Connect the Dots by Lawrence Technological University

L+ideas LTU Library Magazine

Click see Connecting the Dots Video

Did the American Military Help Create the Beatles? Posing Modernity: The Black Model from Manet to Mattise Today How You Quote Shakespeare Every Day! Discover Family History by Connecting Dots What Was Really Behind the Salem Witch Trials? John Duval Gluck: Saint or Scoundrel? A Book Review Tipping, Subminimum Wage Equals Poverty

Issue #3 - May 2021

Table of Contents

Gamechanger Video………..……. .................................................4 Director’s Letter........................................................................5 Library Mission Statement .........................................................6 Editors and Contributors............................................................7 LTU Map ............................................................................... 8,9 Learn About Your Library ................................................... 10,11 Introduction: Connecting the Dots ..................................12,13,14 Shakespearean Quotes in Use Today........................................ 15 Role of the US Military in Creating the Beatles ..................... 16-19 Dots in Context ...................................................................... 20 Posing Modernity ............................................................... 21-23 Connecting Family Dots...................................................... 24-30 “Addressing” Connecting Dots ................................................. 31 What Were the Salem Witch Trials Really About? ................. 32-35 John Duval Gluck: Saint or Scoundrel? ................................ 36-40 Read More about Connecting Dots ........................................... 41 Off the Rack ..................................................................... 42,43 Heads Up! ......................................................................... 44,45 Ideas, Suggestions, Past Editions ............................................. 46 2

Connect the Dots

Video on Cover “Gamechangers: Creating Innovative Strategies for Business and Brands; New Approaches to Strategy, Innovation and Marketing” by Peter Fisk

Gary Cocozzoli LTU Library Director

Welcome to the May 2021 issue of L+ideas, an online magazine sponsored by the LTU Library. When we were kids, it was intriguing to see a bunch of dots on the page. We wondered what would happen, what would we see, when we took a pencil and started to follow the numbers to connect the dots. As we drew each line following the numbers from dot to dot, the suspense began, what would this be? What we first thought it was changed as more and more of the picture came into view. We couldn’t know what would lie ahead in this endeavor until we followed the dots to the conclusion. This issue of L+ideas is an attempt to do the same. What starts out as one thing soon becomes another, and then something else again. The stories within tell tales that zigzag in all directions in surprising ways, just as life does as it makes its way forward. So sharpen your virtual pencil and flip forward to follow along as the stories reveal themselves in ways that could never be expected…just by connecting the dots.

Gary Cocozzoli, Library Director

gcocozzol@ltu.edu

L+ideas Where the library and ideas come together for students, faculty, staff, alumni & friends of Lawrence Technological University Editors: Sheila Gaddie Sherry Tuffin Contributors Gary Cocozzoli Alice McHard

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Connecting the Dots Steve Jobs made, “connecting the dots”, the theme of his 2005 commencement speech at Stanford University. He spoke of attending a calligraphy class, as a young man, for the sheer joy of learning. He had no expectation that the class would provide anything but self-enrichment. ”None of this had even a hope of any practical

application in my life” , he realized that it was, “….impossible to connect the dots looking forward….[but] very clear looking backwards ten years later”.1 It was only later, he could connect the dots between taking a calligraphy class for fun and it’s impact on Apple and that it would be the inspiration for the iconic look of Apple the world would know so well.

Jobs isn’t the only one, or even the first one, to recognize the importance of connecting the dots. Peter Fisk offers three brilliant examples of connecting the dots:

Leonardo da Vinci - “His expertise in anatomy helped him to

create better portraits and sculptures, and also helped him make sense of mechanics and engineering. He himself defined innovation as connecting the unconnected.” 12

Albert Einstein – “…was often challenged for making what seemed

like absurd connections. Like the connection between energy and mass. Of course, there was no existing logic which suggested such a connection.” Sir Richard Branson – “…his equation of life … A+B+C+D

(Always Be Connecting the Dots). Its not about creating newness, but making sense of what you have, maybe in fragments and different places, but can be shaped in new and interesting ways.2

When we connect dots we not only make sense of seemingly unrelated information but we can discover new and innovative ways of seeing the world and changing the way we think. Author and business leader Brook Manville in, “Network Leaders Connect the Dots to Innovate” says that connecting the dots can lead to a ripple effect creating, “…breakthrough products and other world-beating initiatives”.3

One way to connect the dots is through analogy. In other words, finding, “resemblance in some particulars between things otherwise unlike”

