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Cultural Anthropology Appreciating Cultural Diversity
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Multiple Choice Questions
1. In recent times, many foraging groups have been exposed to the idea of food production but have not adopted it. Why?
A. They did not have the skills or tools to do so.
B. Their own economies provided a perfectly adequate and nutritious diet, with a lot less work.
C. People naturally resist change, especially foragers.
D. They had to ask permission from the state to do so.
E. They did not realize the advantages of food production.
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation Topic: Foraging
2. Which of the following was a characteristic shared by recent foraging communities?
A. They fished a great deal.
B. They relied on welfare supplied by state-level societies.
C. They spoke simplified languages.
D. They lived in marginal environments that were of little interest to food-producing societies.
E. They devolved to foraging from a more advanced level of subsistence.
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation Topic: Foraging
Chapter 07 - Making a Living
3. Despite differences arising from environmental variation, all foraging economies have shared one essential feature:
A. their emphasis on devising new forms of organic pesticides.
B. their reliance on welfare supplied by state-level societies.
C. their willingness to test out new food-producing technologies to see if they are any better than what they are used to.
D. their interest in developing irrigation technologies to control sources of water.
E. their reliance on available natural resources for their subsistence, rather than controlling the reproduction of plants and animals.
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation Topic: Foraging
4. This chapter's description of the San Bushmen's relation to the government of Botswana provides a telling example of how
A. foragers are willingly choosing to change their lifestyles and become a part of the global village.
B. foraging communities' identities are being reshaped by their relation with NGOs.
C. the foraging lifestyle has finally become a thing of the past.
D. more and more foragers have come under the control of nation-states and are now influenced by the forces of globalization.
E. human rights are limited.
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation Topic: Foraging
5. Yehudi Cohen's adaptive strategies
A. suggest hypothetical correlations that is, a causal relation between two or more variables, such as economic and cultural variables.
B. suggest multidirectional relationships between a society's mean and its mode of production.
C. suggest that economic systems are a better way of categorizing societies than relying on cultural patterns.
D. suggest an association between the economies of societies and their social features.
E. have strong predictive powers when analyzed in computer models.
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation Topic: Adaptive strategies
Chapter 07 - Making a Living
6. Which of the following is NOT characteristic of band-organized societies?
A. an egalitarian social structure
B. all related by kinship or marriage
C. fewer than 100 people
D. permanent villages
E. minor contrasts in prestige
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Topic: Foraging
7. Which of the following is most characteristic of foragers?
A. unilineal descent and ancestor worship
B. territoriality and organized warfare
C. high mobility and small groups with flexible affiliations
D. a redistributive economy and specialized leadership roles
E. permanent villages and full-time priests
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation Topic: Foraging
8. Why do anthropologists question the idea that present-day foragers can be compared to Paleolithic foragers?
A. There are no present-day foragers.
B. The types of foraging vary so widely that few generalizations can be drawn.
C. Present-day foragers have been in contact with food-producing and industrialized societies for long periods of time and all live within nation-states that inevitably affect their livelihood.
D. Paleolithic foragers were pre-linguistic.
E. Paleolithic foragers were not Homo sapiens
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation Topic: Foraging
Chapter 07 - Making a Living
9. Which of the following is a characteristic of most foraging societies?
A. social stratification
B. sedentism
C. egalitarianism
D. irrigation
E. large populations
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Topic: Foraging
10. A horticultural system of cultivation is characterized by
A. intensive use of land and human labor.
B. the use of irrigation and terracing.
C. developing almost exclusively in arid areas.
D. lack of proper knowledge about plant domestication.
E. periodic cycles of cultivation and fallowing.
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Topic: Adaptive strategies based on food production
11. What kinds of societies typically are associated with slash-and-burn cultivation?
A. foraging societies
B. state-level societies
C. hydraulic societies
D. nonindustrial societies
E. nomadic societies
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Topic: Adaptive strategies based on food production
Chapter 07 - Making a Living
12. Which of the following statements about shifting cultivation is true?
A. It is typically associated with the use of draft animals.
B. It cannot support permanent villages.
C. It requires irrigation.
D. It requires cultivators to change plots of land, with the fallowing durations varying in different societies.
E. It relies extensively on chemical fertilizers.
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Topic: Adaptive strategies based on food production
13. Why do slash-and-burn cultivators stop using a plot of land every two to three years?
A. They burn so much wood that the air becomes too polluted to support a healthful existence.
B. Slash-and-burn cultivation is unique to segmentary-lineage organized societies, and crop rotation follows the cycle of interlineage exchange.
