Group Assignment PV Farm & Wind Farm - Farbod & Lekan

Sustainable Project Management and Costing | Farbod & Lekan

GROUP ASSIGNMENT:

COMMERCIAL PROJECT STUDY AND COST ANALYSIS OF SUSTAINABILITY SOLUTIONS SUSTAINABLE PROJECT MANAGEMENT AND COSTING: ARC1521

Professor: Chris Rawling Aboderin Olalekan Farbod Mirzamehdiesfahani Winter 2020

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Sustainable Project Management and Costing | Farbod & Lekan

Table of Contents 1.0 Executive Summary* 1.1 Key Recommendations

2.0 Description of building - location, function and electrical power requirements 2.1 Kingston, Ontario 2.2 Lancaster, California 3.0 Investigation & design of renewable energy systems 3.1 Kingston, Ontario 3.1.1 PV Farm 3.1.2 Wind Farm 3.2 Lancaster, California 3.2.1 PV Farm 3.2.2 Wind Farm

4.0 Cost estimate with life cycle costs (include all excel files); GHG emission estimates 4.1 Kingston, Ontario 4.1.1 LCC 4.2 Lancaster, California 4.2.1 LCC 5.0 Project Schedule in MS Project (include MS Project file)

6.0 Recommendation 6.1 Kingston, Ontario 6.2 Lancaster, California

7.0 References [1] & Appendices [2]

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1.0

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

This report was carried out to demonstrate the feasibility of on-site photovoltaic (PV) and wind

power systems to generate electricity for connection to the local electrical grid to reduce overall electricity costs and to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions for a commercial office complex of approximately 2,000 m2. – one in Ontario and one in Southern USA.. In order to supplement the

primary energy demand a number of renewable technologies have been evaluated including, Photovoltaic (PV) Cells and Wind Turbine, in order to achieve net-zero annual GHG emissions and net zero energy supply.

The conclusions of this report are as follow:

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2.0 DESCRIPTION OF BUILDING - LOCATION, FUNCTION AND ELECTRICAL POWER REQUIREMENTS 2.1

Kingston, Ontario

FIGURE 1

Long. ,Lat.: 44.244,-76.440 Address: 66, Craftsman Blvd Site Area: 12,577 SQM Building Area: 2000 SQM Building Roof Area: 400SQM The location can be accessible from the main road easily and is far from residential areas and surrounded by low-rise structures.The building site is located in an area which falls under approximately 1300 kwh/kw/yr of potential solar energy per year, according to the solar energy map of Canada.

Figure 2 Credit: Solar Energy Maps Canada

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2.2

Lancaster County, California

FIGURE 3

Long. ,Lat.: 34.645, -118.147 Address: 10th St W Palmdale, California Site Area: 13,340 SQM Building Area: 2000 SQM Building Roof Area: 400SQM The site was selected according to Google Project Sunroof For Lancaster, the threshold is 1,405 kWh/Kw/Yr. (Sources: 2010 U.S. Census, National Renewable Energy Laboratory weather data, EPA GHG Equivalencies, Department of Energy SLED (State & Local Energy Data), Google Maps). Also according NREL USA solar energy map of California. The site falls under approximately 7.0 – 7.5 KWh/sqm/Day.

Figure 4

Source: https://www.nrel.gov/gis/solar.html

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BASELINE ENERGY DEMAND OF COMMERCIAL OFFICE BUILDING The Building to be constructed with an area of 2000SQM and to have both PV and wind power systems.

According to US EIA data, the type of this building falls under Mixed-use office building since it has been considered as a commercial office complex. Therefore, according to the following table the energy consumption for this type of building is 13.7 kwh per square foot annually. The total area of the building is 2000 SQM or 21,500 square feet approximately. As a result, the total amount of energy we need annually for this office complex is as follows: 21,500 * 13.7 = 294,550 kwh

FIGURE 5

Table Credit: COMMERCIAL BUILDINGS ENERGY CONSUMPTION SURVEY (CBECS) Includes Convenience stores and Convenience stores with gas stations.

