ENGLISH GRAMMAR REFERENCE, 4TH GRADE, LAURA PAVLO, ENP, 2021.2022

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PRONOUNS I, YOU, HE, SHE IT, YOU THEY, WE

We use subject personal pronouns before a verb instead of name of a person or a noun.

They replace the names. For instance, Eduardo, Ivan and Juan Manuel are doctors. They are doctors.

DESCRIPTION

EXAMPLE

We always write I with a capital letter.

He’s Jack and I’m Steve.

We use he for a man or boy.

Tony

he

We use she for a woman or girl.

Sheila

she

We use it for a thing, animal or object.

A table

it

We also use it for an animal whose sex we

A tiger

it

do not know.

A bird

it

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An elephant

it

If the animal is our pet or we know its sex This is my dog Rex. He is one year old. we can use he or she We use they in the plural for people, Tom and Ann = They animals or things.

Three cats=they Two tables=they

PRONOUN CHART 1st PERSON 2nd PERSON. 3rd PERSON (MALE)

SUBJECT OBJECT POSSESSIVE POSSESSIVE REFLEXIVE PRONOUNS. PRONOUNS. ADJECTIVES. PRONOUNS. PRONOUNS I Me My Mine Myself You

You

your

Yours

Yourself

He

Him

His

His

Himself

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3rd PERSON (FEMALE) 3rd PERSON 1st PERSON (PLURAL) 2nd PERSON (PLURAL) 3rd PERSON (PLURAL)

She

Her

Her

Hers

Herself

It

It

Its

Not used

Itself

We

Us

Our

Ours

Ourselves.

You

You

your

Yours

Yourselves

They

Them

Their

Theirs

Themselves

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PARTS OF SPEECH Definition All words are divided into grammar groups. The grammar groups are called Parts of speech.

It is important to be able to recognize and identify the different types of words in English, so that you can understand grammar explanations and use the right word form in the right place.

The groups are: 1. Noun

2. Verb

A noun is a naming word. It names a person, place, thing, idea, living creature, quality, or action.

Examples: cowboy, theatre, box, thought, tree, kindness, arrival A verb is a word, which describes an action (doing something) or a state (being something).

Examples: walk, talk, think, believe, live, like, want

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3. Adjective 4. Adverb

5. Pronoun 6. Conjunction 7. Preposition 8. Interjection

An adjective is a word that describes a noun. It tells you something about the noun.

Examples: big, yellow, thin, amazing, beautiful, quick, important An adverb is a word, which usually describes a verb. It tells you how something is done. It may also tell you when or where something happened.

Examples: slowly, intelligently, well, yesterday, tomorrow, here, everywhere A pronoun is used instead of a noun, to avoid repeating the noun. Examples: I, you, he, she, it, we, they A conjunction joins two words, phrases or sentences together.

Examples: but, so, and, because, or A preposition usually comes before a noun, pronoun or noun phrase. It joins the noun to some other part of the sentence.

Examples: on, in, by, with, under, through, at An interjection is an unusual kind of word, because it often stands alone. Interjections are words, which express emotion or surprise, and they are usually followed by exclamation marks.

Examples: Ouch!, Hello!, Hurray!, Oh no!, Ha!

Here are some examples of sentences made with different English parts of speech:

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Noun John Noun John

Verb works.

Verb Is

verb working.

Pronoun She Noun Tara

Verb Loves Verb Speaks

noun animals.

Noun English

Noun Tara

Verb Speaks

Pronoun Verb She Ran

Adverb Well

adjective Noun good English. preposition To

Determiner The

Pronoun Verb adjective noun conjunction pronoun She Likes big snakes But I Here is a sentence that contains every part of speech: interjection Pronoun

conj.

determiner adjective Noun

Well,

and

my

She

Young

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verb

noun station

adverb quickly.

verb hate

Pronoun them.

preposition noun

John walk to

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Adverb

school slowly.

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Reference Retrieved from https://www.englishclub.com/grammar/parts-ofspeech.htm#examples on 30 September 2020

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SOME COMMON PUNCTUATION MARKS .

COMMA , QUESTION MARK ?

PERIOD (FULL STOP) EXCLAMATION !

MARK SINGLE ' ' QUOTATION MARKS BRACES

COLON

:

SEMICOLON

;

DOUBLE QUOTATION MARKS

" "

PARENTHESES or ROUND BRACKETS HYPHEN

( )

SLASH OR STROKE SPEECH MARKS

/

{ }

[ ]

ELLIPSIS

SQUARE BRACKETS . . . APOSTROPHE

ASTERISK

*

//

SLASHES

´

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CAPITAL LETTERS SMALL LETTERS A, B, C, D a, b, c, d

HOW TO READ/SAY SOME SYMBOLS RELATED TO EMAILS AND THE INTERNET, ETC AT UNDERSCORE DOT HYPHEN / DASH @ _ .

ASTERISK HASH / HASHTAG FORWARD-SLASH BRACKETS * # / [] UPPER- CASE/ IN LOWER-CASE OPEN BRACKET CLOSE BRACKET CAPITALS A, B, C, D a, b, c, d ( ) For example: An email like unam_vht_345@gmail.com reads unam (in lower case) underscore vth underscore three-four-five at gmail dot com

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Símbolo @

Cómo se dice Ejemplo At info@coloniainglesa.es

. _

Dot underscore

wordreference.com john_summers@gmail.com

-

Dash/hyphen

patricia-king@hotmail.es

# /

Hash forward slash

123#56 documents/presentations/pitc h.ppt

\

backslash

\\admin-pc\computer65

*

asterisk

*115#

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Cómo se deletrea info at coloniainglesa dot e s wordreference dot com john underscore summers underscore at g mail dot com patricia dash king at hotmail dot e s one two three hash five six documents forward slash presentations forward slash pitch dot p p t backslash backslash or double backslash admin dash or hyphen pc backslash computer sixty five asterisk one one five hash

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E-MAIL VOCABULARY Word = Reply = Respond = Forward = Delete = Recipient = Date = Subject = Message = Inbox = Junk mail = Sender = Receive = Outgoing messages = Bold = Reply to all LAURA PAVLO

Meaning Responder Responder Re-enviar Borrar Recipiente / Destinatario Fecha Asunto Mensaje Bandeja de entrada Correo no deseado Remitente Recibir mensajes salientes Negrita responder a todos 2021-2022

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= To attach = Subject = Email address = Sender = Address book = Inbox = Outbox = Attached files = Recipient = Message = Date

Adjuntar Asunto dirección de correo electrónico Remitente libreta de direcciones bandeja de entrada bandeja de salida Archivos adjuntos.

Recipiente / Destinatario Mensaje Fecha

Ejemplos de uso.

A. Can you forward the email to John please? ¿Puedes re-enviar el email a John, por favor?

B. He/She hasn't replied yet.

No ha respondido todavía.

C.We haven't received any emails this week.

No hemos recibido ningún email esta semana.

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D.I deleted it by mistake!¡ Lo borré sin querer!

Email: verbo y sustantivo "Email": sustantivo y verbo ¿Sabías que la palabra ‘email' no es solamente un sustantivo sino también hace de verbo?

Email (sustantivo) = Correo electrónico To email (verbo) = Enviar un correo electrónico Ejemplos de su uso como verbo: I'll email you tomorrow. Me mandaré un correo electrónico mañana.

He emailed me an invitation. Me mandó una invitación por correo electrónico. ß

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NUMBERS Numbers 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18

Cardinal One Two Three Four Five Six Seven Eight Nine Ten Eleven Twelve Thirteen Fourteen Fifteen Sixteen Seventeen Eighteen

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Ordinal First Second Third Fourth Fifth Sixth Seventh Eighth Ninth Tenth Eleventh Twelfth Thirteenth Fourteenth Fifteenth Sixteenth Seventeenth Eighteenth

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19 20 21 22

Nineteen Twenty Twenty-first Twenty-two

23 24 25 26 27

Twenty-three Twenty-four Twenty-five Twenty-six Twenty-seven

28 29 30 31 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

Twenty-eight Twenty-nine Thirty Thirty-one Forty Fifty Sixty Seventy Eighty Ninety one hundred

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Nineteenth Twentieth Twenty-first Twentysecond Twenty-third Twenty-fourth Twenty-fifth Twenty-sixth Twentyseventh Twenty-eighth Twenty-ninth Thirtieth Thirty-first Fortieth Fiftieth Sixtieth Seventieth Eightieth Ninetieth Hundredth

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500

five hundred

1,000 1,500

one thousand one thousand five hundred, or fifteen hundred one hundred thousand one million

100,000 1,000,000

Five hundredth Thousandth One thousand five hundredth Hundred thousandth Millionth

How to write numbers in English Rule 1.

Spell out all numbers beginning a sentence.

Examples: Twenty-three hundred sixty-one victims were hospitalized.

Nineteen fifty-six was quite a year.

Note: The Associated Press Stylebook makes an exception for years.

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Example:1956 was quite a year.

Rule 2a.

Hyphenate all compound numbers from twenty-one through ninety-nine.

Examples: Forty-three people were injured in the train wreck.

Twenty-seven of them were hospitalized.

Rule 2b.

Hyphenate all written-out fractions.

Examples: We recovered about two-thirds of the stolen cash.

One-half is slightly less than five-eighths.

However, do not hyphenate terms like a third or a half.

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Rule 3a.

With figures of four or more digits, use commas.

Count three spaces to the left to place the first comma.

Continue placing commas after every three digits.

Important: do not include decimal points when doing the counting.

Examples: 1,054 people $2,417,592.21

Note: Some choose not to use commas with four-digit numbers, but this practice is not recommended.

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Rule 3b.

It is not necessary to use a decimal point or a dollar sign when writing out sums of less than a dollar.

Not Advised: He had only $0.60.

Better: He had only sixty cents.

OR He had only 60 cents.

Rule 3c.

Do not add the word "dollars" to figures preceded by a dollar sign.

Incorrect: I have $1,250 dollars in my checking account.

Correct: I have $1,250 in my checking account.

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Rule 4a.

For clarity, use noon andmidnight rather than 12:00 PM and 12:00 AM.

NOTE: AM and PM are also written A.M. and P.M.,a.m. and p.m., and am and pm. Some put a space between the time and AM or PM.

Examples: 8 AM 3:09 P.M. 11:20 p.m.

Others write times using no space before AM or PM. Example: 8AM 3:09P.M. 11:20p.m.

For the top of the hour, some write 9:00 PM, whereas others drop the :00 and write 9 PM (or 9 p.m., 9pm, etc.)

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Rule 4b.

Using numerals for the time of day has become widely accepted.

Examples: The flight leaves at 6:22 a.m.

Please arrive by 12:30 sharp.

However, some writers prefer to spell out the time, particularly when using o'clock.

Examples: She takes the four thirty-five train.

The baby wakes up at five o'clock in the morning.

Rule 5.

Mixed fractions are often expressed in figures unless they begin a sentence.

Examples: We expect a 5 1/2 percent wage increase.

Five and one-half percent was the expected wage increase.

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Rule 6.

The simplest way to express large numbers is usually best.

Example: Twenty-three hundred (simpler than two thousand three hundred)

Large round numbers are often spelled out, but be consistent within a sentence.

Consistent: You can earn from one million to five million dollars.

Inconsistent: You can earn from one million dollars to 5 million dollars.

Inconsistent: You can earn from $1 million to five million dollars.

Rule 7.

Write decimals using figures. As a courtesy to readers, many writers put a zero in front of the decimal point.

Examples: The plant grew 0.79 inches last year.

The plant grew only 0.07 inches this year.

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Rule 8a.

It is important to know how to say big numbers in English!

Here are some interesting examples: 215 Two hundred and fifteen (UK) Two hundred fifteen (US) 731 Seven hundred and thirty-one (UK) Seven hundred thirty-one (US) Note: (UK) United Kingdom.

(US) United States

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Rule 9.

The following examples are typical when using figures to express dates.

Examples: The 30th of June, 1934 June 30, 1934 (no -th necessary)

Rule 10.

When spelling out decades, do not capitalize them.

Example: During the eighties and nineties, the U.S. economy grew.

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Rule 11.

When expressing decades using figures, it is simpler to put an apostrophe before the incomplete numeral and no apostrophe between the number and the s.

Example: During the '80s and '90s, the U.S. economy grew.

Some writers place an apostrophe after the number: Example: During the 80's and 90's, the U.S. economy grew.

Awkward: During the '80's and '90's, the U.S. economy grew.

Rule 12.

You may also express decades in complete numerals. Again, it is cleaner to avoid an apostrophe between the year and the s.

Example: During the 1980s and 1990s, the U.S. economy grew.

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Reference Retrieved from https://www.grammarbook.com/numbers/numbers.asp on 20 October 2020

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ARITHMETIC There are four basic processes for working out (= calculating) a problem: (+ )= addition (-) = subtraction (x) = multiplication (/) = division

MATH SYMBOLS

PLUS / ADD

MINUS / TAKE

(+) (-)

MULTIPLIED BY / TIMES

DIVIDED BY

( X)

/

EQUALS / IS

IS LESS THAN

( = ) ( <)

For example, 6+4 = 10 (six plus four equals ten) 6-4 = 2 (six minus four is two) 6x4 = 24 (six times/multiplied by four equals twenty-four) 4/2 = 2 (four divided by two is two)

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IS GREATER THAN / MORE THAN

PERCENTAGE

(> ) ( % )

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Saying '0' This can be spoken in different ways in different contexts.

A. Telephone numbers 603 744 = six oh three, seven double four B. Decimals 0.7 = nought point seven 6.02 = six point oh two 0.73 point seven three 0.05 point zero five 0.6529 point six five two nine 2.95 two point nine five C. Temperature: -10 degrees = ten degrees below zero/minus ten degrees

ROMAN NUMERALS Roman numerals were used in ancient Rome to represent numbers. They are still sometimes used today, for example on clocks and watches and in official documents. We are going to use Cardinal numbers.

Roman Numeral

How to write/read

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I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X XI XII XIII XIV XV XVI XVII XVIII XIX

One Two Three Four Five Six Seven Eight Nine Ten Eleven Twelve Thirteen Fourteen Fifteen Sixteen Seventeen Eighteen Nineteen

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XX XXI XXX XL L LX LXX LXXX XC C CC D M

Twenty Twenty-one Thirty Forty Fifty Sixty Seventy Eighty Ninety One hundred Two hundred Five hundred One thousand

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ASKING THE TIME Asking the time A. B. C. D.

What time is it?

What’s the time?

Can you tell me the time, please?

We can use AM/PM

It’s midnight.

