesh during mid season where the sun angle starts to decrease towards 50, the mesh starts to let the direct solar ray to access the courtyards which will result in increasing the outdoor surface temperature.

Winter

Figure (108): East shutters environmental performance Source: Author

the solar radiation before it enters the window surface. If internal shades were used, such as blinds or curtains, the solar radiation passes through and increase the window surface which will transmits the heat to the indoors.

During winter time where the sun angle is lower 35. solar ray have a complete access to the courtyards. the solar radian will contribute in increasing the surface temperature which will reflect on the outdoor dry build temperature.

48

9.5.2.1 Southern Hill Shadow impact on the South Mesh During Seasons Shadow analysis test was implemented on the mesh element to see if the hill constructs or has any effect on solar radiation accessibility to the southern mesh which might effect on its performance especially during winter where the sun angle is 34 degrees.

The shadow analysis was tested three times a year three times a day, morning afternoon and evening. The simulations results show that all seasons the sun is fully accessible to the mesh except winter season from 8:00 am to 11:00 where the southern hill constructs some of the sunlight accessing the building.

Figure (111): Shadow analysis on the south mesh.

Source: Author

Summer 8:00 am

12:00 am

4:00 am

12:00 am

4:00 am

12:00 am

4:00 am

Mid-season 8:00 am

winter

Winter 8:00 am

49

9.5.2.2 Solar Radiation Studies on Design Shading Elements Before

After

Daily average global solar radiation for Ibrahim hashim site

Daily average global solar radiation for building design

Weather data : Meteonorm Software used for simulation : Rhino + Grasshopper

June - September

Due to the lack of soft landscape, the surface temperature on the hard surfaces during summer time reaches 16 kWh/m2 mean while during

The roof top level provides shading which contributed in decreasing the surface temperature from 16 kWh/m2 to 10 kWh/m2. Which makes it

winter season 11kWh/m2 Surface materials on site: asphalt and concrete.

suitable for outdoor use.

March - May

Surface temperature studies on the building design

The roof top level provides shading which helped in decreasing the surface temperature from 14 kWh/ m2 to 6 kWh/m2.

November - February

Figure (113): Solar radiation analysis on the original site Source: Author

The lightweight mesh placed on the south facade provided solar radiation accessibility which helped in increasing the surface temperature outdoors.

Figure (112):Solar radiation analysis on the building design Source: Author

Design massing aimed to create a protection layer wrapped around the building to minimise solar radiation effect on the outdoor surfaces.

The outdoor area thermal comfort is important to be achieved, as the design contains many outdoor spaces such as the outdoor gallery and the courtyards where students socialise.

Therefore, the atmosphere should be physiologically and visually comfortable as the user thermal comfort is a primary goal in the design. Solar radiation test was applied to the design to visualise its performance during seasons. The results show that main shading surfaces highlighted in red in are contributing in minimising solar radiation effect during hot seasons, the outdoor surface temperature during hot season decreased from 16 kWh/ m2 to 6 kWh/m2 which is a considerable amount to be used for outdoor use. On the other hand, during the winter season where a higher surface temperature is required for dry bulb temperature increase, the simulation show the mesh (highlighted in yellow) applicability in allowing sun radiation access.

Therefore, the surface temperature outdoors increases from 3.30 kWh/m2 to 8.80 kWh/ m2.

50

9.6 Design Development on the North Facade The design studio mass has a high percentage of windows and transparency, to provide a visual comfort for the building users of downtown Amman. The high percentage of glazing has an effect on the daylight average inside the working place. Therefore, as the additional skin was added to control the received amount of daylight. The design process of this additional skin started by adding vertical movable panels that can be adjusted to the user’s need. These panels can also contribute in monitoring the amount of ventilation accessing the building.

According to the Design concept of this building, the external panels were designed intentionally 1.5m in width to be used to present students artwork, which will define the building appearance and make it attractive to the public so it invites more people to visit the building.

51

1

2

Vertical panels with single hinges connected at the centre of the panel can provide limited openings.

Straight vertical panels are flexible in placement as they have x axes movement. this design can provide complete shading or opening on all floors.

3

4

hinges were added in the vertical panels to provide full exposure if directed 90 towards north. This method still have some user limitation and any adjustments effect all floors.

Vertical panels were divided into 3 parts to provide full freedom for adjustment. Each panel can cover one zone in each floor.