An example that all Michiganders will recognize is the use of the mitten. In his book, “Shortcut: How Analogies Reveal Connections, Innovations, and Sell our Greatest Ideas”, John Pollack notes:

“People who live in Cheboygan just south of the Straits of Michigan (which separate the Upper and Lower Peninsulas), might say they’re from the “Tip of the Mitt.” Similarly, residents of Bad Axe, about one hundred miie north of Detroit, live in the “Thumb.” Using the 13

analogy of a hand and a map of Michigan helps people connect the dots and be able to grasp the bigger picture.” 5

In the words of Jessica Stillman, “…be an intellectural omnivore, exploring the world in unique and unexpected ways”

In his commencement speech Jobs gave the following advice:

“Keep the, “…creative conversation going beyond the first good answer, to find more dots to connect. Find new connections in

everyday life. Take two very unrelated ideas and see if you can find how they are related”.7 In short, remember ABCD! © Sherry Tuffin Library Book Reviewer stuffin@ltu.edu 1

https://paravispartners.com/learning-steve-jobs-connecting-dots/

https://www.peterfisk.com/2016/02/what-is-innovation-connecting-the-dots-the-ones-other-

people-miss/ 3

"Network Leaders Connect The Dots To Innovate". Forbes. Retrieved 5 December 2016.

https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/analogy

Network Leaders Connect The Dots To Innovate. Forbes. Retrieved 5 December 2016.

https://www.inc.com/jessica-stillman/this-is-number-1-sign-of-high-intelligence-according-to-

steve-jobs.html 7

https://paravispartners.com/learning-steve-jobs-connecting-dots/ 14

Shakespearean Quotes In Use Today

Knock, Knock Who’s there?

Dead as a Doornail

Break the ice Send him Packing

Laughing stock

Heart of gold

1. Macbeth 2. King Henry VI 3. Taming of the Shrew

4. Henry IV 5. Merry Wives of Windsor 6. Henry V 15

What Role Did the American Military Play in Creating The Beatles? In his book, “How to Hide an Empire”, author and professor Daniel Immerwahr connects many dots. He begins by asking questions such as:  Why did Hawaii, which is so far away

from the American mainland, become a state while Puerto Rico, which is much closer, remain a territory?  Why do the Philippines import so many

nurses to the United State?  What does synthesizing rubber have to do with shrinking the empire?  Why did the United States go half way around the world to occupy a desolate

island full of guano?

For an example of how connecting the

But the people of Liverpool didn’t have

dots can provide a deeper, more com-

to leave to search for work because

plete understanding of the world Im-

they lived fifteen miles west of an enor-

merwahr asks, “What role did the

mous American military base, named Burtonwood, that pumped huge

American military have in the crea-

sums of money into the lo-

tion of The Beatles?” Burtonwood US Military Base

In the 1960s Liverpool,

cal economy and provided

the

local

people

England was the center

with employment. For

quake,

instance, Ringo’s step-

known as Beatlemania,

father worked at the

that

musical sent

base. Because the fami-

shockwaves

lies of George, Paul, John

throughout the world. This epic eruption changed face, not

only

and Ringo stayed in Liverpool

the

the four teens had the opportunity to

of music, but of the

meet and to make music.

world. Male hair got longer and female dresses got shorter. Rock bands broke out of small venues and began filling

Additionally, the young American sol-

stadiums with hysterical fans screaming

diers also spread their culture. They

their undying love. The most famous

wanted to go to clubs and to hear mu-

source of this revolution were four-

sic. At one time there were 500 clubs

Liverpudlians named John Lennon, Paul

catering to the music the young Ameri-

McCartney, George Harrison and Ringo

cans Wanted to hear. The old WWII

Starr.

favorites of their parents were out and rock’n’roll, jazz and rhythm and blues,

World War II ended in 1945 and left

were in. The local musicians – including

England virtually bankrupt. Many British

the Beatles - were learning the Ameri-

citizens were forced to emigrate to the

can music of Elvis, Dinah Washington,

U.S., Canada or Australia in search of

Chuck Berry, Buddy Holly - in order to

work.

get a job in a club.

