UTOPIA: The Evolution in it's meaning and image over time

UTOPI A

THEEVOLUTI ON I N I T’ S MEANI NG AND I MAGE OVER TI ME

MEMOI RED’ ARCHI TECTURE ENSAL 2020 KARASPYROSLENOS

I NDEX

I nt r oduct i on

3

Li t er at ur eUt opi as

4

Republ i cofPl at o

5

Ut opi aofThomasMor e

6

Vi sual i sedUt opi as

8 9

Radi calMovementofFl or ence Di gi t alUt opi as

1 1 12

Gr eenScr een Concl usi on

14

Bi bl i ogr aphy

15

2

I NTRODUCTI ON

3

LI TERATUREUTOPI AS

Wr i t i nghasbeent heonl ywayt opr eser veknowl edgef orcent ur i es,andduet ot hat knowl edge,wehavet hebaseoft heUt opi ant hi nki ngunt i lt oday .Thei nt er est i ng shi f tt heUt opi ast ooki nmoder nt i meswasr eal l yeasedbyt hest r ongt heor et i cal basesetbyt hel i t er at ur eUt opi ani sm.

Asi nanyot herphi l osophyi deaorr esul t,t he sear chandj ust i f i cat i onofsuchapl acewasbei ngr eal i zedi nAnci entGr eece.Af t er Pl at o’ si dealsoci et y,i nt henextGol denEr aofHumani t y ,t heMor esUt opi awi t h st r ongr ef er encesi nt heoneofPl at oset st hebaseoft heUt opi ani sm spaceand def i nest hemeani ngoft hewor dt ot hepi ct ur eofUt opi aunt i lt oday .Wi t ht hest r ong t heor et i calbaseandt heconcept ualyetsomewhatdef i nedpr oper t i esi nspace, wr i t t endescr i bedUt opi asi nspi r edandkeepi nspi r i ngpeopl eunt i l t oday ,becauseof t hei rt i mel essmeani ngsandval uest heyr epr esent .

4

REPUBLI COFPLATO Whensear chi ngf ort hef or m orqual i t i esoft hei deal pl ace,t he“ Republ i c”ofPl at oi s one oft he f i r stwr i t t en exampl es ofsuch expl or at i ons.I n 357 BC,t he Gr eek phi l osopher ,r eal i zedaser i esof10bookswi t ht hename“ Republ i c” .Thesebooks havebeeni nf l uent i al i nt hegr owt hoft heWest er nCi vi l i zat i ons;t hus,t heyar eknown t o be Pl at o’ smostf amouswor k. The hi st or i calcont extoft he per i od i n whi ch “ Republ i c”wasr eal i zedhadagr eati mpacti nt hatwor k,i twasbei ngwr i t t eni nt he Gol den Age of t he At heni an Democr acy but r i ght af t er t he def eat i nt he Pel oponnesi anwar s,andsot her ei sasour ceofcr i t i ci sm i nwar sandt hest r uct ur e oft hecur r entr epubl i c. “ Republ i c”deal swi t ht henot i onofj ust i cei nani dealci t yst at e( i nGr eeki sr ef er r ed asPol i s) ,andt her ol eoft hej ustper soni nsi dei t . Theser i esi sconsi st edof10 bookswhi l et het exti spr esent edt ot heaudi encei nt hef or m ofdi al ogues,36i n number ,andt hemai npr ot agoni st samongot her sar eSocr at esandGl af kon.By r eadi ngt hebooksoneget st heessenceofj ust i cei ni t scor ef r om pr act i cal exampl es andcr i t i calquest i onsi nt hecont extoft heCl assi cAnt i qui t yt hebookswer ewr i t t en, whi l et hevar i et yofpr ot agoni st st hatt akepar ti nt heconver sat i onhel pact i vat i nga wi der angeofchar act er sasPl at odoesnotopposeonopi ni onbutcr eat esavast amountofdi f f er entopi ni onsi nt hesamet opi c,wi t ht hi st echni quet heaut hori sabl e t oexpr essvar i ousopi ni onst oavastamountofaudi ence,wi t ht hepr ot agoni st s opi ni onsonasubj ectort onechangi ngaccor di ngt ot heper sont hei rt al ki ngt o,j ust l i keaspokendi al ogue.

