Reference Material for "Roots and Branches, Lives and Legacies" by Julius Marcus

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REFERENCE MATERIAL To access a live link for each reference item, scan this QR code:

Click on the links to access the original reference material.

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Appendix

I. DEFINITIONS Almemar Platform bearing the desk from which the Pentateuch and the Prophets are read in a Jewish synagogue.

Dreher Beer Dreher beer was imported from Austria by Grandfather Manó Mandler, bottled, and distributed in Hungary in the early 1900s. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dreher_Breweries Haganah Haganah were the main Zionist paramilitary organization of the Jewish population in the British Mandatory Palestine between 1920 and 1948. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haganah Krav Maga Krav Maga was a form of hand-to-hand combat developed by the Israeli Defense Forces (IDF) derived from a combination of boxing, judo, aikido, wrestling, and karate. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krav_Maga Lohamei Herut Israel (Lehi) (Stern Gang) Lohamei Herut Israel translates as “Fighters for the Freedom of Israel.” It was a paramilitary and terrorist organization striving for an independent state for Jews in and around the area of Palestine in the 1940s. Marika’s husband, Shaul Katzburg, was thought to be an active member of this group. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lehi_(militant_group) Moshav Shitufi Moshav shitufi is a type of collective village in Israel. In between the kibbutz and the moshav on the scale of cooperation. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moshav_shitufi Neolog Judaism A communal organization of Hungarian Jewry. Liberal and modernistic, inclined toward integration into Hungarian secular society. This was the religion of the Mandler/Marcus families around 1900–1940. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neolog_Judaism Numerus Clausus [closed number] Numerus Clausus was a Hungarian law passed that limited the number of Jews that could be part of many civic and public organizations. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Numerus_clausus

Palmach The Palmach was the elite fighting force of the Haganah, the underground army of the Jewish community during the period of the British Mandate of Palestine. It was established in May 1941. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palmach Shiva A week-long mourning period in Judaism for first-degree relatives.

A minyan of at least ten Jewish men sit, usually at the family home, honoring the dead family member for a period of seven days. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shiva_(Judaism) Steerage Steerage is the lower deck of a ship. In the late 19th and early 20th century, steamship decks were used to provide the lowest cost and lowest class of travel. Several Oláh family members experienced such travel between their homes in Hungary and the New World. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steerage Tefillin Tefillin are religious implements placed on the head and arms of usually Orthodox Jewish men during certain prayers. https://www.chabad.org/library/article_cdo/aid/1918251/jewish/ What-Are-Tefillin.htm

II. HUNGARIAN HISTORY Budapest Capital city of Hungary. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budapest Ethnic Groups of Austria-Hungary in 1910 Based on “Distribution of Races in Austria-Hungary” from the Historical Atlas by William R. Shepherd, 1911. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Austria_Hungary_ethnic. svg Hungary https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungary Hungary in World War I https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungary_in_World_War_I Hungary in World War II https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungary_in_World_War_II Hungarian Language https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungarian_language

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History of the Hungarian Language https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Hungarian_language

“Jewish Families from Holešov (Holleschau), Moravia, Czech Republic.”

Geni [online database]. Accessed September 2022. https://www.geni.com/projects/Jewish-Families-from-Hole%

III. HISTORY OF THE JEWS IN HUNGARY Budapest Ghetto https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budapest_Ghetto Farkas, Tamás. “Jewish Name Magyarization in Hungary.” AHEA: E-journal of the American Hungarian Educators Association 5 (2012).

Accessed September 2022. https://doi.org/10.5195/ahea.2012.76 Frojimovics, Kinga. “Jewish Naming Customs in Hungary from the Turn of the Twentieth Century until the Holocaust.” The 23rd International Conference on Jewish Genealogy, July 20–25, 2003, Washington DC. https://www.jewishgen.org/hungary/2003nameskinga.html “Historical Background: The Jews of Hungary During the Holocaust.”

Yad Vashem World Holocaust Remembrance Center. Accessed September 2022. https://www.yadvashem.org/articles/general/jews-of-hungaryduring-the-holocaust.html History of the Jews in Hungary https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Hungary The Holocaust in Hungary https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Hungary “Hungary,” in Encyclopedia Judaica. Encyclopedia.com [online database]. Accessed August 2022. https://www.encyclopedia.com/religion/encyclopedias-almanacstranscripts-and-maps/hungary

C5%A1ov-Holleschau-Moravia-Czech-Republic/12454 Karády, Viktor. “The Jewish Bourgeoisie of Budapest,” in In the Land of Hagar: The Jews of Hungary: History, Society, and Culture, ed. Anna Szalai. Tel Aviv: Beth Hatefutsoth, The Nahum Goldmann Museum of the Jewish Diaspora, Ministry of Defense Publishing House, Israel, 2002.

