Application Of Composite Materials In Aerospace & Automotive Industry:Review

International Journal of Advances in Engineering and Management (IJAEM) Volume 5, Issue 3 March 2023, pp: 697-723 www.ijaem.net ISSN: 2395-5252

Application Of Composite Materials In Aerospace & Automotive Industry:Review Lijalem Gebrehiwet1,a*, Ermiyas Abate2,a, Yared Negussie3,a, Tesfu Teklehaymanot4,a , Eden Abeselom5,a 1Msc in Mechatronic Engineering, Beihang University (BUAA), Beijing, China, 2Msc in Industrial Engineering, Addis Ababa University (AAU), Ethiopia, 3Msc in Aerospace Engineering, Defense Institute of Advanced Technology (DIT), India, 4Msc in Gas Turbine Engineering, Defense Institute of Advanced Technology (DIT), India 5 Assistant researcher at SSGI and currently Msc student in Space Engineering, AASTU, Ethiopia ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --------Date of Submission: 01-03-2023 Date of Acceptance: 10-03-2023 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------ABSTRACT: Composites are one of the most widely used materials because of their adaptability to different situations and applications. They are relative ease of combination with other materials to serve specific purposes and exhibit desirable properties for different applications mainly in Aerospace and Automobile due to its strength-toweight ratio which is higher than other material types. As a result, this composite materials review highlights different applications of composites in Aerospace and their types, compositions and features available worldwide. Different techniques, methodology adopted and findings of current studies performed on their applications as well as in specific areas analysed. MESC electrochemical energy storage, Isogrids, conductive fiber, FML, ablasive, abrasive resistant and carbon fiber-reinforced silicon carbide composites are reviewed with their future prospects. This paper reviews the detail material used for aerospace and automotive application.

Some common applications with automotive technology are also discussed with charts and figures for better clarification of the related topics.

KEYWORDS: Composite; Matrix; Fiber; Reinforcement; Composite processing; Aerospace composites

I. INTRODUCTION Composite materials consist of a combination of materials that are mixed together to achieve specific structural properties which are superior to the properties of the composition of individual materials. The composite material retains its separate properties when compared to metallic alloys which made them more important in developing lightweight design [1].

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Composite materials are divided in five principal types: polymer matrix composite, metal matrix composite, ceramic matrix composites, Carbon–Carbon and hybrid composites [2]. Polymer matrix composites are becoming more important in the construction of aerospace structures and aircraft parts. The new Boeing 787 structure including the wings and fuselage is composed largely of composites [3].

1.1 Composite Materials 1.1.1 Definition An advanced composite material is made of a fibrous material embedded in a resin matrix which is laminated with fibers oriented in alternating directions to give the material both stiffness and strength. Experimentally, the composite materials have different physical or chemical properties that are bonded together at the atomic and molecular levels scale greater than about 1 x 10-6 m (1m) [4]. High strength and stiffness, low density, relatively low weight, electrically and corrosion resistance are some of the general advantages of composites which are helpful for a weight reduction in the finished part [5].

The phase of reinforcing offers more stiffness and strength than the matrix. Composites are made of fibers or particles that are roughly identical in size in all directions [6]. They also referred to as Fiber-Reinforced Polymer (FRP) composites which are constructed from a polymer matrix and reinforced with synthetic or natural fiber to prevent cracks and fractures.

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Figure 1: Simple definition of composites [7] 1.1.2 Types of Composites The chart below illustrates how composite materials are categorized based on the kind of ingredients they are constructed and the matrix constituent is used as the basis for the first level of categorization, as shown in Figure 2 [8]. The second level of classification is based on the type of reinforcement used which includs fiber reinforced composites, laminar composites, and particle composites [9].

Figure 3: Classification of composite with matrix materials The continuous phase is the matrix and a polymer of metal or ceramic type. The polymers have low strength and stiffness where as metals have intermediate strength and stiffness but high ductility. The matrix's function is to maintain the alignment of the reinforcement particles. Ceramics are fragile despite having excellent stiffness and strength. The matrix keeps the fibers in the right orientation and spacing while shielding them from the environment and abrasion. Figure 3 shows the classification of composites according to the type of matrix material [11].

1.1.4 Reinforcements When creating composites, a variety of reinforcements are used. As seen below, continuous threads, discontinuous fibers, whiskers (elongated single crystals), flakes, and particles are a few types of reinforcement [12].

Figure 2: Types of composite materials [10] 1.1.3 The Matrix Polymers are popular matrices used in fiber reinforced plastics and matrix polymers are essentially thermoplastic or thermoset materials which are determined their main difference by the technical requirements for a particular treatment and application. The main materials for the substrate and resin are Polyester, epoxy, Polyamid, PEEK (Polyetheretherketon), or PEI [10].

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Figure 4: Types of reinforcements The Continuous, aligned fibers types are the most efficient reinforcement form and are widely used especially in high-performance applications. However, for ease of fabrication as well as to achieve improved impact resistance continuous fibers are converted into a wide variety of reinforcement forms using textile technology.

The key reinforcement types are shown in Figure 4 above.

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The Fibers A fiber has a length that is much greater than its diameter and the aspect ratio is length-todiameter (l/d). Continuous fibers have long aspect ratios whereas discontinuous fibers have short aspect ratios. Unidirectional, woven cloth and helical winding are continuous reinforcements (Figure 5a) which are chopped fibers and random mat (Figure 5b) [13].

Discontinuous-fiber composites are normally somewhat random in alignment.

Continuous-fiber composites are used where higher strength and stiffness are required but at a higher cost. On other hand, discontinuous-fiber composites are used where cost is the main driver and strengthstiffness is less important [2]. Continuous-fiber composites are often made into laminates by stacking single sheets of continuous fibers in different orientations to obtain the desired strength and stiffness properties with fiber volumes as high as 60% to 70%. E-glass, C-glass, R and T-glass are used for structural reinforcements. It is available in the forms of strand, yarns and rovings [14].

1.1.5 Types of Man-made fibers In seventeenth century a scientist named Hooke suggested that if proper liquid were squirted through a small aperture and allowed to congeal a fiber can be produced. Man-made are formed from a suitable raw material as a thick, sticky liquid extruded through spinneret holes forming streams that are solidified into fibers [15]. a.

Glass fibers Glass fibers are mostly used because of their chemical resistance and dielectric characteristics. They have roughly comparable mechanical properties to other fibers such as polymers and carbon fiber. As a result they have wide application as a reinforcing agent for many polymer products to form a very strong and relatively lightweight fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) composite material called glass-reinforced plastic (GRP) as shown in the Figure 7 [10].