Q = Data withheld either because the Relative Standard Error (RSE) was greater than 50 percent or fewer than 20 buildings were sampled.

Notes: • Because of rounding, data may not sum to totals. • See the Guide to the 2012 CBECS Detailed Tables or CBECS Terminology for definitions of terms used in these tables and/or comparison of differences with prior CBECS tables. Both references can be accessed from http://www.eia.gov/consumption/commercial/data/2012/ Source: U.S. Energy Information Administration, Office of Energy Consumption and Efficiency Statistics, Form EIA-871A and E of the 2012 Commercial Buildings Energy Consumption Survey.

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Base Case (Without PV) CANADA: According to Ontario Energy Board, average electricity rate for Ontario province is 10.1 c / kWh. For 21,527 ft2 (2,000 m2 ) office building, 13.7 kWh / ft2 annually and avarage rate 10.1 c / kWh we have: 21,527 * 13.7 * $.101 = 29,786 $/ year According to nrel website A, Fixed O&M costs for our proposed PV system, which falls under 100 – 1000 KW, is $19/KW-year. Therefore: 228 KW * $19 = $4332

According to IRENA 2018 Canada , PV costs US $ 2.5/W dc, exchange rate = 1.3 and we have 228 KW PV system. Therefore: 2.5 * 1000 = 2,500 USD / kW x 1.3 = 3,250 Cdn $ /kW x 228 KW = $ 741,000

Base Case (Without PV) USA:

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3.0

INVESTIGATION & DESIGN OF RENEWABLE ENERGY SYSTEMS

3.1

Lancaster County, California

3.1.1. WIND FARM

FIGURE 6

Source: https://windexchange.energy.gov/maps-data/319 8|Page

Sustainable Project Management and Costing | Farbod & Lekan According to the NREL wind chart, Wind Speed at 30 Meters = the wind speed would be 5m/s Wind Speed at 50 Meters = the wind speed would be 5.6m/s Wind Speed at 80 Meters = the wind speed would be 7.5m/s

Equipment Selection For this wind farm, the following specifications are selected:

- Wind turbine: Wind World 750/48 - The wind turbine’s height is 50m, which is the most feasible height for this site due to its moderate wind speed (5.6 m/s).

Calculation for Energy Output

The Wind World 750/48 Wind Turbine Power Curve cut-in speed is at 4 m/s with 16.93 kw generated, and the cut-out speed to be at 26 m/s with a maximum power generation at 25 m/s producing 692.79 kw.

FIGURE 7

Wind World 750/48 wind turbine’s power curve Source: Danish Wind Turbine Power Calculator

FIGURE 8

This data clearly shows that the site has a high probability of wind speeds at 13 m/s.

Energy for one wind world Turbine = 2,356,535 kwh/year = 269 kwh = 0.269 MWh

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FIGURE 9

Layout

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3.1.2. PV FARM

FIGURE 10

Equipment Selection

The PV Panel SunPower Corporation A-Series SPR-A400-G-AC

https://www.energysage.com/solar-panels/sunpower-corporation/1440/spr-a400-g-ac/ Panel Dimensions - 1835.0mm Length 1016.0mm Width Cell Type – Monocrystalline Efficiency – 19% Power – 400W

Cost -

FIGURE 11

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FIGURE 12

The average (over the course of the year) amount of solar insolation (full sun hours) in Lancaster, California is 5.62 peak sun hours. https://www.wholesalesolar.com/solar-information/sun-hours-us-map

Fixed system is to be used because Tracking systems are noisy if put on roof top.