This article is buried within the educational documents of Yad Vashem and difficult to recover by links. It is a powerful descriptor of middle-class Jewish life in Budapest around 1910.

Lappin, Eleonore. “Death Marches of Hungarian Jews through Austria, Spring 1945.” Shoa Resource Center, The International School for Holocaust Studies. Accessed September 2022. https://www.yadvashem.org/odot_pdf/Microsoft%20Word%20-%20 3218.pdf Lupovitch, Howard. “Neolog: Reforming Judaism in a Hungarian Milieu.” Modern Judaism—A Journal of Jewish Ideas and Experience 40, no. 3 (October 2020): 327–354. https://doi.org/10.1093/mj/kjaa012 Sakmyster, Thomas. “Gyula Gőmbős and Hungarian Jews, 1918–1936.”

Hungarian Studies Review 33, nos. 1–2 (2006): 157–168.

Gyula Gőmbős was the far-right leader of Hungary during the early 20th century. http://epa.oszk.hu/00000/00010/00040/pdf/HSR_2006_1-2_157168.pdf Silber, Michael K. “Hungary: Hungary before 1918.” YIVO Encyclopedia of Jews in Eastern Europe [online database]. Accessed August 2022. https://yivoencyclopedia.org/article.aspx/hungary/hungary_ before_1918

Hungary in World War I https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungary_in_World_War_I Hungary in World War II https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungary_in_World_War_II Jewish Emancipation https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_emancipation

Szita, Szabolcs. “Ça s’est passé il y a 70 ans en Hongrie” [It happened seventy years ago in Hungary]. Témoigner. Entre histoire et mémoire 118 (2014), 146–154. https://doi.org/10.4000/temoigner United States Holocaust Museum. “The Holocaust in Hungary.”

Holocaust Encyclopedia [online database]. Accessed August 2022. https://www.ushmm.org/information/exhibitions/onlineexhibitions/special-focus/the-holocaust-in-hungary

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Appendix

United States Holocaust Museum. “Hungary After the German

Shonfield, Dave. “Zionism in the Dock.” [Review of Perdition by

Occupation.” Holocaust Encyclopedia [online database]. Accessed

Jim Allen.] Socialist Review 232 (July/August 1999). Accessed

August 2022.

September 2022.

https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/hungary-afterthe-german-occupation Wills, Charles A. “When Did They Come?”

Löw, Immánuel (1854–1944) Rabbi of Szeged https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immanuel_Löw

https://www.pbs.org/destinationamerica/usim_wn.html

IV. PERSONS/PEOPLE Arany, János (1817–1882) Hungarian poet, writer, and composer of ballads. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/János_Arany Dreher, Anton (1810–1863) Anton Dreher was the founder of the brewery and the creator of

Greenstein, Shaul. “The Rabbi Who Performed Scientific Research from a Hungarian Prison.” The Librarians [online database].

Posted 18 July 2018. Accessed September 2022. https://blog.nli.org.il/en/rabbi_immanuel_low/ Porter, Anna Canadian author, born in Budapest, wrote about Kasztner train. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anna_Porter

the cool brewing process for which it became famous. This beer

Hampson, Sarah. “Anna Porter: ‘I did the best I could.’” The Globe

was exported from Austria to Hungary in barrels and bottled and

and Mail. 24 September 2007. Accessed September 2022.

distributed by Manó Mandler in Budapest in the early 1900s. This

https://www.theglobeandmail.com/life/anna-porter-i-did-the-

article describes the many corporate changes over the years and

best-i-could/article20402278/

occupations of Hungary. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anton_Dreher Edvi-Illés, Aladár, (1870–1958) Early 20th century Hungarian impressionist painter. https://www.kieselbach.hu/artist/edvi-illes_-aladar_448 Eichmann, Adolf (1906–1962) Facilitator of mass deportation of Jews to ghettos and extermination camps. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolf_Eichmann Himmler, Heinrich (1900–1945) Leading member of Nazi Party, main architect of the Holocaust, created the German SS. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinrich_Himmler Kasztner, Rezso (1906–1957)

Schindler, Oskar (1908–1974) Member of German Nazi Party, credited with saving 1,200 Jews during Holocaust. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oskar_Schindler Sternbuch, Recha (1905–1971) Holocaust Jewish rescuer, involved with Himmler and inmates from Theresienstadt. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recha_Sternbuch Trumpeldor, Joseph (1880–1920) Israeli war hero. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Trumpeldor Wallenberg, Raoul (1912–1947?)

