˅ yʟ̣͑ yʹ͓͖͆ yʹʛ ÿ̪́ ʿ y̗̒͌ y ˖˚ yʶ͋͟ʛ y͍͋ y̛͉͎̒͗͗͞ʟ y͖̒ʩ̨͓͈ʟ y͉͉͈̒͗͆ yʴ͓͓͈͂͌ʟ ÿ͉͈́͌ʟ ʾ y͕̰ʟʩ͚ʟÿ͉́̔yʙʟ̤̫͈y̎͋͞yʺ̴̹̎ʛy̦͉̐yʷ͎̎͗ʟʧy̦͈̓ʟyʹ͓͖͆yʹʛʻyʖʽʪʻʪ̤͈̽ʟy̦͎͓͖y̡͇͗̌̎͗͋ ʾ yʷʻ̢͈ʟy͖̹̎̎ʩy͔͉̹y̸͏͌̔y͎̓̎ͅỵ̤̍̔̿̕y͎̘̺͈̒͗̎͌ʟy͈̒ʻ̢͈ʟyʹ͚yʖ͉͉͈̒͗͆y̎ ͖̤̠͗y̎ ̀͂ʻy͎̹̎͒͟ʝʻ ʾ ˀ yʠ̧͓͉ʛyʴ̎͂ʻ͚ʟÿ͉́̔y ʹ̹͟ʝyʹ͓͖͆yʹʛʻyʖ͎̘̺͈̒͗̎͌ʟy͈̒ʻ̢͈ʟy͕̿yʢʟʩ̺͈̎̓ʟyʶ͋̕͟ʟy̒͗̑͏͚̚ʟ ˂ ˁ yʙ͈̎̓yʠ̧͓͉͚ʟyʟ̣͒̐y̭̒̓̀y͍͋ÿ̤̘̐ͅyʸ̎͂yʽʪʻʪ̤͈̽ʟyʹ̎ͅʻy ͎̘̺͈̒͗̎͌ʟy͈̒ʻ̢͈ʟy͔͉̹y͇͖̞̎̔ y̨̜͌̿ ˂ y͎̘̺͈̒͗̎͌ʟ y͍͎͗ʟ͓͈̓ʟ y̢͇͖̺̔ y͊̔ y̡͖͐ʩ̎̔ y͍͋ y̒͏̧ y̢̺̐ʻ y ʡ̨̧̤͌ y̒͗͏̺͋ y͈͓̹̒͌ ʙʟ̤̫͈̎̐y͎͚̏̎̚ʟy͖̹̤͉͈̎̎ ˕˘˗y̞̭̒̀͗yʳ͑y˔˕˛˚yéy˔˕˛˙y̨̛͇͈ʟ y ˖˛
˔˛ ﺣﺴﺎن ﺣﻼﱠق ﱠ.د.أ
y̤͚̒͗͗͋ͅʟy̛̺͈̒͋̎ʟy̎ ʾ̝̓͞ y̛͉͎̒͗͗͜ʟy͖̒ʩ̨͓͈ʟy͉͉͈̒͗͆y͐̀͂ʻyʽ̣͈ʟʻy˖˚ʽʪʻʪ̤͈̽ʟ y̦͉̐yʷ͎̎͗ʟʧy̦͈̓ʟy̨̎͒͗̌ʩy͓͈̾͂ʟy͔͉̹y̶̤̎͏͈ʟyʹ͓͖͆yʹʛy͔͉̹y ʢʻ̤͗̐y͕̿ yʩ̎̚ʻy͈͐y͓͑y̎͋y̎ ̹̤̪y̤̺̑̔̕y͈̞̒̎̐y͓͑ʻyʖ̦̝̑ʻy̾͂ʻʕy ͉͉͈̒͗͆y̦͗̌ʩyʷʻʛ ʾ ˀ y ͍̹̤̪͗͗̕y̛͍̝͗̕y͓̏͌̐̚y͕̹̤̫͈ʟyʙʟ̤̫͈̎̐y͈͐͗ʝy͇͖ʚʻy̤̮͐̿̔ʻy͉͐͆͋y͕̿ y̒͏͈̌̎͆ʟy̭͈̒̓͌̕͟ʟy̨̟͉͈͗ʟyʣ̘͈͟ʟyʮʩ͚ʟy̸̴͂y̸͗͌̚y͓͑yʴ͓͓͈͂͌ʟÿ͈́ʨʻ ʾ̀͂ʻyʖʢʻ̤͗̐yʫʛʩy̹̒ʩ̥͋y͍͋yʫ̴̎͏̴͈ʟy͉̞̒͋y͕̿ y̨̝̎̑ʻy̎ ̹̤̪͗y̎ ̞̞̭͗y̎ ʾ ʾ ʾ y͇͈͆ yʢ̹̎̎͏̮͈ʟʻ yʸ͓͉̺͈ʟ yʱʟ͓͎ʛ y͉̺͈͊͗̕ y͉̒͗ͅ y̧̒ʩ̢͋ y͐̐ y͔͏͈̑͗ y̹̤̎͗͋ yʟ̢̐̉͋ ʾ ˰ y̎ ʾ̀͂ʻyʙ̎͏͈̑ʟy̢̺̐yʮʩ͚ʟy͕͂̎̐yʹ͓͖͆ʻyʖ̾̌ʟ̴͓͈ʟy̧̤̌̎y͍͋y͉̺͈͊͗̕ʟy̢͖̤͖y͍͋ y͓͈̾͂ʟy͔͉̹y̷̤͏͈ʟyʹ͓͖͆yʹʛyʯ̤̪ʻyʖ͈͐͗ʝyʤ̞̎̔̕y̎͋ʻy̧̒ʩ̢͈͌ʟy̜͈̮̎͋y͔͉̹ y͕̿y͉͈̒͗͆ʟy̧̒ʩ̢͈͌ʟy̦͗̌ʩy͕͎̤͚̎͗͋ͅʟy̦͉̐y͕͓͈͋y͍̐yʷ͎̎͗ʟʧy̎̚ʟ̡͓͉͈yʩ͓̣͈͌ͅʟ yʖʩ͓̣͈͌ͅʟy͓͈̾͂ʟy͕̿y͔͏̧̑̕y͕͈̕ʟy̧̒ʩ̢͈͌ʟy͔͉̹y̨̎͗̌ʩyʹ͓͖͆yʽ̣͈ʟyʖʢʻ̤͗̐ ʾ ˖˛ y̎͋ʻy͓͈̾͂ʟyʟ̣͑y̴̧̒ʟ͓̐ʻy ʔ ʹ̎ͅy͍͋y̎ ʾ͏̌̎ͅyʺ̢̺̐y͉̹̎͒͗y̨̎͗̌ʩyʹ͓͖͆y͍͈͌ʻ ʾ y̧̦͗̈̔y̛͉͎̒͗͗͜ʟy͖̒ʩ̨͓͈ʟy͉͈̒͗͆ʟy̴̧̹̓̎̕ʟy̸͂ʟ͓͈ʟʻyʼ̤̠ʛyʴ̎͂ʻʛy͍͋y̺͐̑̔ y͕̿y ͍͗ ˁ̕͏̨͈ y̎ ʾ͂̉͋̕y̓͋̎͂yʹʛy̢̺̐yʖʢʻ̤͗̐yʫʛʩy̴̒̓͏͋y͕̿y̎͒͗̕͏̐ʛyʙ̫͎̎ʝʻ ̅ yʖʢʻ̤͗̐y̒͏̢͖͋y̨͉͊͋̕yʺʧ̝̎͌y̼̎ʚyʥ͈̎̀̕ʟy̢̹̑yʡʩʟʧy͕̿yʯ͈̑͟ʟyʵ̎͂ʪy̴̒̓͏͋ ͖͓̤͈̒̐̕ʟyʢ̨̧͈̎̉͌ʟy̴͎̒͂͟ʟy͕̿yʴ̎͂ʻ͚ʟy̒͗͌͑ʛỷ̢͖ͅy̎͋ ̃ yʡʩ̷̎͏͈ʟyʹ͓ ͈͓͖̃̕y͕͈̕ʟyʴ̎͂ʻ͚ʟy̒͗͌͏̔y͔͉̹yʹ͓̭̤̞͖yʴ̎͂ʻ͚ʟyʩ̷͎̎yʹ̎ͅʻ yʹ̹̊̐͟y͉̹̎͒͗yʡ̢̢͖̚yʴ̎͂ʻʛy̰̒̿̎̊̐yʻʛy̎͑ʩ̧̘̎͌̕ʟyʻʛy̤̎͑͗̈̐̚̕y̎͋ʝyʖ͉̹̎͒͗ ͈̎͒͗ʝy̱͊̔yʡ̢̢͖̚yʢʟʩ̹̎̓yʙʟ̤̫̐yʻʛy̾͂ʻ yʢʻ̤͗̐y͕̿y͖̤̫͈̾ʟyʱ̤̫͈ʟy̛̦͉͋y͕̿ʻyʖʳ͑y˔˕˛˚yʷʻ͚ʟy̸͗̐ʩyʡ̤̼y͕̿ y͉͐͆͋y͕̿yʩ̎̚ʻy͈͐y͓͑y̎͋yʱ̎̐ʻyʖ͕͎ʻ̢̞͈͌̑ʟyʹ̺̎͏ͅy͍̐y̎͏̝y̤̱̝y̧̒ʻ̤̞͈͌ʟ ˀ yʖ̤͈̒̑͆ͅʟy̺͎̒͌y͍̐y͓͎̓͞y̒̚ʟ̡͓͈ʟy͔͈ʝyʙʟ̤̫͈ʟʻyʣʩ̎̐͜y͈͐͗ʝy͇͖ʚʻy̤̮͐̿̔ʻ y͓͑ʻyʖʢʻ̤͗̐y͕̿y̦ͅʨ͓̗ʩ͚ʟyʸʻ̤͈ʟy̳̒̀̌̎yʙʟ̤̓̿y̾͂ʻyʷ̎͌̐y͐͏͋yʼ̤̪̕ʟʻ yʷ͓͉͈̽̽ʟy͕̝y͕̿y̒͏͈̌̎͆ʟy̫̎͒̔͌͌̐̕͟yʮʩ͚ʟy̴̺̒͂y͇͋̎ͅy͍͋y̲͖ʩʟ̤͂y̨̠̒͌ y͍͋yʩ̤̞͈͌ʟy͍̘͈͌ʟy̸͗͌̚yʮ͓̑̓͋yʷ̝̎yʬ̤͂y͈̎̀ʛyʺʩ̢͂y͍̘͌̐yʖʢʻ̤͗̐yʤʩ̠̎