Outside the clubs the only way to hear

from this oversight the two business

music was at home. People listened to

men created translation tapes to

music on their big consol radios or

accompany the films.

played vinyl records on record players plugged in to electric sockets. This pre-

To expand from tapes to radios, Morita

sented

bought the Japanese patent for a tran-

young

people

sistor that had been developed by

with two problems. One,

their

ents

controlled

Bell Labs in the U.S. But Bell

par-

labs failed to of

recognize the

the radios and

potential

the

transistor.

didn’t

Wanting to market his transis-

rock’n’roll. Two,

tor radio worldwide he felt that the company needed a name

it limited the op-

easy for Americans to pronounce.

portunities to enjoy your music, with your

“GIs would often use an affectionate

friends. But a discovery half way

term for Japanese men: sonny or sonny

around the world was about to free

boy”.

music fromo parental control and from the electric socket.

To many, that surely sounded condescending. But to strivers like

Ibuka

Like the Liverpudlians in England, two

and Morita, it just sounded like

struggling Japanese entrepreneurs,

money. Also, knowing the Latin word

Morita and Ibuka, were looking for

for sound was ‘sonus’ they named their

ways to profit from the American occu-

company Sony”.

pation of their country. In the postWWII era Japanese schools were

With the the small

flooded with, “U.S.-made educa-

transistor radio

tional films”. (How to Hide an

music was now

Empire 366]) But they were in

unchained from

English which the students did

living rooms.

not speak. Seeing a way to profit

Young people could now hear their music, with their friends whenever and wherever they wanted. No one appreciated that more than teen John Lennon who displayed his transistor radio, “…like priceless art in his bedroom”. (How to Hide an Empire 386) Without connecting the dots of American bases in England and Japan providing WWII,

economic

young

relief

soldiers

after

spreading

their music, and Bell Labs developing technology they didn’t appreciate,

would the world have experienced

LTU Library Book Reviewer stuffin@ltu.edu

Beatlemania?

Additional Reading

Posing Modernity: The Black Model from Manet and Matisse to Today

Posing Modernity: The Black

Posing Modernity serves to trace

Model from Manet and Matisse to

the lineage of the Black female figure in modern art since Edouard Manet’s

Today is an exhibition catalog that ac-

“Olympia” (1863) through the 21st

companied the exhibition by the same

century.1 Murrell scrutinizes the shift-

title, curated by Denise Murrell in

ing modes of art historical representa-

2018.

tion afforded to black women. She focuses specifically on Black Women in

Exhibition catalogues are essential for

French artistic representation in the

a variety of reasons. One, they serve

19th and 20th centuries, starting with

as a visual representation of the exhi-

the works of Manet and Matisse.

bition. Second, scholarly essays pro-

Many of these women’s identities

vide context and the latest research

have been shrouded by “unnecessary

on the art and artists in the show.

racial references” such as negress or

Most importantly, today’s catalog is a

mulatresse.2

gateway to exhibitions, especially in

Art

history

ignored

them, which contributed to the

the case of a global pandemic.

construction

these

figures

floor,” an address within a ten-minute

walk to Manet’s apartment and studio.

anonymous tropes as opposed to the

individuals they were.3

Several notable Parisians of color re-

sided near by, including Alexandre Dumas père.

Laure indexes the fact that

The most famous work in the exhibi-

northern Paris was home to not only

tion, Manet’s “Olympia,” features a

prominent blacks, but to a small popu-

nude reclining woman serviced by a

lation of ordinary black people, either

maid. During an art history lecture by

born in Paris or new migrants,

one

generally from the Antilles.9

Murrell’s

professor

professors,

introduced

slide

the of

“Olympia.” After he remarked on the work’s

naked

white

courtesan

moved on to the next slide, Murrell was stunned that he did not address the prominent figure of the black maid.

Thus

began Murrell’s quest

to not simply identify black figures in art but to contextualize their presence in society.

Murrell identified the model’s name as

Laure (Portrait of a Negress) Elizabeth Colomba 2018

Laure, referenced by Manet in his notebook as, “Laure, very beautiful negress.”6 Murrell’s research did not uncover additional personal information

Posing

about Laure. Murrell’s analysis,

graphs of black women in the 19th

however, does provide a wealth of

century. Indeed, photography cap-

Paris.