C. Slash-and-burn cultivation is associated with big-game hunting, which requires regular movement so as not to deplete the animal population.
D. Slash-and-burn cultivators use relatively primitive irrigation systems, which have to be repaired every three to four years.
E. The wild vegetation needs time to reestablish itself before it is burned to clear the land and fertilize the soil.
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Topic: Adaptive strategies based on food production
14. Which of the following statements about irrigation is NOT true?
A. Irrigated fields typically increase in value through time.
B. Irrigation is one of the defining characteristics of foraging societies.
C. Irrigation usually enriches the soil.
D. The Betsileo of Madagascar used irrigation intensively.
E. Irrigation fields are labor intensive compared to swidden (burned over) fields.
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Topic: Adaptive strategies based on food production
Chapter 07 - Making a Living
15. In which food production system does part of the group's population accompany the herds to distant pastures and the remaining population maintain year-round villages and grow crops?
A. pastoral nomadic
B. transhumance
C. mixed specialization
D. intensive agriculturalist
E. modified foraging
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Topic: Adaptive strategies based on food production
16. Because nonindustrial economies can have features of both horticulture and agriculture, it is useful to discuss cultivators as being arranged along a cultivation continuum. Which of the following generally occurs in moving toward the more intensive end of the cultivating continuum?
A. increased leisure time
B. improved overall health status of the population
C. increased egalitarianism
D. increasing economic specialization
E. longer fallow periods
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Topic: Modes of production
17. Which of the following does NOT occur in moving along the cultivation continuum?
A. Population density increases.
B. Societies become more egalitarian.
C. Village size increases.
D. Villages are located closer together.
E. Land is used more intensively.
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Topic: Distribution, exchange
Chapter 07 - Making a Living
18. What happens as one moves along the cultivation continuum?
A. Ceremonies and rituals become less formal.
B. More time for leisurely pursuits becomes available.
C. The use of land and labor intensifies.
D. There is a heavier reliance on swidden cultivation.
E. The use of communal cooking houses becomes more common.
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation Topic: Adaptive strategies based on food production
19. Intensive agriculture
A. has a significant impact on the environment, but this impact is very localized and can be controlled.
B. can actually breed greater ecological diversity.
C. is not ecologically destructive when it is done with fuel-efficient machinery.
D. has significant environmental effects such as deforestation, water pollution, and reduction of ecological diversity.
E. is an ecological improvement over sectorial fallowing.
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation Topic: Adaptive strategies based on food production
20. What term refers to the type of pastoral economy in which the entire population moves with their animals throughout the year?
A. balanced subsistence
B. discretionary pastoralism
C. pastoral nomadism
D. foraging
E. transhumance
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation Topic: Adaptive strategies based on food production
Chapter 07 - Making a Living
21. What is a mode of production?
A. a postindustrial adaptive strategy, such as commercial agriculture or international mercantilism
B. the land, labor, technology, and capital of production
C. the way a society's social relations are organized to produce the labor necessary for generating the society's subsistence and energy needs
D. whether a society is foraging, horticulturalist, or agriculturalist
E. the cultural aspect of any given economy, such as changing fashions in the textile and clothing industry
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation Topic: Modes of production
22. What are the means, or factors, of production?
A. synonyms of a society's mode of production
B. a society's institutional mechanisms for making sure that everyone is productive
C. the ways a society organizes production
D. labor forces organized by kinship ties
E. a society's major productive resources, such as land and other natural resources, labor, technology, and capital
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation Topic: Modes of production
23. Unlike in industrial societies, where economic alienation is common, in nonindustrial societies
A. alienation is pervasive.
B. alienation is suffered only among the poorer classes.
C. social relations are embedded in all relations except the economic ones.
D. the relations of production, distribution, and consumption are social relations with economic aspects.
E. alienation is an ascribed status.
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation Topic: Modes of production
Chapter 07 - Making a Living
24. How are nonindustrial economic systems embedded in society?
A. People are not aware that they are working toward a goal.
B. The economic system has little to do with the everyday life of the people.
C. The economic system cannot easily be separated from other systems, such as kinship.
D. Most nonindustrial economies are managed systems.
E. Most economic activity takes place far from home.
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Topic: Modes of production
25. Economic relationships are characteristically embedded in other relationships, such as kinship, in all of the following kinds of societies EXCEPT
A. states.
B. foragers.
C. horticulturalists.
D. pastoralists.
E. chiefdoms.
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Topic: Modes of production
26. Economic anthropologists have been concerned with two main questions, one focusing on systems of human behavior and the other on the individuals who participate in those systems. The first question is: How are production, distribution, and consumption organized in different societies? The second question is:
A. Why has the myth of the profit-maximizing individual been so pervasive, despite evidence to the contrary?
B. What are the best ways to convince individuals in funding agencies of the value of ethnographic knowledge in the realm of economics?