(12:00) It’s quarter past five. It’s five fifteen. (5:15) It’s five past eight. It’s eight-oh-five (8:05) It’s quarter to eight. It’s seven forty-five (7:45) It’s half past three. It’s three thirty. (3:30) It’s twenty-five to ten. It’s nine thirty-five (9:35) It’s six o’clock (6:00) It’s noon. (12:00)

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PREPOSITIONS OF TIME AND PLACE IN /ON/ AT IN-TIME PARTS OF THE DAY ¥ In the morning ¥ In the afternoon ¥ In the evening

MONTHS ¥ In January ¥ In December ¥ In April ¥ In May ¥ In August

SEASONS ¥ In the summer ¥ In the winter ¥ In the spring

YEARS ¥ ¥ ¥ ¥ ¥ ¥ ¥

In 1976 In the 1940s In the seventies In the 21st century In the past In the future In 10 years time

IN-PLACE CONFINED SPACES ¥ ¥ ¥ ¥ ¥

In a box In a queue In a row In a lift In a car

STREETS, CITIES AND COUNTRIES ¥ In Oxford Street ¥ In London ¥ In England ¥ In France

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ROOMS AND BUILDINGS ¥ ¥ ¥ ¥ ¥

In a room In the kitchen In the cinema In the bank In the library

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¥ In a taxi ¥ In the garden

ON-TIME DAYS AND DATES

SPECIFIC DAYS

On Monday

On my birthday

On Sunday

On Christmas day

On April 3rd

On Easter day

On the 10th

On new year’s day

On the first day

On holiday

On the last day

On my wedding day On that day

ON-PLACE TRANSPORT

COMMUNICATION

SURFACES

On a bus

On the radio

On a table

On a train

On the television

On a Wall

On a plane

On the phone

On the floor

On a ship

On the internet

On the roof

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On a bicycle

On Facebook

On the menú

On a horse

On Twitter

On the page On the door

AT-TIME TIME AND PERIODS At 9 ‘clock

At noon

At dawn

At the weekend

At Easter

At midday

At dusk

At night

At Christmas

At the moment

At that time

At the beginning

At breakfast

At dinner time

At the end

At bedtime

AT-PLACE SPECIFIC CONTEXTS At the front

At the door

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At the station

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At the back

At the exit

At work

At the office

At the doctor’s

At the top

At the entrance

At a party

At school

At the bottom

PREPOSITIONS OF MOVEMENT Prepositions of movement show movement from one place to another place. These prepositions always describe movement and we usually use them with verbs of motion.

The most common preposition of movement is the preposition to, which describes movement in the direction of something, for example: • How do you go to work?

• He drove to London in five hours.

• Nobody came to the party :(

Prepositions of movement are also called prepositions of direction.

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PREPOSITIONS OF MOVEMENT On/Onto

Off

Into

Out of

Past

From

To

Towards

Under

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Through

Near

Behind

In front of

Along

X

X X X X

X X

Across Up

Down

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Reference Retrieved from https://www.englishclub.com/vocabulary/prepositions-movement.htm on 30 September 2020

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These are the rules for English plurals.

A. Most nouns take —s in the plural.

SINGULAR

PLURAL

1. Car

Cars

2. Cat

Cats

3. Dog

Dogs

4. House

Houses

5. Pen

Pens

6. Pencil

Pencils

7. Table

Tables

8. Dove

Doves

9. Fortification

Fortifications

10.

Hall

Halls

11.

Notebook

Notebooks

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12.

Blog

Blogs

13.

Parcel

Parcels

14.

Apple

Apples

15.

Edition

Editions

16.

Flag

Flags

17.

Flannel

Flannels

18.

Guest

Guests

19.

Magnet

Magnets

20.

Maid

Maids

B. Nouns ending in —ss, —s, -sh, —ch, —x, and —z, take —es in the plural.

SINGULAR

PLURAL

1. Dress

Dresses

2. Bus

Buses

3. Brush

Brushes

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4. Torch

Torches

5. Box

Boxes

6. Church

Churches

7. Crash

Crashes

8. Buzz

Buzzes

9. Match

Matches

C. Some nouns ending in —f or —fe drop the —f or —fe and take —ves to form their plural.

SINGULAR

PLURAL

1. Loaf

Loaves

2. Knife

Knives

3. Calf

Calves

4. Half

Halves

5. Leaf

Leaves

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6. Life

Lives

7. Self

Selves

8. Shelf

Shelves

9. Thief

Thieves

10.

Wife

Wives

11.

Wolf

Wolves But the exception is: Cliff Cliffs Roof Roofs

D.Nouns ending in a consonant + y drop the —y and take—ies.

SINGULAR 1. Cherry

PLURAL Cherries

2. Lady

Ladies

3. Country

Countries

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4. Ferry

Ferries

5. Party

Parties

6. Puppy

Puppies

7. Library

Libraries

8. Memory

Memories

9. Prophecy

Prophecies

10.

Mummy

Mummies.

11.

Lolly

Lollies

12.

Dormitory

Dormitories

13.

Gypsy

Gypsies

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E. Nouns ending in a vowel +y take —s.

SINGULAR 1. Boy

PLURAL Boys

2. Toy

Toys

3. Day

Days

4. Monkey

Monkeys

5. Donkey

Donkeys

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F. Some nouns ending in —o take —es.

SINGULAR 1. Tomato

PLURAL Tomatoes

2. Potato

Potatoes

3. Echo

Echoes

4. Hero

Heroes

5. Negro

Negroes

G. Nouns ending in VOWEL + O; they add —s.

SINGULAR 1. Radio

PLURAL Radios

2. Zoo

Zoos

3. Video

Videos

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H. The words come into another language; they only add —s.

SINGULAR 1. Photo

PLURAL Photos.

2. Commando

Comandos

3. Concerto

Concertos

4. Kilo

Kilos

5. Logo

Logos

6. Piano

Pianos

7. Solo

Solos

8. Soprano

Sopranos

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A few common words ending in —o can have TWO plurals in –s or —es.

NOUN 1. Buffalo

PLURAL I Buffalos

PLURAL II Buffaloes

2. Mosquito

Mosquito

Mosquitoes

3. Tornado

Tornados

Tornadoes

4. Volcano

Volcanos

Volcanoes

IRREGULAR PLURAL SINGULAR 1. Child

PLURAL Children

2. Dormouse

Dormice

3. Foot

Feet

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4. Goose

Geese

5. Louse

Lice

6. Man

Men

7. Mouse

Mice

8. Ox

Oxen

9. Tooth

Teeth

10.

Woman

Women

11.

Person

People

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PLURAL SAME AS SINGULAR SINGULAR 1. Advice

PLURAL Advice

2. Barracks

Barracks

3. Cheese

Cheese

4. Crossroads

Crossroads

5. Deer

Deer

6. Equipment

Equipment

7. Fish

Fish

8. Furniture

Furniture

9. Headquarters

Headquarters

10.

Homework

Homework

11.

Information

Information

12.

Knowledge

Knowledge

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13.

Luggage

Luggage

14.

Means

Means

15.

Milk

Milk

16.

Money

Money

17.

Music

Music

18.

News

News

19.

Salt

Salt

20.

Series

Series

21.

Sheep

Sheep

22.

Species

Species

23.

Swiss

Swiss

24.

Time

Time

25.

Traffic

Traffic

26.

Water

Water

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27.

Works

Works

(factory)

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Definite and indefinite articles Definite (the) and indefinite articles (a/an) son aquellos determinantes que especifican la identidad del nombre al que acompañan, es decir, nos indican si el elemento del que se habla es algo específico o inconcreto.

The food is excellent.

La comida es excelente.

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Do you have a dress for me? (tú) ¿Tienes un vestido para mí?

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¿Cuándo utilizamos los definite articles?

Utilizamos el artículo definido the (el, la, los, las) cuando se trata de un elemento específico y/o conocido por el hablante. En todos los casos se utiliza el mismo artículo, sin tener en cuenta ni el género ni el número.

Can you close the door?

(Tú) ¿Puedes cerrar la puerta?

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The cats are sleeping on my bed.

Los gatos están durmiendo en mi cama.

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El artículo definido the tiene una pronunciación diferente en función de la palabra a la cual precede: DEFINITE USE PRONUNCIATION EXAMPLES ARTICLES THE Cuando la palabra [ði] The appleLa manzana empieza por vocal Cuando la palabra [ðə] The dogEl perro empieza por consonante También utilizamos el artículo definido the en los siguientes casos: USES EXAMPLES SENTENCES Con nombres que The sun, the moon, the The sun rose at 6:15 this se refieren a cosas sky... morning. únicas, es decir, Esta mañana el sol ha salido a que solo existe las 6:15. una.

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Con nombres de cosas que sabemos que solo hay una en un lugar o momento concretos.

Con nombres contables en singular cuando nos referimos a ellos en general.

Con instrumentos musicales.

Con adjetivos para referirnos a un grupo de personas.

Con océanos, mares y ríos.

The car (solo tenemos Can I use the uno) the church (solo Saturday? hay una en el pueblo)... ¿Puedo usar el próximo sábado?

The whale...

car next coche el

The whale is a marine mammal.

La ballena es un mamífero marino.

The violin...

I used to play the violin when I was little.

Yo solía tocar el violín cuando era pequeña.

The rich, the French...

The rich always get richer.

Los ricos siempre se hacen más ricos.

The Atlantic Ocean, The The Titanic sank in the Atlantic Nile Ocean.

El Titanic se hundió en el Océano Atlántico.

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Con cadenas The Alps, montañosas.

Pyrenees...

Con grupos de islas y desiertos.

Con museos, cines o teatros.

Con países.

algunos

Con edificios famosos y monumentos.

Delante de superlativo.

un

The Which is the highest mountain in the Alps? ¿Cuál es la montaña más alta de los Alpes?

The Bahamas, The I spent my holidays in the Sahara...

Bahamas.

Pasé mis vacaciones en las Bahamas.

The British Museum, Thousands of tourists visit The The Phoenix British Museum every year.

Miles de turistas visitan el British Museum cada año.

The Czech Republic, I have some relatives in The The United States...

Czech Republic.

Tengo unos parientes en la República Checa.

The Taj Mahal, The The Taj Mahal is one of the London Eye... seven wonders of the world.

El Taj Mahal es una de las siete maravillas del mundo.

The best, the biggest... He is the best player at the moment.

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En estos momentos él es el mejor jugador.

Hay casos en que el artículo definido the no se utiliza en inglés: USES Con nombres contables en plural para hablar de algo en general.

Con nombres incontables para hablar de algo en general.

Con continentes, países y ciudades.

Calles, estaciones o aeropuertos.

Lagos, montañas e islas.

EXAMPLES Computers, butterflies...

Life, nature, space...

Africa, France, London...

Oxford Street, Penn Station...

Lake Victoria, Kilimanjaro, Malta...

Con nombres de persona. John, Mary...

Horas, días y meses.

SENTENCES Computers are constantly evolving.

Las computadoras evolucionan constantemente.

Life is short so live it to the full.

La vida es corta así que vívela al máximo.

3:15, Monday, June

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Africa is an amazing continent. África es un continente increíble.

My grandma lives in Oxford Street.

Mi abuela vive en la calle Oxford.

We've booked a hotel by Lake Victoria.

Hemos reservado un hotel junto al lago Victoria.

John has finally asked Mary out.

John finalmente ha pedido a Mary que salga con él.

We met on Monday at the 3:15.

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Quedamos el lunes a las 3:15.

¿Cuándo utilizamos los indefinite articles?

Utilizamos el artículo indefinido a o an (un, uno, una) cuando queremos aludir a un elemento indeterminado o desconocido por el hablante.

Do you have an umbrella?

(Tú) ¿Tienes un paraguas?

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There is a frog in the garden.

Hay una rana en el jardín.

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En función de la palabra que precedan se utilizará a o an:

INDEFINITE ARTICLES A

AN

USE

PRONUNCIATION EXAMPLES

Cuando la palabra empieza por consonante Cuando la H al inicio de palabra es sonora Cuando la palabra empieza por E o U c on sonido consonántico Cuando la palabra empieza por vocal Cuando la H a inicio de palabra es muda

[ə]

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A cake.

Un pastel A hospital.

Un hospital A university.

Una universidad

[ə] [ə] [ən] [ən]

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An ice-cream.

Un helado An hour.

Una hora

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Los nombres incontables o contables en plural, no admiten la presencia del artículo indefinido.

I need some sugar.

Necesito un poco de azúcar.

I want some cakes for my birthday.

Quiero unos pasteles por mi cumpleaños.

También utilizamos el artículo indefinido a / an en los siguientes casos: USES EXAMPLES Delante de profesiones. A nurse, an accountant...

Para sustituir el numeral An apple, a hundred... one.

Delante de un nombre A lion, a book contable en singular que sirve de ejemplo de una clase de cosas.

Expresiones de precio, A kilo, an hour... velocidad...

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SENTENCES My mum is a nurse at the hospital.

Mi madre es enfermera en el hospital.

Can I have an (one) apple, please? ¿Me das una manzana por favor?

A baby lion is born blind.

Un bebé león nace ciego.

The oranges cost 2 euros a kilo.

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Las naranjas cuestan 2 euros el kilo.

Diferencias entrea/an/the Utilizamos el artículo indeterminado a / an cuando nos referimos a algo en general, en cambio utilizamos el artículo determinado the cuando ya sabemos a qué nos referimos.

I need a jacket.

Necesito una chaqueta.

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I need the jacket.

Necesito la chaqueta.

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En este ejemplo utilizamos el En este ejemplo utilizamos el artículo a porque nos referimos a una artículo the porque ambas saben de qué chaqueta cualquiera. chaqueta están hablando.

Utilizamos el artículo indeterminado a / an cuando nos referimos a una cosa por primera vez, en cambio utilizamos el artículo determinado the cuando aquello a lo que nos referimos ya se ha mencionado anteriormente.

He has adopted a dog. The dog is docile.

Ha adoptado un perro. El perro es dócil.

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She's wearing a short dress. The dress is made of silk.

Lleva un vestido corto. El vestido es de seda.

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En ambos ejemplos, cuando mencionamos por primera vez la cosa a la que nos queremos referir (dog / dress) utilizamos el artículo indefinido a, mientras que cuando lo mencionamos por segunda vez utilizamos el artículo determinado the.

¡Recuerda!

Los definite (the) and indefinite articles (a/an) son aquellos determinantes que especifican la identidad del nombre al que acompañan, es decir, nos indican si el elemento del que se habla es algo específico o inconcreto.

INDEFINITE ARTICLE A / Un, uno, una

USE En profesiones.

AN Para sustituir el numeral one.

Delante de un nombre contable en singular que sirve de ejemplo de una clase de cosas.

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EXAMPLES She is an astronaut.

Ella es astronauta.

I drink a coffee every morning.

Bebo un café cada mañana.

A book is always a good present.

Un libro es siempre un buen regalo.

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Expresiones velocidad...

DEFINITE ARTICLE THE El, la, los, las

precio, This car can run at 250 miles an hour.

Este coche puede ir a 250 kilómetros por hora.

Con nombres que se refieren The moon is so beautiful a cosas únicas, es decir, que tonight. solo existe una.

La luna está preciosa esta noche.

Con nombres de cosas que The church is being restored. sabemos que solo hay una en La iglesia está siendo un lugar o momento restaurada. concretos.

Con nombres contables en The wheel is one of man's singular cuando nos most important inventions. referimos a ellos en general. La rueda es uno de los inventos más importantes que ha hecho el hombre.

Con instrumentos musicales. When did you start playing the piano? ¿Cuándo empezaste a tocar el piano?