Manet

recorded

includes

photo-

tured a much broader range of social

information about the black population in

Modernity

positions among black Parisians than

Laure’s

is seen in the more limited archetypes

address as “rue Vintimille, 11, 3rd

catalogue to the 20th and 21st century artistic take on “Olympia.” Notably by

of Salon-sanctioned fine art painting. 10

These

photographic

Romare

portraits

Bearden

and

Mickalene

Thomas. Profiles of the lives of three

capture a little-known interracial net-

black models who posed for Matisse

work of friendships and professional

complete the catalog.

relationships between the photographers and their subjects.11

Scholarship around black representation is growing and, Posing Modernity is

Murrell devotes a good deal of the

a valuable asset in filling the gap of information that probes what blackness really art

means

the

context

history.12 © Sheila Gaddie Reference Librarian sgaddie@ltu.edu

Denise Murrell References 1. Weber, J.(2019 Mar. 28). “Musèe d’ Orsay Puts Focus on Overlooked and Anonymous Black Models in French Masterpieces.” Hyperallergic. https://hyperallergic.com/491738/ musee- dorsay-black-models/ 2. Ibid., 2. 3. Ibid., 2. 4. Smith, M. (2018, Dec. 28). “A Loud Voice Speaks For Art’s Black Models.” New York Times C19. 5.Ibid., C19. 6.Murrell, D. (2018). Posing Modernity: The Black Model from Manet and Matisse to Today Yale University Press, p.9. 7.Ibid., 9. 8. Ibid., 9. 9. Ibid., 9. 10.Ibid., 10. 11.bid., 10. 12.Smith., C19. 23

Connecting Family Dots Did you ever think that you would travel

My father was from the deep south,

the world to find where your family his-

just a few miles from the Florida border.

tory started? I sure did not. But read on

He was the eleventh of twelve children

to find out just how I connected the

(some half siblings), from an era of the horse and buggy, born in 1898. His

dots to my family history…

parents died by the time he reached his 11th

Where did I come from? Who

birthday.

were the people in my family’s past? I grew up with these kinds of questions buzzing

He moved around a

around in my head. I never

lot as a child and

knew

any

had to earn his own

grand-

parents nor many of my aunts and uncles. I had longed to

AlMcHard’s Parents

way from a very early age.

know who they were and the stories By the time I came along, most of his

they would have had to share with me.

family were gone. He never really got to My family roots began with people from

know much of his family history so he

vastly different locations but with simi-

was unable to pass it on to me.

lar childhood stories. My mother was from northern Ontario 24

from a much smaller family, just two

Detroit the hand of providence took

brothers and her father. She had lost

hold and brought my mom and dad

her mother when she was five years old

together.

and had to grow up and assume a women’s duties at an early age. Her fa-

As a teenager I became aware that my

ther was ill most of his adult life so

half sister had for years been delving

much was left for my mother to take

into the family history of my dad’s side

care of while she was growing up. Her

of the family. This was before comput-

brothers left home, as soon as they

ers, the internet or the genealogical so-

were able, to seek their life elsewhere in

cieties or genealogical internet search

the western part of Canada.

groups that are now available. She spent 30 years writing letters, and mak-

How did the man from the deep South

ing phone calls, painstakingly gathering

and the woman from the vast North

family records that would give a family

ever meet?

portrait of my father’s family history going back to its roots in Germany.

My dad as a young man had heard during the depression years that Ford

I must have caught some of the thrill of

Motor Company had jobs that paid $5 a

finding the history of family when I

day, so like thousands of others he

decided to start looking into my moth-

spent what little cash he had to get up

er’s side of the family. This was when I

to Detroit hoping to find work. (He nev-

found a story that still captures my im-

er did work for Ford Motor but found

agination! This is the interesting and ad-

other employment).

venturous migration story of my family.

The area where my mother lived had

It’s the story of close to 900 people

seen a big economic down turn, times

traveling the world from Scotland, to

were hard and work difficult to find. Her

Cape Breton Island, Nova Scotia to Ade-

father urged her to seek employment in

laide, Australia and finally settling in

the States. An uncle in Detroit

Waipu, New Zealand.

sponsored my mother to come and help When I interviewed my mother’s oldest

take care of his grandchildren. Once in 25

brother the mystery of my family’s be-

Here I went searching to find someone

ginnings gave me the first connection to

who might have answers, I asked,

follow. He had heard the family oral his-

“Would there be anyone here that might

tory given to him by his father and re-

have some genealogical information?”

counted it to me. He had been told that

“Oh sure.” the lady said, “Here’s a phone

the family was originally from Scotland

number of the local genealogist”.

and settled in St. Ann’s,

Nova Scotia.