Figure7: Glass fiber Aramid fiber Aramid fiber is a man-made organic polymer produced by spinning a solid fiber from a liquid chemical blend and Aramid fiber grades in general have good resistance to impact and lower modulus. The bright golden yellow filaments produced can have a range of properties high strength and low density [16]. Aramid fibers are similar to carbon fiber regarding thermal expansion in case of increased ambient temperature the fibers get shorter and thicker. Their specific strength and modulus of elasticity are generally lower compared to carbon fiber. They are used extensively in ballistic applications [15]. b.

Figure 6: Types of man-made fibers

Figure 8: Aramid fiber Figure 5: (a), (b) and (c) Typical reinforcement types DOI: 10.35629/5252-0503697723

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Carbon fibers Carbon fibers have several advantages including high stiffness, tensile strength, chemical resistance and temperature tolerance. In addition to this they have low weight and thermal expansion.

Carbon fibers are usually combined with other materials to form a composite and with a lot of technical characteristics such as a high thermal and electrical conductivity and transparency in the field of x-ray applications which made them very popular in aerospace, military and automotive [10][15].

Carbon fiber is produced by the controlled oxidation, carbonization and graphitisation of carbon-rich organic precursors which are already in fiber form [14].

Advanced composite materials have broad applications in aerospace and they are divided into two basic types; thermosets and thermoplastics.

Thermosets are predominant type in use today and they are subdivided into several resin systems such as epoxies, phenolics, polyurethanes and polyimides. Epoxy systems currently dominate the advanced composite industry [17].

Figure 11: (a) Thermoplastic and (b) Thermosetting Structures [18] 1.2.1

Figure 9: Carbon fiber 1.2 Advanced Composite Materials Advanced composite materials (ACMs) are also known as advanced polymer matrix composites and they generally characterized by unusually high strength fibres with unusually high stiffness and modulus of elasticity characteristics. They are replacing metal components in many uses particularly in the aerospace industry [4].

Composites are classified according to their matrix phase such as polymer matrix composites (PMC's), ceramic matrix composites (CMC's), and metal matrix composites (MMC's). These properties are accompanied with low weight, corrosion resistance and in some cases special electrical properties.

Advanced composite materials are often classified according to the type of matrix material or physical form of reinforcing material [4].

Thermosets Thermoset resins require addition of a curing agent and they are mixed with impregnation onto a reinforcing material to produce a finished part. Thermoset polymers aren’t affected by additional heat exposure which makes them exhibit incredible resistance to heat, corrosion and mechanical creep. Some of the more common thermosets include epoxy, polyurethanes, phenolic and amino resins, bismaleimides and polyamides [19] [20].

Figure 12: Thermosets 1.2.2

Thermoplastics Thermoplastic polymers are formed when monomers link into chains and there are no crosslinks between the chains which made them soften when heated. They require only heat and pressure to form the finished part since they are nonreactive solids no chemical reaction occurs during processing [20].

Figure 10: Development of composite materials

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Figure 13: Thermoplastics Thermoplastic polymers are known for their recyclability and have different applications from consumer goods to complex aerospace components with different processes for manufacturing. Polyethylene, PVC, and nylon are some of thermoplastic polymers [19].

1.2.3 Polymer matrix composites, PMCs Polymer nano-composites materials are new composite types with nano-sized structure and reached the nano-scale size of composites in the polymer-based structure [21]. PMCs are commonly used composite and their matrix is generally reinforced with ceramic fibers which have high strength, excellent impact, compression, fatigue properties, outstanding chemical and corrosion resistance properties. PMCs have cost-effective processes of production and tooling and they have greater applications in different areas such as rocket and aircraft [17].

1.2.4 Carbon Matrix Composite The forms of carbon matrices resulting from the various carbon–carbon manufacturing processes tend to be rather weak and brittle. The most common type of carbon matrix composite is carbon–carbon and their thermal conductivities range from very low to high depending on the type of materials and manufacturing processes. They are widely used in aerospace and commercial applications where ablation is a key requirement.

Their main applications is in Aerospace which include exit cones, aircraft engine flaps, aircraft brakes, high-conductivity radiator panel, glassmaking equipment and optical bench. In addition to these they are used in rocket nozzles, re-entry vehicle leading edges, and nose cap and nose tips [22].

1.2.5 Ceramic matrix composites (CMCs) Ceramic matrix composites are a mixture of ceramic particulates, fibers and whiskers with a matrix of another ceramic. They can be defined as solid materials that normally show highly strong DOI: 10.35629/5252-0503697723

bonding. They have exceptional corrosion resistance, high melting points, superior compressive strength, and stability at high temperatures. Ceramic matrices are the common choice for high temperature applications such as pistons, blades and rotors in gas-turbine parts [17] [23].

Silicon carbide matrices reinforced with carbon and with silicon carbide fibers have been used in military aircraft engine flaps for weight reduction. The next generation of aircraft engines from at least one manufacturer is scheduled to make significant use of ceramic matrix composites.

Silicon carbide composites are being used in an increasing number of spacecraft optical systems and brakes in automobiles. Glass–ceramics reinforced with carbon and with SiC fibers are under research for a variety of aerospace and commercial applications [22].

1.2.6 Metal matrix composites (MMCs) Metal matrix composites are known as advanced materials and they are better than conventional materials in terms of better mechanical and thermal properties. Aerospace areas such as space shuttle rib truss and Hubble telescope wave guide are some of their applications. Aluminium, copper, iron, magnesium, nickel and titanium are common metal matrix nowadays [2][23]. In addition to this they use in aircraft and automotive technology components [22].

1.3 Structural Characteristics Structural properties of a composite laminate such as stiffness, dimensional stability and strength depend on the its stacking sequence of the plies [1] [24].

Figure 14: Different types of fabric types and woven fabrics [1]

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International Journal of Advances in Engineering and Management (IJAEM) Volume 5, Issue 3 March 2023, pp: 697-723 www.ijaem.net ISSN: 2395-5252 One of the terminologies to be considered in composite fabrics is fiber Orientation and the strength as well as the stiffness of a composite build-up depends on the orientation sequence of the plies. Warp Clock which indicates the longitudinal fibers of a fabric and a fiber form with an individual fiber is called a filament. Strand represents an individual glass fiber and the bundles of filaments are identified as tows, yarns or rovings. Most fibers are available as prepreg materials where the resin is already applied to the fiber [2].