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de

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Con adjetivos para referirnos The Finns have a very good a un grupo de personas. education system.

Los finlandeses tienen un sistema educativo muy bueno.

Con océanos, mares y ríos.

We took a cruise on the Nile.

Hicimos un crucero por el Nilo.

Con cadenas montañosas.

We are flying over the Pyrenees.

Estamos sobrevolando los Pirineos.

Con grupos de islas y The Gobi Desert is the largest desiertos. desert in Asia.

El desierto de Gobi es el desierto más grande de Asia.

Con museos, cines o teatros. There's a very interesting exhibition at the Guggenheim museum.

Hay una exposición muy interesante en el museo Guggenheim.

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Con algunos países.

OMISSION OF THE

I have some relatives in The Netherlands.

Tengo algunos parientes en Holanda.

Con edificios famosos y There's always a long queue monumentos. to go up the Eiffel Tower.

Siempre hay una larga cola para subir a la Torre Eiffel.

Delante de un superlativo.

I booked the cheapest hotel.

Reservé el hotel más barato.

Con nombres contables en I hate spiders. plural para hablar de algo en Odio las arañas. general.

Con nombres incontables Music connects people. para hablar de algo en La música conecta a las general. personas.

Con continentes, países y Have you ever been to ciudades.

Budapest? ¿Has estado alguna vez en Budapest?

Calles, estaciones o I live on Carnaby Street.Yo aeropuertos. vivo en la calle Carnaby.

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Lagos, montañas e islas.

Con nombres de persona.

Horas, días y meses.

We're planning to climb Kilimanjaro.

Estamos planeando subir al Kilimanjaro.

Have you seen Peter lately? ¿Has visto a Peter últimamente?

I usually go to bed at 23:00.

Normalmente me acuesto a las 23:00.

Reference Retrieved from Lew and Lag https://www.lewolang.com/gramatica-inglesa/16/definite-and-indefinite-articles, on 30 September 2020

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Countable and uncountable nouns COUNTABLE Los countable nouns son aquellos elementos que pueden ser contados de uno en uno utilizando los números.

UNCOUNTABLE Los uncountable nouns son aquellos elementos que no podemos contar usando números pero sí utilizando cuantificadores o partitivos.

3 magazines

Sand LAURA PAVLO

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3 revistas

Arena

NOUNS COUNTABLE

UNCOUNTABLE

Apple / apples Manzana / manzanas School / schools Escuela / escuelas Food Comida Sugar Azúcar

Monkey / monkeys Mono / monos Tree / trees Árbol / árboles Milk Leche Time Tiempo

Chair / chairs Silla / sillas Film / films Película / películas Money Dinero Weather Tiempo (clima)

¿Cómo se utilizan los countable y uncountable nouns?

Los nombres contables tienen forma de singular y plural. Cuando nos referimos a los nombres contables en singular, estos pueden ir precedidos por el artículo indeterminado a/an.

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I need an umbrella.

Necesito un paraguas.

This is a parrot.

Esto es un loro.

Los nombres incontables solo tienen forma de singular, habitualmente no llevan artículos pero a veces puden ir acompañados por some/any.

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I need milk.

Necesito leche.

I can give you some advice.

Te puedo dar algunos consejos.

Si queremos expresar una cantidad concreta de un elemento incontable añadiremos un grupo de palabras que dividan el todo en partes que puedan ser contadas seguidas de la preposición of:

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A bag of (una bolsa de, un paquete de)

Flour Harina

Pasta Pasta

Rice Arroz

A slice of (una rebanada, una loncha de, una rodaja de)

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Bread Pan

Meat Carne

Cheese Queso

A carton of (un cartón de)

Milk Leche

Juice Jugo

Ice cream Helado

A jar of (un tarro de, un bote de, un frasco de)

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Jam Mermelada

Honey Miel

Tomato sauce Salsa de tomate

A can of (una lata de, un bote de)

Tuna Atún

Sweet corn Maíz

Coke Cola

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Water Agua

Wine Vino

Oil Aceite

A tube of (un tubo de)

Toothpaste Pasta de dientes.

Glue Pegamento

Shampoo Champú

A bit of/A piece of (un/una)

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Advice Consejo

Information Información

News Noticias

A pinch of (un pellizco de, una pizca de)

Salt Sal

Sugar Azúcar

Pepper Pimienta

A roll of (un rollo de)

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Toilet paper Papel higiénico

Tape Cinta adhesiva

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Cling film Film transparente

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Algunos de estos partitivos también pueden aplicarse a nombres contables como:

A can of pineapple.

Un bote de piña.

A bag of crisps.

Una bolsa de patatas fritas.

A jar of olives.

Un bote de aceitunas.

Hay algunos nombres que, aunque son contables, solo tienen forma plural. Para designar una unidad utilizamos a pair of.

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A pair of glasses.

Unas gafas.

A pair of trousers.

Unos pantalones.

A pair of scissors.

Unas tijeras.

Hay que prestar atención a la diferencia entre los partitivos a pair of y a couple of.

USE A PAIR OF

PAIRS OF

EXAMPLES

Para referirnos a dos cosas iguales pero que juntas se las considera una sola unidad.

Si queremos designar más de una unidad añadiendo un número delante

A pair of shoes.

Un par de zapatos.

A pair of gloves.

Un par de guantes.

Two pairs of shoes.

Dos pares de zapatos.

Four pairs of gloves.

Cuatro pares de guantes.

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A Para referirnos a dos A couple of CDs. COUPLE unidades de alguna Un par de CDs. OF cosa o persona

A couple of ideas.

Un par de ideas

Las sustancias que no separamos por elementos (líquido, granos pequeños, sustancias en polvo, gas...) son generalmente incontables, pero serán contables si nos referimos a ellas pensando en su correspondiente recipiente (una taza, un vaso...):

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COUNTABLE

UNCOUNTABLE

Three (cups of) coffees, please.

Tres (tazas de) cafés, por favor.

I don't like coffee.

No me gusta el café.

Algunos nombres pueden ser contables e incontables. En la mayoría de esos casos su significado varía: COUNTABLE UNCOUNTABLE

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There are 5 rooms in my house.

Hay 5 habitaciones en mi casa.

There isn't room for another table.

No hay espacio para otra mesa.

How many lights do you need?

(Tú) ¿Cuántas luces necesitas?

My bedroom gets a lot of light.

Mi habitación recibe mucha luz.

Can I read this paper?

(Yo) ¿Puedo leer este periódico?

Give the boy some paper to draw on.

Dale papel al niño para que dibuje.

¡Recuerda!

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Los countable nouns son aquellos que pueden contarse de uno en uno y los uncountable nouns,por lo contrario, no pueden ser contados con números.

COUNTABLE UNCOUNTABLE Designan Two birds Designan elementos AirAire elementos que Dos imposibles de ser pueden ser tratados pájaros tratados con individualmente individualidad Forma singular y Tree / trees No cuentan con un Water / watersAgua plural Árbol / forma plural árboles Se I need a Se suele I need utiliza a/an/one para book utilizar some/any/Øpara some moneyNecesito designar elementos Necesito un designar elementos (algo de) dinero en singular libro incontables Pueden ser One bee Para poder contarlos A bottle of milkUna contados de uno en two bees se necesita el uso de botella de leche uno Una abeja un sintagma + of utilizando números dos abejas Reference

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Retrieved from Lew and Lag https://www.lewolang.com/gramatica-inglesa/33/countable-and-uncountable , on 25 September 2020

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This / that / these / those Los demonstrative determiners se utilizan mayoritariamente para especificar o señalar a personas, animales o cosas en función de su proximidad o lejanía teniendo en cuenta la posición del hablante: Los demonstrative determiners en inglés no hacen distinción de género (masculino/femenino) pero sí de número (singular/plural).

¿Cómo se utilizan los demonstrative determiners?

Los demonstrative determiners se utilizan según la situación y el número, principalmente teniendo en cuenta la posición del hablante: THIS (Esto/e/a) Se utiliza cuando hablamos de un solo elemento que se encuentra a poca distanciadel hablante.

THESE (Estos/as) Se usa cuando hablamos de más de un elemento que se encuentra a poca distanciadel hablante.

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This vase is very expensive.

Este jarrón es muy caro.

These shoes are old.

Estos zapatos son viejos.

THAT (Eso/e/a, aquel, aquello/a)

THOSE (Esos/as, aquellos/as)

Se utiliza cuando hablamos de un solo elemento que se encuentra a una cierta distancia del hablante.

Se usa cuando hablamos de más de un elemento que se encuentra a una cierta distancia del hablante.

That boy is my cousin.

Aquel chico es mi primo.

Those toys are dirty.

Esos juguetes están sucios.

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También utilizamos los determinantes demostrativos cuando introducimos a alguien o preguntamos por alguien a través del teléfono, utilizando las construcciones:

This is.../These are...

Is that...?, respectivamente:

Hi Mary. This is my boyfriend, Ron. Hola Mary. Este es mi novio, Ron.

Hello Miss, these are my parents.

Hola señorita, estos son mis padres.

- Hello? Is that Sarah?

- ¿Hola? ¿Eres Sarah?

- No, it's her mother.

- No, soy su madre.

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¿Qué función desempeñan los demonstrative determiners?

Para saber si el demostrativo actúa como un adjetivo o un pronombre es importante tener en cuenta el siguiente aspecto: Cuando el demostrativo aparece acompañado de un nombre, se categoriza como un adjetivo porque especifica el elemento del que estamos hablando.

This apple is mine.

Esta manzana es mía.

I like that hat.

Me gusta ese sombrero.

Si aparecen sin ir acompañados de ningún elemento significa que están sustituyendo a un sustantivo mencionado anteriormente o que se puede deducir por el contexto, por lo que en estos casos nos encontramos ante un pronombre.

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These are original.

Estos son originales.

That is not mine.

Eso no es mío.

¡Recuerda!

PROXIMIDAD THIS THESE This These book books.

Este Estos libros. libro.

LEJANÍA THAT THOSE That Those book. books.

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Ese/aquel Esos/aquellos libro. libros.

Reference Retrieved from Lew and Lag https://www.lewolang.com/gramatica-inglesa/6/this-that-these-those , on 25 September 2020

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Adjectives Los adjetivos son palabras que acompañan al nombre y lo modifican, ya que nos dan información sobre algo o alguien.

En inglés, los adjetivos se colocan normalmente delante de un nombre, o bien detrás de un verbo (be, look, smell...).

This is a blue towel.

Esto es una toalla azul.

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These towels are blue.

Estas toallas son azules.

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El orden de los adjetivos en inglés Cuando queremos describir las características de un objeto, persona..., podemos utilizar uno o más adjetivos al mismo tiempo; en inglés se suele seguir un patrón para ordenar dichos adjetivos.

OPINION

SIZE

AGE

SHAPE

COLOUR

PATTERN

Nice Bonito

Big Grande

Old Viejo

Round Redondo

Pink Rosa

Plain Liso

Cheap Barato

New Nuevo

Oval Ovalado

Pale Pálido

Young Joven Modern Moderno

Square Cuadrado Flat Plano

Tanned Moreno Silver Plateado

Spotted De lunares Flecked Moteado Flowery Floreado

Intelligent Inteligente Annoying Pesado

Small Pequeñ o Tall Alto Thin Delgad o Long Largo Short Corto

Curved Curvo Spherical Esférico

BlueAzul

Boring Aburrido

Thick Grueso

AncientAnt iguo Updated Actualizad o Outdated Anticuado

Straight Recto

Yellow Amarillo

Interesting Interesante Gorgerous Precioso

White Blanco

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NATIONALIT Y American Americano

MATERIAL

PURPOSE

Plastic De plástico

Italian Italiano

Leather De piel

Spanish Español Indian Indio

Iron De hierro Wooden De madera

Shopping De la compra Typing Mecanografí a Sleeping Para dormir Race De carreras

Striped A rayas Checked A cuadros

French Francés Chinese Chino

Printed Estampad o

English Inglés

Steel De acero Denim Tela vaquera Straw De paja

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Running Para correr Football De fútbol Reading Para leer

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¡Recuerda!

Esta tabla nos servirá de guía, aunque no es un orden cerrado, ya que puede cambiar dependiendo de qué adjetivo queremos enfatizar.

She has some cheap new colourful trainers.

Tiene unas deportivas nuevas, baratas y de colores.

Siguiendo la tabla, el orden es:

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He's a nice young guy.

Es un chico simpático y joven.

Siguiendo la tabla, el orden es: nice (opinión) y young (edad)

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cheap (opinión), new (edad) y colourful (color)

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Observaciones En general se suelen utilizar entre uno y tres adjetivos, no es muy corriente utilizar más.

She is wearing a gorgerous pink silk dress.

It is a reusable shopping bag.

Ella lleva un precioso vestido de seda rosa. Es una bolsa de compra reutilizable.

Cuando se utilizan dos adjetivos de la misma categoría, el orden lo decide el hablante. Y aunque en general no se pone coma entre los adjetivos, cuando estos son de la misma categoría se tienen que separar por una coma, o bien por la partícula and.

This is my lovely, intelligent dog.

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She's got red and blue hair.

Ella tiene el pelo rojo y azul.

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Este es mi encantador e inteligente perro.

¡Recuerda!

Cuando queremos utilizar dos o más adjetivos para describir algo seguimos el siguiente orden: OPINION

SIZE

AGE

SHAPE

COLOUR

PATTERN

Nice

Big Grande

Old Viejo

Round Redondo

Pink Rosa

Plain Liso

NATIONALI TY American Americano

Cheap

Small Pequeño

New Nuevo

Oval Ovalado

Pale Pálido

Spotted De lunares

Interesting

Tall Alto

Young Joven

Square Cuadrado

Tanned Moreno

Flecked Moteado

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MATERIAL

PURPOSE

Italian Italiano

Plastic De plástico Leather De piel

Spanish Español

Iron De hierro

Shopping De la compra Typing Mecanografí a Sleeping Para dormir

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She was wearing an expensive It is an old black and white film. diamond engagement ring.

Es una vieja película Ella llevaba un anillo en blanco y negro. de compromiso caro y de diamantes.

Reference Retrieved from https://www.lewolang.com/gramatica-inglesa/76/order-of-adjectives on 25 September 2020

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Qualifying adjectives Qualifying adjectives son aquellas palabras que describen o expresan las características,

rasgos o propiedades de un nombre.

Colores

Black Negro/a

White Blanco/a

Características

Blue Azul

Emociones y sentimientos

Happy Feliz

Angry Enfadado/a

Sad Triste

Easy Fácil

Nice

Expensive Caro/a

Sensaciones o gustos

Hungry Hambriento/a

Cualidades

Funny

Difficult Difícil

Sweet Dulce

Salty Salado/a

Aspecto físico

Famous

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Short

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Tall

Long

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¿Cómo se utilizan los qualifying adjectives?

Qualifying adjectives se colocan siempre delante de un nombre y no aceptan flexión de

género ni de número, por lo que conservan su misma forma en todos los casos.

There is a red ball on the table.

Hay una pelota roja en la mesa.

You have a small dog.

(Tú) Tienes un perro pequeño.

