ENACT-
Enhancingthe capacityofcivilsociety organisationstosupport victimsofanti-LGBTIQ hatecrimes
POLICYRECOMMENDATIONSFOR NATIONALANDTRANSNATIONAL PUBLICBODIESINTHEEU
Partners
Title:ENACT-Enhancingthecapacityofcivilsocietyorganisationstosupportvictimsofanti-LGBTIQhate crimes PolicyRecommendations
Contributors: MonikaAntanaitytė -LGL;EszterPolgáriandTamásDombos-HáttérSociety;ElliKaplaniand ChryssaSotiriou-KMOP;MajaLadićandKaterinaKočkovskaŠetinc-PeaceInstitute;NúriaSadurní-Balcells andJoseAntonioLangaritaAdiego-UniversitatdeGirona
Projectcoordinator:ReteLenfordAvvocaturaperidirittiLGBTI
Date:February2026
Theproject"ENACT-Enhancingthecapacityofcivilsocietyorganisationstosupportvictimsofanti-LGBTIQhatecrimes" (referencecode101141894)isco-fundedbytheEuropeanCommissionunderthecallCERV-2023-CHAR-LITIoftheCitizens program,Equality,RightsandValuesProgram Viewsandopinionsexpressedarehoweverthoseoftheauthor(s)only anddonotnecessarilyreflectthoseoftheEuropeanUnion NeithertheEuropeanUnionnorthegrantingauthoritycanbe heldresponsibleforthem
ThispublicationislicensedundertheCreativeCommons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlikeLicence40International (CCBY-NC-SA40)
GREECE
LITHUANIA SLOVENIA
SPAIN
ExecutiveSummary
Thiscomprehensivepolicydocumentpresentsevidence-basedrecommendationsfor strengtheninghatecrimevictimsupportacrosstheEuropeanUnion,withparticular focusonanti-LGBTQIhatecrimes TheserecommendationsareinformedbytheENACT projectresearchacrosssixEUMemberStatesandalignedwiththeEULGBTIQ+Equality Strategy2026-2030aswellasCouncilofEuropestandards.
PriorityActionsforImmediateImplementation (Within2Years)
1.LegislativeHarmonization:AdvanceEUlegislativeinitiativetoharmonizehatecrime definitions,includingsexualorientationandgenderidentityasprotectedgrounds acrossallMemberStates.
2.NationalActionPlans:AllMemberStatesadoptcomprehensivenationalLGBTIQ+ equalityactionplansbyend2027,withspecificprovisionsforhatecrimepreventionand victimsupport.
3.StableCivilSocietyFunding:Transitionfromproject-basedtomulti-yearoperational fundingforLGBTIQ+civilsocietyorganizationsprovidingspecialisedvictimsupport services.
4.MandatoryProfessionalTraining:Establishmandatoryelaboratetraining programmesforlawenforcement,prosecutors,andjudgesonhatecrimeidentification andvictim-sensitiveresponses.
5.Third-PartyReportingSystems:Implementsafereportingmechanismsallowing victimstoreportthroughtrustedcivilsocietyorganizations,withguaranteed confidentiality
EUPolicyContext
TheEULGBTIQ+EqualityStrategy2026-2030(hereinafter:EUStrategy),adoptedin January2026,establishesacomprehensiveframeworkforprotectingandempowering LGBTIQ+people Thestrategyemphasizesthreepillars:Protect,Empower,andEngage Thecurrentrecommendationsdirectlysupporttheimplementationofthestrategy's objectives,particularly:
• Combatinghatespeechandhatecrime,includingexploringlegislativeinitiatives toharmonizehateoffencedefinitions;
• StrengtheningvictimsupportthrougharevisedVictims'RightsDirective;
• CombatingconversionpracticesthroughMemberStateguidanceandEU-level action;
• EnhancingequalitydatacollectionthroughnewCommissionRecommendation; and
• SupportingcivilsocietythroughexpandedAgoraEUfunding.
CurrentHateCrimeSituation
RecentdatafromFRA's2023LGBTIQSurveyandENACTProjectresearchreveals persistentchallenges:
• 37%ofLGBTIQpeopleexperienceddiscriminationin2023intheEU.Transwomen (64%),transmen(63%)andintersexpeople(56%)experiencedthehighest discriminationrateswithintheLGBTIQcommunity.