Thi swor ki sbel i evedt obet hef i r stat t emptofdescr i pt i onordi scussi onofani deal st at e,andi nasense,i ti si dent i f i edasanUt opi a.Pl at o’ sRepubl i ci sconsi der edas a“ t houghtexper i ment ” ,anot hernar r at i veoft heexi st i ngspaceoft hatpar t i cul ar t i me,andnotanexi st i ngpar t i cul arspace/ pl ace.Thi si st hesecondpr oper t yoft he Ut opi aevenf r om t hewor d’ sdef i ni t i on,ou+t opos,t hatmeansnopl ace,t hus, t he al l egor i esandpr oper t i esoft hei dealRepubl i ccoul dbeadj ust edanywher eandi n anyt i me.Thi si st her easonPl at o’ swor ki sal lt i mecl assi ci nt hef i el dsofpol i t i cal sci enceshi st or yand phi l osophy .The descr i pt i on oft he i deali n Pl at o’ swor ki s ant hr opocent r i c,andsot her ei snoevi denceofspace asPl at o’ spi ct ur eofani deal pl acei sf or medbyi t scor est r uct ur e,andt hesuccessofaRepubl i ci sdependedon i t sci t i zens,notbyt hepr oper t i esofi t sspace/ pl ace.

5

UTOPI AOFMORE ThomasMor e,wi t hhi sbook“ Ut opi a”descr i bedanew nar r at i veofspacei nt he Engl i sh soci et yoft he 16t h cent ur y .Gi vi ng t he hi st or i calcont extoft hatper i od, ThomasMor et r i edt oopposet hati dealsoci et ynextt ot her eal i t yoft het i me,a r eal i t yofi nj ust i ceandol i gar chy .Gi veni t scont extt hebookhasst r ongi nf l uenceby t heRenai ssance’ si deasandval ues,t husi ti sconsi der edasacl assi cbookunt i l nowadays. “ Ut opi a”hasast r ongi nf l uencef r om t he“ Republ i c”asi ssai dt obeanupdat edand mor espaceor i ent edver si onoft hei deal soci et yt hati snowdescr i bedasanexi st i ng pl ace,an i sl and,r at hert han t he t houghtexper i mentt hatt he “ Republ i c”was descr i bedas.Bot hPl at o’ sandMor e’ sdescr i pt i onsoft hei dealcount r yar ei nf or ms ofdi al ogues.I n Mor e’ snovel ,t he mai n pr ot agoni sti sRaphaelHyt hl odaeus,a f or meri nhabi t antoft hesoci et yofUt opi a,whodescr i best hest r uct ur eoft hecount r y t oMor ehi msel f .Anot herpoi ntt hatshowst hei nf l uencef r om t heGr eekl i t er at ur ei s f oundi nt hedescr i pt i onsofRaphaeloni t ,hement i onst hatt heUt opi ansf oundt he gr eek l anguage cl ose t ot hei rand poi nt ed outt he i mpor t ance oft he Gr eek Phi l osophy .Al loft hese ofcour se have t o do wi t ht he r epr oachi ng oft he Gr ecoRomansoci et yasi deal exampl esi nt hatper i odoft i me.Mor ei ssai dt obet he f at heroft hewor dUt opi a,buthi sst r ongi nf l uenceoft heGr eekPhi l osophy ,f ound evenasr ef er encepoi nt si nhi snovelshow t headapt i onoft hewor dandgi vi ngi t spaceor i ent edpr oper t i es.Thi si deal pl acei ssai dt obeanact ual pl acei nt hemaps wi t hRaphaelexpl ai ni nghowt ogett her e Thenovel i sconsi st edoft wobooks.I nt hef i r stone,f r om t hedi al oguewi t hRaphael , Moor epor t r ayst heEngl i shsoci et yoft het i meandt heendl essci r cl eofi nj ust i cet o i t .I nt hesecondbookUt opi ai svi sual i zedf r om Raphael ’ sdescr i pt i onswi t hr eal l y pr eci set ypol ogi calandmet r i cf eat ur es,i ncl udi ngt heshapeoft hei sl andofut opi a, t henumberoft heci t i esi ti sconsi st edofandt hepopul at i onoft hem andevent he wayeachci t yi spl anned.Theamountofi nf or mat i onont hear chi t ect ur alf eat ur es andt hewayt hatsoci et yi sst r uct ur ed,butal sot heext endedr epor toft hei rt r adi t i ons andcul t ur e,hel pst her eadert oshapeacl eari mageoft hati dealpl ace.