No obstante, los adjetivos también pueden colocarse detrás de un verbo, siempre que éste sea el verbo to be u otro relacionado con los cinco sentidos: look (parecer), feel (sentir), smell (oler), taste (saber), sound (sonar).

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Mary is happy today.

Hoy Mary está contenta.

This perfume smells good.

Este perfume huele bien.

¡Recuerda!

Los qualifying adjectives son palabras que describen o expresan las características, rasgos o propiedades de un nombre. Un ejemplo de ello serían los colores, las emociones y sentimientos, las sensaciones o gustos, las cualidades o el aspecto físico, entre otras cosas.

NOUN

VERB

STRUCTURE Adjetivo calificativo + nombre

EXAMPLES I have a new car.

Tengo un coche nuevo.

Verbo + adjetivo calificativo

This cake smells good.

Este pastel huele bien.

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NOTES No aceptan flexión de género ni número.

Siempre tienen la misma forma Solo después del verbo to be u otros verbos como look, smell, feel, taste o sound

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Reference Retrieved from https://www.lewolang.com/gramatica-inglesa/8/qualifying-adjectives on 25 September 2020

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Question words Question words (QW) son aquellas palabras que sirven para formular e introducir oraciones de carácter interrogativo cuya respuesta no es un sí o un no, sino que es una respuesta abierta.

Qustion words WHO? WHAT? WHEN? WHERE? HOW? WHY? WHOSE? WHICH?

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Significado ¿Quién? ¿Qué? ¿Cuál? ¿Cuándo ¿Dónde? ¿Cómo? ¿Por qué? ¿De quién? ¿Cuál? ¿Qué?

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¿Cómo se utilizan las question words?

Las question words se colocan al principio de la oración y siguen las siguentes estructuras: Cuando el verbo principal es el verbo to be: QW + to be + sujeto + (complemento) Cuando el verbo principal no es el verbo to be: QW + auxiliar + sujeto + verbo + (complemento) Tanto el verbo to be en el primer caso como el verbo auxiliar en el segundo caso se corresponderán con el tiempo verbal utilizado (to be: am, is, was...) (auxiliar: do, did, will...).

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Las diferentes question words WHO? ¿Quién? ¿A quién?

Para pedir información sobre la identidad de una persona.

Who is that boy? ¿Quién es ese chico?

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Who is the youngest? ¿Quién es el más joven?

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WHAT? ¿Qué? ¿Cuál?

Para pedir información sobre la naturaleza o identidad de una cosa u objeto.

What does this mean? ¿Qué significa esto?

What is the meaning of your name? ¿Cuál es el significado de tu nombre?

What se puede combinar con un sustantivo para formular ciertas preguntas.

QUESTION WORD WHAT

NOUN

EXAMPLES

Colour

What colour are her eyes? ¿De qué color con sus ojos?

What size are you? ¿Qué talla usas?

Size

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kind (of) Day Time

What kind of films do you usually watch? ¿Qué clase de películas miras normalmente?

What day is it tomorrow? ¿Qué día es mañana?

What time do you go to school? ¿A qué hora vas a la escuela?

What también se utiliza con like y look like para preguntar cómo es una persona o describir lugares u objetos.

Cuando queremos preguntar cómo es una persona físicamente: What + auxiliar + sujeto + look like?

What does your sister look like? ¿Cómo es tu hermana?

She is tall, blonde and has blue eyes.

Es alta, rubia y tiene los ojos azules.

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Cuando queremos preguntar por el carácter de una persona: What + to be + sujeto + like?

- What is your mother like?

- ¿Cómo es tu madre?

- She is funny but strict.

- Es divertida pero estricta.

Cuando queremos describir lugares, objectos, el tiempo: What + to be + sujeto + like?

- What was the weather like yesterday?

- ¿Qué tiempo hizo ayer?

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It was sunny but windy.

Hizo sol pero con viento.

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WHEN? ¿Cuándo?

Para preguntar "en qué momento" o período temporal tiene lugar un acontecimiento.

When do I start the holidays? (yo) ¿Cuándo empiezo las vacaciones?

When do you finish classes? (tú) ¿Cuándo acabas las clases?

WHERE? ¿Dónde?

Para preguntar "en qué lugar" ocurre la acción.

Where is your car?

Where is the bus station?

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¿Dónde está tu coche?

¿Dónde está la estación de autobuses?

HOW? ¿Cómo?

Para preguntar "de qué manera" se lleva a cabo una acción. También se utiliza para averiguar el estado de ánimo o la salud de las personas y animales y también como una manera de saludar a alguien.

How do you cook sushi?

(Tú) ¿Cómo cocinas el sushi?

How are you?

(Tú) ¿Cómo estás?

How también se puede utilizar junto con un adverbio o un adjetivo para preguntar el grado de una cualidad.

QUESTION WORD HOW

NOUN

EXAMPLES

tall

How tall is your son?

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big fast high deep heavy far old

¿Cuánto mide tu hijo?

How big is a plane? ¿Qué tamaño tiene un avión?

How fast can you run? ¿A qué velocidad puedes correr?

How high is Mount Everest? ¿Qué altura tiene el monte Everest?

How deep is the river? ¿Qué profundidad tiene este río?

How heavy is this box? ¿Cuánto pesa esta caja?

How far is the nearest village? ¿A qué distancia está el pueblo más cercano?

How old is your dog? ¿Cuántos años tiene tu perro?

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WHY? ¿Por qué?

Para pedir información acerca de la causa o razón de ser de alguna cosa.

Why are you so happy?

(Tú) ¿Por qué estás tan contenta?

Why can't we swim?

(Nosotros/as) ¿Por qué no podemos nadar?

La respuesta a why siempre se introduce con because (porque). a Why can you speak German? a (Tú) ¿Por qué sabes hablar alemán? a Because I'm from Germany. a Porque soy de Alemania.

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WHOSE? ¿De quién?

Para saber "a qué persona" pertenece una cosa.

Whose is that pencil? ¿De quién es ese lápiz?

Whose are the trousers? ¿De quién son los pantalones?

WHICH? ¿Cuál? ¿Qué?

Para preguntar acerca de un número limitado de posibilidades entre las cuales escoger.

Which season is your favourite? ¿Qué estación del año es tu favorita?

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Which of these actors do you prefer? ¿Cuál de estos actores prefieres?

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Recuerda que en las frases interrogativas y exclamativas, en inglés siempre se coloca el signo interrogativo o exclamativo al final de la frase, al contrario que en español, que se introduce al inicio y al final de la oración:

Whose is that pencil?

Be careful!

¡Recuerda!

Las question words son palabras que sirven para formular oraciones interrogativas cuya respuesta no es sí o no sino una respuesta abierta.

QUESTION WORD Who? ¿Quién?

What?

¿Qué? ¿Cuál?

USE Información sobre la identidad de alguien Información sobre la naturaleza o identidad de una cosa

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EXAMPLES Who are you?¿ Quién eres?

What are you doing? ¿Qué estás haciendo?

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What + noun?

¿Qué?

Para obtener información What time is it? concreta sobre algo ¿Qué hora es?

What ... like? ¿Cómo?

Preguntar acerca del What is your aunt like? carácter de una persona ¿Cómo es tu tía?

Preguntar por la What is your room like? descripción de un lugar, ¿Cómo es tu habitación? objeto...

What ... look like? ¿Cómo?

Preguntar cómo es una What does your persona físicamente grandfather look like? ¿Cómo es tu abuelo?

When? ¿Cuándo?

En qué momento o When do you finish período temporal school? ¿Cuándo terminas la escuela?

Where? ¿Dónde?

En qué lugar Where is Mary? ¿Dónde está Mary?

How? ¿Cómo?

De qué manera, estado How are you? de ánimo ¿Cómo estás?

How + adj? ¿Cuánto? ¿Qué? Preguntar por el grado How deep is the ocean? de una cualidad ¿Qué profundidad tiene el océano?

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Why?

¿Por qué?

Causa, motivo o razón de ser

Whose?

¿De quién?

Which?

¿Cuál? ¿Qué?

A qué persona pertenece una cosa Para preguntar acerca de un número limitado de posibilidades entre las cuales escoger

Why can't you jump? ¿Por qué no puedes saltar?

Whose is this book? ¿De quién es este libro?

Which season is your favourite? ¿Cuál es tu estación preferida?

Reference Retrieved from https://www.lewolang.com/gramatica-inglesa/17/question-words on 30 September 2020

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How much y how many son dos construcciones interrogativas que sirven para preguntar sobre una cantidad de elementos: cuánto, cuánta, cuántos, cuántas.

How many apples are on the table? ¿Cuántas manzanas hay en la mesa?

How much sugar do you want in the coffee? (tú) ¿Cuánto azúcar quieres en el café?

¿Cuándo se utiliza how much?

How much se utiliza en los casos en los que tenemos un nombre incontable. En español podría traducirse co mo cuánto, cuánta.

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How much milk is there in the fridge? ¿Cuánta leche hay en el refrigerador?

How much time do we have? ¿Cuánto tiempo tenemos?

How much también se utiliza para preguntar el precio de un elemento. Esta estructura se aplica tanto a elementos incontables como a elementos contables.

How much is this camera? ¿Cuánto vale esta cámara?

Como se puede ver, camera es una palabra contable, pero lo que en

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How much are the new Lordan trainers? ¿Cuánto valen las nuevas deportivas Lordan?

Como se puede ver, Lordans trainers es un objeto contable pero lo

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realidad se pide es la cantidad de dinero (incontable) que dicha cámara cuesta.

Por este motivo se utiliza la forma how much.

que en realidad se pide es la cantidad de dinero (incontable) que dichas deportivas cuestan.

Por este motivo se utiliza la forma how much.

Si se trata de un sustantivo ya mencionado con anterioridad, lógicamente este puede ser omitido.

• I want some cheese.

• (Yo) Quiero un poco de queso.

• How much (cheese) do you need?

(Tú) ¿Cuánto (queso) necesitas?

¿Cuándo se utiliza how many?

How many se utiliza en casos en los que tenemos un nombre contable en plural y en español puede traducirse como cuántos o cuántas.

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How many students are there in the school? ¿Cuántos estudiantes hay en la escuela?

How many pencils have you got? (tú) ¿Cuántos lápices tienes?

Si se trata de un sustantivo ya mencionado con anterioridad, este también puede ser omitido.

• I've got a lot of books.

• (Yo) Tengo muchos libros.

• How many ( books) have you got?

• (Tú) ¿Cuántos (libros) tienes?

¡Recuerda!

How much y how many se utilizan para preguntar acerca de cantidades.

COUNTABLE

UNCOUNTABLE

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How many legs do spiders have? ¿Cuántas patas tienen las arañas?

How much water is there in the ocean? ¿Cuánta agua hay en el océano?

La estructura how much también se utiliza para pedir el precio de algo, es decir, para saber cuánto dinero cuesta un elemento.

Reference Retrieved from https://www.lewolang.com/gramatica-inglesa/26/how-much-how-many on 25 September 2020.

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Contractions We use contractions (I’m, we’re) in everyday speech and informal writing. Contractions, which are sometimes called ‘short forms’, commonly combine a pronoun or noun and a verb, or a verb and not, in a shorter form. Contractions are usually not appropriate in formal writing.

We make contractions with auxiliary verbs, and also with be and have when they are not auxiliary verbs. When we make a contraction, we commonly put an apostrophe in place of a missing letter.

The following are the most common contractions.

Contractions with I, you, he, she, it, we, and they ’m =

am (I’m)

’re =

are (you’re, we’re, they’re)

’s =

is and has (he’s, she’s, it’s)

’ve =

have (’ve, you’ve, we’ve, they’ve)

’ll =

will (I’ll, you’ll, he’ll, she’ll, it’ll, we’ll, they’ll)

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’d =

had and would (I’d, you’d, he’d, she’d, it’d, we’d, they’d)

Contractions with auxiliary verb and not The contraction for not is n’t: aren’t can’t couldn’t didn’t hasn’t haven’t isn’t mustn’t shan’t shouldn’t wasn’t weren’t won’t wouldn’t

= are not (we aren’t, you aren’t) = cannot = could not = did not (I didn’t, they didn’t) = has not = have not = is not (she isn’t, it isn’t) = must not = shall not = should not = was not = were not = will not = would not

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We use contractions with be + negative in two ways: She is not is contracted to she isn’t or she’s not.

I am not is only contracted to I’m not. Not: I’m n’t or I am n’t.

They are not is contracted to they aren’t or they’re not.

The isn’t / aren’t contractions are more common after nouns.

The ’s/ ’re not contractions are more common after pronouns: The cakes aren’t ready yet. She’s not a friend of mine.

Reference Retrieved from https://dictionary.cambridge.org/grammar/britishgrammar/contractions on 25 September 2020.

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Informal Contractions Informal contractions are short forms of other words that people use when speaking casually.

They are not exactly slang, but they are a little like slang.

For example, "gonna" is a short form of "going to". If you say going to very fast, without carefully pronouncing each word, it can sound like gonna.

Please remember that these are informal contractions. That means that we do not use them in "correct" speech, and we almost never use them in writing. (If you see them in writing, for example in a comic strip, that is because the written words represent the spoken words or dialogue.) We normally use them only when speaking fast and casually, for example with friends. Some people never use them, even in informal speech.

It is probably true to say that informal contractions are more common in American English.

Also note that, unlike normal contractions, we do not always use apostrophes (') with informal contractions when written.

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Listed below are some common informal contractions, with example sentences. Note that the example sentences may be a little artificial because when we use a contraction we may also use other contractions in the same sentence, or even drop some words completely.

For example: • What are you going to do?

• Whatcha going to do?

• Whatcha gonna do?

• or • Do you want a beer?

• Do you wanna beer?

• D'you wanna beer?

• D'ya wanna beer?

• Ya wanna beer?

• Wanna beer?

These informal contractions are not "correct" English.

Do not use them in a written exam, for example, except in appropriate situations.

• ain't = am not/are not/is not

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I ain't sure.

• You ain't my boss.

• ain't = has not/have not I ain't done it.

She ain't finished yet.

Gimme = give me Gimme your money.

Don't gimme that rubbish.

Can you gimme a hand?

Gonna = going to Nothing's gonna change my love for you.

I'm not gonna tell you.

What are you gonna do?

Gotta = (have) got a I've gotta gun.

I gotta gun.

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She hasn't gotta penny.

Have you gotta car?

Gotta = (have) got to I've gotta go now.

I gotta go now.

We haven't gotta do that.

Have they gotta work?

• kinda = kind of She's kinda cute.

• lemme = let me Lemme go!

• wanna = want to I wanna go home.

• wanna = want a

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• I wanna coffee.

• whatcha = what are you Whatcha going to do?

• whatcha = what have you Whatcha got there?

• ya = you Who saw ya?

Reference Retrieved from English Club https://www.englishclub.com/vocabulary/contractions-informal.htm on 18 October 2020.

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¡RECUERDA! CONTRACTIONS CONTRACTION

MEANING

EXAMPLE

1. Wanna

Want to

I wanna hold your hand

2. Gotta

Have got to / have to

You gotta be my girl

3. Gonna

Going to

We’re gonna be happy together.

