Orkney Infrastructural Tapestry

Master of Architecture Design Studio 14/15 Edinburgh School of Architecture and Landscape Architecture Edinburgh College of Art University of Edinburgh

ORKNEY {infrastructural} TAPESTRY

Staff: Liam Ross Tolulope Onabolu Studens: Samuel Gills Robert Hebblethwaite John Hughes Rebecca Mak David Millar Jessica Orr Zoe Rigg Hayden White © The University of Edinburgh 2015 No part of this publication may be reporduced without prior permission of the author. liam.ross@ed.ac.uk

www.architecture.ed.ac.uk

Liam Ross

Cover Image Tidal Arrays, Lobster Catch, Shipwrecks; Millar Hebblethwaite

Infrastructural Infrastructural Tapestry Choreography The term ‘Infrastructure’ describes the basic physical and organizational structures that a given community depends upon. This includes the kinds of hard physical structures most associated with the term; roads, railways, bridges, dams, telecommunications, power generation plants and distribution networks. But it also refers to ‘soft’ structures; laws, codes of conduct, linguistic dialects, even the rules of musical composition. What it points to specifically is that stuff below us, our metaphorical ‘ground’ of embedded technologies and practices which are so familiar as to have become taken for granted, invisible through use. Our everyday life depends upon a rich layering of such ‘grounds’, an infrastructural tapestry of material and semiotic constructions that steers our actions and facilitates our cooperation.

The landscape of the Orkney Islands and their surrounding waters have come to play, in light of climate change, and the Independence debate, an important infrastructural role in the Scottish political imaginary. The Orcadian environment makes it uniquely placed as a site for wind, wave and tidal power generation, and the natural harbour of Skapa Flow has a potential to service the opening polar shipping routes. There is a high volume of governmental, commercial and academic speculation in this potential: The Scottish Government has designated Pentland Firth and Orkney Waters the worlds first ‘Marine Energy Park’; the Crown Estate has leased numerous sites for the exploitation of renewable energy technology in the area; Edinburgh-based research and manufacturing companies Pelamis and Aquamarine Renewables have used it to site of the worlds first commercial wave farms; the islands are home to a number of research centres - the European Marine Energy Centre and the Centre for Island Technology, and Heriot Watt University plans an Orkney campus.

As this range of stakeholders make new claims as to the potential value of the Orcadian environment for energy

production, they challenge us to re-think and re-define the existing amenity this landscape offers. Responding to this challenge, Orkney has become a test case for the establishment of the UK’s first Marine Spatial Plan – an extension of urban planning instruments to cover sub-sea and marine situations - to ensure that the new infrastructure of renewable energy production does not obstruct or interfere with the myriad other ways in which this landscape holds value; as an environment, a historical artefact, a tourist destination, a means of sustenance, a home.

This studio explored the way in which the skills of the architect might contribute to this challenge. The projects presented here begin by identifying one or more Orkney ‘infrastructure’; one or more aspects of the Orcadian environment that is taken for granted by particular communities or stakeholders. They then identify areas of potential conflict or cooperation between these stakeholders, looking for moments when the same ‘ground’ is called upon by multiple actors. What kinds of industries might benefit from the variable supply provided by renewables? How should we track power cables across a treeless, archaeology rich terrain? How might investment in port infrastructure benefit the full range of marine users? What impacts do wind-energy devices have on the interpretative context of pre-historic arcaeological sites? How do wave energy devices effects rates of coastal erosion? What opportunities for intertidal property and energy exploitation are provided for by the peculairities of Udal law? What changes to patterns of urban settlement are suggested by changing weather patterns? The resulting projects make proposals as to minimising the potential detrimental effects of infrastructure investment in Orkney, and to maximising beneficial overlaps. They constue architecture and infrastructure design as a kind of ‘ontological choreography’, a means of establishing boundary objects that negotiates multiple claims on the same environment.