Ther ei sal ongspaceor i ent eddescr i pt i onoft hati sl and,andt hemai nr easoni st hat Mor ewant ed,besi dest hest r uct ur eandval uesoft hatsoci et y ,t het r ansl at i onof t hem i nt ospace.A wel l desi gnedhouse/ ci t y/ count r y ,f orMor ecanhaveagr eat ef f ecti n peopl e’ sl i ves.The ar chi t ect ur alqual i t i es oft hatcount r y show t he i mpor t anceoft hem whent hi nki ngofani dealspace,andwhatanonspacewoul d l ookl i kei fi texi st ed.Theessenceofi deal i nt hi si sl andi snott heshapeofi tnei t her t hedi f f er entl anguageort r adi t i ons.Wi t hRaphael ’ sdescr i pt i onsovert hatpl acet he i mpor t ancei supont hewayt hecount r yi sst r uct ur ed.Ut opi ai sj ustl i keanyot her par toft hewor l dgeogr aphi cal l yspeaki ng,butt hest r uct ur eofi tandi t sar chi t ect ur al qual i t i esar ehi ghl i ght edasoneoft her easonst hatcount r yi sanexampl eofani deal soci et y .Thest r uct ur eoft hecount r y ,t heequal i t yandhi gherval uest heybel i evedi n, canal lbet r acedi nt hei rwayofl i vi ng,wi t hal lt heci t i esshar i ngt hesamepl an,a squar e,t heexactamountofr esi dent si neachhouseandevent hewayt hesi t t i ngi n t her est aur antar easi sar r anged.

6

“ Nous” ,t hemapot hehumanmi nd sour ce: wi ki pedi a. com

Mor e’ sUt opi aVi sual i sed sour ce: wi ki pedi a. com

7

VI SUALI SEDUTOPI AS

Ast heyear spassedbyandaf t ert hecommuni st si deasofaut opi ansoci et y ,t he f ocuswassetont hepr opor t i onsoft heUt opi asandf i nal l yt hei deaswer epr oj ect ed i nt ospaces.Thevi sual i zat i onsoft hei dealci t i esormegast r uct ur eswi t hst r ong dyst opi anf eel i ngsbecameat r endi nt he70s,f ol l owi ngt hePopcul t ur eoft het i me.

Thewayt heUt opi aswer edescr i bedchangedovert heyear sandt hati snotj usta mat t erodr epr esent at i on.Af t ert heCl assi calt i mesort heRenai ssance,wer et he humanwast hecor eofphi l osophyandt heUt opi awasani dealpl aceofhuman val ues,t heybecame i dealnar r at i vesoft he ever ydayl i f e,consumed easi eras i magesand havi ng mor e space or i ent ed pr oper t i esand qual i t i es.Rat hert han t heor ybased soci et i eswi t h compl exr ul es,t he qual i t i esoft he desi gned space woul duni f yt hehumanki ndandcr eat eani deal nonspacewi t hf ocusonont ol ogi cal andmor phol ogi calqual i t i es.