Figure (114): North facade design development Source: Author

9.7 Indoor Daylight Quality in the Design Studio Before and After Additional Layers Weather data : Meteonorm Software used for simulation : Diva Sky condition:

Building without additional shutters on the North facade

Light weight concert mesh on the south facade

Additional shutters on the North facade 90

Figure (115): Additional skin on the north facade is implemented on the building extension Source: Author

Additional shutters on the North facade 180

An additional skin was implemented on the north facade to minimise the daylight average inside the studio. The window glass size in the studio was not reduced to achieve the maximum visual comfort view of downtown Amman. Panels can be adjusted according to the user desire, as they are connected by hinges to ease its movement. Each panel was divided into three parts to function separately for each floor. North facade panels are made of wooden mesh because of its low cost and light weight material to make it accessible and easy for the user to adjust its angle. The average of daylight inside working studios has to be studied accurately to create a comfortable environment for the user. The average daylight in a working space is 2%.

The South mesh contributes to lowering the daylight factor average. The simulation results show that the daylight factor average inside the studio near the north facade is nerdy 55%. After implementing the additional northern skin, the results indicate improvement in lowering the daylight factor average. When the wooden mesh panels angled 90 towards the north, the daylight amount reduces to 22 degrees, if the panels were angled 180 degrees, the daylight average achieves the optimum when is 2% in the centre of the studio.

Figure (116): Daylight factor analysis Source: Author

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9.8 Natural Ventilation Strategies Test and its Performance on the Design Studio

Simulation Data: Month : April Time: 15:00 Room Dimensions: 3m*6m Outdoor temperature: 32 Indoor temperature: 33 Latent Gains: 8 occupants.

Occupancy behaviour: Office work.

Wind speed: 1.5 m/S Buoyancy: Yes Inlet (surface) Azimuth: N

Weather data : Meteonorm Software used for simulation : Optivent

Designing Openings with the proper proportion plays a major role in energy reduction for indoor ventilation. As it determines the amount of daylight accessing the building, in addition to indoor air quality and air temperature.

The design studio is expected to be in use day and night by architecture students.

Therefore, the amount of fresh air is required all time to provide a comfortable place for students.

Natural ventilation effects on the indoor temperature, it can regulate the heat gained from latent and equipment gains.

The studios are expected to be occupied by 30 occupants per floor, minimum 50 hours weekly, which leads to an indoor temperature increase, therefore, several scenarios were tested on option simulation to understand the natural ventilation effect to the building and determine the most efficient ventilation strategy that leads to the best results in terms of indoor heat reduction during hot seasons and air quality improvement. Three different scenarios with different ventilation strategies were applied to the simulation. Scenario A, B and C. Scenario A is a single sided ventilation with, the ventilation inlet and outlet share the same opening. Scenario B has a similar case except for the ventilation inlet, and the outlet is separated. Scenario C has a cross ventilation strategy with stack effect due to the hight difference between the inlet and the outlet apertures.

53

Fixed window pane,with wooden frame.

Construction Data: Wall: Surface Absorptance (0-1): 0.6 U-Value ( w/m2.K): 0.3 Ext Surface transmittance (W/m2.K): 4.0 Roof: Surface Absorptance (0-1): 0.6 U-Value (W/m2.K): 0.2 Ext surf. transmittance (W/M2.K): 4.0 Glazing: Solar transmittance factor (0-1): 0.6 Shading proportion (%): 20%

Senario A : In Scenario A, natural ventilation strategy applied was single sided were both the inlet and outlet share the same opening, the environmental performance of this strategy in the table below demonstrate its performance.

Natural Ventilation strategy: Single sided ventilation

Window properties

1m*2m 30% inlet 30% outlet Stack height:

Openable window pane. Double glazed window with wooden frame.

Fixed window pane,with wooden frame.

Natural Ventilation strategy: Single sided ventilation

Fixed window pane, only can be opened from the bottom and top.

Openable window pane. Double glazed window with wooden frame.

82.62

Required amount for fresh air ACH

Achieved ACH

1.5

12.26

Senario B : The aperture percentage in the inlet and outlet is similar in scenario B; The table below demonstrates the results of single sided ventilation strategy performance with separate apertures and higher opening percentages. The results show that the achieved results are slightly higher than scenario A.

Window properties 1m*2m 40% inlet 40% outlet Stack height:

Openable window pane. Double glazed window with wooden frame.

Required amount for cooling ACH

Required amount for cooling ACH

82.62

Required amount for fresh air ACH

Achieved ACH

1.5

19.94

Senario C : Scenario C so far demonstrates the best results among A and B. As the cross ventilation strategy shows better performance than single sided ventilation. The air achieved is 33.93 which is almost double the amount in comparison to Scenario B. This ventilation strategy will be considered in the openings design.

Natural Ventilation strategy: Cross ventilation

Window properties

1m*2m 40% inlet 40% outlet Stack height:

Required amount for cooling ACH

82.62

Required amount for fresh air ACH

1.5

Achieved ACH

33.93

Construction Data: Wall: Surface Absorptance (0-1): 0.6 U-Value ( w/m2.K): 0.3 Ext Surface transmittance (W/m2.K): 4.0 Roof: Surface Absorptance (0-1): 0.6 U-Value (W/m2.K): 0.2 Ext surf. transmittance (W/M2.K): 4.0 Glazing: Solar transmittance factor (0-1): 0.6 Shading proportion (%): 20%

9.8 Natural Ventilation Strategies Test and its Performance on the Design Studio

Simulation Data: Month : April Time: 15:00 Room Dimensions: 3m*6m Latent Gains: 8 occupants.