C. What encourages overconsumption in Western economies?
D. What motivates people in different cultures to produce, distribute or exchange, and consume?
E. What has been the impact of globalization at the level of individuals?
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Topic: Economizing and maximization
Chapter 07 - Making a Living
27. Throughout the many years that Kottak has been doing research among the nonindustrial Betsileo of Madagascar, he has witnessed the impact of globalization on their livelihood. All of the following have threatened the traditional fabric of Betsileo life EXCEPT
A. agricultural intensification caused by population pressure.
B. the breakdown of social and political order, fueled by an increasing demand for cash.
C. the growing threat of cattle thieves, some of them relatively well-educated young men looking to make some cash.
D. the increased presence of anthropologists collaborating with local leaders to preserve their ancestral lands.
E. emigration.
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Topic: Distribution, exchange
28. Which of the following statements about peasants is NOT true?
A. They all live in state-organized societies.
B. They owe rent to landlords.
C. They practice small-scale agriculture without modern technology such as chemical fertilizers and tractors.
D. They owe rent to the government.
E. They are not part of the world market.
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Topic: Economizing and maximization
29. Who are peasants?
A. people who ignore social norms of behavior
B. small-scale farmers who own their own land and sell all their crops to buy necessities
C. small-scale farmers with rent fund obligations
D. anyone who lives in the country
E. anyone who falls below the poverty line
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Topic: Economizing and maximization
Chapter 07 - Making a Living
30. Which of the following economic principles is generally dominant in industrial society?
A. generalized exchange
B. the market principle
C. redistribution
D. negative reciprocity
E. balanced reciprocity
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Topic: Distribution, exchange
31. Which of the following is NOT associated with the market principle?
A. the profit motive
B. the law of supply and demand
C. impersonal economic relations
D. industrialism
E. kin-based generalized reciprocity
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Topic: Distribution, exchange
32. Generalized reciprocity
A. is characterized by the immediate return of the object exchanged.
B. is the characteristic form of exchange in egalitarian societies.
C. usually develops after redistribution but before the market principle.
D. disappears with the origin of the state.
E. is exemplified by silent trade.
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Topic: Distribution, exchange
Chapter 07 - Making a Living
33. Which of the following kinds of exchange is characteristic among the members of a family?
A. generalized reciprocity
B. balanced reciprocity
C. negative reciprocity
D. redistribution
E. None of these answers is correct.
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation Topic: Distribution, exchange
34. Which of the following statements about potlatching is NOT true?
A. Potlatching is an example of competitive feasting.
B. Potlatching was misinterpreted as a classical case of economically wasteful behavior.
C. Potlatching is a form of exchange that has long-term adaptive value.
D. Potlatching is a case that proves that the profit-maximizing motive is a human universal.
E. Potlatching is well documented among Native American communities of the North Pacific Coast of North America.
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation Topic: Potlatching
35. This chapter's "Focus on Globalization" section discusses economic globalization. Which of the following is an outcome of our 21st-century global economy?
A. Modern-day transnational finance has shifted economic control of local life to outsiders.
B. Economic functions are now locally controlled.
C. Foreigners now finance only a small percentage of the U.S. national debt.
D. American companies are withdrawing from foreign markets.
E. With increasing globalization there is increased face-to-face contact in economic transactions.
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation Topic: Economizing and maximization
True / False Questions
Chapter 07 - Making a Living
36. Most contemporary foragers live in remote areas, completely cut off from contact with other modern, agricultural, and industrial communities.
FALSE Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation Topic: Foraging
37. The Kalahari Desert of southern Africa is home to the foraging group known as the Ju/'hoansi San.
TRUE
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation Topic: Foraging
38. Horticulture refers to low-intensity farming that often uses slash-and-burn techniques to clear land.
TRUE
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation Topic: Adaptive strategies based on food production
39. Domesticated animals, more specifically their manure and pulling capabilities, are key components of horticulture.
FALSE Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation Topic: Adaptive strategies based on food production
40. In order to intensify production, agriculturalists frequently build irrigation canals and terraces.
TRUE
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation Topic: Adaptive strategies based on food production
Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
Chapter 07 - Making a Living
41. Although agriculture is much more productive per acre than horticulture, horticulture is more reliable and dependable in the long run.