The Churchill Engine Southern Isles Tidal Energy Array and High Energy Industries

Millar, Hebblethwaite

Explicating Energentic Exchanges West Mainland Cable Conduits, Substations and Transformers Hughes, Gills

Aqua-cultures South Ronaldsay Tourist Amenity and Fish-Farm Kos

Orkney Visual Horizons West Mainland Wind-energy Arrays, Logistics Hub and Observatory

Bouzounieraki, Sahan

Between Map and Territory Skapa Flow Multi-use Harbour Williams

Orkney Temporal Horizons Skara Brae Wave Energy Arrays and Archaeology Centre Mak

Legal Lines / Water Lines Stromness Tidal Generator and Tourist Accomodation

Orr, Rigg

Planning for Risk and Resilience Stromness Flood Mitigation Strategy

White, Olszak, Gass

Orkney [infrastructural] Tapestry

The Churchill Engine

Salinary-Data Centre

Southern Isles Tidal Energy Array and High Energy Industries Millar, Hebblethwaite

The Crown Estate is leasing numerous sites for tidal energy generation in the Pentland Firth and Orkney Waters. Historically, though, the location of greatest tidal intensity was through the sounds currently blocked by the Churchill Barriers. This proposal replaces Churchill Barrier number 2 with a tidal-electric barrage. In the context of Orkney’s lack of gridexport capacity, the energy is retained within the island, and a series of high-energy industries located to use the supply. Data centres maximise the potential of ultra-fast UK broadband connections to site data centres in the region. Salinaries (salt production facilities) use waste heat from data-centres, as well as spikes in tidal energy production to desalinate seawater. The evaporation funnels accelerate prevailing wind, completing the process passively. Two additional propositions: the diving centre and fish curing station, support Orkney’s knowledge economy, and offset the challenge to traditional fishing. An architecture of fins, façades, volumes, terraces, and piers has emerged, sculpting topography to create landformbuildings. Microclimatic flows are accelerated, buffered or redirected, hence the architecture is a written inscription of ephemeral conditions.

The barrier route becomes transformed from a transient non-place, to a productive infrastructure and tourist destination.

Lobster Hatchery Churchill Barrage

Artificial Lobster Habitat Salinary-Data Centre Fish Curing Station Diving Centre

Salinary-Data Centre

Salinary-Data Centre Sand-Gathering

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Ground Orkney’s Tidal-Electric Future: Tidal Turbine Distribution,Tidal Flow Speed, & Lobster Catch Density

Churchill Engine Master Plan

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Millar, Hebblethwaite

The Churchill Engine

From Barrier No 3

Churchill Engine at Barrier No 3 (With wind overlay) Scale 1: 2500

Plan and Section: Salinary-Data Centre 1:500

Salinary-Data Centre

Millar, Hebblethwaite

The Churchill Engine

Fish Curing Sheds

Plan and Section: Fish Curing Station 1:500

Smokery

Landscape-Retaining Fins

Plan and Section: Diving Centre 1:500

Diving Centre: Saturation Diving System Hall

Orkney [infrastructural] Tapestry

The line which a cable takes across a landscape responds to a wide range of material and legals resistances; the topography, geology, patterns of land-use, legislative restrictions, and existing infrastructural lines such a road easements. This project makes a proposal for the route of the new high-voltage connection from Orkney Waters to the UK mainland as an index of such resistances.

Explicating Energetic Exchanges West Mainland Cable Conduits, Substations and Transformers Gills, Hughes

Ground UK Grid Marine Energy Cable Infrastructure

Figure Orcadian Winery + Stromness Thermal Baths

Along this route it explores the architectures of electrical conduction and resistance - cable landing sites, transformers, substations - as a means to celebrate and make a visible marker of this energy corridor. Aware of the limits of the UK national grid to accept supply at its extremeties, it develops a strategy of ‘circulative energy’, proposing means to store and consume energy in close proximity to its production. Hydrogen convertors and stores are proposed along the corridor. A Hydrogenic Windery finds way to use this enegy to intensify the yield of the rich orcadian landscape, as well as producing new industrial and touristic facilities. A Thermal baths is proposed as a means to provide a sensry experience in which occupants can experience the electrical energy of the sea, while being adjacent to its natural state.