Swiss savior of Jews during Hungarian Holocaust.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rezső_Kasztner

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raoul_Wallenberg

“The Kasztner Case.” Posted 20 February 2005. Accessed

United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. “Raoul Wallenberg

September 2022. https://aldeilis.net/english/the-kastner-case/

and the Rescue of Jews in Budapest.” Holocaust Encyclopedia [online database]. Accessed August 2022. https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/raoulwallenberg-and-the-rescue-of-jews-in-budapest

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V. PLACES HUNGARY Budapest

Szentendre Riverside town outside of Budapest. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Szentendre Tășnad

Budapest has a long history as a major city in the Austro-Hungarian

Town in present-day northwestern Romania.

Empire. Once the home to many Jews contributing art, science,

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tășnad

music, performing arts, and business. A past member of the German Axis. Home to the Mandler/Márkus family from around 1900 through about 1945. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budapest Dohány Street Synagogue Largest synagogue in Europe. Seating 3,000. Landmark in Budapest from when Jewish population was around 23% of Budapest. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dohány_Street_Synagogue

Tiszadada Small rural town adjacent to Tiszadada. Birthplace of Grandfather Imre “Henry” Oláh, husband of Grandma Ersébet Oláh. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiszadada Tiszadob Small rural town in Northeast Hungary. Birthplace of Grandma Ersébet Oláh and Julia Oláh. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiszadob

Mecsek Mountain range just outside of Pécs. Gives its name to small towns

UNITED STATES, TOLEDO, OHIO, BIRMINGHAM

in the vicinity.

NEIGHBORHOOD

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mecsek Mecsekszabolcs Old mining town, now part of Pécs. Uncle Gyula Mandler/Marcus, pharmacist, moved here to be near his married lover. This article translated from the Hungarian version on Wikipedia. https://hu-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mecsekszabolcs?_x_ tr_sl=hu&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=sc Pincehely Small rural town. Hometown of Herman Goldner, first generation of the Goldners in Birmingham, Toledo, Ohio. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pincehely Szabolcs

Ahern, John F., Thomas E. Barden, and Andrew Ludanyi.

“Birmingham Days: Life and Times of Toledo’s Hungarian Neighborhood.” [essay] Toledo’s Attic. Accessed September 2022.

This lengthy essay describes a bit of Hungary transitioned from Hungary to the East Side of Toledo. Do read this for real Hungarian traditions, lives, loves, religions, food, music. https://toledosattic.org/exhibit-collections/cultural-history/ birmingham-days Ahern, John F., Thomas E. Barden, and Andrew Ludanyi, eds.

Birmingham Days: Life and Times of Toledo’s Hungarian Neighborhood. [book.] Toledo, OH: University of Toledo, Urban Affairs Center, 2002.

County in Hungary near Pécs. Borders Ukraine.

This allows access to many stories of the life and times of the

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Szabolcs_County

very Hungarian neighborhood of Birmingham, Toledo, Ohio.

Szeged Szeged is a glorious city set in an agricultural center of Hungary known for paprika spice. It was also the home of a branch of the Mandler family from about 1900 to 1945. Zvi Frenkel has

https://archive.org/details/0002-bir-bk01-hungarian https://archive.org/stream/0002-bir-bk01-hungarian/0002-birbk01-hungarian_djvu.txt Papp, Susan. “The Great Immigration (1870–1920).” Hungarian

contributed his family history rooted in this famous area of

Americans and Their Communities of Cleveland. Cleveland State

Hungary.

University: Cleveland, OH, 1981.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Szeged

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Appendix

Very revealing of conditions in Hungary and United States.

Holešov

https://pressbooks.ulib.csuohio.edu/hungarian-americans-

[Pronounced “Hole-esh-ouw”] Home of early Mandlers, including

and-their-communities-of-cleveland/chapter/the-great-

Manó and Wilmosh. Located in Czech Republic, in an area also

immigration-1870-1920/

known as Moravia.

TRADITIONAL HUNGARIAN-AMERICAN FOOD

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holešov Moravia

Shootni Saluna

Moravia is an area of Eastern Czech along with Bohemia. Mandlers

[Pronounced “Shootni Saluna.”]

came from this region.