FALSE
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation Topic: Adaptive strategies based on food production
42. Agriculturalists tend to live in permanent villages that are larger and closer to other settlements than the semipermanent settlements of horticulturalists.
TRUE
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation Topic: Adaptive strategies based on food production
43. The high level of intensification and long-term dependability of horticulture paved the way for the emergence of large urban settlements and the first states.
FALSE
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation Topic: Adaptive strategies based on food production
44. Pastoralists are specialized herders whose subsistence strategies are focused on domesticated animals.
TRUE
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation Topic: Adaptive strategies based on food production
45. In transhumant societies, the entire group moves with their animals throughout the year.
FALSE
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation Topic: Adaptive strategies based on food production
Chapter 07 - Making a Living
46. A mode of production is a way of organizing production, whereas the means of production include the factors of production such as land, labor, and technology.
TRUE
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation Topic: Adaptive strategies based on food production
47. In most foraging societies, private ownership of bounded land has been almost nonexistent.
TRUE
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation Topic: Modes of production
48. Band- and tribal-level societies actively promote craft and task specialization.
FALSE
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation Topic: Foraging
49. In nonindustrial societies, economic activities are embedded in the society.
TRUE
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation Topic: Modes of production
50. The market principle dominates economic activities in band-level foraging societies.
FALSE Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation Topic: Distribution, exchange
Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
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As soon as he reached the summer cottage, where he and Nurse Jane were stopping, Uncle Wiggily put on the stove in a kettle, a lot of sugar, molasses, butter, cocoanut and all such things as go into taffy. “I’m going to have a taffy pull myself!” laughed Mr. Longears, as he invited many animal boys and girls. “There’s going to be a terrible time here soon,” sighed Nurse Jane, rocking to and fro. “Terrible!”
“Well, I guess the taffy has boiled long enough now,” said Uncle Wiggily after a while. The kitchen was filled with delicious smells. “Now be careful!” called Nurse Jane. Uncle Wiggily said he would, but in carrying the kettle over to the table, he spilled some on the floor. “Oh, we can pry this up and eat it when it gets cold!” cried Sammie and Susie the rabbits. Nurse Jane cried: “Look out!”
“Accidents will happen!” laughed Uncle Wiggily as he poured the taffy from the kettle into a buttered pan, and waited for it to cool. “A little on the floor doesn’t matter.” Then he took up the lump of partly-cooled candy, and started to hang it on the stove poker he had bent into a hook like the Monkey Doodle’s. But, all of a sudden, the bunny gentleman found his paws stuck fast in the sticky taffy.
Nurse Jane put butter on Uncle Wiggily’s paws, and at last he got the lump of taffy off, and placed it on the poker hook for pulling. “Now we’ll soon have real salt water taffy!” he told the animal children. “Hurray!” bleated Billie the goat. Nurse Jane stood ready with a pitcher of water and a long spoon filled with butter, in case the bunny got stuck again. Uncle Wiggily pulled out a long candy strand.
Everything seemed to be going nicely, but all of a sudden, as Uncle Wiggily tried to throw a loop of candy rope around the hook, to pull it out again, he slung it around Nurse Jane. “Oh, I’m caught in the sticky candy!” cried the muskrat lady. “Uncle Wiggily lassoed Miss Fuzzy Wuzzy just like in a Wild West show!” barked Jackie Bow Wow. “Dear me! I didn’t mean to do this!” cried the bunny.
For a time it seemed that they would have to send for Dr. Possum. But at last Uncle Wiggily and the animal children got Nurse Jane free from the sticky candy rope. “Now I’ll try to pull the taffy again,” said the bunny. He threw another loop of the sticky stuff at the poker hook, but it tangled around the horns of Billie Wagtail. “Baa-aa-aa! Maa-aa-aa!” bleated Billie. “Dear me!” said the bunny.
After some little time Nurse Jane managed to get Billie loose from the sticky candy. “You’d better give up trying to make taffy,” she told the bunny. “This time I’ll make it,” he said, as he slung a big lump of the sticky stuff at the hook. But the poker came loose from the wall, down fell the candy and Uncle Wiggily sat right down in it! “Help! Help!” cried the bunny, and they all rushed to help him get up.
By using a kettle of warm water Nurse Jane managed to get Uncle Wiggily loose from the candy on the floor. The animal children with shovels, hoes and croquet-mallets also helped. Uncle Wiggily washed and dressed himself in his best. “Where are you going?” asked Nurse Jane as he hopped out the door. “I’m going to buy some taffy,” answered Mr. Longears. “It’s easier than making it.”