The Total Energy Output from Roof-Mounted PV Panels

Inter-row spacing FIGURE 13

α = 18 ̊ θ = tilt angle = 40 ̊ Ψ = 180 – solar azimuth @ 9 AM = 180 – 138 = 42 ̊

D’ = Length * sin(θ) / tan (α) = 1.658 * sin(40) / tan (18) = 3.4m

Minimum row spacings (D) D = D’ cos(Ψ) = 3.4 * cos(38) = 2.30 m

Layout The following restrictions were considered when placing the PV panels on the building’s rooftop: 12 | P a g e

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Adding enough clear distance between the panels for future maintenance and to account for shadows effect.

Number of PV panels that can fit on the rooftop is 144 panels.

FIGURE 14

Calculation for Energy Output According NREL USA solar energy map of California. The site falls under approximately 7.0 KWh/sqm/Day. To get the Annual Value we multiply that value with the number of days in a year (365).

Annual Insolation for the site = 7.0 * 365 = 2,555 kwh/m² Actual Area of PV panels after taking row spacing into account is as follows: A = Number of Panels * A (one panel) A = 144* (1.658 * 1) = 238.752 m²

Next, we calculate the Energy output of the PV panels E = A * r * H * PR = 238.752 * 0.19 * 2555 * 0.8256 =

95,688.82kwh/year

Total PV power generated by the PV panels = 95688.82 / 8760 = 10.92 kwh = 0.0109MWh

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3.2

Kingston, Ontario

3.2.1. WIND FARM Data from Wind Atlas for various heights shows the following wind speeds: For turbines that are 30m in height, the wind speed would be 3.69 m/s For turbines that are 50m in height, the wind speed would be 4.30 m/s

FIGURE 15

Equipment Selection For this site’s wind power generation, the following wind turbine specifications were selected: - Wind turbine: Wind World 750/48 The wind turbine’s height is 50m

Calculation for Energy Output The Wind World 750/48 Wind Turbine Power Curve illustrated below in figure (11) shows the cut-in speed at 4 m/s with 16.93 kw generated, and the cut-out speed to be at 26 m/s with a maximum power generation at 25 m/s producing 692.79 kw.

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FIGURE 16

FIGURE 17

FIGURE 18

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3.2.2. PV FARM

FIGURE 19

The site was selected according to the solar energy map of Canada. The site falls under approximately 1300 kwh/kw/year of potential solar energy per year.

As for the wind energy, the site selection is explained in the Wind Atlas calculations of this report.

Equipment Selection

To generate the above mentioned energy amount we decide to choose PV panels with following details: • PV panel size is 1.658 m x 0.992 m (height * width), Brand: Canadian Solar CS6K-285M-FG • Premium Panels are to be used (r=19%) • Fixed (open rack) system

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Sustainable Project Management and Costing | Farbod & Lekan Cost

Inter-row spacing

FIGURE 20

From PV Watts, we determined the best tilt angle of PV panels for optimum energy output regarding our Kingston location, which is 40 degrees.

The best Azimuth angle of PV panels for optimum energy output for a 40 degrees tilted panels is 180 degrees. α = 10 ̊ θ = tilt angle = 40 ̊ Ψ = 180 – solar azimuth @ 9 AM = 180 – 140 = 40 ̊ D’ = Length * sin(θ) / tan (α) = 1.658 * sin(40) / tan (10) = 6.04 m

Minimum row spacings (D) 17 | P a g e

Sustainable Project Management and Costing | Farbod & Lekan D = D’ cos(Ψ) = 6.04 * cos(40) = 4.63 m

Layout The following restrictions were considered when placing the PV panels on the building’s rooftop: -

Adding enough clear distance between the panels for future maintenance and to account for shadows effect.

Number of PV panels that can fit on the rooftop is 144 panels.

FIGURE 21

Calculation for Energy Output

FIGURE 22

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FIGURE 23

FIGURE 24

Actual Area of PV panels after taking row spacing into account is as follows: A = Number of Panels * A (one panel) A = 144 * (1.658 * 1) = 238.752 m² Next, we calculate the Energy output of the PV panels from Equation 01.