• 13%ofLGBTIQrespondentsintheEUexperiencedphysicalorsexualattacksinthe past5years,withtransgendermen(23%)andtransgenderwomen(29%)most affected.
• 55%experiencedhate-motivatedharassment(18percentagepointincrease from2019).
• 24%ofLGBTIQpeopleexperiencedconversionpractices
• Upto90%ofhatecrimesgounreportedacrossENACTpartnercountries,with90% ofLGBTIQpeoplenotreportingtheirmostrecentincidentofhate-motivated harassmenttoanyorganizationorinstitution Notably,non-reportingremains pervasiveamongtransgenderindividuals.
• Legalframeworksremainfragmented:noEU-levelprotectionagainst discriminationorhatecrimesbasedonsexualorientationand/orgenderidentity beyondemployment.
ENACTResearchMethodology
TheENACTproject(March2024–February2026)representsacomprehensivequalitative researchonanti-LGBTQIhatecrimevictimexperiencesandsystemicresponses.This empiricalresearchconductedacrossSpain,Slovenia,Greece,Hungary,Italy,and Lithuania:
• 79in-depthinterviewswithhatecrimevictims(11Greece,12Hungary,20Italy,7 Lithuania,10Slovenia,19Spain)revealingtheprofoundpsychologicalandsocial impactofhate-motivatedviolence,detailedexperienceswithreportingand criminaljusticesystems,andcriticalgapsinsupportservices;
• 71interviewswithkeyprofessionals(7Greece,9Hungary,20Italy,6Lithuania,12 Slovenia,17Spain)includinglawenforcementofficers,prosecutors,judges,
lawyers,anti-discriminationbodyrepresentatives,andNGOstaff,documenting implementationchallenges,trainingdeficits,andcoordinationfailures;
• 6focusgroupswith33professionalsintotal(5-7participantspercountry) facilitatingcross-sectoraldialoguetoidentifybestpractices,systemicobstacles, andopportunitiesforimprovedinter-agencycooperation;
•
CriticalFindings
UnderreportingCrisis
• Primarybarriers:lackoftrustinauthorities,fearofexposure,fearof revictimization,languagebarriersformigrants,normalizationofdiscrimination.A Lithuanianprofessionalobserved:"TheLGBTQ+communityhasgreatly normalisedexperiencinghatecrimesandhatespeech...itseemsthatifyou’rea queerperson,you’lljustnaturallyencountersomehatred,"
• Victimsoftenlackawarenessofreportingmechanismsandavailablesupport. ImplementationGap
• Whilelegalframeworksexist,practicalapplicationremainsinadequate.
• Hatecrimesarefrequentlyprosecutedasordinaryoffences,failingtorecognize specificharmandbiasmotivation
• Inadequatecoordinationpersistsbetweenlawenforcementandcriminaljustice agencies,victimsupportservices,andcivilsocietyorganizations(CSOs) ServiceFragmentation
• Victimsupportispredominantlyprovidedbyunder-resourcedCSOs
• Servicesareconcentratedincapitalsandmajorcities,leavingruralvictims severelyunderserved.
• CSOsrelyontemporaryprojectfundingratherthanstableoperationalsupport IssuesConcerningIntersectionality
• Multiplediscriminationfactorscompoundvulnerabilitybutarerarelyaddressed inpolicies.AsonevictimfromItalydescribed:"Ialwayssufferedfromthisdouble stigmatizationasanAlbanianimmigrantand,evenaf t."
• Datacollectionsystemsfailtocaptureintersectionalpatterns
PriorityRecommendations
TheserecommendationsareorganizedintosevenbuildingblocksalignedwithEUand CouncilofEuropestandards:
1.LegislativeandPolicyFrameworks
Recommendation1.1:ExpandandHarmonizeHateCrimeLegislation
AllMemberStatesshould:
• Includesexualorientation,genderidentity,genderexpressionandsex characteristicsasprotectedgroundsinbindinghatecrimelegislation;
• Ensurethatlawsmeanttoprotectagainsthatecrimesincludebothspecific(sui generis)hatecrimeoffencesandbiasmotivationasanaggravating circumstanceforothercrimes;and
• Adoptintersectionalapproachesthatrecognizeandadequatelyaddress multipleandcompoundingformsofdiscrimination,ensuringthatlegal frameworksaccountforhowprotectedcharacteristicsintersect(suchasrace, religion,disability,age,andLGBTIQ+identity)andprovideenhancedprotections whereindividualsfacediscriminationonmultiplegroundssimultaneously TheEuropeanCommissionshould:
• Advancelegislativeinitiativetoharmonizeonlinehatespeechdefinitions(as announcedinEULGBTIQ+EqualityStrategy);and
• SupportCounciladoptionofhatespeechandhatecrimeas'EUcrimes'under Article83(1)TFEU
Recommendation1.2:CombatConversionPractices
FollowingtheEuropeanCitizens'Initiative“BanonconversionpracticesintheEuropean Union”andalignedwithEUStrategycommitments,MemberStatesshould:
• ProhibitconversionpracticestargetingLGBTIQ+persons;and
• Providesupportandcompensationmechanismstosurvivorsofconversion practicecommittedbymedicalworkersorreligiousactors.