8

Radi calMovementofFl or ence Ref er r edal soas“ Hi ppi eModer ni sm” ,t heRadi calMovementt ookpl acei nt hel at e 60s i n Fl or ence,I t al y .Fr om t hi sAr chi t ect ur alEr a,sadl y we haven’ tgotany pr oducedorr eal i zedwor ksbecauset heywer econcent r at edi nt heconcept ,r at her t hant heabi l i t yt ober eal i zed.Thi sar chi t ect ur alMovementhadst r ongi nf l uences f r om t hesoci oeconomi calchangesi nt heyear s19601970,t henomadi chi ppi e cul t ur e,t het hought sofawarf r eeuni t edwor l d,andt hest ar t i ngoft hePopcul t ur e t hatshowedsi gnsoft hedomi nancei nt heshapi ngofcul t ur eoft hef ut ur ewor l d.

The r esponsei nt heset opi cswast hei rext r emel yr adi calvi si onoft hef ut ur e,t r ansl at ed i nt ospacet hr oughmi xedmedi aandi nspi r i ngar t i st sphi l osopher sandar chi t ect s unt i lt oday . “ Ut opi eRadi cal i ”wasanexhi bi t i ont hatt ookpl acei n2018i nFl or enceasat r i but et o t her adi calmovementt hatappear edi nFl or encei nt he l at e60s,showcasi ngt hei r wor kgi ven t hei rcont extand r equest i oni ng t hr ough t hese wor ks,t he mat t erof spacei nnowadayssoci et i es.Ther adi calmovementwasconsi st edf r om var i ous ar chi t ect ur al gr oupswi t hbr eaki ngnamessuchasSuper st udi o, Ar chi zoom,Zi ggur at andUf o.“ Wewer eal labouti deas,wedi dn’ twantt obui l dhouses”saysGi anni Pat t ena,andt hi si sr eal l ysummi ngupt hei rwor k.Thei rmai nconcer nwast he cr eat i onofanar r at i vespacewi t hf ut ur i st i cel ement sandi nf l uencesf r om popcul t ur e suchassuper mar ket sormal l s,t hatcoul dser vet hei deaofani deal i zedsoci et ywi t h ast r uct ur ebasedongr i dandvar i ousot herr adi calf i gur est hatwoul dbr eakt he st at usquooft hecur r entt i mei nhi st or yandt her oot st ot hepast ,andt her esul t sof t hem i n space.These exampl es ofhomogeni zed space and outofscal e ar chi t ect ur alf or msar easour ceofi nspi r at i onunt i lt oday ,andi ti sr eal l yi nt er est i ng t or esear cht hepr obl emst hesest r uct ur eswant edt osol ve.

Thi st ypeofUt opi ashasar eal l yst r ongbondwi t hspace,t hus,onewoul dsayt hat t heyar ej ustspaceor i ent ed,butt her ei sanal sost r ongt heor et i call ayeri nt het hei r cor et hatcanbef oundi nt hei rmani f est os.Thei rwor kwasami xofi nst al l at i ons, sket chesandcol l ages,butal soaudi oandvi sual cont ext .I tr ef l ect edt het i meper i od i nwhi chi twascr eat edandt ookadvant ageoft hef r eedom oft heset ool st oshapea space f r ee f r om t he bar r i er soft he l anguage ordi mensi ons.Wi t ht hei rwayof r epr esent at i ont heygi vecl eari mageoft heconceptandi deabutyett hedi mensi ons andmet r i cf act or ssuchast hest at i cpr obl emsorot herf act or st hatwoul dbr i ngt hese i deasdownt oear t har ej usti gnor edorhi ddenbyt hemeansofr epr esent at i on.Thei r vi si ons wer e pr oj ect ed i n col l ages ,j ustl i ke any pi ct ur ei n magazi ne or adver t i sementoft hatt i meandcoul dbeconsumedaseasyasanyot herpi ct ur e,but st i l lgi vef oodf ort houghti nt her el at i onsofhumanandspace.I nopposi t i ont ot he wr i t t enut opi asoft hepastt hesevi ewsoft hei dealornonspacewer ebasedi n ar chi t ect ur al f ut ur es, and t hr ough t hem , t hr ough t he i nvest i gat i on and exper i ment at i onofspaceandmat t ert heyi magi nedani deal f ut ur e,t hatwoul dwor k becausei twasdesi gnedt o,wi t hanomadi cf eel ,shar i ngandhomogeni zat i on,t obe t her esul toft hei nt er act i onoft hepeopl ewi t ht hatdesi gnedspace.