Gills, Hughes

Explicating Energetic Exchanges

Cable Landing Site Energy Marker - Skara Brae

Proposal Hydrogen Powered Winery + Hotel

Yesnaby Valley Hydrogenic Winery

Fermentation Room

Water Purification Irrigator

Gills, Hughes

Explicating Energetic Exchanges

Stromness Hydronic Thermal Baths

Proposal Hydrogen Powered Thermal Baths

Communal Recreational Baths

Hot Water Thermal Pools

Hydrogen Electrolyser Array - Rackwick Bay

Orkney [infrastructural] Tapestry

Aquaculture, farming of aquatic organisms, might be the answer to rising demand for food on our planet.

But in order to provide a sustainable source of food the industry has to change, move away from the coastal areas, where it causes pollution, to the open seas.

The proposal includes such an offshore fish farm with closed-cycle of nutrients and minimal impact on the environment and Aquaculture Centre, a building floating within the farm, which serves as necessary base for its operation and maintenance. In addition it accommodates research facility and underwater hotel rooms for visitors.

Aqua-cultures South Ronaldsay Tourist Amenity and Fish-Farm kos

Ground Aquaculture

Figure Fish Farm & Aquaculture Centre

The architecture is inspired by a structure of an idealised foam, which creates a grid of minimal surface area. The environmental forces steer the tessellation of the grid in a way that results in a structure with minimal material consumption, rigidity to resist the offshore condition and is modular and easy to assemble.

Aqua-cultures

Terrace View

kos

Fish Pen

Fish Farm & Aquaculture Centre Axonometric Walk-through of Aquacultre Centre

Fish Farm & Aquaculture Centre

Orkney [infrastructural] Tapestry

The Orkney landscape is peperred with small-scale wind turbines and farms, often in local ownership, and for local supply. Proposals for large-scale commercial wind-farming, though, is often subject to objections on account of visual impact, particularly in the context of historic monuments.

Orkney Visual Horizons West Mainland Wind-energy Arrays, Logistics Hub and Observatory Bouzounieraki, Sahan

Ground On - Offshore Wind Energy

Onshore and Offshore Wind Turbine development_Visual impact strategies bouzounieraki, sahan

Figure Logistics Hub, Bird Observatory

This proposal makes proposals for on and off-shore locations of largescale commercial wind-farms, carefully considering their relation to the orkney landscape. The arrays reinforce existing landscape lines; the topographic bowl of the ‘heart of neo-lithic orkney’ (alluded to by the ring of brodgar), and the shoreline itself. Alongside this proposal, a further architectural proposal considers the visual impact of the arrays for wild-life observation.

Taking cues from the Ring of Brodgar, a series of bird observation field-stations are proposed, each of which acts as a map of its own topographic situation. Echoing the surrounding terrain features in its rooflines, the buildings also mask the location of proposed turbines, allowing for an appreciation of the landscape without these technological intrusions. A proposal for the logistics base for wind-energy installers in stromness develops these architectural techniques at an urban level, using new housing to produce a visual screen between historic town and industrial depot.

Bouzounieraki, Sahan

Orkney Visual Horizons

Bird Observatory Exterior

Visual Horizon Studies

Observatory Visual Horizons

Bird Observatory Interior

Orkney Visual Horizons

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Stromness Visual Studies

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Logistics Hub Visual Analysis

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Orkney [infrastructural] Tapestry

The deep water sheltered harbour of Scapa Flow is uniquely positioned to be the first port of call for international shipment routes as the North-East passage opens between Europe and Asia due to the melting of polar ice. The influx of these large vessels introduces a new figure in the Orcadian marine world, one that occupies a different territory and sscale to that of existing Orcadian mariners.

Between the Map and the Territory Skapa Flow Multi-use Harbour Williams

Ground Marine Navigational Infrastructure

Figure Scapa Flow Transshipment Hub

Supertankers exist in a different sensorium to that of the fishing trawler or passenger ferry, guided by GPS as opposed to ftars, terrain features, lighthouses or marker buoys. This global traffic, though, does have to negotiate its passage with local sea-users. This project considers a small, but critical, piece of the infrastructure required to faciliate the introduction of the international vessels to Orkney waters. It proposes a multi-use harbour, including a transshipment station, ferry terminal, and small-vessel harbour, allowing local marine users to benefit from this large-scale investment. The project traces moments in which the navigational world of the supertanker becomes materialised to allow other marine users to navigate around it. By considering carefully the sign-landscape and eye-level visual sensorium of tanker pilot, ferry passenger and fisherman, the architecture emerges as a momentary exchange between differing maps and territories.