Recommendation1.3:NationalLGBTIQ+EqualityActionPlans
AllMemberStatesshouldadoptnationalactionplansonLGBTIQ+equalityby2027, includingspecificprovisionsforhatecrimepreventionandvictimsupport.Theseshould:
• DesignatenationalcoordinatorsonLGBTIQ+equality;
• Includemeasurableobjectives,timelines,andadequatefunding;and
• Addressruralandgeographicinequalitiesinserviceprovision.
2.CriminalJusticeSystemResponse
Recommendation2.1:MandatoryTraining
Establishmandatoryinitialandcontinuoustrainingfor:
• Policeofficersonhatecrimeidentification,victim-sensitiveinterviewingand LGBTIQ+-specificcompetency;
• Prosecutorsandjudgesonhatecrimeprosecutionaswellasadministrativestaff atcourtfacilitiesonbiasindicators,anddiscriminationfromanintersectional perspective;and
• TrainingshouldbedevelopedandprovidedincollaborationwithLGBTIQ+CSOs andvictimsupportservices.
Recommendation2.2:SpecializedUnitsandProsecutors
• Establishspecializedhatecrimeunitsornetworkofhatecrimespecialistswithin policeforces;
• Designatespecializedprosecutorsforhatecrimecases;and
• Createhatecrimecontactpointsinalllawenforcementandprosecutionoffices.
Recommendation2.3:SafeReportingMechanisms
• Establishonlinereportingplatformswithconfidentialityguarantees;
• Ensurethatreportingdoesnotadverselyaffecttheresidencestatusofmigrant victims;and
• Facilitatethird-partyreportingsystemsallowingvictimstoreportthroughtrusted CSOs.
3.VictimSupportServices
Recommendation3.1:StableFundingforCivilSociety
MemberStatesshould:
• EnsureadequateandstablecorefundingofLGBTIQCSOsofferingvictimsupport beyondproject-basedgrantsforvictimsupportprograms;and
• ImplementsafeguardspreventingexclusionofCSOsofferingvictimsupportfrom fundingbecauseoftheirLGBTIQ+advocacywork.
Recommendation3.2:ComprehensiveVictimSupport
MemberStatesareurgedto:
• Ensureaccessofhatecrimevictimstopsychologicalcounseling,legal assistance,andpracticalsupport;
• Provideimmediateindividualizedsafetyplanningandriskassessment;and
• Offerpeer-supportgroupsfacilitatedbytrainedLGBTIQ+communitymembers.
Recommendation3.3:GeographicAccessibility
MemberStatesshould:
• Establishsupportservicesinruralandunderservedareas,notonlycapitalsand majorcities;
• Developmobileoutreachteamsandonlinesupportservices;and
• Providetravelcostreimbursementforsociallyvulnerablevictimsaccessing servicesfromremotelocations.