9

Super st udi ocol l age sour ce:vi sual mel t . com

Super st udi ocol l age sour ce:vi sual mel t . com

Ar chi zoom di vanosaf ar i sour ce: di vi sar e. com

10

Di gi t alUt opi as

I nt er net ,orcyberspacei sj ustanot herf or m ofspace.I tcoul deasi l ybedescr i bedas anewdi mensi oni nt het hr eedi mensi onalwor l dwear eexper i enci ng,butal soasa nonspacebecausei ti sact ual l yaspacewi t houtexi st encei nr eal l i f e.

Af t ert het hr ee i mpor t antanduni queEr asofhumanki nd,t heCl assi cal Ant i qui t y ,t heRenai ssance, andt he70s,wear est eppi ngont ot heDi gi t al Er a,asdaybydaywespendmor eand mor et i met ot hedi gi t aldi mensi onr at hert hant heact uall i vi ngspace.Thewaywe exper i encer eal i t yhaschangedal otaf t ert hei nvent i onoft hei nt er netandt he pr ogr ess oft he comput er ,and ourl i vi ng envi r onmenthas changed t oo.Any i mpossi bl enar r at i vei nr eall i f ecoul dbepossi bl et hr oughoutt hedi gi t aloneandas t hebar r i er sf r om t her eall i f et ot hedi gi t alar ebypassedorext i nctwear est eppi ng i nt oanewki ndofUt opi as,t heonest hatwecoul dexper i enceour sel vesandcoul d bepossi bl yl i vedt oo,t heDi gi t alUt opi as.

1 1

Gr eenScr een The“ Gr eenScr een”orasi ssci ent i f i cal l ycal l ed-CGIef f ecti st het echni queoft he i nser t i on orext r act i on ofa par tofan i mage t hough t he sci ence ofcol or .Thi s t echni quei svast l yusedi nt heci nemai ndust r yandi st her eal pr ot agoni stoft hef i l m i ndust r yasweknowi tt oday .I nsi mpl ewor dst hewor l dweseeashumanbei ngsi s cr eat edoutof3basi ccol or s,t hef amousRedBl ueGr een( RGB) .TheChr omaKey composi t i ondoest hesi mpl egest ur eofr emovi ngacol oroft hef r ameorpi ct ur eand gi vest heoppor t uni t yofr epl aci ngt hegapwi t hanot herpi ct ur eorvi deoj ustl i ket he t echni que ofcol l age.Thi st echni que i s known i nt he publ i c as Gr een scr een becauset hepi ct ur eswear ef ami l i arwi t hf r om t hebackst ageoft hest udi osar emost oft het i mesgr een,butt hi si snotqui t et r ue,becauseanycol orcanbeusedt o execut et hatpr ocess.

Exceptf ort hef i l mi ndust r yt hi st echni quest ar t edappear i ngi nconcept ualar tor i nst al l at i onsduet ot het r endofdi gi t al ar t .I ti st r uet hatt heappl i cat i onsoft he“ Gr een Scr een”coul dbei nf i ni t eandst i l l af t er80year sf r om t hei nvent i onofi t ,peopl ecome upwi t hnew adj ust ment soft hi st echni quet oser vesever alpur poses.Fr om t he f ashi oni ndust r yandt heshow ofVi r gi lAbl ohwi t ht hegr eencl ot hesandgr een backgr oundt hatdi sappear edwhenvi ewedf r om anel ect r oni cdevi ce,t ot hegr een pai nt edconceptst or eofLui sVui t t onandt hei deaofagr eenscr eenpavi l i oni nt he Bi ennal eofVeni ce2020f orCanada.