Then, how did my mother and her family

This call would start me on a journey

end up in northern Ontario?

into family history that I am still deeply involved to this day. A gentleman answered the phone and

A friend and I decided to take a trip to

asked me to tell him what I

St. Ann’s Nova Scotia to see

knew of the family. Then

what we could find out

he said, “Oh I know all

about the family history. What a journey it

about your family, we

began for me!

are 4th cousins”!

The search sent me

Wow, I was shocked

places

would

never had dreamed of visiting. I was determined

and thrilled! He was Monument to Scoƫsh SeƩlers, Waipu, NZ

to connect the dots and find

trained in genealogical studies and had a great

deal of history of the family which

out more about my family and its past.

he shared with me. On my next visit to Nova Scotia I was able to meet both him

One of my first stops was to visit the

and his wife. so another connection was

Gaelic College in St. Ann’s, where even

made! He shared an incredible family

today you can learn Gaelic and how to

story that has thrilled me and driven my

play the bagpipes.

imagination ever since.

On the grounds near the College is a

The family was part of a group of

Museum called, “The Hall of the Clans”.

devotees to a Rev. Norman McLeod in 26

Scotland. During the difficult struggles

close at hand for fishing. So, the decision

with the Scottish Highland clearances

was made that the community would

and the estrangement that Norman

move to St. Ann’s.

McLeod was having with the Church of Scotland, he thought it would be better if

My family, along with the rest of the

he and his followers would take a ship to

community, moved to St. Ann’s Nova

Pictou, Nova Scotia where many other

Scotia. So the connection with St. Ann’s

settlers from Scotland had gone to live.

Nova Scotia was confirmed. (I also found

One of families aboard the ship with the

that my great, great grandfather was

Rev. McLeod was my great, great,

one of the men on the Ark to locate St. Ann’s as the place to settle

grandfather and his family.

and now he had a wife from Pictou, Nova Sco-

From the cousin I had met

tia to join him).

in Nova Scotia I was given some precious

These strong

letters from my great,

Scottish settlers,

great grandfather regarding

life

had their own self-

that

time.

Great Hall of the Clans

contained, self-reliant community with the very authoritative (some say auto-

Once in Pictou McLeod decided that

cratic) leader keeping them together.

the rough and bawdy town was not a good place for their community to settle, so a small group struck out to find other

They built their homes, settled the land

possible locations. They built a ship

and carried on with commerce. But Nova

named “the Ark” to search for just such a

Scotia some thirty years later was be-

location.

During the journey the ship

sieged with drought, the crops had

was blown off course in a storm and

failed, things were not looking good for

landed at the wonderful harbor of St.

the community.

Ann’s. The land seemed like a great

Rev. McLeod, now 68 years old,

place with fertile ground, plenty of

received a letter from his son who had

forest for the wood needed, and the sea 27

run away to Australia. He told his father

Those finally arriving in Australia found

there was good land to be had in

that there was not enough land for the

Australia, and the community would be

whole community, so another search

in good shape if they were to move

took place and arrangements were

down his way.

made for a large parcel of land to be developed in Waipu, New Zealand.

This is a journey of thousands of miles to the other side of the world. Would

In 2008 my husband and I took a trip

the people really want to make this

to meet cousins we had corresponded

huge move after having been settled in Nova Scotia for 30 years? Some did and some did not, families split and but 900 folks went with McLeod to settle in another part of the world. My family was in the split some choose to go and some decided to leave and go another direction. Members of my family staying in Ontario decided to head to Kincardine, Ontario (another Scottish settlement) and then later they split again with some moving to Northern Ontario, which was how my mother ended up north of Bruce Mines. Those following McLeod built six ships and a took a couple of years to prepare for the journey.

The ships were built

by the men in St. Ann’s, two of whom

The map shows the travels that took th to St. Ann’s NS to Adelaide , Australia a

were my relatives that built and navigated the ship “The Spray” which would take them to their destiny in Australia. 28

with for several years after getting

see where my great, great, great

their contact info from a genealogist

grandfather had grown up and to see

who worked in the House of Memories

the monument to the amazing venture

Museum in Waipu. These cousins lived

that the Rev. Norman McLeod had

in Waipu so another wonderful family connection was made. Then In 2018 my brother youngest brother and I ventured to Scotland to

4th New Zealand Cousins

started way back in 1817. This brave and adventurous group of people took on the dangers of settling in a new place and forcing a new family history to follow. So, you never know until you start looking where the connected dots will take you in your life. Maybe, like me you will end up traveling the world to find the mysteries of where our family came from. © Alice McHard

he people from Scotland, to Pictou, NS and eventually to Waipu, New Zealand.