4. Gimme

Give me

Gimme your heart, baby.

5. Lemme

Let me

Lemme take you home.

6. Outta

Out of

She got me outta my mind.

7. Kinda

Kind of

You’re my kinda girl

8. Dunno

Don’t know

I dunno how to live without you

9. Shoulda

Should have

I shoulda told you

10.

I’mma

I’m going to

I’mma talk to her

11.

Hafta

Have to

I hafta do it

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12.

Whatcha

What are you doing?

Whatcha tomorrow?

13.

S’more

Some more

I need s’more

14.

Musta

Must have

You musta done that

15.

Cuppa

Cup of

I need of copa of tea

16.

Cmon

Come on

Cmon let’s go

17.

Alotta

A lot of

I ate alotta cheese

18.

Doncha/Dontcha

Don’t you

Doncha there will be an exam.

19.

Innit

Isn’t it

It’s blue, innit?

20.

Woulda

Would’ve /would have

I woulda failed the test.

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We use DO-DOES to describe: A. Permanent states, repeated actions and daily routines.

I Carlos lives in London. (permanent state) I He goes to work by bus. (repeated action) I She gets up at six o’clock every morning (daily action).

B. Schedule actions, for instance time tables of trains, buses etc.

• The train to Greek leaves at 9:00 pm.

C. The "simple present" is used to make statements about future events, when such statements are based on facts in the present and these are fixed, such as a timetable, schedule or calendar.

• The plane arrives at 18.00 tomorrow.

• She has a yoga class tomorrow morning.

• The restaurant opens at 19.30 tonight.

• Next Thursday at 14.00 there is an English exam.

• The plane leaves in ten minutes.

D. Likes and dislikes.

• He likes horses.

• I hate planes.

E. General truths or laws of nature.

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I The Sun shines in the East.

F. For sports commentaries, reviews and narration. o Fernando finds her mother so they live happily forever. (Narration) Reference https://www.ef.com/wwes/recursos-aprender-ingles/gramatica-inglesa/simplepresent-sentido-futuro/ on February 25, 202.

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AFFIRMATIVE

Present Simple Auxiliary DO-DOES INTERROGATIVE NEGATIVE

I work You work at home.

Do I work at home?

Do you work at home?

He works at home.

Does he work at home?

She works at home.

Does she work at home?

It works at home.

Does it work at home?

We work at home.

Do we work at home?

You work at home.

Do you work at home?

They work at home.

Do they work at home?

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I do not/don’t work at home.

You do not/don’t work at home.

He does not/doesn’t work at home.

She does not/doesn’t work at home.

It does not/doesn’t work at home.

We do not/don’t work at home.

You do not/don’t work at home.

They do not/don’t work at home.

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Spelling 3rd person singular, affirmative Þ Most verbs take -s in the third person singular. Ø He sits, Ø She drinks, Ø It works Þ Verb ending in -ss, -sh, -ch, -x or -o take -es. Ø He kisses, Ø He wishes, Ø He goes, Ø It watches Þ Verbs ending in a consonant + y drop -y and take -ies. Ø He flies (fly) Ø She cries (cry) Ø She hurries (hurry) Ø She dries (dry) Þ Verb ending in a vowel + y take -s.

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6Time expressions that we can use with the present simple. All of them, you must write at the end of the sentence.

1. Every day 2. Every week 3. Every month 4. Every year 5. In the morning 6. In the afternoon 7. In the evening 8. On Monday 9. On Saturday

Adverbs of frequency.

10.

11.

12.

13.

Usually = normalmente.

Often Always Never

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Adverbs of Frequency Sentence Placement DO-DOES AFFIRMATIVE INTERROGATIVE NEGATIVE Adverbs of frequency usually They don't often go to the  Do you often go to the come before the verb. cinema. cinema?

She doesn't usually wait for an  He always eats candies  Did he sometimes leave answer. in the afternoon. the classroom?  They never speak French  Do they usually come late Peter doesn't normally want to come with us. in front of them. to class?  You normally see them best in September or March They always hang out together.

HOWEVER, THEY COME AFTER THE VERB BE. AFFIRMATIVE INTERROGATIVE NEGATIVE Tom is often late.

He is always happy.

Anne isn't usually sick.

Peter isn't always right.

The Northern Lights are usually green.

It is often cloudy.

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Is she usually on time?

Are the northern lights usually green?

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ß Expressions such as all the time, now and then, once in a while, twice a week, once a month, every two months usually come at the end of the sentence. ß Some adverbs and expression can come at the beginning of the sentence.

Sometimes Mr. Jones works late.

From time to time, he brings work to do at home.

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TO HAVE GOT/TO HAS GOT BRITISH ENGLISH We use to talk about: Þ To show what belongs to someone for example, family, possessions.

Example ü I have got two sisters and a brother. ü I have not a car. Þ Qualifications. Example. ü Have you got a driver’s license? ü I have got a TV in my room. ü Has your sister got a new car? Þ To describe people, animals and things. Example ü Mr. Smith hasn’t got a beard. ü Joshua’s dogs have got a red ball. ü Our house has got three bedrooms.

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AFFIRMATIVE I have got two brothers

INTERROGATIVE Have I got two brothers?

You have got two brothers

Have you got two brothers?

He has got two brothers

Has he got two brothers?

She has got two brothers

Has she got two brothers?

It has got two brothers

Has it got two brothers?

We have got two brothers

Have we got two brothers?

You have got two brothers

Have you got two brothers?

They have got two brothers.

Have they got two brothers?

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NEGATIVE I haven’t/ have not got two brothers.

You haven’t/ have not got two brothers.

He hasn’t/has not got two brothers.

She hasn’t/ has not got two brothers.

It hasn’t/ has not got two brothers.

We haven’t/ have not got two brothers.

You haven’t/ have not got two brothers.

They haven’t/ have not got two brothers.

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The verb to be PRESENT SIMPLE (Irregular verb) We use to be to describe: a To introduce yourself or to introduce people.

NI am John.

NThis is Monique. a To say where you are from.

NWhere are you from?

I am from Mexico.

NAre you from Spain?

Yes, I am / No I’m not a To talk about age.

NHow old are you?

NI am 20 years old / No, I’m not 22 years old. a To ask about nationality.

NIs she Japanese?

NYes, she is / No she isn’t. a To describe what happen or occur.

NThe party is after school. a To attend or present.

NI am in the party.

NShe is in the school. a To indicate a quality or state.

NHe is ten years old.

NThe earth is around.

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a To ask about people and things.

NWho is that?

NWhat is this?

AFFIRMATIVE AFFIRMATIVE NEGATIVE LONG FORM SHORT FORM INTERROGATIVE LONG FORM I am a doctor. Yes, I’m.

Am I a doctor?

I am not a doctor.

You are a Yes, you’re.

Are you a doctor? You are doctor. not a doctor.

He is a doctor. Yes, he’s.

Is he a doctor?

He is not a doctor.

She is a Yes, she’s.

Is she a doctor?

She is doctor. not a doctor.

It is a doctor. Yes, it’s.

Is it a doctor?

It is not a doctor.

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SHORT FORM I’m not.

You aren’t.

He isn’t.

She isn’t.

It isn’t.

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We doctors.

are Yes, we’re.

Are we doctors?

You doctors.

are Yes, you’re.

Are you doctors?

They doctors.

are Yes, they’re

Are they doctors?

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We are not doctors.

You are not doctors.

They are not doctors.

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We aren’t.

You aren’t.

They aren’t.

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PRESENT PROGRESSIVE OR CONTINUOUS We use the Present Continuous or Progressive: A. Actions happening now, at the moment of speaking. ü I am studying now in the classroom. ü I am writing a letter.

B. For actions happening around the moment of speaking. simultaneously). ü They are singing now. ü Andy is looking for a new house these days.

C. Fixed arrangements in the near future. ü I am seeing my doctor next week. ü She is going to Alaska next week. ü The invitations are ready. They are getting married next month.

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AFFIRMATIVE I am playing football now.

INTERROGATIVE Are you playing football now?

You are playing football Are you playing footballs now? now.

He is playing football now.

Is he playing football now?

She is playing football now. Is she playing football now?

It is playing football now?

Is it playing football now?

We are playing football Are we playing football now? now.

You are playing football Are you playing football now? now.

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NEGATIVE No, you are not/ aren’t playing football now.

No, you are not/aren’t playing football now.

No, he is not/isn’t playing football now.

No, she is not/isn’t playing football now.

No, it is not/isn’t playing football now.

No, we are not/aren’t playing football now.

No, you are not/aren’t playing football now.

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We are playing football Are we playing football now? now.

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No, we are not/aren’t playing football now.

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Rules for –ing I.

II.

III.

If the verb ends in -e, I erase –e and add –ing.

1. Practice = Practicing 2. Bake = Baking 3. Ride =Riding 4. Note =Noting These verbs when they need to add –ing, they double the last consonant.

1. win winning 2. sit sitting 3. put putting 4. hit hitting 5. run running 6. get getting 7. stop stopping 8. dig digging These verbs only add –ing.

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IV.

V.

VI.

When the verbs ending in vowel + -y. –x, -w, we add –ing.

1. Drawing 2. Mixing 3. Playing These verbs never use in –ing.

1. be 2. believe 3. feel 4. hear 5. know 6. love 7. see 8. sleep 9. smell 10. sound 11. taste 12. understand 13. want If the verbs are not included in the rules; they only add –ing.

1) sing singing 2) jump jumping 3) read reading

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4) go 5) do 6) work

going doing working

TIME EXPRESSIONS FOR THE PRESENT PROGRESSIVE OR CONTINUOUS • • • • • • •

At present At the moment In this moment.

Just now Now Right now Today

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The Imperative I.

II.

III.

We can use the imperative to give a direct order. ß Take that chewing gum out of your mouth. ß Stand up straight. ß Give me the details.

We can use the imperative to give instructions. ß Open your book. ß Take two tablets every evening. ß Take a left and then a right.

We can use the imperative to make an invitation. ß Come in and sit down. Make yourself at home. ß Please start without me. I'll be there shortly. ß Have a piece of this cake. It's delicious.

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IV.

We can use the imperative on signs (symbols) and notices. (Letreros) ß Push. ß Do not use. ß Insert one dollar. ß Please, silence your cell phone.

We can use the imperative to give friendly informal advce. ß Speak to him. Tell him how you feel. ß Have a quiet word with her about it. ß Don't go. Stay at home and rest up. Get some sleep and recover.

V. We can make the imperative 'more polite' by adding 'do'. ß Do be quiet. ß Do come. ß Do sit down. ß Do read carefully VI. The negative imperative is formed with do not or don’t.

BDon’t/ do not help me.

BDon’t/ do not jump in the bed.

BDon’t/ do not read this.

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the end of the sentence.

FPlease, don’t go.

FPlease, don’t eat it.

FPlease, read it.

FDon’t go, please FDon’t open the door, please.

FDon’t drink more, please.

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MODAL VERBS What are modal verbs?

Modals (also called modal verbs, modal auxiliary verbs, modal auxiliaries) are special verbs which behave irregularly in English. They are different from normal verbs like "work, play, visit..." They give additional information about the function of the main verb that follows it.

They have a great variety of communicative functions.

Here are some characteristics of modal verbs: They never change their form.

1) You can't add "s", "ed", "ing".

2) It does not change in the third person (for instance, he, she, it) 3) It is always combined with another verb in the base form (for example, without 'to') 4) We don't use it with 'Do' in questions or negatives.

5) They are used to indicate modality allow speakers to express certainty, possibility, willingness, obligation, necessity, ability

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Use of modal verbs: Modal verbs are used to express functions such as: 1. Permission 2. Ability 3. Obligation 4. Prohibition 5. Lack of necessity 6. Advice 7. possibility 8. probability

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Can We use it: A. Express ability to do something. ü I can play baseball.

B. Make a request. ü Can I use the phone, please?

C. Offer help. ü Can I help you?

D. Refuse help. ü I’m sorry, I’m afraid, I can’t.

E. Deduction or conclusion. ü He can’t be Italian.

In negative sentences we must write cannot

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AFFIRMATIVE I can play baseball in the garden.

You can play baseball in the garden.

He can play baseball in the garden.

She can play baseball in the garden.

Can INTEROGATIVE Can I play baseball in the garden?

Can you play baseball in the garden?

Can he play baseball in the garden?

Can she play baseball in the garden?

NEGATIVE I cannot/can’t baseball in the garden.

You cannot/can’t baseball in the garden.

He cannot/can’t baseball in the garden.

She cannot/can’t baseball in the garden.

It can play baseball in the garden.

They can play baseball in the garden.

You can play baseball in the garden.

We can play baseball in the garden.

Can it play baseball in the garden?

Can they play baseball in the garden?

Can you play baseball in the garden?

Can we play baseball in the garden?

It cannot/can’t baseball in the garden.

They cannot/can’t baseball in the garden.

You cannot/can’t baseball in the garden.

We cannot/can’t baseball in the garden.

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SHOULD AND OUGHT TO ADVICE OR SUGGESTION ÍWe used SHOULD AND OUGHT TO describe:

A. Ask for advice/suggestion.

What should I do?

Should I take a sleeping pill?

B. Give advice.

He shouldn’t work so late.

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AFFIRMATIVE I should take all your vitamins You should take all your vitamins He should take all your vitamins She should take all your vitamins It should take all your vitamins We should take all your vitamins You should take all your vitamins They should take all your vitamins

Should INTERROGATIVE Should I take all your vitamins?

Should you take all your vitamins?

Should he take all your vitamins?

Should she take all your vitamins?

Should it take all your vitamins?

Should we take all your vitamins?

Should you take all your vitamins?

Should they take all your vitamins?

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NEGATIVE I should not/shouldn’t take all my vitamins.

You should not/shouldn’t take all you vitamins.

He should not/shouldn’t take all his vitamins.

She should not/shouldn’t take all her vitamins.

It should not/shouldn’t take all its vitamins.

We should not/shouldn’t take all us vitamins.

You should not/shouldn’t take all your vitamins.

They should not/shouldn’t take all their vitamins.

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OUGHT TO AFFIRMATIVE I ought to take all your vitamins You ought to take all your vitamins He ought to take all your vitamins She ought to take all your vitamins It ought to take all your vitamins We ought to take all your vitamins You ought to take all your vitamins They ought to take all your vitamins

INTERROGATIVE Ought I to take all your vitamins?

Ought you to take all your vitamins?

Ought he to take all your vitamins?

Ought she to take all your vitamins?

Ought it to take all your vitamins?

Ought we to take all your vitamins?

Ought you to take all your vitamins?

Ought they to take all your vitamins?

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NEGATIVE I ought not to take all you vitamins.

You ought not to take all you vitamins.

He ought not to take all you vitamins.

She ought not to take all you vitamins.

It ought not to take all you vitamins.

We ought not to take all you vitamins.

You ought not to take all you vitamins.

They ought not to take all you vitamins.

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WILL We normally use WILL to speak about the future. It is always combined with another verb.

Since WILL is classified as a modal verb (like can, would, could, should) it has the same characteristics: 1) It does not change in the third person (i.e. he, she, it) 2) It is always combined with another verb in the base form (i.e. without 'to') 3) We don't use it with 'Do' in questions or negatives.