Butwhati sr eal l yt hemeani ngbehi ndanar chi t ect ur ali deat hatembodi esagr een scr een?Thegr eenscr een,oragr eenpai nt edwal l besi desi t smat er i al i dent i t yi nt he 3di mensi onalspacegi vet heoppor t uni t yoft hecr eat i onofanal t er nat edi mensi on, anonspacet hatexi st st hr oughoutel ect r oni cdevi sesasadi gi t alspace,adi gi t al Ut opi a.Theconceptst or eofLui sVui t t oni snotj ustaconceptst or yf orcl ot hes, nei t hert hepavi l i onofCanadai nBi ennal e2020,t heyar et hemat er i ali mpactoft he i nf i ni t epossi bl eot herspacest hatcoul dbepr oj ect edt her ebuti nt hesamet i me don’ texi sti nt het hr eedi mensi onal space.

Thef ashi onshowofVi r gi l Abl ohwoul dbe not hi ngspeci alwi t houtt hi sext r adi mensi on,t hepossi bi l i t yofanar r at i ver eal i t y exi st i ngi nsi det hel i vedone,whi l et hevi ewercoul dseet hegr eencl ot hesand backgr oundi nr eal t i me,whenshi f t i ngi ndi gi t al hewoul dseeavi deocover i ngpar t s oft hebodi esort hebackgr ound.

Bydef i ni t i onaUt opi ai saspacet hatdoesn’ texi st ,oraspacewi t hi dealpr oper t i es, andt hegr eenscr eent echni quecoul dcr eat easpacebot hnonspacedandi deal becauseofi t si nf i ni t epossi bi l i t i es.Thedi gi t al ut opi asar est i l l ar enotyetconsi der ed asones,becauseoft hel ackoft heor et i caldocument at i on.Thepossi bi l i t i esofa spacei nsi deanot herspacet hatar i sef r om t hatt echni quecoul dber eal l yi nt er est i ng i nt r yi ngt oshapeanewt heor yaboutut opi aandi t smeani ngoft oday ,buti nst eadi t i scommonl yknownandusedasaf i l t eref f ecti nI nst agr am st or i es.

12

Canadi anPavi l l i on/Bi ennal e2020 sour ce:desi gnboom. com

Of fWhi t eFal lWi nt erFashi onShow/ 2019 sour ce: yout ube. com

Lui sVui t t onConceptSt r or eNY/2019 sour ce: r obepor t . com

13

CONCLUSI ON Fr om t heear l yf or msofUt opi asunt i lt heoneswei magi neoft oday ,t hesei dealnon spaceshavebeent hemi r r oroft heval ues,hopesanddr eams,ofeacht i meper i od.

Byl ooki ngi nsi det hebi gpi ct ur e,event hewayt heseUt opi asar edescr i bed,t hei r r epr esent at i on,gi vesal otofi nf or mat i onaboutt hei rcor ebaseandhow t heywer e i nspi r ed i nt he f i r stpl ace.Backi n Cl assi calAnt i qui t yt he onl ywayan i dea or knowl edgecoul dbepr eser vedorshar edbesi desspokenl anguage,wast hewr i t t en one.Byl ooki ngbacki nt hehi st or yofhumanki nd, t hi sdi dn’ tchangeunt i laf t ert he Renai ssance,wi t ht hei nvent i onoft heper spect i veandt hef or mi ngoft hef i el dof ar chi t ect ur easapr of essi onandst udy ,wi t hbot hbei ngcat al yst si nt oshapi ngt hat nonspace.Technol ogyhel pedal ott oavi sual i zedwayofdescr i pt i on,whi l et he cyberspacegaveanew possi bl edi mensi onf oraspacet oexi stwi t houtexi st i ng whi l ei tcoul dbedi r ect l yexper i encedbyhuman.