Roving in fiber composite is a single fiber ends such as 20-end and 60-end glass rovings. In addition to this, rovings with 3K and 6K rovings are identification for carbon where K is 1,000 filaments [24]. Unidirectional prepreg tapes have been the standard within the aerospace industry for many years, and the fiber is typically impregnated with thermosetting resins [24]. Bidirectional fabric constructions usually offer more flexibility for layup of complex shapes than straight unidirectional tapes.

Tightly woven fabrics are usually the choice for aerospace structures to save weight [14] [24].

Figure 15: Typical fabric weaves styles [24] Knitted or stitched fabrics can offer many of the mechanical advantages of unidirectional tapes and they are held in place by stitching with fine yarns. Some common stitching yarns are polyester, Aramid, or thermoplastics [16].

II. COMPOSITE FABRICATION PROCESSING 2.1 Major Fabrication Processes In polymer composites the constituents are typically both polymer resin and reinforcement material. Composites are preferred for different applications because of their high strength with lightweight properties as compared to metals and the manufacturing process is very different [25].

Figure 17: Major polymer matrix composite fabrication processes [26] The major manufacturing processes for polymer matrix composites are shown in the figure 16. In the above fabrication process diagram, two types of manufacturing process of the polymer matrices are shown namely the thermosets and thermoplastics. In the first process, thermoset starts as a low-viscosity resin that reacts and cures during processing to form solid where as a thermoplastic is a high-viscosity resin that is processed by heating it above its melting temperature [27] [28]. The proper manufacturing process for composites depends on part size, geometry, number of units, type of reinforcement material and polymer matrix and the cost [26].

Composites manufacturing processes can be divided mainly open lay-up and closed mold as shown in the Figure 18. Wet hand lay-up of the open lay-up process is the earliest manufacturing method for composite parts and in this process a fabric layer is placed on top of the one-sided mold by pouring thermoset resin over the fabric layer. In this process we may use a brush or roller manually and handheld roller is used to apply pressure for compacting fabric layer by impregnating it with thermoset resin.

Another layer is added to the part or project after completely impregnated and the same procedure is repeated until the final shape or desired layer of lamination is completed [26].

Figure 16: Nonwoven materials (stitched) [24].

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Figure 18: Classification of Composite manufacturing processes 2.2 Open Lay-up fabrication process a. Hand lay-up Hand lay-up is the oldest and simplest way of making fibreglass resin composites. The main applications of this process are in standard wind turbine blades, boats, large container tanks, props and other form of sheets [22].

Figure 20: Spray lay-up process [1] Automated Tape Placement (ATP) ATP process is an open mold composite process which uses robotic arm to apply fiber/polymer resin, prepreg tape, heat and pressure from a system. It is designed to control the placement of prepreg tape over the mold and pressure. In addition to this, heat is applied in order to give strength to the fibers and curing of resin, respectively. There are compaction rollers to press the substrate. The ATP is controlled by a computer program to put the FRTP prepreg tapes in the desired configuration. The image below shows ATP being placed on Airbus A350 upper shell fuselage [20].

The main advantages of ATP process is the manufacturing of highly customized quality parts with low labor cost and low material waste. On the contrary, there are some disadvantages like high equipment cost, long process time, limited part geometry and size [25] [30]. c.

Figure 19: Hands lay-up process [29] The main disadvantages of the above process are low surface quality, high labor cost, high pollution to the environment, poor dimensional tolerances and low mechanical properties [25]. b.

Spray lay-up Spray lay-up is another type of open lay-up process for composite manufacturing. In this method the resin is not applied with spray gun. Continuous fiber is chopped and sprayed with polymeric resin simultaneously to the one-sided prepared mold [1].

The main problems with this process are low mechanical properties of final laminate and variation of thickness in the manufactured parts.

This process is more applicable for simple shaped parts with low performance applications such as shower stalls, vehicle trims and machine coverage.

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Figure 21: Automatic tape laying for Airbus A350 upper shell fuselage

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International Journal of Advances in Engineering and Management (IJAEM) Volume 5, Issue 3 March 2023, pp: 697-723 www.ijaem.net ISSN: 2395-5252 The mandrel shape and thickness of the laminate is determined by the overall size and shape of the finished part. Filament wound parts are commonly used in the aerospace, energy, and consumer product industries as shown in the figure below [35].

Figure 22: Schematic for filament winding of composite structures [31] d.

Filament winding Filament winding is one of the composite manufacturing process technologies mainly used for producing circular, cylindrical, hollow shaped parts such as pipes, poles, tubes, vessels and tanks. It has a winder machine to wind the fiber tows over the mandrel according to the required orientations [32].

The process of filament winding consists of wrapping continuous fiber bands over a rotating mandrel under controlled tension in a prescribed geometric path until the desired wall thickness is obtained [33]. The process in the filament winding (Figure 22) is first a woven fiber (1) is pulled continuously through a solution vessel (2) to be dipped in a dissolved polymer and curing agent. The fabric is then wound onto a form template (3) that rotates and translates alternately in the axial direction. After winding the solution is allowed to harden before the core is removed and then the hollow part removed. In some winding processes the solution is supplied after the fiber web is wound [31].

The relative angle of the tow to the mandrel axis is called the winding angle. This angle can be tailored to provide strength and stiffness in the desired directions. After some layers of tow have been applied, the resulting laminate is cured on the mandrel [34].

Figure 23: Filament wound parts [34]

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Figure 24: Parts produced by filament winding

III. APPLICATION OF COMPOSITE MATERIALS IN AEROSPACE & AUTOMOTIVE INDUSTRY 3.1 General Aerospace is a term used to collectively refer to the atmosphere and outer space. It consists of aeronautics and astronautics in addition to this they research, design, manufacture, operate or maintain both aircraft and spacecraft [36].

Composite materials have a wide application in aerospace industry especially in aircrafts’ technology. Composites are used for structural materials in safety critical airframe components such as the wings, fuselage, empennage and landing gear. In addition to this, they have applications in helicopter parts like fuselage, tail boom and rotor blades. They have gained popularity in highperformance lightweight products, yet strong enough to take harsh loading conditions for different aerospace components [37]. In aerospace technology, they are applied in airframe, skins and thermal insulation tiles of spacecraft.