Occupancy behaviour: Office work.

Wind speed: 1.5 m/S Buoyancy: Yes Inlet (surface) Azimuth: N

Weather data : Meteonorm Software used for simulation : Optivent

Openable window pane. Double glazed window with wooden frame.

Openable window pane. Double glazed window with wooden frame.

Natural Ventilation strategy: Cross ventilation

Winter

MId - season

Summer

The graphs below demonstrate natural ventilation performance during winter where the average outdoor temperature is 8 C. Wind-driven is expected during winter according to the wind analysis. The results do not comply with ASHRAE 55-2-13 adaptive comfort standards.

During mid-season, the natural ventilation process is more effective than the winter season. The Adaptive comfort band in the graph below shows the natural ventilation results are slightly under the comfort band.

Expected wind driven are considered in the results.

As the temperature increases during summer, the amount of cooling indoors is required, in this test, the results show that the building requires additional cooling devices to achieve a comfortable temperature inside the building.

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9.9 Environmental Performance of West Side Section.

Before To reduce winter losses and summer heat gains the building envelope has to be insulated to high standards. Windows in the design extension are intended to be double glazing that has a U-value of 2.8 W/m2K. Before additions, the Ibrahim House had several spots with complete darkness as these spots lacked openings, in particular on the south side.

The bioclimatic section shows the implementations of skylights on the lower floor are capable of delivering natural daylight.

Also, an extra opening was added in the lower floor to allow natural ventilation to access through the office's hallway.

The construction material for the extension building consists of lightweight concrete for walls with 2 cm of thermal insulation for the walls due to its sustainability and low cost.

17 lux

9 lux

0 lux

Direct southern summer sun light 80

Future solar panels

Direct southern winter sun light 35

Large , full height windows to allow m a x i m u m daylight to access the building.

Studio 15-20 cm overhang block to mitigate summer sun

After additions : Studio

Large, living spaces are kept brightly lit, by having large, full skylight opening in the ceiling to make the living spaces look more welcoming and lively.

Study area

Future solar panels

Offices

Stack ventilation through offices corridor, hot air exists out of the corridor skylight opening.

55

Figure (117): East side bioclimatic section Source: Author

9.9 Environmental Performance of West Side Section.

Direct southern summer sun light 80 Solar panels implemented on the terrace roof to provide renewable solar energy for the building convert sunlight into electricity.

The extended mesh to the upper terrace acts as a w i n d b r e a k e r. W i n d velocity 0.5 - 1 m/s coming from the north west side.

The additional layer will control the wind velocity effecting the north openings.

This section demonstrates the environmental performance of the architecture studio and how the ventilation flow will behave indoors.

An open space ( outdoor gallery)

Transparent mesh for visual accessibility.

Daylight control

The additional layer will reduce the sound level coming from the street

Additional layer to minimize heat infiltration during winter.

Direct southern winter sun light 35

Insulated roof: U-Value = 0.46 W/ m2K 2 cm tilling.

3 cm gravel.

0.5 cm waterproof membrane.

5 m cm extruded polstrene thermal insulation.

0.5 damp proof membrane.

5 cm screed.

20 cm reinforced concrete roof slab.

Windows: Windows lose heat faster than a wall of the same area. Therefore, it is important to improve the thermal transmittance of the window glazing. Double glazing windows were considered in the design for sound reduction and reduce heat transfer, which contributes to lowering cooling and heating loads during seasons.

Building materials: Wall: Walls are the largest surface of the building, their thermal transmittance ( U-Value) has a major effect on the cooling and heating demand. The U- Value for the wall is 0.49 W/ m2K. The less U-Value of the walls the lowest there'll conductivity and has the highest thermal transmission rate.

Figure (118): Design studio bioclimatic section Source: Author

Solar radiation to glazing transmitted, reflected and absorbed.

Glazing specifications: Single glazing, U- Value = 5.88 W/m2K Double glazing, U- Value = 2.88 W/m2K. Double glazing windows were considered in the design because of it better thermal transmittance performance compared to single glazed windows

Insulation: Proper insulation plays a major role in reducing cooling load inside the building, as the wall insulation reduces the heat transfer from the outside to the side. Particularly in hot regions. The insulation in the design was placed internally as it is sufficient during the cold winter season where the temperature drops to 4C where the heating energy is needed, in that case, the heat transfer will be from the inside to the outside, the heat will not be observed by the wall.