Examples of Will: I will go to the cinema tonight.

He will play tennis tomorrow.

She will be happy with her exam results.

They will take the bus to the South next week.

When to use WILL We use WILL in the following circumstances:

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1) For things that we decide to do now. (Rapid or sudden Decisions) This is when you make a decision at that moment, in a spontaneous way.

‘Let’s go away next weekend.’ Ok. I’ll book us a room in a hotel.’

I'll call a taxi for you.

I think we'll go right now. (I just decided this right now) Which one? Um, I will have the chicken sandwich please.

2) When we think or believe something about the future. (Prediction) This can be based on personal judgment or opinion.

The President will not be re-elected at the next election.

I think it will rain later so take an umbrella with you.

I think you will find the movie interesting.

Notice how you often use "I think..." before the subject + will.

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3) To make an offer, a promise, a threat, warning, requests and hopes with the verbs promises, hope, etc.

You look tired. I'll finish the dishes for you.

I hope the temperature will drop soon.

I will buy you a computer I will do my best to help you.

If you say anything I will kill you!

I will have it ready by tomorrow.

I'll drive you to work if you want.

Don't worry, I won't tell anyone. (won't = will not) 4) For a habit that is a predictable behavior.

My daughter will fall asleep as soon as she is put into bed.

He will give up if he starts losing. He always does that.

5) You use WON'T when someone refuses to do something.

I told him to clean his room but he won't do it.

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She won't listen to anything I say.

6) To make predictions based on what we believe or think. We usually use will with I think, I believe, I expect, and probably.

• I expect she will be here at 9 0’clock tomorrow morning.

7) Certain future.

• I will go to the Cinema tonight

8) On-the-spot-decisions.

• I’m thirsty. I’ll have a glass of water.

• The phone is ringing. I will answer.

Negative Sentences with WILL In the negative, we add NOT to the end of WILL I will not be in the office tomorrow. (Correct) They will not stay here. (Correct) Contractions It is possible to use contractions in both positive and negative sentences.

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With positive contractions WILL becomes LL and is joined to the subject:

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AFFIRMATIVE I will dance tonight.

You will dance tonight.

He will dance tonight.

She will dance tonight.

It will dance tonight.

You will dance tonight.

We will dance tonight.

They will dance tonight.

INTERROGATIVE Will I dance tonight?

Will you dance tonight?

Will he dance tonight?

Will she dance tonight?

Will it dance tonight?

Will you dance tonight?

Will we dance tonight?

Will they dance tonight?

NEGATIVE I will not/won’t dance tonight.

You will not/won’t dance tonight.

He will not/won’t dance tonight.

She will not/won’t dance tonight.

It will not/won’t dance tonight.

You will not/won’t dance tonight.

We will not/won’t dance tonight.

They will not/won’t dance tonight.

EXPRESSIONS TIME FOR FUTURE TENSE 1. Tomorrow 2. After 3. Soon 4. Tonight 5. The day after tomorrow 6. In a week 7. In a month 8. In a year

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9. Next month 10.

Next year 11.

Next weekend 12.

Next Monday

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Shall and Will What is the difference between shall and will?

'Shall' and ' will' have the same meaning and are used to refer to the simple future. Note that 'shall' is not used often in modern English especially in American English.

Here is how 'shall' and 'will'are used: 1) will is used with all persons I, you, he, she, it, we, they will go there 2) shall is used with the first person singular and plural I, we shall go 3) The short form of will and shall is 'll I, you, he, she, it, we, they will or 'll call you

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I, we shall or 'll call you 4) In the negative, the short forms of 'will not' and 'shall not' 5) are won't and shan'trespectively I, you, he, she, it, we, they won't give up I, we shan't give up

Uses of shall It should be noted that shall is often used to make suggestions, offers or ask for advice. It is used in questions as follows: Shall we stay or go out?

Shall we dance?

Shall I get his phone number if I meet him?

What shall I do to get rid of my acne?

As said above shall is used with first person singular and plural (I and we.) But there is a very special use of shall with other persons to make a promise, command or threat as noted below: You shall not get in! (Command)

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You shall pay for it. (Threat) You shall get your money back soon. (Promise) In American English shall is mainly used in formal or legal documents: You shall abide by the law.

There shall be no trespassing on this property.

Students shall not enter this room.

Reference Retrieved from https://www.myenglishpages.com/site_php_files/grammar-lesson-shall-will.php on 25 September 2020

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MAY We used MAY to describe: • Make polite request. Example May I use your phone?

• It is to express near possibilities. Example I may pass Math exam (because I study) AFFIRMATIVE I may pass Math exam.

INTERROGATIVE May I pass Math exam?

NEGATIVE I may not pass Math exam.

You may pass Math May you pass Math You may not pass Math exam. exam. exam?

He may pass Math May he pass Math exam? He may not pass Math exam. exam.

She may pass Math May she pass Math She may not pass Math exam. exam. exam?

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It may pass Math exam. May it pass Math exam?

It may not Math exam.

We may pass Math May we pass Math exam? We may not pass Math exam. exam.

They may pass Math May they pass Math They may not pass Math exam. exam. exam?

You may pass Math May you pass Math You may not pass Math exam. exam. exam?

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MIGHT We use MIGHT to describe: ÍIt is to express remote possibilities or probabilities. Example I might pass Math exam because I do not study so hard.

AFFIRMATIVE INTERROGATIVE I might pass Math exam. Might I pass Math exam?

NEGATIVE I might not pass Math exam.

You might pass Math exam.

He might pass Math exam.

She might pass Math exam.

It might pass Math exam.

We might pass Math exam.

You might not pass Math exam.

He might not pass Math exam.

Might you pass Math exam?

Might he pass Math exam?

Might she pass Math exam? She might not pass Math exam.

Might it pass Math exam?

It might not pass Math exam.

Might we pass Math exam?

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We might not pass Math exam.

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They might pass Math exam.

You might pass Math exam.

Might they pass Math exam?

Might you pass Math exam?

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They might not pass Math exam.

You might not pass Math exam.

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Past Simple Auxiliary (Did) The actions which happened or finished at a definite time in the past It is called simple past.

<Did is used A. Past habits. ü He wore glasses when he was young B. Actions, which started and ended in the past. ü Sir Arthur Conan Doyle was born in 1859 and died in 1930.

C. Actions, which happened at a specific time in the past. ü He moved to England from Australia in 1984.

D. Past consequences. ü I was lonely, so I joined a club.

E. Biographical events. ü Cortez conquered Aztec civilization.

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F. Historical events. ü Frida Kahlo was born in 1917.

G. Reported statements. ü You said (that) he lived in Cambridge.

H. Reported questions. ü He asked if I lived in Boston.

Time expressions for Past Simple (Did) ·Yesterday ·Last month ·Last year ·Last night ·Last Monday ·Last week ·A month ago ·In 1994

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AFFIRMATIVE LONG FORM SHORT FORM Yes, I bought a car last Yes, I didn’t. month.

Yes, you bought a car last Yes, you didn’t. month.

Yes, she bought a car last Yes, he didn’t. month.

Yes, he bought a car last Yes, she didn’t. month.

Yes, it bought a car last Yes, it didn’t. month.

Yes, we bought a car last Yes, we didn’t. month.

Yes, you bought a car last Yes, you didn’t. month.

Yes, they bought a car last Yes, they didn’t. month.

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INTERROGATIVE Did I buy a car last month?

Did you buy a car last month?

Did he buy a car last month?

Did she buy a car last month?

Did it buy a car last month?

Did we buy a car last month?

Did you buy a car last month?

Did they buy a car last month?

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NEGATIVE LONG FORM No, I did not/didn’t buy a car last month.

SHORT FORM No, I didn’t.

No, you did not/didn’t buy a car last month. No, you didn’t.

No, he did not/didn’t buy a car last month. No, he didn’t.

No, she did not/didn’t buy a car last month. No, she didn’t.

No, it did not/didn’t buy a car last month.

No, it didn’t.

No, we did not/didn’t buy a car last No, we didn’t. month.

No, you did not/didn’t buy a car last month. No, you didn’t.

No, they did not/didn’t buy a car last No, they didn’t. month.

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The verb to be PAST SIMPLE (Irregular verb) AFFIRMATIVE LONG FORM SHORT FORM I was in Spain.

Yes, I was.

You were in Spain. Yes, you were.

He was in Spain.

She was in Spain.

It was in Spain.

We were in Spain.

You were in Spain.

They were Spain.

Yes, he was.

Yes, she was.

Yes, it was.

Yes, we were.

Yes, you were.

in They, they were.

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INTERROGATIVE Was I in Spain?

Were you in Spain?

Was he in Spain?

Was she in Spain?

Was it in Spain?

Were we in Spain?

Were you in Spain?

Were they in Spain?

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LONG FORM I was not.

You were not.

He was not.

She was not.

It was not.

We were not.

You were not.

They were not.

NEGATIVE SHORT FORM I wasn’t.

You weren’t.

He wasn’t.

She wasn’t.

It wasn’t.

We weren’t.

You weren’t.

They weren’t.

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PAST PROGRESSIVE To be + ING

Use the Past Progressive A. To talk about events those were happening when another event happened.

I was looking in the store window when the thief grabbed my bag.

Use the past progressive with When and while B. To talk about actions those were happening at the same time.

She was driving while she was talking on her cell phone.

C. Two or more actions happening at the same time in the past.

I was reading a book while John was watching television.

D. We use the past progressive for the action in progress (longer action) and the simple past for the action that interrupted it (shorted action).

She was leaving the house when the telephone rang.

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E. An action in progress at a stated time in the past.

Jane was watching television at 8 ‘o’clock last night F. Background information in a story.

It was snowing heavily when Tom left home yesterday morning.

AFFIRMATIVE LONG FORM I was working You were working

SHORT FORM Yes, I was.

Yes, you were.

He was working She was working It was working We were working You were working

Yes, he was.

Yes, she was.

Yes, it was.

Yes, we were.

Yes, you were.

They were working Yes, they were.

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INTERROGATIVE Was I working?

Were you working?

Was he working?

Was she working?

Was it working?

Were we working?

Were you working?

Were they working?

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LONG FORM I was not walking You were not walking He was not walking She was not walking It was not walking We were not walking You were not walking They were not walking

NEGATIVE SHORT FORM I wasn’t walking You weren’t walking He wasn’t walking She wasn’t walking It wasn’t walking We weren’t walking You weren’t walking They weren’t walking

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PAST SIMPLE Auxiliary (Did)

Had to _Had to is the past tense form of have to and must.

AFFIRMATIVE I had to take Math lesson.

You had to take Math lesson He had to take Math lesson She had to take Math lesson It had to take Math lesson We had to take Math lesson They had to take Math lesson

INTERROGATIVE Did I have to take lesson?

Did you have to take lesson?

Did he have to take lesson?

Did she have to take lesson?

Did it have to take lesson?

Did we have to take lesson?

Did they have to take lesson?

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NEGATIVE I did not/didn’t have to take Math lesson.

You did not/didn’t have to take Math lesson.

He did not/didn’t have to take Math lesson.

She did not/didn’t have to take Math lesson.

It did not/didn’t have to take Math lesson.

We did not/didn’t have to take Math lesson.

They did not/didn’t have to take Math lesson.

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You had to take Math lesson Did you have to take Math You did not/didn’t have to lesson? take Math lesson.

COULD, PAST Could is used to: _Make requests. ü Could I have a brochure, please? _Make suggestions. ü We could show her some folk dancing. _Make deductions or conclusions. ü He could be Spanish.

AFFIRMATIVE I could play baseball in the garden.

You could play baseball in the garden.

He could play baseball in the garden.

INTEROGATIVE Could I play baseball in the garden?

Could you play baseball in the garden?

Could he play baseball in the garden?

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NEGATIVE I could not/couldn’t play baseball in the garden.

You could not/couldn’t play baseball in the garden.

He could not/couldn’t play baseball in the garden.

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She could play baseball in the garden.

It could play baseball in the garden.

They could play baseball in the garden.

You could play baseball in the garden.

We could play baseball in the garden.

Could she play baseball in the garden?

Could it play baseball in the garden?

Could they play baseball in the garden?

Could you play baseball in the garden?

Could we play baseball in the garden?

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She could not/couldn’t play baseball in the garden.

It could not/couldn’t play baseball in the garden.

They could not/couldn’t play baseball in the garden.

You could not/couldn’t play baseball in the garden.

We could not/couldn’t play baseball in the garden.

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BE GOING TO in the Past Tense When BE GOING TO is used in the past tense, it refers to something that was going to happen but in the end it did not happen.

Examples: • I was going to call you but I lost your phone number.

• It was going to rain but suddenly the sun appeared.

• We were going to buy a new TV but then we changed our minds.

• You were going to be my bridesmaid but then you slept with my fiancée.

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Gonna Sometimes when we speak quickly, GOING TO sounds like GONNA. While it is grammatically incorrect, it is used a lot in very informal English.

You will also occasionally see the word Gonna written in song titles or in song lyrics.

I'm gonna go to the beach tomorrow. = I'm going to go to the beach tomorrow.

He's gonna bring his girlfriend to the party. = He's going to bring his girlfriend to the party.

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Future intention BE + GOING TO + VERB

The structure BE GOING TO is normally used to indicate the future in English.

1. When we have already decided or we INTEND to do something in the future. (Prior Plan) The decision has been made before the moment of speaking.

• I'm going to India next year.

• We talked about it yesterday and I'm going to quit my job tomorrow.

2. When there are definite signs that something is going to happen. (Evidence) Something is likely to happen based on the evidence or experience you have.

It's so cold! I think it is going to snow 3. When something is about to happen: Get back! The bomb is going to explode.

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AFFIRMATIVE I am going to wash the dishes.

You are going to wash the dishes.

INTERROGATIVE Am I going to wash the dishes?

Am you going to wash the dishes?

NEGATIVE I am not going to wash the dishes.

You are not/aren’t going to wash the dishes.

He is going to wash the dishes.

She is going to wash the dishes.

It is going to wash the dishes.

We are going to wash the dishes.

They are going to wash the dishes.

You are going to wash the dishes.

Is he going to wash the dishes?

Is she going to wash the dishes?

Is it going to wash the dishes?

Are we going to wash the dishes?

Are they going to wash the dishes?

Are you going to wash the dishes?

He is not/ isn’t going to wash the dishes.

She is not/ isn’t going to wash the dishes.

It is not/ isn’t going to wash the dishes.

We are not/aren’t going to wash the dishes.

They are not/aren’t going to wash the dishes.

You are not/aren’t going to wash the dishes.

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IRREGULARS VERBS SPANISH 1. Soportar, surgir

2. Surgir 3. Despertar 4. Soportar 5. Latir, golpear, vencer, derrumbar

6. Convertirse en 7. Ocurrir, acontecer, suceder

8. Empezar 9. Doblar 10. Estar afligido, desconsolado

11.

12.

Suplicar Apostar

13. Encuadernar

14.

15.