Composites based titanium has a vast application for high temperature structures. They are typically used in the aerospace components due to their superior strength at high temperature and good corrosive resistance. The material, however, is expensive [37] [38]. Aluminium matrix composite such as Al-MMCs is recommended for advanced structural applications. They are familiar due to their easy availability, low-cost and attractive wear resistance. Al-MMCs are widely used because of their basic properties like durability, machinability and accessibility than other competing materials [37] [39].

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Figure 25: Composite materials and technologies [40] Table 1: Applications of composite FUSELAGE Radome

Forward fuselage

Canopy frames

Mid fuselage

Rear fuselage

Cabin doors

Tail cone

Floor beams

Floors

Lining

OBC

Speed brakes Air ducts

Partitions

Rotor-domes

Doors and Fairings Landing gear fairings LG doors Equipment access doors Stabilizer fairings 3.2 Applications in Aviation (Aircrafts) Composite aircraft components used for structural application are generally fabricated with a sandwich construction. The structure commonly has a face sheets of carbon fiber or carbon fiber combined with glass fibers with a honeycomb core.

For interior aircraft applications, composite parts are required to meet mechanical properties and processability requirements [37] [41]. Materials

Box beam skins Fixed leading edges

Landing gear pods Wing-fuselage fairings used for pressurized parts in aircraft structure must meet the flammability resistance requirements.

Composite materials which are generally fiber reinforced epoxy or phenolic resin have wide applications in interior parts such as overhead bins, sidewall panels, ceilings, floor boards, galleys, partitions, cargo floor board liners. Composite applications in aircraft are shown in the tables below.

Table 2: Detail applications of composites in Aviation WINGS Winglets Leading edge Box beam flaps/slats Fixed trailing edge Rap track Actuator fairings panels fairings

Ailerons/flaps Raps & Spoilers Raps & Spoilers

PROPULSION SYSTEM Engine fan blades Fan cowls

Engine casing Turbine blade rings

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Nozzle flaps Pylon fairings

Thrust reversers Fuel tanks

Engine nacelle and Propeller blades cowling

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Horizontal stabilizers Fixed trailing edge Skins Sub-structure Ventral fins

Skins Tips Rudders Tips

EMPENNAGE Sub-structure panels Leading edges Elevators Vertical Stabilizers Fixed trailing edge panels Leading edges HELICOPTER

Main rotor blades

Tail rotor blades

Phenolic resin is widely used due to its excellent fire resistant properties such as low flammability, low smoke and toxic gas emission with the predominant design considerations for interior components. A Glass fiber is the most commonly used fiber for interior aircraft parts [42].

Weight is the main factor which improves the efficiency and performance of aircrafts. This can be achieved by decreasing the aircraft weight by using light weight materials by applying composite materials in different aircraft structures [43] [44] [41]. Applications of composites on aircraft are used in different parts including aircraft lightning protection which is reviewed in the next topics [41] [43].

3.2.1 wing)

Application in Aircraft structures (Fixed

The use of fiber reinforced composites has become increasingly attractive materials as an alternative to the conventional metals in many aircraft components. This is mainly due to their light weight, increased strength, durability, corrosion resistance, resistance to fatigue and damage tolerance characteristics. Composite materials have a wide application in aircraft related technologies as enumerated in the above tables. Some of them are aerofoil surfaces, compressor blades, engine bay doors, fan blades, rotor shafts in helicopters, turbine blades, turbine shafts, wing box structures e.t.c [45] [44]. The airframe of the new Boeing 787 utilizes 50 percent composite in its airframe. All future Airbus and Boeing aircraft will use large amounts of highperformance composites as shown in the figure below [46] [44].

Rotor drive shafts

Figure 26: Composite used in aircraft application Polymer matrix composites carries higher strength and stiffness replacing conventional aluminium based alloys in the field of aerospace sciences [26]. Airbus Industries used advanced composites on the Airbus A300 aircraft. In Boeing 777 structure, the graphite-epoxy empennage was the first composite primary structure. Boeing 777X enters commercial service in 2020 and used composite wings [45].

Figure 27: Use of Composites in Boeing 787 [45] Generally CFRP is used in Boeing aircrafts for aileron, flaps, elevator, rudder, landing gear doors, engine cowlings doors and fairing. A320 uses composites in fuselage belly skins, fin, fuselage fairings, wing fixed leading/trailing edge bottom access panels, deflectors, trailing edge flaps, flap track fairings, spoilers, ailerons, nose wheel/main wheel doors, main gear leg fairing doors, nacelles and carbon brakes [45]. Total weight comparison of

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3.2.2 Application in Helicopter structures (Rotary wing) Lifting a helicopter requires a large power to lift to overcome the weight. The heavier the helicopter means bigger engines are required with stronger fuselage which has impact on the weight and cost of the parts. A stronger light weight fuselage made of composites requires small sized engines which reduces the overall weight of the helicopter and cost [48]. Use of composites in helicopter structures is widely used to various parts such as cock pit, main & tail rotor blades, stabilizers and fuselage parts as shown in the figure below [48][49].

(b) Figure 29: (a) Typical Honeycomb Material (b) Modified helicopter blade construction Fatigue characteristics of the composite blade are considerably better than their aluminium counterparts with the aluminium failing near 40,000 cycles and the composite blade exceeding 500,000 cycles without failure [50].

3.2.3

Application in gas turbine engines Gas turbine engines require special materials that can withstand extreme conditions acting on the various components and sections to provide energy and thrust smoothly. In general, they require materials that are lightweight, high strength, damage tolerant, high temperature capable, oxidation and corrosion resistant [51]. Increase in combustor inlet temperature while minimizing the coolant gas requirement for combustor liner cooling is achieved by using integrally woven ceramic matrix composites (CMC) [26].

Figure 28: Helicopter with composite parts [49] There are different materials used to construct honeycomb shape or structure. Common honeycomb structure uses aluminium, glass-fiber and carbon fiber. It is mainly applied in rotor structures i.e. main and tail rotor structures. For decades glass fiber–reinforced rotor blades for improved fatigue resistance were used. The favourable structural properties of the mostly fibreglass foils allow for increased lift and speed [49].

Figure 30: Ceramic materials in gas turbine engine [52]

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Gas turbine engine parts which use carboncarbon composites are exhaust nozzle flaps, seals, augmenters, combustors and acoustic panels.