Graduate Student Services Coordinator amchard@ltu.edu

Monument to Rev. Norman McLeoad, Highlands of Scotland

Monument to Scottish settlers Waipu, NZ

Books on the story of the Migration

RESOURCES: College of Gaelic/ Hall of the Clans - https://gaeliccollege.edu/visit/great-hall-of-the-clans/ House of Memories in Waipu, New Zealand - https://www.waipumuseum.com/museum/ Ancestry.com - https://www.ancestry.com/cs/offers/subscribe Norman McLeod’s - https://caperfrasers.wordpress.com/2010/09/12/rev-norman-macleod-st-anns/ Norman McLeod – Wikipedia - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norman_McLeod_(minister) 30

Addressing “Connect the Dots” Every postal service has a Dead Letter office where envelopes are sent when they cannot be deciphered. The Dead Letter experts in Britain are, “known as ‘blind

officers’ (so called, apparently, because the addresses were ‘blind’ to them)” can render the confusing addresses deliverable. Harriett Russell, a British woman, decided to have fun and challenge the, ‘blind officers’. She creates envelopes with addresses hidden in “recipes, hand-drawn cartoons, a color-blindness test, an

eye chart, and connect the dots puzzles”! We don’t know what the ‘blind officers” think about Russell’s unique addressing.

“Connect the Dots” envelope

Drawing of house to deliver mail. Hope this is a very small village!

The color blind test envelope

The Book Garden 31

What Were the Salem Witch Trials Really About?

Historical Detection”, authors

In 1692 Salem, Massachusetts erupted into mass hysteria fueled by fears of

Davidson and Lytle connect the dots

witchcraft. In this frenzied at-

(literally) of longstanding

mosphere 13 women and

conflicts that offer a much

6 men were hanged

more complex theory of

and one man was

what triggered and

pressed to death. Ad-

drove the Salem

ditionally, three wom-

eruption of hate.

en and one man died in prison awaiting

Salem Witch Trial

trial on charges of witchcraft. But when we start to

FARMERS V TOWNFOLK

connect the dots and examine what was happening at that time it raises

Situated on a peninsula, the population

doubts that this really about witches.

of Salem, Massachusetts kept expanding meaning and available land stretched

If the events of Salem weren’t all about

further and further to the west. As

witchcraft then what fueled this cauldron

people settled farther from the town,

of hate and fear? What was behind the

this made it inconvenient for farmers to

witchcraft hysteria? According to authors

come to town for church, shopping and

James West Davidson and Mark Hamil

socializing. Eventually, the people in the

ton Lytle in, “After the Fact: The Art of

west, known as Salem Village, resented 32

being dependent on Salem Town that

RELIGION

“…collected taxes, chose village consta-

bles, and arranged for village roads”.

Beyond life style, taxes and geogra-

(38) The farmers living west of

phy the people of the region

Salem in Salem Village,

were divided by religion.

were living a subsistence,

The, “… farmers worried

spartan existence, and

less about how near they lived to commercial Savices they rarely used lem than about the even and wanted to separate. shorter physical distance But the government of Saseparating the residences of Ipswich Road lem was loath to part with the the accused [witches] from income. This divided the community Salem’s Quaker enclave”. resented paying for ser-

into an east/west split pitting the village against the town, the farmers against

The Puritans were fearful of the Quak-

the townspeople.

ers and their blasphemous belief that “…God could speak directly to individu-

IPSWICH ROAD

als”. (42) The reason that the Friends, as Quakers referred to each other, had

Ipswich Road was the dividing line be-

inherited their name was because that

tween the two warring camps. It turns

when, “…caught up in the enthusiasm

out that his played a role in the witch hunt. Twelve of the fourteen accused

would ‘quake’ when the holy spirit possessed them”. Boston minister Cotton

witches lived on the east side of Ipswich

Mather referred to it as “Diabolical Pos-

Road, while thirty of thirty-two accusers

session”.

lived to the west. Twenty four of the twenty-nine people who defended the

Quakers and the people who associated

witches also lived in the eastern half of

with them were considered suspect.