56

9.10 Indoor Thermal Comfort Performance on the Design Studio TAS simulation - Temperature C Summer

The architecture studio was tested on TAS simulation to see its environmental performance during seasons winter, summer, and mid-season, and how the South mesh will have the effect the indoor temperature, in addition to the north facade. Different scenarios were created and tested to see how the indoor temperature will be affected with the additional north and south skin.

With south mesh north facade open

The mesh on the south facade blocks solar rays accessibility which helped in reducing the air temperature indoors. North facade shutters contributed in decreasing the

35

800

28

640

21

480

14

320

7

160

0

indoor temperature by providing extra ventilation.

Without south mesh north facade closed

1

2

3

4

5

External Temperature (°C)

6

7

8

9

studio 1 L Dry Bulb (°C)

10

11

12

studio 1 R Dry Bulb (°C)

13

14

15

16

stuidio 2 L Dry Bulb (°C)

17

18

19

20

studio 2 R Dry Bulb (°C)

21

22

23

24

0

studio 1 L Solar Gain (W)

35

800

28

640

21

480

14

320

7

160

Inputs Weather Data

meteonorm

Walls

light weight concrete (20cm thickness )

Roof

light weight concrete (20cm thickness )

Windows

1 m x 1.5 m

During the summer season the indoor temperature increases due to the absence of the southern mesh. North shutters were shut completely which also helped in increasing the indoor

0

1

500

Occupancy time

24 hrs

No. Occupants

50

Without south mesh and north facade

solar radiation accessibility to the building during summer has an impact on the surface temperature on the south facade which increased

57

the indoor temperature to 30C.

3

4

5

External Temperature (°C)

temperature.

Internal gains

2

6

7

8

9

studio 1 L Dry Bulb (°C)

10

11

12

13

studio 1 L Solar Gain (W)

14

15

16

studio 1 R Dry Bulb (°C)

17

18

19

20

stuidio 2 L Dry Bulb (°C)

21

22

23

24

0

studio 2 R Dry Bulb (°C)

35

800

28

640

21

480

14

320

7

160

0

1

2

3

4

External Temperature (°C)

5

6

7

8

studio 1 L Dry Bulb (°C)

9

10

11

12

studio 1 L Solar Gain (W)

13

14

15

16

studio 1 R Dry Bulb (°C)

17

18

19

20

stuidio 2 L Dry Bulb (°C)

21

22

23

24

studio 2 R Dry Bulb (°C)

0

9.10 Indoor Thermal Comfort Performance on the Design Studio With south mesh north facade open

100

TAS simulation - Humidity % Summer

80

60

40 Figure (119): The southern mesh contributes to lowering the indoor

20

0

1

2

3

4

External Humidity (%)

5

6

7

8

9

studio 1 L Relative Humidity (%)

10

11

12

13

14

studio 1 R Relative Humidity (%)

15

16

17

18

19

stuidio 2 L Relative Humidity (%)

20

21

22

23

24

temperature. Therefore, a slight drop in the humidity level caused by the additional opening in the north facade for ventilation.

studio 2 R Relative Humidity (%)

Without south mesh north facade closed

100

80

60

Inputs

40 Figure (120): By removing the shadings on the south facade and blocking air flow from the north, the

20

0

The indoor humidity plays a major role in providing a comfortable indoor space for the occupants. Therefore, different scenarios were created to see the additional north facade position will effect on the indoor humidity during summer season where the average humidity outdoors is between 30% - 40%.

1

2

3

4

External Humidity (%)

5

6

7

8

9

studio 1 L Relative Humidity (%)

10

11

12

13

14

studio 1 R Relative Humidity (%)

15

16

17

18

19

stuidio 2 L Relative Humidity (%)

20

21

22

23

24

studio 2 R Relative Humidity (%)

indoor humidity increases by 3%, caused by the increase of the indoor dry bulb temperature.

100 Without south mesh and north facade

80

Weather Data

meteonorm

Walls

light weight concrete (20cm thickness )

Roof

light weight concrete (20cm thickness )

Windows

1 m x 1.5 m

Internal gains

500

Occupancy time

24 hrs

No. Occupants

50

60

40

20

0

Figure (121): By removing the southern mesh and the north facade 1

2

3

External Humidity (%)

4

5

6

7

8

studio 1 L Relative Humidity (%)

9

10

11

12

13

14

studio 1 R Relative Humidity (%)

15

16

17

18

19

stuidio 2 L Relative Humidity (%)

20

21

22

23

24

studio 2 R Relative Humidity (%)

layer, the indoor humidity level is constant at 20%.

58

9.10 Indoor Thermal Comfort Performance on the Design Studio TAS simulation - Temperature C Mid-season

With south mesh north facade open

35

800

28

640

21

480

14

320

7

160

Figure (122): The mesh on the south facade blocks 50% of solar rays accessibility which helped in

During mid-season where the average outdoor temperature is between 10C - 23C, different scenarios were tested to see its performance during that specific season to find if the indoor temperature needs additional heating or cooling devices.

increasing the air temperature indoors especially off-peak hours. North facade shutters contributed in regulating the indoor temperature by providing extra ventilation.