Carbon-carbon composite are being used in products such as the nozzle in the F-l00 jet engine afterburner and turbine wheels. The effective cooling of high temperatures in the combustor liner is achieved by using integrally woven CMC which has a wide application in development of gas turbine [26]. |Impact Factorvalue 6.18| ISO 9001: 2008 Certified Journal

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Figure 31: Boeing CMC and GE passport exhaust nozzle [52] The lower density properties of ceramic materials in comparison to metallic materials are made them excellent choice in aero engines. They are more applicable for light-weight hot-section components of aircraft turbine engines’ exhaust nozzles with long duration design operating lifetimes [53].

Figure 32: Aircraft engine nacelles made from composites [54] Ceramic thermal barrier coatings (TBCs) are technologically important because of their ability to increase turbine engine operating temperatures and reduce cooling requirements which greatly help to achieve engine performance and emission goals [53].

Figure 34: Composite Technology advancement in the GE engine 3.2.4

Application in aircraft brakes Carbon fiber reinforced is a high strength composite material with low specific weight and high heat absorption capacity. These materials have also resistance to thermal shock, damage and high temperature. Due to the above properties, carboncarbon composites have a wide application in brakes. Their basic properties meet the brake requirements in normal and overweight during landing conditions. These brake designs are currently being used in different aircrafts such as Concord, Airbus and Boeing family to save the overall aircraft weight [26][56]. They were introduced in the GE90 engine, to improve the impact damage resistance which is an important design to prevent bird strikes. The fan case in turbofan engine is the heaviest part in the engine. It is made from relatively light materials such as Titanium, Aluminium, and CFRP are used for the fan case [95].

Figure 35: Carbon-Carbon/C-SiC composite aircraft brakes [57] [58] Figure 33: A schematic diagram of hot-section of turbine components Thermal barrier coatings are extensively used in the hot-section of turbine components. Some of the parts are combustors, high pressure turbine (HPT) vanes, and HPT blades [53]. The recent developments of composite applications are in GEnx engines shown in the Figure 34. The fan blades are composed of Carbon Fiber Reinforced Plastic composite (CFRP) blades and titanium leading edge (Ti-6Al-4V alloys) [55].

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3.2.5 Aircraft’s seat, overhead baggage compartment and carpet fabric Interior aircraft components comprise a thermoplastic composition comprising different units. The first polymer comprising bisphenol, a carbonate units and monoaryl arylate units, or a second polymer comprising bisphenol. Carbonate units, monoaryl arylate units, and siloxane units, or a combination comprising at least one of the foregoing polymers can be components of the composites for aircraft interiors [26].

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International Journal of Advances in Engineering and Management (IJAEM) Volume 5, Issue 3 March 2023, pp: 697-723 www.ijaem.net ISSN: 2395-5252 the initial attachment points. Lightning currents in the channel flow through the aircraft when it has been struck. Lightning zonal points or aircraft body are made with carbon fibre reinforced plastics for lightning protection [63]. The surface of an external composite component often consists of a ply or layer of conductive material for lightning strike protection. The protection layers are on top of the aircraft parts as shown in the figure below.

Figure 36: Composite aircraft seating [59] [60] Multilayer polymeric or known as titanium oxide (TiO2) composites which possesses double self-cleaning property provides photo-oxidation and anti-sticking. Based on these properties, the material is used for fabric of seats and carpets in aircrafts [26].

Figure 39: Composite lightning protection material

Figure 37: Composite Overhead baggage compartment and cabin interiors [61] [62] 3.2.6

Lightning Protection Fibers An aluminium airplane is quite conductive and is able to dissipate the high currents resulting from a lightning strike. According to different resistivity properties, carbon fibers are 1,000 times more resistive than aluminium to current flow whereas epoxy resin is 1,000,000 times more resistive when it is perpendicular to the skin [63][64].

3.2.7 Aircraft radome The Aero Shield radome system is composed of 2 aircraft components: Radome and Adapter Plate plus fittings. The radome system provides key benefits to the aircraft operator which highly optimized aerodynamic shape reduces drag and increases fuel savings [65] [66].

Figure 40: Aircraft Radomes 3.3 Application in space technology Composite materials have a wide application in space technology such as in space vehicles, re-entry vehicle, engine nozzle, space structures, antenna, radar, satellite structures, solar reflectors, etc.

Figure 38: Lightning zones At zonal points the lightning channel is in direct contact with the airframe structure for a certain period of time and these points are defined as DOI: 10.35629/5252-0503697723

3.3.1 Space vehicle The weight saving by structural components of composite material directly affects the fuel saving which makes the operation of space vehicle more economical. Composite materials are

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This is largely helpful and applied to weight reduction of the Ares I and Ares V launch vehicles.

Researches on composite material for space shuttle components are progressing for its weight saving potential [67]. NASA Langley fabricated and tested segment of graphite polyamide aft of body flap. In addition to this, Langley conducted composite trade studies for constellation program including. NASA Langley leading trade studies of heavily loaded composite barrel concepts for interstage applications on the Ares V launch vehicle [67].

Figure 42: Ion and Hall Thrusters with thermal barrier seals for In-Space Propulsion CMC materials offer benefits in terms of temperature resistance. CMCs are therefore employed as prime material for thermal protection systems. According to the research of ESA’s Atmospheric Re-entry Demonstrator (ARD), which was the first European Earth return craft completing a full space mission from launch to landing in 1998, was used to test ceramic matrix composite tiles on the heat shield [71].

Figure 41: Composite sandwich for SLV [68] The NASA Composite Technology for Exploration (CTE) Project is developing and demonstrating critical composite technologies. It has goals of advancing composite technologies and providing lightweight structures to support future NASA exploration missions as shown above [69].

MMCs applications in space vehicle was the use of B/Al tubular struts serving as frame and rib truss members in mid fuselage section as well as a landing gear drag link of Space Shuttle Orbiter.

Carbon-Carbon-Composites are used in the leading edges for the space shuttle and they have been used extensively in both expendable and reusable launch vehicles. Carbon fiber reinforced material was first used under extreme thermal and mechanical loads in space technology. It is high temperature materials used for planetary Entry, Descent and Landing (EDL) for space craft. High modulus carbon fiber reinforced laminates are the standard for many composite spacecraft applications. In human-rated crew capsules, composite panels are used to support the Thermal Protection System (TPS) required for vehicle reentry [70]. Some type of composites known as ceramic materials have lower densities which has great advantage on rocket exhaust nozzles and thermal protection systems for space vehicles.