the village. As Boyer and Nissenbaum

While people in the east and in the west

noted, “the alleged witches and those

were united in their distrust and

who accused them resided on opposite sides of the Village”. (37)

suspicion of Quakers the Congregationalists were also divided within their own 33

there.” (41)

religion. The townspeople and

People were already upset about the

the farm-

east versus west arguments, the friction

ers could

between the religious groups were also

not agree Cotton Mather

on high alert for their safety.

on minis-

WOMEN ALONE

ters. From 1673 through 1688 the com-

Of the nineteen people executed for

munity had four ministers who were

witchcraft thirteen, sixty-eight percent,

popular with one side and intensely dis-

were women. In 1692 single woman had

liked by the other. These, “…disputes co-

no legal standing and any property was

incided closely with the [witchcraft] divisions in 1692 between accusers and accused”. (40)

‘held’ for her until such a time as she married and then the property reverted to her husband. But there was a law known as “feme sole” that stated

INDIAN WARS

women alone, “…could sue, make con-

tracts, buy and sell property”. (43-44) Life in the colonies was never easy and

Indeed, she could even, upon re-marry

there were many perils. One such cause

have her new husband sign a pre-nuptial

for ongoing anxiety was the

agreement.

situation between the Indians

In the traditional world of Sa-

and the settlers. In

lem the natural order of

early 1692, at a

things was that women

time when rumors

were subordinate to men.

of witchcraft began,

According to Davidson and

“… word came from

Maine, that the Indians had massacred residents

Lytle fifty-seven percent of Indian Wars

the witches were feme soles. Could this be why, “…witchraft

controversies so often centered on women”. (45) This is one

consumed Salem during the witch trials.

more factor that ag-

apparent the Salem Witch trials had

When you connect the dots it becomes many underlying and contributing

gravated an

causes.

already tense situation and added to the hysterica that

JOHN DUVAL GLUCK: SAINT OR SCOUNDREL? A Book Review

Sometimes it takes a century to connect the dots.

The Santa Claus Man by Alex Palmer sounds like a Christmas story. It both is and it isn’t. It is the story of a New York man, John Duval Gluck, who in 1913, connected the dots that would draw a picture of fame and infamy. The story starts back 100 years earlier, as a group of men in New York City were tired of the raucous, drunken celebration known as Christmas. Yes, it was a religious day, but as a

that was celebrated in the home, with

holiday season, it was anything but

a greater focus on children rather than

religious for the working people who

adult pastimes. It would be a season

had time off for drinking and mischie-

of goodwill, not of drunken excess.

vous behavior. The group decided to promote the legend of St. Nicholas,

One of these men was author Wash-

and since many were of Dutch back-

ington Irving, who on a carriage ride

ground,

Santa

in 1822 to New York’s Washington

Claus. The goal was to promote

Market (similar to Detroit’s Eastern

Christmas as a family holiday, one

Market) to gather items for Christmas

Sinterklaas

became

dinner, decided he would present his

had transportation in a big city, to go

family with a poem that night as a

out to the country to cut down an

gift: A Visit from St. Nicholas (which is

evergreen?

better known as ‘Twas the Night Before Christmas” today).

In the 1870s, a story in a magazine

It was very

well received and was printed in the

was promoting children writing letters

newspapers in 1823 when it became

to Santa Claus, although it also

better known.

showed parents writing letters about

In the 1850s, when

sketches of the royal family in England

their bad children who deserved

enjoying their indoor Christmas tree

nothing more than coal in their

(Queen Victoria’s husband Prince Al-

stockings.

bert was German) proved influential, it became a trend in

Kids Sending Their Letters

that

promoted

writing

the United States to have

letters

such a thing in their

Santa which be-

homes.

came a thing for the

Political

burgeoning

US postal service

cartoonist

to deal

Thomas Nast was credit-

with. The

Post Office had re-

ed with the creation of the

cently

image of Santa Claus that is

begun

door-to-

very much

door delivery of the mail in cities, and

as we know him today in 1863. Be

by 1913, started

fore then he was an elf-like character

offering parcel post. This meant that

but now was older and quite full-

people had the opportunity to send

figured.