E = A * r * H * PR =238.752* 0.19 * 1,598.2 * 0.8256 = 59,204 kwh/year Total PV power generated by the PV panels = 59,204 / 8760 = 6.75 kwh = 0.0067MWh 19 | P a g e

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4.0 Cost estimate with life cycle costs (include all excel files); GHG emission estimates Utility Contracts Energy Department researchers report that in 2018, wind turbine prices fell from their highs in 2008 to $700 to $900 per kilowatt. In 2018, the national average price of wind power purchase agreements dropped to below 2 cents per kilowatt-hour, meaning that—including federal incentives such as the Production Tax Credit—new wind energy facilities provided some of the cheapest available forms of new electricity generation available at that time. (source: https://windexchange.energy.gov/projects/economics)

FIGURE 25 Sengupta, M., Y. Xie, A. Lopez, A. Habte, G. Maclaurin, and J. Shelby. 2018. "The National Solar Radiation Data Base (NSRDB)." Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 89 (June): 51-60.

Sources: 2010 U.S. Census, National Renewable Energy Laboratory weather data, EPA GHG Equivalencies, Department of Energy SLED (State & Local Energy Data), Google Maps

Current US Inflation Rates: 2009-2020 The annual inflation rate for the United States is 2.3% for the 12 months ended February 2020 as compared to 2.5% previously, according to U.S. Labor Department data published on March 11, 2020. https://www.usinflationcalculator.com/inflation/current-inflation-rates/

Carbon dioxide is produced per kilowatt hour of U.S. electricity generation

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LCC in Kingston, Ontario

FIGURE 26

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FIGURE 28

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5.0

Project Schedule in MS Project (include MS Project)

FIGURE 29

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FIGURE 30

FIGURE 31

6,0

Recommendation

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6.0 • • •

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References & Appendix Energy Hub. ‘Solar Energy Maps Canada’. Accessed MAR. 2020. https://energyhub.org/solar-energy-maps-canada/ Google Earth Danish wind industry association. ‘Wind Turbine Power Calculator’. 2020. http://xn-drmstrre-64ad.dk/wpcontent/wind/miller/windpower%20web/en/tour/wres/pow/index.htm PVWatts calculator. Accessed MAR. 2020. https://pvwatts.nrel.gov/pvwatts.php Canadian historic climate data. Accessed MAR. 2020. https://climate.weather.gc.ca/ Canadian wind Atlas. Accessed MAR. 2020. http://www.windatlas.ca/naven.php?no=37&field=E1&height=50&season=ANU Sun path chart program. Accessed MAR. 2020. http://solardat.uoregon.edu/SunChartProgram.php Global Wind Atlas https://globalwindatlas.info/area/United%20States%20of%20America/California Energy.gov. ‘Wind Energy Maps and Data’. https://windexchange.energy.gov/mapsdata?category=community https://www.usinflationcalculator.com/inflation/current-inflation-rates/ https://windexchange.energy.gov/projects/economics)

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https://www.wholesalesolar.com/solar-information/sun-hours-us-map

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https://www.energysage.com/solar-panels/sunpower-corporation/1440/spr-a400-g-ac/ Solar Energy Maps Canada (Every Province). (2020, February 16). Retrieved from https://energyhub.org/solar-energy-maps-canada/ PVWatts. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://pvwatts.nrel.gov/pvwatts.php U.S. Energy Information Administration - EIA - Independent Statistics and Analysis. (n.d.).

Retrieved from https://www.eia.gov/consumption/commercial/data/2012/c&e/cfm/pba4.php EnergySage. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.energysage.com/solar-panels/solar-panelcost/ca/san-bernardino-county/ontario/ Electricity rates. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.oeb.ca/rates-and-your-bill/electricity-rates Distributed Generation Renewable Energy Estimate of Costs. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.nrel.gov/analysis/tech-lcoe-re-cost-est.html

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