Without south mesh north facade closed

0

1

2

3

4

5

External Temperature (°C)

6

7

8

9

studio 1 L Dry Bulb (°C)

10

11

12

13

studio 1 L Solar Gain (W)

14

15

16

17

studio 1 R Dry Bulb (°C)

18

19

20

21

stuidio 2 L Dry Bulb (°C)

22

23

0

24

studio 2 R Dry Bulb (°C)

35

800

28

640

21

480

14

320

7

160

Inputs Weather Data

meteonorm

Walls

light weight concrete (20cm thickness )

Roof

light weight concrete (20cm thickness )

Windows

1 m x 1.5 m

Internal gains

500

Occupancy time

24 hrs

No. Occupants

50

Figure (123): During mid-season the indoor temperature increases due to the absence os the southern mesh.

North shutters were shut completely which also helped in increasing the indoor temperature.

Without south mesh and north facade

0

1

2

3

4

5

External Temperature (°C)

6

7

8

9

studio 1 L Dry Bulb (°C)

10

11

12

13

studio 1 L Solar Gain (W)

14

15

16

17

studio 1 R Dry Bulb (°C)

18

19

20

21

stuidio 2 L Dry Bulb (°C)

22

23

0

24

studio 2 R Dry Bulb (°C)

35

800

28

640

21

480

14

320

7

160

Figure (124): Solar radiation accessibility to the building during mid-season has an impact on the surface temperature on the south facade; the exposed north facade contributed in regulating the indoor

59

temperature by 20C.

0

1

2

3

4

External Temperature (°C)

5

6

7

8

studio 1 L Dry Bulb (°C)

9

10

11

12

studio 1 L Solar Gain (W)

13

14

15

16

studio 1 R Dry Bulb (°C)

17

18

19

20

21

stuidio 2 L Dry Bulb (°C)

22

23

24

0

studio 2 R Dry Bulb (°C)

9.10 Indoor Thermal Comfort Performance on the Design Studio With south mesh north facade open

100

TAS simulation - Humidity % Mid-season

80

60

40 Figure (125): The southern mesh contributes in blocking solar

20

0

1

2

3

4

External Humidity (%)

5

6

7

8

studio 1 L Relative Humidity (%)

9

10

11

12

13

14

studio 1 R Relative Humidity (%)

15

16

17

18

19

20

stuidio 2 L Relative Humidity (%)

21

22

23

24

studio 2 R Relative Humidity (%)

accessibility into the building, which contributes in the humidity level indoors. In this case the north facade was open which resulted in 39% humidity.

Without south mesh north facade closed

100

80

60

The indoor humidity play a major role in providing a comfortable indoor space for the occupants. Therefore, different scenarios were created to see the additional north facade position will effect on the indoor humidity during summer season where the average humidity outdoors is between 35% - 50%.

Inputs

40

20

0

1

2

3

4

External Humidity (%)

5

6

7

8

9

10

studio 1 L Relative Humidity (%)

11

12

13

14

studio 1 R Relative Humidity (%)

15

16

17

18

19

20

stuidio 2 L Relative Humidity (%)

21

22

23

24

studio 2 R Relative Humidity (%)

Figure (126): In this case, the results on the graph shows that solar accessibility is higher without the mesh, and the northern facade was completely closed, which contributed i n b l oc k i n g n a t u r a l v en t i l a t i on accessibility. It resulted in a slight increase in the indoor humidity level.

Without south mesh and north facade

Weather Data

meteonorm

Walls

light weight concrete (20cm thickness )

Roof

light weight concrete (20cm thickness )

Windows

1 m x 1.5 m

Internal gains

500

Occupancy time

24 hrs

No. Occupants

50

100 80 60 40 20 0

1

2

External Humidity (%)

3

4

5

6

7

8

studio 1 L Relative Humidity (%)

9

10

11

12

13

14

studio 1 R Relative Humidity (%)

15

16

17

18

19

stuidio 2 L Relative Humidity (%)

20

21

22

23

24

studio 2 R Relative Humidity (%)

Figure (128): Solar radiation accessibility to the building during mid season has an impact on the surface temperature on the south facade which regulates the indoor temperature to 20C.

60

9.10 Indoor Thermal Comfort Performance on the Design Studio TAS simulation - Temperature C Winter

With south mesh north facade open

Figure (129): The mesh on the south facade blocks 80% of solar rays accessibility which helped in increasing the air temperature

During winter season where the average outdoor temperature is between 6C - 15C, the different scenarios were tested to see its performance during cold seasons and whether the building required additional heating devices or not.

indoors especially off peak hours.