Morder Sangrar

BASE FORM

3rd PERSON SINGULAR PRESENT

PAST

PAST PARTICIPLE

VERB-

abide arise awake bear beat

abides arises awakes bears beats

abode arose awoke borne beat

abided arisen awoken borne beaten

abiding arising awakeing bearing beating

become befall

becomes befalls

became befell

become befallen

becoming befalling

begin bend bereave

begins bends bereaves

began bent bereaved

begun bent bereaved

beginning bending bereaving

beseech bet bind bite bleed

beseeches bets binds bites bleeds

beseeched bet bound bit bled

beseeched bet bound Bitten Bled

beseeching betting binding bitting bleeding

LAURA PAVLO

2021-2022

UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL AUTÓNOMA DE MÉXICO***ESCUELA NACIONAL PREPARATORIA PLANTEL CUATRO DE TACUBAYA “VIDAL CASTAÑEDA Y NÁJERA" ENGLISH COLLEGE***MORNING SHIFT P á g i n a | 213

16.

17.

18.

19.

Soplar Romper Criar Traer

20. Emitir, difundir por televisión

21.

Construir

Blow break breed bring broadcast

build 22. Arder, quemar burn 23.

Estallar burst 24.

Comprar Buy 25.

Tirar, tirar cast 26. Atrapar, agarrar catch 27.

Regañar chide 28.

Elegir choose 29.

Aferrarse Cling 30.

Vestir Cloth 31.

Venir Come 32.

Costar Cost 33.

Arrastrar Creep 34.

Cortar Cut 35. Desafiar, Dare

blows breaks breeds brings broadcasts

blew broke bred brought broadcast

blown broken Bred brought broadcasted

blowing breaking breeding bringing broadcasting

builds burns bursts buys casts catches chides chooses Clings Clothes Comes Costs Creeps cuts Dares

built burnt burst bought cast caught chid chose clung clothed came Cost crept Cut Dared

Built burnt burst bought Cast caught chidden Chosen clung clothed come cost crept cut durst

building burning bursting buying casting catching chiding chosing Clinging Clothing Coming Costing Creeping Cutting Daring

atreverse

LAURA PAVLO

2021-2022

UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL AUTÓNOMA DE MÉXICO***ESCUELA NACIONAL PREPARATORIA PLANTEL CUATRO DE TACUBAYA “VIDAL CASTAÑEDA Y NÁJERA" ENGLISH COLLEGE***MORNING SHIFT P á g i n a | 214 36.

Tratar, Deal Deals Dealt dealt Dealing acordar

37.

38.

39.

40.

41.

42.

Cavar Hacer Dibujar Soñar Beber Conducir

Dig Do Draw

Digs Does Draws

Dug Did Drew

Dream

Dreams

Dreamt/dreamed Dreamt/dreamed

Dreaming

Drinks Drives Dwells Eats Falls Feeds Feels Fights Finds Flees Flies Forbears Forbids forgets forgives forsakes

Drank Drove dwelled Ate Fell Fed Felt fought Found Fled Flew forbore forbade Forgot forgave forsook

Drinking Driving Dwelling Eating Falling Feeding Feeling Fighting Finding Fleeing Flying Forbearing Forbiding Forgetting Forgiving Forsaking

Drink Drive 43. Habitar, morar Dwell 44.

Comer Eat 45. Caer, quedar Fall 46.

Alimentar feed 47.

Sentir Feel 48.

Pelear fight 49.

Encontrar Find 50.

Huir Flee 51.

Volar Fly 52.

Desistir forbear 53.

Prohibir forbid 54.

Olvidar forget 55.

Perdonar forgive 56. Abandonar forsake

LAURA PAVLO

2021-2022

dug done drawn drunk driven dwelt eaten fallen fed felt fought found fled flown forborne forbidden forgotten forgiven forsaken

Digging Doing Drawing

UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL AUTÓNOMA DE MÉXICO***ESCUELA NACIONAL PREPARATORIA PLANTEL CUATRO DE TACUBAYA “VIDAL CASTAÑEDA Y NÁJERA" ENGLISH COLLEGE***MORNING SHIFT P á g i n a | 215

57.

Helar

58. Conseguir

59.

60.

Dar Ir

61. Moler, triturar, machacar

62.

63.

Crecer Colgar

64. Haber, tener 65. Oír, escuchar

66.

Esconder

67. Pegar, Golpear

68.

Agarrar

69. Hacer daño

70.

Guardar

71. Arrodillar 72. Tejer, enlazar, atar 73. Saber, conocer

74.

75.

Poner Llevar

76. Apoyar, inclinar

freeze Get Give Go Grind

freezes gets gives goes grinds

Froze Got Gave Went ground

frozen got given gone ground

Freezing Getting Giving Going Griding

Grow Hang Have Hear Hide Hit Hold Hurt Keep kneel Knit

grows hangs has hears hides hits holds hurts keeps kneels knits

Grew Hung Had Heard Hid Hit Held Hurt Kept Knelt Knit/Knitted

grown hung had heard hidden hit held hurt kept knelt Knit/Knitted

Growing Hanging Having Hearing Hiding Hitting Holding Hurting Keeping Kneeling Knitting

Know Lay lead lean

knows lays leads Leans

Knew Laid Led Leant/leaned

known laid led Leant/leaned

Knowing Laying Leading Leaning

LAURA PAVLO

2021-2022

UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL AUTÓNOMA DE MÉXICO***ESCUELA NACIONAL PREPARATORIA PLANTEL CUATRO DE TACUBAYA “VIDAL CASTAÑEDA Y NÁJERA" ENGLISH COLLEGE***MORNING SHIFT P á g i n a | 216 77. Saltar, lanzar

leap learn leave lend Let

leaps learns leaves lends lets

Leapt/leaped Learnt/learned Left Lent Let

Leapt/leaped Learnt/learned left lent let

Leaping Learning Leaving Lending Letting

Lie light lose make mean meet Mistake

lies lights loses makes means meets mistakes

Lay Lit lost made meant met mistook

lain Lit Lost made meant met mistaken

Lie Lighting Losing Making Meaning Meeting Mistaking

89.

Entender mal

misunderstand

misundertands

misunderstood

misundertood

Misunderstand ung

90. Segar, cortar

mow overcome

mows Overcomes

mowed overcame

mown overcome

Mowing Overcoming

overdo

Overdoes

overdid

overdone

Overdoing

Pay proved

Pays Proves

paid proved

paid proven

Paying Proving

78.

79.

80.

Aprender Dejar Prestar

81. Permitir, conceder

82.

Echarse

83. Encender

84.

Perder

85. Hacer, fabricar

86.

Significar

87. Encontrar 88. Equivocarse, comprender mal

91. Superar, vencer, sobreponerse 92. Exagerar, llevar al exceso

93.

94.

Pagar Probar

LAURA PAVLO

2021-2022

UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL AUTÓNOMA DE MÉXICO***ESCUELA NACIONAL PREPARATORIA PLANTEL CUATRO DE TACUBAYA “VIDAL CASTAÑEDA Y NÁJERA" ENGLISH COLLEGE***MORNING SHIFT P á g i n a | 217

95.

Empujar, presionar, 96.

Poner 97.

Leer 98.

Desgarrar 99.

Montar 100.

Sonar 101.

Levantar, ascender, elevar

102.

103.

104.

Correr Decir Ver

105.

Buscar, tratar

106.

107.

Vender Enviar

108.

Establecer, Poner

109.

Coser

110.

Sacudir, agitar

111.

Afeitarse

112.

Derramar, esparcir, dejar

push

Pushes

pushed

pushed

Pushing

put read rend ride ring rise

Puts Reads Rends Rides Rings Rises

put read rent rode rang rose

Put read Rent ridden rung risen

Putting Reading Rending Riding Ringing Rising

run say see seek

Runs Says Sees Seeks

ran said saw sought

run said seen sought

Running Saying Seeing Seeking

sell send Set

Sells Sends Sets

sold sent set

sold sent set

Selling Sending Setting

sew shake

sews shakes

sewn/sewed shook

sewn/sewed shaken

Sewing shaking

shave shed

shaves sheds

shaved shed

shaven shed

shaving shedding

LAURA PAVLO

2021-2022

UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL AUTÓNOMA DE MÉXICO***ESCUELA NACIONAL PREPARATORIA PLANTEL CUATRO DE TACUBAYA “VIDAL CASTAÑEDA Y NÁJERA" ENGLISH COLLEGE***MORNING SHIFT P á g i n a | 218 caer

113.

Brillar 114.

Disparar, emitir, lanzar

shine shoot

shines shoots

shone shot

shone shot

Shining Shoting

115.

Mostrar, exhibir 116.

Ducharse

show

shows

showed

showed

showing

shower shrink

showers shrinks

showered shrank

showered shrunk

showring shrinking

shut

shuts

shut

shut

Shutting

sing sink Sit slay

sings sinks sits slays

sang sank sat slew

sung sunk Sat Slain

Singing Sinking Sitting Slaying

sleep slide

sleeps slides

slept slid

slept Slid

Sleeping Sliding

slink

slinks

slunk

slunk

Slinking

Slit

slits

slit/slitted

slit/slitted

Slitting

117.

Encogerse, disminuir, desaparecer 118.

Cerrar, impedir, excluir

119.

120.

121.

Cantar Hundir Sentar

122.

Matar, hacer morir de risa

123.

Dormir

124.

Resbalar, deslizarse, escabullirse 125.

Deslizarse con sigilo

126.

Hacer incisión, cortar

LAURA PAVLO

2021-2022

UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL AUTÓNOMA DE MÉXICO***ESCUELA NACIONAL PREPARATORIA PLANTEL CUATRO DE TACUBAYA “VIDAL CASTAÑEDA Y NÁJERA" ENGLISH COLLEGE***MORNING SHIFT P á g i n a | 219

127.

128.

129.

130.

Oler Hablar Acelerar Deletrear

131.

Pasar, gastar

132.

Derramar

133.

Dar vueltas, girar

134.

Escupir

135.

Estropear

136.

Extender

137.

Saltar, brincar

smell speak speed spell spend

smells speaks speeds spells spend

smelt spoke Sped Spelt Spent

smelt spoken sped spelt spent

Smelling Speaking Speeding Spelling Spending

spill spin

spills spin

Spilt span/spun

Spilt spun

Spilling spinning

spit spoil spread spring

spits spoils spreads springs

Spat spoilt spread sprang

Spat spoilt spread sprang

Spiting spoiling Spreading Springing

steal stick sting stink stride

stands Steals Sticks Stings Stinks Strides

stood stole stuck stung stank strod

stood stolen stuck stung Stunk stridden

Standing Stealing Sticking Stinging Stinking Striding

strike strive

Strikes Strives

struck strove

Struck striven

Striking Striving

138.

Estar de pie stand

139.

140.

141.

142.

Robar Pegar Picar Apestar

143.

Dar zancadas

144.

145.

Pegar Esforzar

LAURA PAVLO

2021-2022

UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL AUTÓNOMA DE MÉXICO***ESCUELA NACIONAL PREPARATORIA PLANTEL CUATRO DE TACUBAYA “VIDAL CASTAÑEDA Y NÁJERA" ENGLISH COLLEGE***MORNING SHIFT P á g i n a | 220

146.

147.

148.

Jurar Barrer Nadar

swear sweep swim swing take teach tear Tell

Swears Sweeps Swims Swings Takes Teaches Tears Tells

swore swept swam swung took taught Tore told

Sworn swept Swum swung Taken taught Torn Told

Swearing Sweeping Swimming Swinging Taking Teaching Tearing Telling

149.

Balancear

150.

151.

152.

Tomar Enseñar Romper

test

Tests

tested

tested

Testing

think thrive throw thrust

Thinks thives throws thrusts

thought thrived Threw thrust

thought thrived thrown thrust

thinking thriving throwing thrusting

159.

Pisar, recorrer

tread

treads

Trod

trodden

treading

160.

161.

undergo understand

undergoes understands

underwent understood

undergone understood

undergoing Understandin g

153.

Contar, decir

154.

Probar, ensayar, comprobar 155.

Pensar 156.

Prosperar 157.

Lanzar 158.

Introducir con violencia, clavar

Someter Entender

LAURA PAVLO

2021-2022

UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL AUTÓNOMA DE MÉXICO***ESCUELA NACIONAL PREPARATORIA PLANTEL CUATRO DE TACUBAYA “VIDAL CASTAÑEDA Y NÁJERA" ENGLISH COLLEGE***MORNING SHIFT P á g i n a | 221 162.

Emprender, undertake undertakes undertook undertaken undertaking comenzar algo 163.

Deshacer, undo undoes Undid undone Undoing reparar, anular

164.

Afligir

upset wake

upsets wakes

upset Woke

upset woken

Upsetting waking

wear

wears

Wore

worn

wearing

weave weep

weaves weeps

wove wept

woven wept

weaving weeping

169.

Mojar, humedecer 170.

Ganar, conquistar 171.

Enrollar, dar cuerda

wet

wets

wetted/wet

wetted/wet

wetting

Win

wins

won

won

winning

wind

winds

wound

wound

winding

172.

Retirar, retractarse, quitar

withdraw

withdraws

withdrew

withdrawn

withdrawing

173.

174.

175.

176.

withhold withstand wring write

withholds withstands wrings writes

withheld withstood wrung wrote

withheld withstood wrung written

withholds withstanding wringing writing

165.

Despertar, excitar, remover 166.

Llevar puesto

167.

Tejer

168.

Llorar, sollozar amargamente

Retener Resistir Retorcer Escribir

LAURA PAVLO

2021-2022

UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL AUTÓNOMA DE MÉXICO***ESCUELA NACIONAL PREPARATORIA PLANTEL CUATRO DE TACUBAYA “VIDAL CASTAÑEDA Y NÁJERA" ENGLISH COLLEGE***MORNING SHIFT P á g i n a | 222

LAURA PAVLO

2021-2022

UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL AUTÓNOMA DE MÉXICO***ESCUELA NACIONAL PREPARATORIA PLANTEL CUATRO DE TACUBAYA “VIDAL CASTAÑEDA Y NÁJERA" ENGLISH COLLEGE***MORNING SHIFT P á g i n a | 223

REGULARS VERBS SPANISH

BASE FORM

3rd PERSON SINGULAR PRESENT

PAST AND PAST PARTICIPLE

VERB-ING

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

act add address advertise agree amuse annoy answer appeal appear approach arrange arrest arrive ask assist attack attend

Acts Adds addresses advertises agrees amuses annoys answers appeals appears approaches arranges arrests arrives asks assists attacks attends

Acted Added addressed Advertised Agreed Amused Annoyed answered appealed appeared approached arranged Arrested Arrived Asked Assisted Attacked Atended

Acting Adding Addressing Advertiseing Agreeing Amusing Annoying Answering Appealing Appearing Approaching Arranging Arresting Arriving Asking Assisting attacking attending

Actuar Sumar, añadir Dirigirse Anunciar Concordar Entretener Molestar Responder

9. Apelar, recurrir 10. Parecer, aparecer 11. Acercar, Abordar, 12. Arreglar, ordenar

13.

14.