Theevol ut i onoft hef or mt hehumanki ndgavet ot hatnonspace,t hewayUt opi as wer ei magi nedbypeopl eovert i me,i sar ef l ect i onoft hatmi r r ori nt hei rcur r ent soci et i es.Theywer ef i r sti magi ned as“ homes”f orhi gherval uesand al t er nat e nar r at i vesofr eal i t ywi t hnospacequal i t i es.

Af t ert heyear spastt heypr ogr essedi nt o l osi ngt hei ressenceandbecomi ng“ j usthomes”wi t hnohi gherpur poseorevenuse.

Fi nal l y ,nowadayst heyendedupl eavi ngbehi ndt hei ront ol ogi calmeani ngt of i nd t hei rt r ueandf i nalyeti dent i t y ,t heoneofnonspaces.

I ti scr i t i calf ort hehumanki nd t oneverst opdr eami ngofabet t erf ut ur e,t hi si st hecor e,t heessenceofUt opi a. . .

14

BI BLI OGRAPHY Eyl er s,E. ,2004.ThomasMor e’ sUt opi a.[ Onl i ne] Avai l abl eat :ht t ps: / / www. r c21. or g/ en/ wpcont ent / upl oads/ 2014/ 12/ B2_Eyl er s. pdf [ Accessed23062020] .

Foucaul t ,M. ,03/ 1967.OfOt herSpaces.[ Onl i ne] Avai l abl eat :ht t ps: / / web. mi t . edu/ al l anmc/ www/ f oucaul t 1. pdf [ Accessed27052020] .

Hof mei st er ,S. ,06.

2018.Ar chi t ect ur easPol i t i calVi si on:TheUt opi asoft he1960s and1970s.[ Onl i ne] Avai l abl eat : ht t ps: / / www. det ai l onl i ne. com/ en/ ar t i cl e/ ar chi t ect ur easpol i t i cal vi si ont heut opi asof t he1960sand1970s32242/ [ Accessed15062020] .

Mor e,T. ,2018.Ut opi a.At hens:Publ i c.

Pl at o,375BC.Republ i c.At hens:s. n.

Rubi n,G. ,2004.Hi st or i calCont extf orPl at o' sRepubl i c.[ Onl i ne] Avai l abl eat :ht t ps: / / www. col l ege. col umbi a. edu/ cor e/ cont ent / r epubl i c/ cont ext [ Accessed23062020] .

St ei ndr ager ,J. ,1969.PLATOANDMORE' S" UTOPI A" .[ Onl i ne] l abl eat : Avai ht t ps: / / www. j st or . or g/ st abl e/ 40969973?r eadnow=1&seq=1#met adat a_i nf o_t ab_co nt ent s [ Accessed22062020] .

Wi ki pedi a,06/ 20.Republ i c( Pl at o) .[ Onl i ne] Avai l abl eat :ht t ps: / / en. wi ki pedi a. or g/ wi ki / Republ i c_( Pl at o) [ Accessed21062020] .

Wi ki pedi a,24.

6.Ut opi a.[ Onl i ne] Avai l abl eat : ht t ps: / / en. wi ki pedi a. or g/ wi ki / Ut opi a#: ~: t ext =A%20ut opi a%20( %2Fj u%CB%90%CB %88, t he%20coast %20of %20Sout h%20Amer i ca. [ Accessed20062020] . ht t ps: / / www. ar chdai l y . com/ 913351/ t hegr eenscr eeni mpost or ci t i esof canadat ob eeval uat edi nnat i ons2020veni cebi ennal epavi l i on ht t ps: / / r obbr epor t . com/ st yl e/ f ashi on/ l oui svui t t onandvi r gi l abl ohset upneongr ee nshopi nnewyor kci t y2857902/ ht t ps: / / www. yout ube. com/ wat ch?v=FYpdSMSaGr s

15