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Figure 43: Heat shield of the ARD re-entry vehicle Carbon fiber-reinforced silicon carbide (C/SiC) is mainly used in a variety of RLV propulsion applications. They offer high-strength carbon fibers and a high modulus, oxidationresistant matrix [72]. C/SiC has also been employed in combustion chambers and nozzles for hypersonic vehicle. Applications of CMCs in other parts of space vehicle, which are exposed to high temperatures, are described by several authors.

Looking into the future, the extended use of ceramic matrix composites in space applications faces some challenges. First, there are challenges related to up scaling the manufacturing from coupon level to component level [72].

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Figure 44: Aestus engine with C/SiC nozzle Special high temperature resistant composites materials are applied for the hottest components in rocket nozzles throats and exit cones. They also used for re-entry vehicle heat shields. These materials can be classified into two general categories; namely ablatives and ceramic matrix composites [70]. Space Shuttle used carboncarbon panels on the nose and the wing leading edge to protect it from high temperatures exceeding 2,300°F during re-entry. Ablative composites are usually either silica or carbon fiber reinforced phenolic which absorbs heat by changing state. An ablative heat shield was used on the Apollo capsule, and a similar heat shield is being used on the Orion capsule [52].

Figure 45: Composites for in-space propulsions 3.3.2

Space structures Composites have been used in space applications for decades. The application in space technology continues to grow. Composite applications can be found on human spaceflight vehicles, satellites, payloads and launch vehicles.

Composites are enabling for spacecraft where lightweight and environmental stability are critical to mission success. They are also used extensively in launch vehicles for a growing number of applications [70].

Figure 46: Space vehicle and space station structures Launch vehicles widely employ composite structures for the design of their deployable payload fairings as and sections of the core booster such as inter-stages. Composites are widely used in the International Space Station. All composite crew modules for Orion exploration vehicle are built by NASA whereas the engineering and tooling support from Janicki Industries [40].

3.3.3

Satellite technology Space related materials manufactured by ―Today Advanced Composites‖ are used on most spacecraft, satellite, and planetary rover launched in the western world. They are a key player in the development and manufacture of cutting-edge, highreliability materials for use in the space market.

Today advanced composites has developed a wide range of product types of resin systems and standard reinforcements for use on high modulus PAN, pitch carbon fiber and specialty fabrics [73]. Advanced composites continues to develop a higher resolution and more accurate reflectors, and more deployable structures for the construction of ever-larger telecommunications satellites which house more powerful and sophisticated payloads [74].

Figure 47: Scientific satellite [75]

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Small satellites are of different types, sizes and weight up to 180kg. SmallSats are of variety of types such as Minisatellite (100-180 kilograms), Microsatellite (10-100 kilograms), Nanosatellite (110 kilograms) Picosatellite (0.01-1 kilograms) and Femtosatellite (0.001-0.01 kilograms) [76].

CubeSats technology and its new innovations in structures have showed a growing interest in recent years. CubeSats are a class of nanosatellites that use a standard size and form factor [76]. The original CubeSat standard was conceived in 1999 as a spacecraft with cubic shape and 100 mm sides which are standardized as 1 unit or 1U and a mass up to 1 kg. In current technology their weight are standardized up to 1.33 kg [77]. A composite body CanSat is a real model of a real satellite and its basic functions. The light weight Cansat is launched by a rocket to an altitude of about one kilometre and then dropped from a balloon. The composite structure casing of the Cansat allows withstanding external forces of the atmosphere and enabling to achieving a safe landing. This involves carrying out a scientific experiment safely and accurately [78].

along with applications of other composite systems are also used in Satellites [74].

Figure 49: Two variants of a Picosatellites; Tubesat and CubeSat [80] [81] In some nano satellites the structure integrated systematically with composite primary structures to allocate a higher volume and mass for the payload. The customizing and integrating capabilities of composite materials are highly attractive [77].

Figure 50: AraMiS CubeSat

Figure 48: CanSat models [78]

Picosatellites are defined as extremely small and lightweight satellites which has a mass less than 1 kg. The origin of the pico class is the CubeSat, which is 10cm × 10cm × 10 cm cubes.

CubeSat itself is a specification, not a piece of offthe-shelf hardware [79]. There are different materials used in aerospace especially for small satellite applications. One of the special types of composites called Fiber Metal Laminates (FML) has gained a lot of popularity regarding aerospace applications. FML are reinforcement of aluminium sheets using alternate layers of fiber-reinforced adhesives. Carbon fiber and epoxy reinforcements DOI: 10.35629/5252-0503697723

Different researches show that various composites types are used for the structural purpose like polyether ether ketone (PEEK) with 3D printed as shown in the figure 51. The micro/nano side panels are manufactured using open Isogrid plates which are partially hollowed-out structure that adhered to outside skins. The micro/nano side panels are less expensive to manufacture than a monocoque structure. The reinforced skins of the side panels provide a stiff, stable surface to affix body mounted solar cell arrays [82].

Figure 51: Composite structure for micro/nano satellites

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International Journal of Advances in Engineering and Management (IJAEM) Volume 5, Issue 3 March 2023, pp: 697-723 www.ijaem.net ISSN: 2395-5252 3.3.5 Application in space technology energy storage composite There are various research papers on composite energy storage. Some author analyses a structurally-integrated lithium-ion battery concept and developed multifunctional energy storage composite (MESC) structures. In this study lithiumion battery materials enclosed inside high-strength carbon-fiber composites. In order to stabilize the electrode layer interlocking polymer rivets are used to stack mechanically [83]. Stanford University and the U.S. Energy Department are engaged on the development of multifunction structures commonly known as Multifunction Energy-Storage Composites (MESC) that can store energy and carry loads. This research potentially reducing the weight of battery packs in electric aircraft [84].

high gain antenna made of 6061 aluminium matrix diffused in bonded sheets of P100 graphite fibers.

The composite antenna (3.6 m long) offers the desired stiffness and low coefficient of thermal expansion to maintain the position during space maneuvers [26].

Figure 54: Hubble Space Telescope Isolated On White Background [86] Graphite Gr-Al composite has been used as high-gain antenna boom for the Hubble Space Telescope as shown in Figure 55 with circled part.

In addition to this, SiC-Al and Gr-Al particlereinforced composites have great application in electronic packages. These packages are commonly used in communication satellites and Global Positioning System (GPS) satellites [71].

Figure 52: MESC structure by Stanford University Other study by researchers demonstrates a multifunctional battery platform where lithium-ion battery active materials are combined with carbon fiber weave materials to form MESC. This combination of the energy storage composites is made using traditional layup methods. The sealing medium for the battery is epoxy resin. The carbon fibers acts as both a conductive current collector and structurally reinforcing layer as shown in Figure 49 [85].