Arrestar Arribar

15. Preguntar, pedir 16. Asistir, ayudar

17.

18.

Atacar Asistir

LAURA PAVLO

2021-2022

UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL AUTÓNOMA DE MÉXICO***ESCUELA NACIONAL PREPARATORIA PLANTEL CUATRO DE TACUBAYA “VIDAL CASTAÑEDA Y NÁJERA" ENGLISH COLLEGE***MORNING SHIFT P á g i n a | 224

19.

20.

21.

Equilibrar Ladrar Bañarse

22. Suplicar, mendigar 23. Comportarse

24.

25.

26.

Creer Pertenecer Bendecir

27. Abordar, embarcar

28.

Hervir

29. Reservar, fichar

30.

31.

32.

33.

34.

35.

Respirar Cepillar Llamar Cuidar Llevar Cambiar

36. cargar, cobrar

37. Engañar, copiar

38.

Revisar

39. Aplaudir, aclamar

40.

Limpiar

balance bark bath beg behave believe belong to bless board boil book breathe brush call care carry change charge cheat check clap clean

balances barks baths begs behaves believes belongs to blesses boards boils books breathes brushes calls cares carries changes charges cheats checks claps cleans

LAURA PAVLO

balanced barked bathed begged behaved believed belonged to blessed boarded boiled booked breathed brushed called cared carried changed charged cheated checked clapped cleaned

2021-2022

balancing barking bathing begging behaving believing belonging to blessing boarding boiling booking Breathing brushing calling caring carrying changing charging cheating checking clapping cleaning

UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL AUTÓNOMA DE MÉXICO***ESCUELA NACIONAL PREPARATORIA PLANTEL CUATRO DE TACUBAYA “VIDAL CASTAÑEDA Y NÁJERA" ENGLISH COLLEGE***MORNING SHIFT P á g i n a | 225 41. Escalar, subir

42.

Cerrar

43. Coleccionar

44.

45.

46.

47.

48.

49.

50.

51.

Peinar Quejarse Completar Consistir Cocinar Contar Cubrir Chocar

52. gatear, arrastrarse

53.

54.

55.

56.

57.

58.

59.

60.

61.

Cruzar Aplastar Llorar Curar Bailar declarar demorar entregar negar

62. Sintonizar, marcar

climb close collect comb complain complete consist cook count cover crash crawl cross crush cry cure dance declare delay deliver deny dial

climbs closes collects combs complains completes consists cooks counts covers crashes crawls crosses crushes cries cures dances declares delays delivers denies dials

LAURA PAVLO

climbed closed collected combed complained completed consisted cooked counted covered crashed crawled crossed crushed cried cured danced declared delayed delivered denied dialed

2021-2022

climbing closing collecting combing complaining completing consisting cooking counting covering crashing crawling crossing crushing crying cured dancing declaring delaying delivering deny dialing

UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL AUTÓNOMA DE MÉXICO***ESCUELA NACIONAL PREPARATORIA PLANTEL CUATRO DE TACUBAYA “VIDAL CASTAÑEDA Y NÁJERA" ENGLISH COLLEGE***MORNING SHIFT P á g i n a | 226

63.

64.

65.

66.

67.

68.

Morir Cenar Doble Vestir Dejar, caer Secar

69. incluir, encerrar

70. Alentar, animar 71. Comprometer

72.

73.

74.

75.

76.

77.

Disfrutar Envidiar Exclamar Ejercitar Explicar Expresar

78. Fracasar, fallar

79.

80.

Abrochar Temer

81. Ir a buscar, traer

82.

83.

84.

Archivar llenar terminar

die dine double dress drop dry enclose encourage engage enjoy envy exclaim exercise explain express fail fasten fear fetch file fill finish

dies dines doubles dresses drops dries encloses encourages engages enjoys envies exclaims exercises explains expresses Fails fastens fears fetches Files Fills finishes

LAURA PAVLO

2021-2022

died dined doubled dressed dropped Dried enclosed encouraged engaged enjoyed envied exclaimed exercised explained expressed failed fastened feared fetched Filed Filled finished

died dining Doubling Dressing Dropping Drying Enclosing Encouraging Engaing Enjoying Envying exclaiming exercising Explaining expressing failing fastening fearing fetching filing filling finishing

UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL AUTÓNOMA DE MÉXICO***ESCUELA NACIONAL PREPARATORIA PLANTEL CUATRO DE TACUBAYA “VIDAL CASTAÑEDA Y NÁJERA" ENGLISH COLLEGE***MORNING SHIFT P á g i n a | 227 85. Disparar, despedir fire fires Fired firing 86. echar del trabajo, disparar

fire

fires

Fired

firing

87.

fish Fit

fishes Fits

fished Fitted

fishing fitting

fix flash float flower follow fool

fixes flashes floats flowers follows fools

Fixed flashed floated flowered followed fooled

fixing flashing floating flowering following fooling

frighten fry gain greet guess happen hate help hope

frightens fries gains greets guesses happens hates helps hopes

frightened Fried gained greeted guessed happened hated helped hoped

frightening frying gaining greeting guessing happening Hating helping Hoping

pescar

88. Encajar, quedar bien

89.

Arreglar

90. Centellar, brillar

91.

Flotar

92. Florecer, cultivar

93.

Seguir

94. Engañar, despreciar

95.

96.

Espantar Freír

97. Ganar, obtener

98.

99.

100.

101.

102.

Saludar Adivinar Suceder Odiar Ayudar

103.

Esperar, desear

LAURA PAVLO

2021-2022

UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL AUTÓNOMA DE MÉXICO***ESCUELA NACIONAL PREPARATORIA PLANTEL CUATRO DE TACUBAYA “VIDAL CASTAÑEDA Y NÁJERA" ENGLISH COLLEGE***MORNING SHIFT P á g i n a | 228

104.

105.

106.

107.

108.

109.

110.

Apurar (se) Imaginar Planchar Juzgar Matar Besar Reír

111.

Lanzar

112.

Gustar

113. Cerrar con llave

114.

Mirar

115.

Enviar correo electrónico

116.

Manejar

117.

Marcar, señalar

118.

119.

120.

Casarse Masajear Medir

121.

Ordeñar un animal

122.

123.

Extrañar Mover

hurry imagine iron judge kill kiss laugh launch like lock look mail

hurries imagines irons judges kills kisses laughs launches likes locks looks mails

hurried imagined ironed judged killed kissed laughged lauched liked locked looked mailed

hurrying imagining ironing judging killing kissing Laughing Lauching Liking Locking Looking Mailing

manage mark

manages marks

managed marked

Managing Marking

marry massage measure milk

marries massages measures milks

married massaged measured milked

Marrying Massaging Measuring Milking

miss move

misses moves

missed moved

Missing Moving

LAURA PAVLO

2021-2022

UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL AUTÓNOMA DE MÉXICO***ESCUELA NACIONAL PREPARATORIA PLANTEL CUATRO DE TACUBAYA “VIDAL CASTAÑEDA Y NÁJERA" ENGLISH COLLEGE***MORNING SHIFT P á g i n a | 229 124.

Asesinar

125.

Observar, respetar

126.

127.

128.

Ofrecer Abrir Ordenar

129.

Empacar

130.

Estacionarse

131.

Pasar

132.

Pegar

133.

Pausar, detener

134.

135.

136.

137.

Ejecutar Telefonear Recoger Planear

138.

Jugar, tocar

139.

Complacer, agradar

140.

Pulir

141.

Derramar, verter 142.

Practicar, ensayar

murder observe

murders observes

murdered observed

Murdering Observing

offer open order pack park pass paste pause

offers opens orders packs parks passes pastes pauses

offered opened ordered packed parked passed pasted paused

Offering opening ordering packing parking passing pasting pausing

perform phone pick on plan play please

performs phones picks on plans plays pleases

performed phoned picked on planned played pleased

peforming phoning picking on planning playing pleasing

polish pour

polishes pours

polished poured

polishing pouring

practice

practices

practiced

practicing

LAURA PAVLO

2021-2022

UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL AUTÓNOMA DE MÉXICO***ESCUELA NACIONAL PREPARATORIA PLANTEL CUATRO DE TACUBAYA “VIDAL CASTAÑEDA Y NÁJERA" ENGLISH COLLEGE***MORNING SHIFT P á g i n a | 230

143.

144.

145.

Orar Preferir Preparar

146.

Presionar, apretar 147.

Fingir, pretender

148.

149.

150.

151.

152.

153.

154.

155.

156.

Imprimir Prometer Pronunciar Sacar, tirar Castigar Empujar Llover Levantar Alcanzar

157.

Darse cuenta

158.

159.

Recibir Rehusar

160.

Matricularse, registrar

161.

Relajarse

162.

Quedar,

pray prefer prepare press

prays prefers prepares presses

prayed prefered prepared pressed

praying preferring preparing pressing

pretend

pretends

pretended

pretending

print promise pronounce pull punish push rain raise reach realize receive refuse register

Prints promises pronounces Pulls punishes pushes rains raises reaches realizes receives refuses registers

printed promised pronounced pulled punished pushed rained raised reached realized received refused registered

printing promising pronouncing pulling punishing pushing raining raising reaching realizing receiving refusing registering

relax remain

relaxes remains

relaxed remained

relaxing Remaining

LAURA PAVLO

2021-2022

UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL AUTÓNOMA DE MÉXICO***ESCUELA NACIONAL PREPARATORIA PLANTEL CUATRO DE TACUBAYA “VIDAL CASTAÑEDA Y NÁJERA" ENGLISH COLLEGE***MORNING SHIFT P á g i n a | 231 sobrar

163.

164.

165.

166.

Recordar Reparar Repetir Reemplazar

remember repair repeat replace Report

remembers repairs repeats replaces reports

remembered pepaired repeated replaced reported

Remembering Repairing Repeating Replacing Reporting

168.

Solicitar, pedir

request

requests

requested

Requesting

169.

require reserve

requires reserves

required reserved

Requiring Reserving

resolve Rest Return

resolves rests returns

resolved rested returned

Resolving Resting Returning

Row Sabe scream Seal search

rows saves screams seals searches

rowed saved screamed sealed searched

Rowing Saving Screaming Sealing Searching

Serve Settle

serves settles

served settled

serving settling

167.

Reportar, informar

Requerir

170.

Reservar, guardar

171.

172.

Resolver Descansar

173.

Retornar, volver

174.

175.

176.

177.

Remar Salvar Gritar Sellar

178.

Buscar, registrar

179.

Servir

180.

Establecer

LAURA PAVLO

2021-2022

UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL AUTÓNOMA DE MÉXICO***ESCUELA NACIONAL PREPARATORIA PLANTEL CUATRO DE TACUBAYA “VIDAL CASTAÑEDA Y NÁJERA" ENGLISH COLLEGE***MORNING SHIFT P á g i n a | 232 arreglar,

181.

Firmar

Sign Slip

signs slips

signed slipped

signing slipping

183.

Sonreír 184.

Fumar 185.

Estornudar 186.

Nevar 187.

Derramar 188.

Malcriar, consentir

smile smoke sneeze snow spill spoil

smiles smokes sneezed snows spills spoils

smiled smoked sneezed snowed spilled spoiled

smiling smoking sneezing snowing spilling spoiling

189.

Permanecer, quedarse 190.

Detener, parar

stay

stays

stayed

staying

Stop stretch study suffer supply

stops stretches studies suffers supplies

stopped stretched studied suffered supplied

stopping stretching studying suffering suppling

195.

Tragar 196.

Cambiar, enchuchar

swallow switch

swallows switches

swallowed switched

swallowing swithing

197.

Conectar, accionar

Switch

switches

switched

switching

182.

Escapar, resbalar

191.

192.

Estirar Estudiar

193.

Sufrir

194.

Proveer, suministrar

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2021-2022

UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL AUTÓNOMA DE MÉXICO***ESCUELA NACIONAL PREPARATORIA PLANTEL CUATRO DE TACUBAYA “VIDAL CASTAÑEDA Y NÁJERA" ENGLISH COLLEGE***MORNING SHIFT P á g i n a | 233

198.

199.

Conversar Agradecer

200.

Ordenar, arreglar 201.

Atar, amarrar 202.

Cansar, fatigar

203.

Tocar, palpar

204.

Comerciar, negociar

205.

Entrenar

206.

Viajar, recorrer

207.

Preocuparse, molestar 208.

Tratar, intentar 209.

210.

211.

212.

213.

214.

215.

216.

217.

Talk Thank Tidy

talks thanks tidies

talked thanked Tied

talking thanking tiding

Tie Tire touch trade

ties tires touches trades

Tied tired touched traded

tying tiring touching trading

train travel trouble

trains travels troubles

trained travelled troubled

training travelling troubling

Tries turns twists unpacks Uses vanishes visits waits for walks wants

tried turned twisted unpacked used vanished visited waited for walked Wanted

trying turning twisting unpacking Using Vanishing Visiting waiting for Walking wanting

Try Girar, voltear Turn Doblar, torcer twist Desempacar unpack Usar Use Desaparecer vanish Visitar Visit Esperar wait for Caminar Walk Querer, want

LAURA PAVLO

2021-2022

UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL AUTÓNOMA DE MÉXICO***ESCUELA NACIONAL PREPARATORIA PLANTEL CUATRO DE TACUBAYA “VIDAL CASTAÑEDA Y NÁJERA" ENGLISH COLLEGE***MORNING SHIFT P á g i n a | 234 requerir

218.

Calentar

219.

Advertir, alertar

220.

Lavar

221.

Desechar

222.

Observar, mirar

223.

224.

Regar Pesar

225.

Dar la bienvenida

226.

Silbar

227.

Desear, anhelar

228.

229.

230.

231.

Trabajar Envolver Naufragar Acercar

warm warn

warms warns

warmed Warned

Warming warning

wash waste watch

washes wastes watches

Washed Wasted watched

washing wasting watching

water weigh welcome

waters weighs welcomes

watered weighed welcomed

watering weighing welcoming

whistle Wish

whistles wishes

whistled wished

whistling wishing

work wrap up wreck zoom

works wrapes up wrecks zooms

worked wrapped up wrecked zoomed

working wrapping up wrecking zoomed

LAURA PAVLO

2021-2022

UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL AUTÓNOMA DE MÉXICO***ESCUELA NACIONAL PREPARATORIA PLANTEL CUATRO DE TACUBAYA “VIDAL CASTAÑEDA Y NÁJERA" ENGLISH COLLEGE***MORNING SHIFT P á g i n a | 235

References Google Images (2020) "Technology" [online image]. Retrieved http://www.googleimages on January 19, 2020.

Google Images (2019) "Technology" [online image]. Retrieved http://www.googleimages on January 19, 2020.

Note: I write the e-references of the consulted pages, at the end of each theme in some cases changes were made for an educational use.

This is a non-profit guide.

LAURA PAVLO

2021-2022

UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL AUTÓNOMA DE MÉXICO***ESCUELA NACIONAL PREPARATORIA PLANTEL CUATRO DE TACUBAYA “VIDAL CASTAÑEDA Y NÁJERA" ENGLISH COLLEGE***MORNING SHIFT P á g i n a | 236

LAURA PAVLO

2021-2022