Between the Map and the Territory

Guidance Beacon, Ferry Terminal & Berthing Facilities

Williams

Between the Map and the Territory

Williams

Orkney [infrastructural] Tapestry

The discipline of archaeolgy has become an important contributor to climate science, offering evidence for climatic changes across vast time-spans. Visiting archaeological sites can assist in developing popular conceptions of deep-time, and the perilous condition of sites such as Skara Brae, exposed by violent storms, and on the brink of dissappearing into the sea, popularise concerns over climate change.

Orkney Temporal Horizons Skara Brae Wave Energy Arrays and Archaeology Centre

INTRODUCTION PAGE: 1 Per GROUP / INDIVIDUAL

Mak

This project considers the possibility that wave energy devices themselves part of our answer to global warming - might reduce rates of costal erosion, by taking energy out of the sea. A series of devices are proposed across the mouth of the bay of skails. By coincidence, the optimal line for these devices also indexes the historic line of the coast at 3000BC, the time Skara Brae was constructed; the devices are construed as part of an archaeological interpretation centre. An array of beach defenses are also proposed, with a view to increasing rates of sedimentation of dune formation, and brining about accelerated processes of landscape change, providing a defensive buffer for this UNESCO world heritage site. Finally, a new interpretation centre is proposed within this emerging dune landscape; as the building become buried by the buffering dunes, it becomes an index of this reversed processes of coastal erosion.

Use this sheet for your location scale ‘figure’ drawing. I.e. this drawing should show your proposition as it relates to the key aspects of the context represented in the ‘ground’ drawing, working with the same codes. Where you ate working in a group, this should show the full extent of your group intervention / masteplan.

Ground The Bay of Skaill

Figure Costal Erosion at Skara Brae

Mak

Orkney Temporal Horizons

R ] [ STUDIO D ] [ SCAT ]

M.ArchD 2 [] STUDIO M.Arch 1 [ STUDIO C ] [ ATR ] [ STUDIO [ SCAT ]G ] [ AMPL ] [ STUDI FIGURES GROUND INTERVENTIONS

Sedimentation Process

Sedimentation Scale Experiment

Sedimentation Accumulation within Erosion Defence , protecting Skara Brae

Coastal Erosion Timeline Outside of Erosion Defence

Orkney [infrastructural] Tapestry

Legal Lines Water Lines Stromness Tidal Generator and Tourist Accomodation Orr, Rigg

Ground Ownership of the intertidal zone; between Udal Law and the Crown Estate

Figure Stromness Intertidal Expansion Strategy

This design proposal offers an architectural response to the changing nature of Orkney’s intertidal zone caused by increased threat of flooding, storm surges and rising tides. Historic patterns of Orcadian urbanism have fostered a close connection to the sea, in part thanks to Udal Law; an Norse derived legal system unique to Orkney and Shetland. This legislation enables the Udal tenant to hold, without charter, ownership of the land out to the lowest spring ebb. The close proximity of city and water, though, is threatended by climate change, the historic cores of its town now at high risk from flooding events. Current patterns of development are shifting orcadian life away from the water’s edge, into the generic spaces of sub-urban spec development. This project proposes a new direction for the expansion of Stromness, through a series of flood mitigation infrastructures. An artificial reef acts as a storm attenuator, over-topping tidal generator, and jetty for pleasure craft; calm landward waters are developed with summer rental properties; the waterline is reconfigured, in some instances maximising Udal plots, in others tactically retreating to create spaces for storm surges; new paving, lighting and street furnitures connect the main road with the high lands above, space for projected residential development. Seeking to maximising exchange between land and sea, a new urban pattern emerges from the overlap of projected legal lines, and encroaching water-lines.

Orr, Rigg

Legal Lines/Water Lines

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THE BOAT HOUSE

Directional and visual identifiers

THE BOATprofitable HOUSE land/water exchanges Enabling Guiding movement of water and people

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1. Street lighting and furniture reinforce connec2. Residential properties in historic centre re3. New buildings at water edge offer access to beRetreat | Reviving life within the historic urban fabric Retreat |tourist The Boat House -Enabling a new tion to upper lands placed with increased amenities. calmed lido.land/water exchange 4.