North facade shutters contributed in regulating the indoor temperature by providing extra ventilation. Additional heating is required to achieve indoor thermal comfort.

Without south mesh north facade closed

35

800

28

640

21

480

14

320

7

160

0

1

2

3

4

5

External Temperature (°C)

6

7

8

9

studio 1 L Dry Bulb (°C)

10

11

12

13

studio 1 L Solar Gain (W)

14

15

16

studio 1 R Dry Bulb (°C)

17

18

19

20

stuidio 2 L Dry Bulb (°C)

21

22

23

24

0

studio 2 R Dry Bulb (°C)

35

800

28

640

21

480

14

320

7

160

Inputs Weather Data

meteonorm

Walls

light weight concrete (20cm thickness )

Roof

light weight concrete (20cm thickness )

Windows

1 m x 1.5 m

Internal gains

500

Occupancy time

24 hrs

No. Occupants

50

Figure (130): During winter season the indoor temperature increases due to the absence os the southern mesh which allow more solar radiation to access. North shutters were shut completely. Therefore it minimized ventilation indoors.

Without south mesh and north facade

Figure (131): Solar radiation accessibility to the building during

61

winter season has an impact on the surface temperature on the south facade which regulates the indoor temperature to 15C. Additional heating is required to achieve indoor thermal comfort.

0

1

2

3

4

5

External Temperature (°C)

6

7

8

studio 1 L Dry Bulb (°C)

9

10

11

12

studio 1 L Solar Gain (W)

13

14

15

16

studio 1 R Dry Bulb (°C)

17

18

19

20

stuidio 2 L Dry Bulb (°C)

21

22

23

24

0

studio 2 R Dry Bulb (°C)

35

800

28

640

21

480

14

320

7

160

0

1

2

3

4

5

External Temperature (°C) studio 2 R Dry Bulb (°C)

6

7

8

9

studio 1 L Dry Bulb (°C)

10

11

12

13

14

studio 1 L Solar Gain (W)

15

16

17

18

studio 1 R Dry Bulb (°C)

19

20

21

22

23

stuidio 2 L Dry Bulb (°C)

24

0

9.10 Indoor Thermal Comfort Performance on the Design Studio 100

With south mesh north facade open

TAS simulation - Humidity % Winter

80

60

40 Figure (132): Due to the low sun angle during the winter season, the

20

0

1

2

3

4

External Humidity (%)

5

6

7

8

9

10

studio 1 L Relative Humidity (%)

11

12

13

14

studio 1 R Relative Humidity (%)

15

16

17

18

19

20

stuidio 2 L Relative Humidity (%)

21

22

23

24

studio 2 R Relative Humidity (%)

100

amount of solar radiation accessing the indoors is high, which causes a temperature increase, and that follows with humidity increase, As it reaches 43%.

Without south mesh north facade closed

80

The indoor humidity plays a major role in providing a comfortable indoor space for the occupants. Therefore, different scenarios were created to see the additional north facade position will effect on the indoor humidity during summer season where the average humidity outdoors is between 35% - 50%.

60 Inputs

40

20

0

Figure (133): When the North panels

1

2

3

4

External Humidity (%)

5

6

7

8

9

studio 1 L Relative Humidity (%)

10

11

12

13

14

studio 1 R Relative Humidity (%)

15

16

17

18

19

stuidio 2 L Relative Humidity (%)

20

21

22

23

24

studio 2 R Relative Humidity (%)

are oriented 180, it limits the air coming from the north-west, in addition to the high solar accessibility, therefore, it increases the indoor humidity level.

Weather Data

meteonorm

Walls

light weight concrete (20cm thickness )

Roof

light weight concrete (20cm thickness )

Windows

1 m x 1.5 m

Internal gains

500

Occupancy time

24 hrs

No. Occupants

50

Without south mesh and north facade

100

80

60

40 Figure (134): This graph demonstrates results without the

20

0

1

2

3

External Humidity (%)

4

5

6

7

8

studio 1 L Relative Humidity (%)

9

10

11

12

13

14

studio 1 R Relative Humidity (%)

15

16

17

18

19

stuidio 2 L Relative Humidity (%)

20

21

22

23

24

studio 2 R Relative Humidity (%)

south shading and the North skin, as a conclusion, the indoor humidity ranges between 42%-45% in the design building Whether with facades and shadings or without.

62

10. Objectives and Research Conclusion

The elements of traditional historic building prove that this kind of building is relatively sustainable, because it adapts to the environment, furthermore, uses few resources as possible. It may also be useful add to modern building principles by consistently orienting construction on existing climate conditions such as solar radiation. Adapting to local conditions and locational requirements ( topography, climate, other environmental conditions, social aspects), traditional building offers some advantages include:

Economic objectives : Design objectives : •

Heritage conversation

•

accessibility to the users GJU students and public users)

•

showcase for sustainable design and development, in order to inspire future local architects and designers to demonstrate the applicability to similar building situations.