(translated roughly as roasting bacon)

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moravia

(acutal Hungarian would be szalonnasűtés) Ludanyi, Andrew. “The Ritual Shootni Saluna.” Birmingham Days: Life and Times of Toledo’s Hungarian Neighborhood. Toledo, OH: University of Toledo, Urban Affairs Center, 2002, pgs. 200–205.

Large slabs of bacon were rendered on a stick over an open fire and the fat dripped on rye bread covered with onions, green peppers, and tomatoes. Wonderful! https://archive.org/details/0002-bir-bk01-hungarian Szalonna Hungarian for back bacon. Placed here because it is a food and custom that belongs in Hungarian Birmingham, Toledo. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Szalonna_(bacon) Csiga

Prague Claverie, Jana, and Alena Kubova. “Prague in 1900.” Prague. Paris: Vilo Publishing, 2002. https://pragueartandarchitecture.files.wordpress.com/2015/01/ prague-in-1900-from-art-nouveau-to-expressionism.pdf Pinkas Synagogue Oldest surviving synagogue in Prague. Early Mandlers may have been members and could be buried here. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinkas_Synagogue Pressburg and Pozsony (present-day Bratislava) Slovak city, known by Hungarian name of Pressburg and Pozsony.

Was involved in early Mandler commerce. Was known as the capital

Placed here because it is a food and custom that belongs in

of the Kingdom of Hungary from 1536–1783.

Hungarian Birmingham, Toledo. These classic Hungarian hand-

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bratislava

rolled noodles are a staple of clear Hungarian Chicken Soup. Little squares of dough wrapped on a pointed stick, rolled over a serrated wood block, one noodle at a time. https://www.mymotherssecrets.com/csiga.html

CZECH REPUBLIC, SLOVAKIA, CZECHOSLOVAKIA, AND SWITZERLAND Banská Bystrica City in central Slovakia. Home of Johannah Engel, wife of Manó, mother of László, Gyula, and József. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banská_Bystrica Bohemia Older name of Northwestern Czech area. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bohemia

Switzerland, Caux Small village near Montreux. Marika and her mother stayed here after leaving Kasztner train before Marika left for Israel. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caux,_Switzerland Vah River Used by early Mandlers for commerce. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Váh

ISRAEL Israeli locations and settlements experienced by Marika Márkus and Zvi Frenkel after arriving from Switzerland and the Bergen-Belsen concentration camp.

Alon Shvut Alon Shvut is an Israeli settlement in the West Bank. Home to many members of the Marika Márkus/Katzberg family. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alon_Shvut

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Atlit

an independent Israel State. A warning was sent but was ignored. 91

A concentration camp established in Israel by British authorities for

persons were killed.

Jewish immigrants without official entry permits (as well as Arab

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_David_Hotel_bombing

and Jewish convicts in detention). Marika and Zvi entered Israel in this camp. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlit_detainee_camp Gush Etzion Cluster of Israeli settlements located south of Jerusalem and Bethlehem in the West Bank. These settlements, purchased from the Arabs, were attacked by Arabs and numerous Jews were killed.

Jews, including Marika and Zvi, from one of the settlements/ kibutzum were held in a Jordanian concentration camp for about 12 months. Later, many relatives of Marika Márkus Katzberg made their homes in the settlements of Alon Shvut and Efrat. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gush_Etzion Gush Etzion Convoy Convoy supplying kibbutzim of Gush Etzion in 1947. These convoys came under heavy Arab siege with many Jewish casualties. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gush_Etzion_Convoy Kfar Etzion One of several kibbutzim in Gush Etzion. This kibbutzim, purchased from the Arabs, was overrun by Arabs in 1948 with all but 3 of 130 residents massacred. Marika Márkus and Zvi Frenkel from very nearby kibbutzim in Gush Etzion were captured and kept in a Jordanian concentration camp for about 12 months. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kfar_Etzion_massacre Haganah

Masu’ot Yitzhak Also known as Yitzhak’s Beacons. A kibbutz in Gush Etzion, midway between Jerusalem and Hebron. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masu%27ot_Yitzhak Mechina A pre-military school in Israel training young men in military and religion preparatory to a likely career in the Israeli military. Magen Shaul was a Mechina supported by and receiving instruction from Aaharon Kuperman. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mechina Mikveh Israel A youth village and boarding school in central Israel. The first Jewish agricultural school. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikveh_Israel

VI. WORLD WAR II AND THE MANDLER/MARCUS FAMILY Battle of the Bulge (1944) On December 16, 1944, Germany launched a massive counterattack on American lines in the Ardennes woods. It was a key German offensive near the end of WWII, costing 89,000 American casualties, 19,000 dead. It was the bloodiest single battle of WWII. Dr. Louis L. Marcus received a Bronze Star for distinction in service during this battle. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Bulge

Main paramilitary organization of the Jewish population in

https://blog.fold3.com/tmih-battle-of-the-bulge-begins-

Mandatory Palestine between 1920 and 1948.

december-16-1944/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haganah

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronze_Star_Medal

Isseroff, Ami. “Kfar Etzion Remembered: A History of Gush Etzion and the Massacre of Kfar Etzion.” Israel and Zionism Information and History Center. Accessed September 2022.