4.IntersectionalApproaches
Recommendation4.1:Recognizehowstructuresofdominationrendercertain populationgroupsmorevulnerablethanothers
AlignedwithEUStrategy'sintersectionalityprincipleandFRAfindingsonheightened discriminationforLGBTIQ+personswithdisabilities,migrants,andracializedindividuals:
• Trainprofessionalstoidentifyintersectionaldevicesofoppressionandhate crimevictimizationpatterns
• Ensurethatsupportservicesaddressintersectingvulnerabilities(eg disability, migrationstatus,racial/ethnicorigin);and
• Collectdisaggregateddatacapturingexperiencesofhatecrimevictimsof intersectingidentitiesfacingmultiplediscrimination
Recommendation4.2:ProtectionforLGBTIQ+AsylumSeekersfromHateCrimes
LGBTIQ+asylumseekersfaceheightenedriskofhatecrimesandviolencein receptionfacilitiesandduringasylumprocedures.Therefore,werecommend implementingEUStrategycommitmentsandPactonMigrationandAsylumsafeguards, particularly:
• Formallyrecognizesexualorientation,genderidentity,genderexpression,andsex characteristics(SOGIESC)asexplicitgroundsforrefugeeprotectionwithin nationalframeworks;
• ProvidesafeaccommodationforLGBTIQ+asylumseekerspreventingviolence andharassmentincommonhousingfacilities;and
• Ensureaccesstoculturallycompetenthealthcareformigrantvictimsof anti-LGBTIQhatecrimes
5.DataCollectionandMonitoring
Recommendation5.1:StandardizedDataCollection
AlignedwithCommission'sforthcomingRecommendationonequalitydata(EUStrategy commitment):
• ImplementharmonizedhatecrimerecordingsystemsacrossMemberStates;
• RecordallprotectedSOGIESCcharacteristicsincludingsexualorientation,gender identity,genderexpression,andsexcharacteristics;
• Capturedataonmultiplediscrimination;and
• Publishdisaggregatedstatisticsannually.
Recommendation5.2:MonitorJusticeOutcomes
Nationallawenforcementandjusticebodiesshould:
• Trackhatecrimecasesfromreportingthroughprosecutiontosentencing;
• Monitorattritionratesandidentifysystemicbarrierstojustice;and
• Analyzewhetherhatecrimeprovisionsareeffectivelyappliedinsentencing
6.CounteringOnlineHate
Recommendation6.1:DigitalServicesActEnforcement
GivenFRAfindingthat63%ofLGBTIQpeopleencounteredhatefulonlinecontentcalling forviolence,theEUshould:
• EnsurerigorousenforcementofDigitalServicesActobligationsregardingillegal hatecontent;
• MonitorplatformimplementationofrevisedCodeofConductonCountering IllegalHateSpeechOnline;and
• DevelopanactionplanoncyberbullyingaffectingLGBTIQ+youth(EUStrategy commitmentfor2026).
Recommendation6.2:CounterDisinformation
MemberStatesshould:
• AddressinformationmanipulationtargetingLGBTIQ+communitiesimplemented bydomesticandforeignactors;and
• Supportmedialiteracyinitiativeschallenginganti-gendernarratives
7.PreventionandEducation
Recommendation7.1:InclusiveEducation
GivenFRAfindingthat67%ofLGBTIQpeopleexperiencedbullyinginschool,public bodiesshouldbeprovidedwithmeasuresto:
• ExchangebestpracticesonsafeandinclusiveeducationthroughEuropean EducationAreaworkinggroups;
• Implementanti-bullyingpoliciesexplicitlyprotectingLGBTIQ+students;and
• TrainteachersonLGBTIQ+inclusionandrespondingtobias-basedbullying
Recommendation7.2:PublicAwarenessCampaigns
NationalpublicbodiesincooperationwithCSOs,should:
• Developnationalcampaignschallengingprejudice,improvingtrustinlaw enforcementandcriminaljusticeagenciesandpromotinghatecrimereporting;
• SupportthepublicrecognitionoftheInternationalDayAgainstHomophobia, TransphobiaandBiphobia(17May)throughofficialstatements,awareness campaignsandpolicies;and
• RemoveanybarrierstotheorganizationofandensuresafeaccesstoLGBTIQ+ Prideandawarenessevents
ImplementationFramework
ImmediateActions(2026-2027)
• MemberStatesadoptnationalLGBTIQ+equalityactionplansbytheend2027, withCommissionfacilitationthroughguidancedocumentsandfundingsupport;
• CommissionpublishesstudyonconversionpracticesandRecommendationon equalitydata;
• EstablishanLGBTIQ+PolicyForumwithcivilsociety;
• StrengthenthemandateoftheexpertgrouponLGBTIQ+equality;and
• Launchcyberbullyingactionplan
Medium-termActions(2027-2029)
• MemberStatesharmonizehatecrimelegislationtoincludesexual orientation,genderidentity,genderexpression,andsexcharacteristicsas protectedgrounds,supportedbyEUcoordinationandmodellegislation guidance;
• MemberStatesimplementstandardizedhatecrimedatacollectionsystems,with EUfacilitationofharmonizedmethodologiesandtechnicalsupport;
• AllMemberStatesestablishspecializedhatecrimeunitsornetworksand prosecutors,withEUsupportforcross-bordercooperationandknowledge exchange;
• MemberStatesimplementmandatorytrainingforcriminaljusticeprofessionals, leveragingtheexistinghatecrimetraininginitiativesandresourcematerialsof CEPOL(EuropeanUnionAgencyforLawEnforcementTraining);
• LaunchUnionofEqualitycommunicationcampaign;and
• PublishnewEurobarometerondiscrimination(2027).