•

Social objectives :

Revive the old heritage/historic existing buildings.

•

utilize the building using natural resources, therefore, requires less energy consumption.

•

less cost to run to run the building.

•

Educate people and spread awareness about the environmental sustainable methods and climate change.

•

create social opportunities and serve the local residents needs,

- Natural thermal insulation ( cold and heat) through appropriate orientation of the building, integration of shading elements, utilisation of cooling effects of water expenses, bright colours facades, intelligent inner structure and consideration of heat bridges in the indoor environment.

- Regional building materials, relatively high share of handwork is positively affecting the local labour market, generally user- friendly and easy to use materials, adaptation to most adverse conditions, and value enhancement of the building. This shows the superiority of traditional building when applied intelligently.

The design extension was an opportunity to initiate and perform design and environmental passive strategies that can enhance the building performance. The research aimed to achieved several objectives, design, economic, and social. The diagram demonstrates how these objectives were met in the design process.

63

Through utilizing the old historic building ( Ibrahim Hashim house ) Utilising a historic house that was abandoned for 30 years and has a social value among the Jordanian citizens.

Through design appearance The design building will be shaped by the students and locals so the graffiti coloured building will be more inviting not only to the public but also to the tourist. As the aim is to include the building in the tourist track.

Through building function ( program )

Through applying passive environmental strategies

Providing an additional work space for the university where students can have a physiologically, environmentally and comfortable space to use.

The outdoor gallery and view platform will invite the public to visit the building.

Seasonal environmental strategies used in the design: - Seasonal shading strategy.

- Evaporative cooling in the courtyards.

11. DESIGN PORTFOLIO

11. Design Portfolio

Site Plan Figure (135): Site plan Source: Author

Ground Floor Plan Figure (136): Ground floor plan Source: Author

m

65

11. Design Portfolio

First Floor Plan Figure (137): First floor plan Source: Author

Second Floor Plan Figure (138): Second floor plan Source: Author

Third Floor Plan Figure (139): Third floor plan Source: Author

m

66

11. Design Portfolio

South Elevation Figure (140): First floor plan Source: Author

North Elevation Figure (141): First floor plan Source: Author

Source: Author

m

67

11. Design Portfolio

Perspective view section A-A Figure (142): Perspective view section A-A Source: Author

A B

B

A

Section B-B Figure (143): Section B-B Source: Author

m

68

11. Design Portfolio

Main entrance for the architecture studios Trees on the south entrance to minimize solar radiation impact on the terrace which happen to be also the roof of the offices located underground.

Figure (144): Main entrance tot eh architecture studios Source: Author

69

Figure (146): Final design Source: Author

Main Entrance of the building Seasonal trees were placed on the south side of the courtyard to provide shading during summer and solar radiation accessibility during winter.

Figure (145): Building entrance.

Source: Author

12. APPENDENCES & REFERENCES

12. Appendices

Figure (147): Solar radiation distribution on Jordan map

Figure (148): Ibrahim House section (current environmental performance)

Figure (149): ( Thermal performance ) 3D visualization of the building extension - Summer Source: Author

71

Figure (152): ( Thermal performance ) 3D visualization of the Ibrahim house Summer Source: Author

Figure (149) : Section diagram to the west showing multi-level construction of Ibrahim Hashim House

Figure (150): ( Thermal performance ) 3D visualization of the building extension - mid season Source: Author

Figure (153): ( Thermal performance ) 3D visualization of the Ibrahim house mid season.

Source: Author

Figure (151): ( Thermal performance ) 3D visualization of the building extension - winter Source: Author

Figure (154): ( Thermal performance ) 3D visualization of the Ibrahim house winter.

Source: Author

12. References •

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•

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•

•

•

•

•

•

•

Ababsa, M. (2011). Social Disparities and Public Policies in Amman. Available from http://books.openedition.org/ifpo/1744 [Accessed 17 August 2016].

Akash, B. and Mohsen, M. (1998). Energy Analysis of Jordan’s Urban Residential Sector. 1st ed.

Almatarneh, R. (2013). Sustainability Lessons Learnt from Traditional Architecture: A Case Study of the Old City of As-salt, Jordan.

Available from http://www.iosrjournals.org/ iosr-jestft/papers/vol5-issue3/ T053100109.pdf?id=6688 [Accessed 22 August 2016].

Atiyat, D., AL-Soub, A., Bataineh, R., Abuameereh, S. and Matar, A. (2015).

Architectural Building Treatments in the Mediterranean Climate from an Environmental Perspective; Case Study of Amman City – Jordan. 1st ed. Amman: University of Jordan.