Description of Kfar Etzion massacre. Marika Márkus and Zvi Frenkel were in a nearby kibbutz during this massacre and were captured and imprisoned by the Arabs. https://zionism-israel.com/Gush_Etzion_Massacre.htm King David Hotel bombing (1946)

CONCENTRATION CAMPS Bergen-Belsen Bergen-Belsen was a concentration camp in northern Germany.

Initially an “exchange camp” where Jewish hostages were held.

50,000 inmates died here. There were 60,000 prisoners at the time of liberation. Conditions in the overcrowded camp were horrendous and food was wretched and scarce. Marika Márkus and Zvi Frenkel spent from six weeks (Marika) and about six months (Zvi) here after

Attack carried out in Jerusalem on Monday, July 22, 1946, by

being transferred from the Kasztner liberation train and before

militant Zionist underground organization. This was the site of

going on to Switzerland.

British authorities who were viewed as obstructing the formation of

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bergen-Belsen_concentration_camp

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Appendix

“Bergen-Belsen and the Hungarian Jews.” Posted 2021. Accessed September 2022.

A history of their experiences in this concentration camp. https://www.scrapbookpages.com/bergen-belsen-bergenbelsen-06/ “Bergen-Belsen.” Yad Vashem and the Shoah Resource Center.

Accessed September 2022. https://www.yadvashem.org/odot_pdf/Microsoft%20Word%20 -%205985.pdf

THE KASZTNER TRAIN Holocaust Trains Cattle cars to extermination. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holocaust_trains “Hungarian Holocaust: Kasztner Train Rescue Mission (July–December 1944).” Children in History. Posted 25 October 2012. Accessed September 2022. https://histclo.com/essay/war/ww2/hol/cou/hun/hh-kast.html “‘Jews for Sale’: The Rudolph Kasztner Transports.” JewishGen [online

Dachau Dachau was a brutal Nazi concentration camp where a documented 32,000 persons died, including József Márkus. He died of dysentery just two weeks before Dachau was liberated by Allied troops. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dachau_concentration_camp Dachau Liberation Reprisals The Allied soldiers liberating Dachau were overcome by the

database]. Accessed September 2022. https://www.jewishgen.org/databases/holocaust/0172_Kasznter_ Jews.html Kasztner’s Train Rudolf Kasztner’s train to safety during the Hungarian Holocaust. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kasztner_train

horrific way prisoners were treated and killed at this camp. As

Kasztner’s Train Passengers List. Flickr [online database]. Accessed

a result, they were merciless to Nazi guards who surrendered

September 2022. Complete original Nazi record of passengers

only after firing on the Allied liberation forces.

aboard Kasztner train.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dachau_liberation_reprisals Roos, Dave. “The Horrifying Discovery of Dachau Concentration

https://www.flickr.com/photos/62343367@N05/albums/ 72157627145149368/

Camp—And Its Liberation by US Troops.” History.com. Posted 6 November 2020. Last modified 14 December 2020. Accessed

Porter, Anne. Kasztner’s Train: The True Story of an Unknown Hero of the

September 2022.

Holocaust. New York: Walker & Co., 2009. ISBN 978-1-55365-222-9.

https://www.history.com/news/dachau-concentration-camp-

https://www.annaporter.ca/books/kasztners-train/

liberation

Terezin “The History of Terezin.” Terezin: Children of the Holocaust.

Accessed September 2022.

Terezin was a concentration camp about 30 miles north of Prague.

This article describes the camp and how the children in this camp survived. The Nazis filmed a movie at Terezin to trick the Red Cross into believing the prisoners were being well treated. Anna Smulowitz wrote a play, Terezin: Children of the Holocaust, about a Red Cross inspection of the camp. http://www.terezin.org/the-history-of-terezin/ Terezienstadt Ghetto Terezin ghetto and concentration camp where George Mandler lived the first year of his life with his mother. And the destination of József Márkus during a Nazi forced march from Budapest. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theresienstadt_Ghetto