Retreat | Way-finding, movement & passage

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1. L.E.D Strip lighting- Tempered glass with stainless steel housing integrated into existing paving 2. Rest point - Cast concrete bas, timber board seat section, Corten up-stand with concrete foundation.

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1. Storm drain and sluice gate mechanism 2. Portal frame wall - 12mm plasterboard, vapour barrier, 50mm insulation, 152 x152 steel column, 75mm insulation, damp-proof membrane, aluminium side rail, stainless steel support bracket, 30mm rough Caithness Stone cladding.

3. Flagstone paving to match existing

Detailed Section of Proposal 1. Marine grade concrete retaining wall.

2. Flagstone to match existing 3. Single depth linear drainage channel 4. Pressed aluminium hidden gutter detail 5. Reinforced concrete raft, 75mm insulation, 10mm non-slip tiles.

6. Prefabricated Corten exterior skin

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Orr, Rigg

Legal Lines/Water Lines

THE FLOATING HOUSE

THE FLOATING HOUSE

Water Apparatus

Lightweight living on the water

4. Flood defence wall reinforces existing edge. Jetties to rental properties bridge this wall.

ENTRANCE WAY

5. Rental properties spaced to maintain views along Udal lines

6.The wave-attenuating reef is not visible at high-tide

7.The wave-attenuating reef provides access to open sea and acts as over-topping tidal generator.

ATTENUATION BARRIER

Attack | Experiencing the true force of the sea

Defend | Retaining Udal vistas

Bridging the Defensive wall

The First line of attack

Defend | The Floating House - Living with the horizon 3.

efend | Breaching the defend line

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1. Metal vertical rising hydraulic sluice gate 2. Corten mesh with Corten steel backing plate 3. Winch and lifting mechanism for drawbridge 4. Thick plate bracket fixed to reinforced concrete base 5. Concrete block inserted within existing pier for teel tie back fixing.

View at high tide

1. Wall construction - 12mm plasterboard, vapour barrier, 70x30 Timber joists, 50mm Batt insulation, 200x200 Tube steel frame, 150mm mineral wool insulation, damp-proof membrane, Steel fixing bracket, marine grade concrete Cladding.

2. Glazing wall system

1.Floation Device - Stainless steel enclosed buoyancy raft, 800x250 steel casing for cable connection to land.

2. Stainless steel floor frame, Corten Mesh topping.

3. Corten steel Exterior frame

Orkney [infrastructural] Tapestry

The Norse name for Stromness, Orkney’s second town, was Hamnavoe, meaning sheltered harbour. Its location, on the lee-side of surrounding hills, made it ideal for settlement, and landing. Prevailing wind conditions in Orkney have, over the past decade, rotated 90 degrees. Its ‘sheltered harbour’ is increrasingly buffetted by strong winds, storms surges, and flooding.

Planning for Risk and Resilience Stromness Storm Attenuation and Urban Drainage Strategy Gass, Olszak,White

Ground Ground: Areas of Climactic Threat Future Planning in Environmental Risk

Orkney [infrastructural] Tapestry

White, Hayden | Olszak, Maciej | Gass, Andrew

Figure Stromness. Planning for Environmental Risk

This project considers the way in which its patterns of settlement in Orkney might need to adapt to these changing weather conditions.

It proposes three related planning and architectural initiaties. Firstl, a new building code for Stromness suggests patterns of extension to the historic fabric which would re-orient its grain to the prevailing southerly wind, making its streets sheltered again. Secondly, a series of new building proposals consider the ways in which the existing harbour infrastructure might be re-purposed in the event of sealevel rise. Finally, a new materplan for the towns northerly extension works with the lie of the land, minising flooding by developing modes of sustainable urban drainage. This new wetland environment is organised around a proposed distillery. Together, the three proposals demonstrate ways in which a consciousness of Risk can lead toward an architecture of resilience.

Orkney [infrastructural] Tapestry

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3

2020

2030

1 RIVER FLOOD EVENT 2 NORTH BAY FLOOD 3 CENTRAL HEATING 4 WATER MANAGEMENT 6 WHISKEY ECONOMY

Gass Planning for Risk and Resilience

1

2040

E

2070

2

2080

2100