Figure 53: Carbon fiber battery for Cubesat 3.3.6

Telescope antenna Composite materials also have applications in Hubble space telescope which used DOI: 10.35629/5252-0503697723

Figure 55: High gain antenna boom for Hubble Space telescope Composite fibers have application in thermal protection for Hubble telescope structures.

It is insulated with blanket of multilayered which protects the telescope from temperature extremes [26].

3.4 Application in UAVs Unmanned aircraft vehicles, or UAVs, are becoming increasingly used in military, civil, and commercial applications. In military they are used for intelligence, surveillance, reconnaissance, attack, and combat as well as for scientific research, disaster prevention, infrastructure, security, traffic control, and communication for civilian purposes.

For commercial applications commonly applied in agricultural, environmental conservation and

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Figure 56: Different types of composite UAVs [88] Different designs of UAV models are being made with light weight composite materials. UAVs of current aerostructures are replaced with lightweight carbon fibre-reinforced polymer (CFRP) composite aerostructures such as wing, empennage, propeller, casing, cowling, booms, Quad main structures, ducts and a fuselage. There are different composite manufacturing processes for producing the above components in both high and low production volumes. Some of the processes are prepreg composite molding using industrial ovens and autoclaves. In addition to this resin transfer is molding and heated press/compression molding [89].

3.4.1 UAV fuselage, Wing, Control surfaces and Landing gear Nowadays UAVs are no longer simple and inexpensive and the use of lightweight advanced composites is essential in increasing UAV flight time. Lear Astronics Corp Development Sciences Centre’s (LACDSC) composite capabilities for the design and fabrication of UAVs include high molecular weight polyethylene, S-glass, high electrical resistivity glass [90].

These advantages of composites over metals in UAVs are:

Epoxies are the most commonly used thermosets in UAVs which provide good lowtemperature properties, high chemical resistance, good fiber adhesion, excellent dimensional stability.

They also have good performance under wet conditions and high dielectric properties. Improved epoxies are designed for higher-speed parts fabrication, greater toughness and use in higher temperatures are under research and development.

The most common thermoplastics used in UAV construction are polyethylene, polystyrene and polyetheretherketones (PEEK). Glass fiber is used occasionally for its low cost and is likely to be more common in civilian than military UAVs [91]. In some UAV study, carbon fiber, glass fiber, and epoxy resin are placed in an open mold and cured by exposure to air to make a model. This method is inexpensive and is suitable for manufacturing prototype products. In addition to this the researcher utilized the vacuum bag molding method. In which the carbon fiber, glass fiber, and epoxy resin are placed in the bag to form the shape. The figure below shows a result and method used by the researcher and he prepared the upper mold of the fuselage with ribs and the main structures [92].

Figure 58: Upper mold of the fuselage and final fuselage structure

Figure 57: Composite UAV DOI: 10.35629/5252-0503697723

Figure 59: The main and secondary structural modules of the UAV

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International Journal of Advances in Engineering and Management (IJAEM) Volume 5, Issue 3 March 2023, pp: 697-723 www.ijaem.net ISSN: 2395-5252 Depending on the shape of UAV some large wing structure are applied in different research papers. In order to manufacture the wing structure, considering the design weigh, drag-reduction effects, suitable features and long-term construction should also be considered to reduce drag and improve production.

NORCO produced 42m wingspan UAV made from composite materials high modulus carbon fiber for their client. Working closely with the clients, they developed lightweight & rigid solar-powered UAVs [93].

Figure 62: UAV wing made from carbon-epoxy In some cases, the core of the composite structure is made of a low density aerospace Styrofoam. The UAV composite structures are easy to repair and modify at the final design as compared to their aluminium counterparts [96].

Figure 63: Wing shapes created by mould

Figure 60: A wing production at NORCO In some cases there are top and bottom mold to produce a structure. After the prototype from wood structure, the wing section is checked for accuracy and final mold design is to be produced in CNC for better tolerance. Different designs of wing require a precise mold for manufacturing [94].

At present, composite parts with complex geometric shapes can be manufactured without the need for a mold design. The solution to this production problem is additive manufacturing which is the process of creating an object by building it one layer at a time. This method is frequently used when aiming to quickly obtain a single part or a few parts. A composite landing gear of the UAV aircraft will make it possible to run it safely on the ground without damaging the aircraft during take-off and landing [97].

Figure 61: Male and female type molds Figure 64: UAV composite landing gear UAV wing can be made from Carbon-epoxy, Aluminium 6082 T6 and Airex C70.75 [95].

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3.4.2

Multicopter frame and propellers Carbon fiber laminate is made from carbon fiber prepreg in the high temperature and high pressure environment. It has high strength, light weight, flame resistant, heat resistant and waterproof properties. Carbon fiber sheet is widely used in various fields, such as multicopter frames.

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with conformal cooling channels where as the polymer inexpensively to create plastic molds. The above Quadcopter models are manufactured by the molds shown in the figure 64 [100].

Figure 68: Metal molds to produce Quadcopters [99]

Figure 65: Carbon fiber product Carbon-epoxy composites have advantages in the weight reduction of designed structures for a particular purpose. ―UAVision‖ Company use carbon-epoxy composites in the structural components of their UAVs as shown in the Figure below. They bought the carbon-epoxy composite material in a plate shape, being cut by CNC machines based on their needs [95].

Figure 66: Quadcopter composite propellers and main frames [99] The plastic injection molding is becoming more popular in multicopter frame manufacturing.

The applied additive manufacturing process deposits material, one layer on top of another, using 3D printing and with a geometry created in a CAD [99].

Mold halves used in injection molding machines are manufactured using computer controlled vertical milling machines which have automatic tool calibration and change features.

Larger propellers are retrieved from the robotic injection molder. The material used in the molding compound for advanced composite propellers is primarily a long glass fiber composite this is due to its superior mechanical properties. The increased need and popularity of Quadcopter racing made some smaller propellers to be manufactured with a Polycarbonate material [101].

Figure 69: Propeller moulds 3.5 Application in automotive and piston engines Composite materials have wide applications in automotive technology namely in engine, brake system, battery, body parts and other components. Composites are widely used in the automotive brake system [165]. Metal matrix, ceramic matrix and carbon-carbon composites are mainly used in brake discs. Ceramic composites are the most commonly used brake pads. Carbon-carbon pads exhibit superior properties but their cost is currently very high. Carbon-carbon discs are very expensive, used only in sports cars [102].