THINGS not just letters and postcards, and that holiday season, presents

Clever farmers up river would cut ev-

were sent in abundance.

ergreens and sent them down the

can the post office do with all those

Hudson River to the Washington

letters to Santa? In the past, they de-

Market, so city dwellers could have

stroyed them, but in 1913, they decid-

trees brought to them. After all, who

ed to make them available for any 37

Yet what

charitable

organization,

but

Scouts of America. The scouts would

there

were no takers in New York City.

help with the mail, then take the

Gluck, who by coincidence was born

packages and deliver them to the

on Christmas Day, connected that

needy children.

dot. Gluck worked his way into the leadership ranks of the US Boy

He created the “Santa Claus Association” made up of volunteers who would

Santa Claus Assn. Volunteers Gluck Scrapbook

Scout group and began fundraising for them.

read these letters and

In so doing, he was

determine who was

able

needy,

and

then

same group of do-

match

them

with

nors zation.

to give each child a

methods

It was a process

the

raising

Some of his were

dubious

but he was successful in bring-

similar to today’s “Giving Tree” promotions.

for

tap

funds for his organi-

wealthy New Yorkers present.

ing in the money.

With volunteers, there

was little to no overhead, but he began an appeal for money to pay for

The Santa Claus Association got a lot

odds and ends.

of good press, since who wouldn’t want to cover a human-interest story

Many donors didn’t want to deliver

like this during the holiday

season?

gifts themselves, so they just gave

Celebrities stopped by to have their

cash and the volunteers took care of

picture taken wrapping a gift.

the shopping, wrapping, and delivery. Who could handle the delivery, Gluck

Broadway

shows

hosted

benefit

wondered.

nights where the entire take was donated to the Association.

Another dot: enter the US Boy Scout, a New York organization that was a

Christmas was continuing to evolve as

rival to the more widely-known Boy

a family holiday, as New York set up 38

its first community Christmas tree in

types of “charitable” associations and

Madison Square park in 1912.

groups popped up, and many were of a suspicious nature.

They had a “tree lighting ceremony” on Christmas Eve, which was a party

The Santa Claus Association grew and

with music and caroling and everyone

took advantage of free rent offered at

was invited. One year later, many cit-

fancy hotels and the new Woolworth

ies did the same, including Detroit.

Building. Meantime, established charity groups grew resentful of the asso-

The Madison Square Christmas tree, about 1912. Photo: MetLife Archives.

ciation. They were better equipped to assess need and disbursement of funds.

Yet for a strictly “volunteer”

association, why was there so much fundraising going on?

How come

Gluck was always fashionably dressed and lived a lavish lifestyle, though he protested he was always short of cash? The New York tree would eventually

New dots were connected, this time by

move to Rockefeller Center.) Electric

City investigators.

lighting for home trees would replace

Claus Association, born as a gesture of

dangerous candles in the 1920s, and

good will, actually be front for making

even homes without children started

money from charitable donations?

Could the Santa

having a Christmas tree by then. They took down the US Boy Scout Another dot was connected in 1914:

group, and the Post Office stopped

World War I began in Europe. It was

releasing its Santa mail once they got

on everyone’s mind as the US pre-

wind of scandal. Gluck could not

pared for its eventual entry into that

properly account for the donated

war by 1917. Fundraising reached a

funds. The final dot connected a full

fever pitch during these years, all

picture, one of fraud. The Santa Claus 39

about a man who was not particularly

Association ceased operations.

famous or well-known outside of his As sort of a happy ending, Gluck did

time and place.

not go to jail, but lived the rest of his

distant relatives for their recollections,

life out of the public eye. He was hap-

comb through scrapbooks and ulti-

pily married and was a loving uncle.

mately fashion a tale that also tells the

Another more reputable group did pro-

story of what city life was like in the

vide presents for

early twentieth century.

poor

children While acknowledging his insightful

in the mid-

effort, we also need to commend

1920s. Some

libraries for keeping information

one

alive so that it can be discovered

hundred years Santa

He had to interview

by intrepid researchers even one

after Claus

as we know him

hundred years or more later. Without

Thomas Nash

libraries and researchers, we would not know about our rich history.

began, he was ready to take on the challenges of the 20th century. He is so ingrained into American culture—both social and economic--that it is hard to imagine how life would be without him.

John Duval Gluck

Or how charitable fundraising would be successful without his plea for good will, especially during the holiday season. The man who really connected the dots is author, Alex Palmer. To construct a true story that is as vivid as a fictional

Review by Gary R. Cocozzoli, Director of the LTU Library, Christmas hobbyist and holiday historian gcocozzol@ltu.edu

page-turner suspense novel, he had to comb through archives, libraries, micro film and other primary sources to learn 40

Connect the Dots

Articles inside

Connecting Family Dots

Read More about Connecting Dots

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