Long-termActions(2028-2030)
• Commissionmid-termreviewofLGBTIQ+EqualityStrategy(2028);
• FRAconductsfourthcomprehensiveLGBTIQSurvey(published2029);
• CommissionandMemberStatesestablishstablemulti-yearfundingframeworks forLGBTIQ+civilsocietyorganizationsthroughdedicatedbudgetlinesinnational equalityactionplansandEUfundingprogrammes;
• Supporttheestablishmentofcomprehensiveandaccessiblevictimsupport networksincludingruralareas;and
• CommissionfacilitatesMemberStateeffortstoincreasehatecrimereporting andsuccessfulprosecutionsthroughknowledgeexchange,modellegislation, andmonitoringframeworks,withannualprogressreviews.
MonitoringandAccountability
• AnnualreportingbyMemberStatesonhatecrimestatisticsandactionplan implementation;
• CommissionmonitoringthroughinfringementprocedureswhereEUlawnot properlyimplemented;
• FRAregularsurveysandreportsondiscriminationandhatecrime;
• Civilsocietyshadowreportingonimplementationgaps;and
• LGBTIQ+PolicyForumannualreviewofprogress
Conclusion
TheENACTprojecthasdocumentedpersistentandurgentchallengesfacingLGBTIQ+ communities:massiveunderreportingofhatecrimes,fragmentedsupportservices, inadequatecriminaljusticeresponses,andoverlookedintersectingvulnerabilities.
Theseevidence-basedrecommendationsprovideconcretepolicyactionstoaddress thesegaps TheyalignwithandstrengthentheimplementationoftheEULGBTIQ+ EqualityStrategy2026-2030,translatingitsframeworkintopracticalmeasuresfor protectingandempoweringLGBTIQ+peopleacrossEurope
EffectiveimplementationrequiressustainedcommitmentfromEUinstitutions,Member States,regionalandlocalauthorities,equalitybodies,civilsocietyorganizations,and allies
By2030,successfulimplementationisexpectedtoresultin:
• Harmonizedhatecrimelegislationprotectingsexualorientation,genderidentity, genderexpression,andsexcharacteristicsacrossallMemberStates,following theadoptionoftheCouncilDecisionextendingArticle83(1)TFEUandsubsequent directiveonminimumrulesforhatecrimeandhatespeechdefinitionsand sanctions.
• Measurableincreaseinhatecrimereportingratesandsuccessfulprosecutions, withtransparentmonitoringofconvictionratesandsentencingpractices
• Consistentapplicationofaggravatedsentencingprovisionsforhate-motivated offensesacrossMemberStates.
• Effectiveenforcementmechanismsensuringnon-discriminatoryaccessto justiceforLGBTIQ+victims.
Theserecommendationsrepresentafundamentalcommitmenttohatecrime victims:tohearthem,believethem,supportthem,seekjusticeforthem,andwork towardasocietywhereallpeoplecanlivefreefromfear,discrimination,andviolence.
ENACTproject teamgratefullyacknowledgesthecontributionsofLGBTIQ+community members,victimsupportservices,andcriminaljusticeprofessionalswhoparticipated intheresearchacrosssixMemberStates(Spain,Slovenia,Greece,Hungary,Italy, Lithuania).
KeyReferences
EUPolicyDocuments
• EuropeanCommission(2025).UnionofEquality:LGBTIQ+EqualityStrategy 2026-2030 COM(2025)725final
• EuropeanCommission(2024).ImplementationReport:LGBTIQEqualityStrategy 2020-2025
• EuropeanParliament(2024).ResolutionontheimplementationoftheEULGBTIQ EqualityStrategy2020-2025(2023/2082(INI)).
• MinisterialDeclarationby20MemberStates(2024) Callingforarenewed LGBTIQ+equalitystrategy.