Figure 67: Quadcopters from polymer injection molding Different Quadcopter project’s use of additive manufacturing involved both metal and polymer. The metal is used to build the mold inserts DOI: 10.35629/5252-0503697723

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International Journal of Advances in Engineering and Management (IJAEM) Volume 5, Issue 3 March 2023, pp: 697-723 www.ijaem.net ISSN: 2395-5252 Lightweight structures are essential to achieve the efficiency standards in transportation industry. Creating more free space in the under hood area CFRP acts as a super capacitor for energy storage functions of automotive body parts such as trunk lid, bumpers and body stiffener. Carbon fiber trunk lid of BMW E46 M3 CSL model is shown in the figure below [26].

Figure 70: Layers of brake pads [103] The figure below shows automotive carbon ceramic brake and braking system in automobile reaches up to a temperature of thousands degree Celsius. Carbon fiber reinforced silicon carbide (CSi) brake materials are being competitive brake materials for high speed train, heavy vehicles, and emergency brakes cranes [26].

Figure 73: BMW carbon fiber trunk lid [104][105][106] In a car, there are number of wires used to gather information from sensors or to operate several devices. Cable cords are replaced completely when carbon reinforced fibers are used to transmit electrical signals. A fiber composite structure comprised of layers of conductive fiber composites with insulation in between of them are used as a communication device [26].

Figure 71: Automotive carbon ceramic brake Efforts has been made since past several years understanding the characteristics of black phosphorus concerning application in the field of nano-electronics, nano-photonics, optoelectronics and other energy storage materials. They have applications in electrochemical energy storage devices such as lithium, sodium ion batteries and super capacitors [26]. In electric vehicles asymmetric super capacitor device of nickel cobalt oxide reduced graphite oxide (NiCO2O4–rGO) composite material and exhibits better stability towards multistage charge discharge cycling [26].

Figure 74: High-performance car with carbon fiber body [107] There is a possibility to reduce the weight of particular elements like pistons and connecting rods which reduce engine vibrations. The brake disc and brake drum in turn improve vehicle dynamics [108]. Carbon-carbon material maintains its strength at elevated temperatures which allows the piston to operate at higher temperatures and pressures in compatible with those of a comparable metal piston.

The carbon-carbon pistons have an advantage to improve the thermal efficiency, reduction of weight, increase mechanical and thermal efficiencies of the engine [26].

Figure 72: Electric vehicle battery placement

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Figure 75: Pistons made of aluminium MMC Breakthrough technological advancement is made in the area of aluminium MMC application for production of pistons in diesel engines at Toyota car manufacturer. The materials for the pistons were composite materials and aluminium alloy matrices reinforced by ceramic particles and fibres in order to reduce wear and to improve resistance to material fatigue at high temperatures [109] [110]. Wide usage of aluminium alloys for engine block production in the application of cylinders. Serial production of cylinder barrel made of aluminium MMC started in 1990 and it was used for the first time at 2.3 litre engine of Honda Prelude [111] [112].

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Figure 76: Engine with cylinder barrel made of aluminium MMC

IV. DISCUSSION From the review paper we address a lot of composite materials related developments, applications and researches. The core future optimistic research developments and applications in these areas are;  In the past several years different researches has been made to understand the characteristics of black phosphorus and other composite related materials application in the field of nanoelectronics, nano-photonics, and optoelectronics as electrochemical energy storage devices.  Fatigue characteristics of the composite blade are considerably better than their aluminium counterparts with the aluminium failing near 40,000 cycles and the composite blade DOI: 10.35629/5252-0503697723

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exceeding 500,000 cycles without failure. A better composite blade with higher fatigue should be studied to promote high speed rotary wing aircraft developments without failure.

Carbon fiber-reinforced silicon carbide (C/SiC) is mainly used in a variety of RLV propulsion applications. They offer high-strength carbon fibers and a high modulus, oxidation-resistant matrix and a better or equivalent C/SiC materials should be studied in this area which is used for RLV as well as rocket related exhaust nozzles.

More researches should be done on ―ablative composites‖ in aerospace technology. They are usually either silica or carbon fiber reinforced phenolic which absorbs heat by changing state.

Composites called Fiber Metal Laminates (FML) has gained a lot of popularity regarding aerospace applications in Satellites development of Isogrid in satellite structures.

An equivalent of FML materials should be studies for different aerospace applications.

The side panels of solar cell arrays are manufactured using open ―Isogrid plates‖ which adhered to outside skins. They should be less expensive to manufacture than a monocoque structure. The skins reinforce the side panels and provide a stiff, stable surface to affix body mounted solar cell arrays. They are with triangular stiffening ribs and further analysis should be made on the structures with other geometries which effectively stiffens the body.

Further study should be made on Multifunction Energy-Storage Composites (MESC) related to the active materials that are combined with carbon fiber weave materials to form energy storage composites. This requires different material designs as a packaging medium for the battery and different carbon fibers to be used as both a conductive current collector and structurally reinforcing layer.

Improved epoxies are designed for use in higher-speed parts fabrication, greater toughness and use in higher temperatures are still under development. Further studies should be taken place in the application of ―improved epoxies‖.

Additive manufacturing best choice for UAV parts with complex geometric shapes without the need for a mold design and low manufacturing costs. This method should be further studied for manufacturing parts with more complex designs and small dimensions.

The use of carbon reinforced fibers to transmit electrical signals in sensors, communication

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[6].

[7].

V. CONCLUSION In the future, the wide use of different composite materials in aerospace and automotive technology needs further new studies to create and improve system or designs. There are challenges in aerospace especially in space applications namely in energy storage, temperature resistant and lightstrong materials. First, there are challenges related to up scaling the manufacturing from coupon level to component level. Further studies are required both for aerospace and automotive in the areas of Multifunction Energy-Storage Composites (MESC), nano-electronics, nano-photonics, and optoelectronics as electrochemical energy storage devices. Studies in high-strength carbon fibers in rocket related designs.FML and Isogrid has a wide application in aerospace engineering which initiates further studies as well as other equivalent technologies with other composite types and different laminate types. We conclude that the future technologies require development and research in ablative composites, conductive fiber composites, MESC, composites in nano-electronics, nanophotonics, and optoelectronics as electrochemical energy storage devices and other new purposes will be our best areas of research.

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