Prerenal failure

Prerenal Failure

Prerenal Failure Acute Renal Failure (ARF) is the sudden loss of kidney functionality. The causes of ARF are classified into three categories such as prerenal, renal, and postrenal. Prerenal ARF is caused by problems that affect the flow of blood, before it enters the kidneys. Postrenal ARF is caused by problems in passing of urine out of the kidneys. Renal ARF is caused by problems with the kidney itself, resulting in the improper filtration of blood or disrupted production of urine.

Causes of Prerenal Failure Prerenal ARF is caused mainly by the inadequate blood circulation in the kidneys. It is the most common type of acute kidney failures. As the kidneys do not receive enough blood, they cannot filter the blood properly. Following are the causes of this disorder:  Hardening of the arteries due to increased fatty deposits inside the arteries can significantly reduce the blood flow towards the kidneys.  Excessive consumption of diuretics, as well as significantly reduced fluid intake can lead to dehydration, which in turn can lead to this disorder.  People with heart conditions are often advised to take diuretics to prevent accumulation of fluid in the lungs. Such patients are more likely to be affected by dehydration and ARF.

Causes of Prerenal Failure

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 Severe loss of blood due to a major surgery or accident that leads to

sudden drop in the blood pressure levels, may lead to this disorder.  Chronic liver disease, which affects the production of hormones that help maintain the blood flow and pressure in the kidneys, may also be a contributing factor.  Prerenal azotemia, a condition where excess amount of nitrogen type compounds in the bloodstream affect the function of the kidneys and lead to the build-up of waste, such as creatinine and urea.  Severe injury or burns, sepsis (infection in the blood), heart failure or heart attack can restrict the flow of blood to the kidneys.

Symptoms  Dizziness  Dry mouth  Low blood pressure (hypotension)  Increased heart rate  Dry, loose skin  Increased thirst  Weight loss  Decreased urine output  Abdominal pain  Pale skin

Symptoms

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 Symptoms of liver disease like itching sensation, nausea, loss

of appetite, abdominal swelling, confusion, disorientation, sweet or ammoniacal odour, etc.  Symptoms of heart diseases like breathing difficulty (Dyspnoea), increased fatigue, fluid accumulation and swelling in the extremities (edema), venous engorgement, etc.

Treatments The treatment is focused at improving the kidney perfusion (blood circulation). The correct diagnosis or detection of the exact cause of kidney failure helps determine the treatment. The effect of dehydration can be lowered by administering intravenous fluid. Other causes like infection, liver problem, and heart failure need to be treated according to the types and severity of symptoms. Since the output of urine increases significantly with the administration of intravenous fluids, patients diagnosed with prerenal failure are advised to be admitted in the hospital. The renal function improves fast with the increased output of urine.

Patients with severe symptoms are admitted in the intensive care units, as they have an increased risk of heart failure or liver failure. These patients may suffer from severe infections like viral hepatitis. Patients diagnosed with this disorder need prompt medication in order to prevent health complications.

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