ResearchandData
• FRA(2023).EULGBTIQSurveyIII:BeingLGBTIQ+intheEU.EuropeanUnionAgency forFundamentalRights
• FRA(2023).BeingintersexintheEU:Challengesfacedbyintersexpeople. EuropeanUnionAgencyforFundamentalRights.
• ENACTProject(2024-2026) ResearchreportsanddeliverablesfromsixMember States(Spain,Slovenia,Greece,Hungary,Italy,Lithuania).
• Eurobarometer(2023) SpecialEurobarometerondiscriminationintheEU
• ILGA-Europe(2025).AnnualReviewoftheHumanRightsSituationofLGBTIPeople inEuropeandCentralAsia.
• OSCE-ODIHR(2024).AnnualHateCrimeReport2024
InternationalStandards
• OSCE-ODIHR(2024).HateCrimeProsecutionattheIntersectionofHateCrime andCriminalized'HateSpeech':APracticalGuide.
• CouncilofEurope(2010) RecommendationCM/Rec(2010)5onmeasuresto combatdiscriminationongroundsofsexualorientationorgenderidentity.
• CouncilofEurope(2024) CommitteeofExpertsonSexualOrientation,Gender IdentityandExpression,andSexCharacteristics:Mandateandworkprogramme.
• UNIndependentExpertonSOGI(2020).Practicesofso-called'conversion therapy':ReportA/HRC/44/53
APPENDIX:LegalandPolicyFramework
EULegalInstruments
Theserecommendationssupportimplementationof:
• EUCharterofFundamentalRights(Articles21,23)-non-discriminationand equality.
• Victims'RightsDirective(2012/29/EU)-comprehensivevictimsupport.
• EmploymentEqualityDirective(2000/78/EC)-workplacediscrimination
• DirectiveonCombatingViolenceAgainstWomenandDomesticViolence (2024/1385)-gender-basedviolenceincludingcyberhatebasedongender, recognizingLGBTIpeopleatgreaterrisk.
• DigitalServicesAct-illegalonlinecontentincludinghatespeech.
• EqualityBodyDirectives(2024/1499,2024/1500)-strengthenedequalitybodies;
• EULGBTIQ+EqualityStrategy2026-2030-comprehensiveframework.
• CommissionproposaltoextendArticle83(1)TFEUEUcrimeslisttoincludeall formsofhatecrimeandhatespeech(COM(2021)777,pendingCounciladoption) -wouldenableacomprehensiveEU-widecriminallawframework
CouncilofEuropeStandards
• RecommendationCM/Rec(2023)2onrights,servicesandsupportforvictimsof crime.
• RecommendationCM/Rec(2024)4onhatecrimes.
• RecommendationCM/Rec(2010)5onmeasurestocombatdiscriminationon groundsofsexualorientationorgenderidentity.
• CommitteeofExpertsonSexualOrientation,GenderIdentityandExpression,and SexCharacteristics(2024)-monitoringandstandard-setting.
• EuropeanCourtofHumanRightsjurisprudenceonLGBTIrightsunderArticles8 (privatelife)and14(non-discrimination)oftheECHR
ECRIFramework(CouncilofEurope)
• EuropeanCommissionagainstRacismandIntolerance(ECRI)GeneralPolicy RecommendationNo.15onCombatingHateSpeech. Availableat: https://www.coe.int/en/web/european-commission-against-racism-and-intoler ance/hate-speech-and-violence
• ECRIGeneralPolicyRecommendationNo.17onPreventingandCombating IntoleranceandDiscriminationagainstLGBTIPersons Availableat: https://rmcoeint/general-policy-recommendation-no-17-on-preventing-and-c ombating-intole/1680acb66f
OSCE-ODIHRFramework
• UnderstandingHateCrimes:AHandbookforCivilSocietyintheOSCERegion (2021)
• PreventingandRespondingtoHateCrimes:AResourceGuideforNGOsinthe OSCERegion(2023).
• HateCrimeData-CollectionandMonitoring:APracticalGuide(2022)
• AddressingAnti-LGBTIHateCrimes:TrainingforaProfessionalResponse(2021).
• ProsecutingHateCrimes:APracticalGuide(2023)
• OSCE-ODIHRHateCrimeVictimSupportPortal Availableat:https://projects.osce.org/odihr/hate-crime-victim-support