Bodart, M. and Evrard, A. (2011). PLEA: Architecture and Sustainable Developement.

France: PLEA. Garcia-pulido, L. (2012). Bioclimatic Devices of Nasrid Domestic Buildings. 1st ed. The Age Khan Program for Islamic Publisher.

I Design Arch. (2016). Contemporary Apartment in Jaffa Restored from Historical Building. Available from http:// www.idesignarch.com/contemporaryapartment-in-jaffa-restored-from-historicalbuilding/ [Accessed 4 August 2016].

Khammash Architects. (2002). Feynan Ecolodge. Available from http:// www.khammash.com/projects/feynan-ecolodge [Accessed 27 August 2016].

Khammash Architects. (2011). The Wild Jordan Nature Center. Available from http:// www.khammash.com/projects/wild-jordannature-center [Accessed 16 August 2016].

Klassert, C., Sigel, K., Gawel, E. and Klauer, B. (2015). Modeling Residential Water Consumption in Amman: The Role of Intermittency, Storage, and Pricing for Piped and Tanker Water. Available from http:// www.mdpi.com/2073-4441/7/7/3643/htm [Accessed 19 July 2016].

Matrouk, M. (2016). On the Contributions of Jordanian Architects in the Contemporary Local Architecture Dabbas Architecture and Its Manifestations of Environmental Issue. 1st ed. Amman: Faculty of Engineering, Architecture Department, Al-Albayt University.

Figures References •

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•

• •

•

•

•

•

Nash, J (2007). The Report: Emerging Jordan 2007. Amman: Oxford Business Group.

Parliament, C. (2012). 130502 Climate Parliament Renewable Energy Jordan Overview. 1st ed. Amman: Amman.

Potter, R., Darmame, K. and Nortcliff, S. (2010). Issues of Water Supply and Contemporary Urban Society: The Case of Greater Amman, Jordan. Available: http:// rsta.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/ 368/1931/5299#sec-1 [Accessed 1 August 2016].

Potter, R., Darmame, K., Barham, N. and Nortcliff, S. (2009). ‘‘Ever-growing Amman’’, Jordan: Urban expansion, social polarisation and contemporary urban planning issues.

1st ed. United Kingdom: Department of Geography, School of Human and Environmental Sciences, University of Reading.

Reardon, C. and Clarke, D. (2013). Passive Cooling. Available from http:// www.yourhome.gov.au/sites/ prod.yourhome.gov.au/files/pdf/ YOURHOME-PassiveDesignPassiveCooling.pdf [Accessed 15 June 2016].

Shawash, J. (2003). Architecture in Amman During the Emirate of Transjordan. 1st ed.

Amman: Nabil Abu-Dayyeh.

Solar Panel Tilt. (2015). Optimum Tilt of Solar Panels. Available from http:// www.solarpaneltilt.com/ [Accessed 14 July 2016].

Sustainability Workshop. (No Date). Human Thermal Comfort. Available from http:// sustainabilityworkshop.autodesk.com/ buildings/human-thermal-comfort [Accessed 28 August 2016].

•

•

•

•

•

•

• •

•

•

Akash, B. and Mohsen, M. (1999). Energy analysis of Jordan’s urban residential sector. [image] Available from: http:// www.joriew.org/uploads/private/ joriew_org_energy_analysis_of_jordans_urba n_residential_sector.pdf [Accessed 12 Jan. 2016].

Alghad online news, (2005). Salt city. [image] Available from: http:// www.alghad.com [Accessed 8 Jul. 2016].

Amman, (2016). Social Disparities and Public Policies in Amman. [image] Available from: http://books.openedition.org/ifpo/ 1744 [Accessed 2 Apr. 2016].

Ammar khammash Architects, (2002). http://www.khammash.com/projects/ feynan-eco-lodge. [image].

Ammar Khammash Architects, (2001). Wild Jordan building. [image] Available from: http://www.khammash.com/projects/wildjordan-nature-center [Accessed 5 Feb. 2016].

Dezeen, (2013). Jaffa house. [image] Available from: http://www.dezeen.com/ 2013/09/08/jaffa-house-by-pitsoukedem/ [Accessed 2 Mar. 2016].

Elseed Art, (2013). http://elseed-art.com/. [image]. khoshan, (2015). Apartment for sale in Khalda. [image] Available from: http:// www.qoshan.com/property/apartment-forsale-in-khalda-amman-2/ [Accessed 8 Feb. 2016].

Potter, R., Darmame, K. and Nortcliff, S. (2010). Issues of water supply and contemporary urban society. [image] Available from: http:// rsta.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/ 368/1931/5299#sec-1 [Accessed 13 Mar. 2016].

Tripping.com, (2013). 5 Must-See Amman Attractions. [image] Available from: https:// www.tripping.com/What%20to%20do%20in %20Amman [Accessed 7 Mar. 2016].

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