SAPUTARA REGIONAL STUDY_03_12_2013

Regional Landscape Study 2012 - 2014 S A P U T A R A, GUJARAT

Regional Landscape Study - SAPUTARA, Gujarat

Masters Program In Landscape Architecture & Masters Program in Landscape Design, CEPT University, Batch : 2012 - 2014

DEPARTMENT OF LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE FACULTY OF LANDSCAPE STUDIES CEPT UNIVERSITY AHMEDABAD

CERTIFICATE THIS IS TO CERTIFY THAT THE REPORT TITLED REGIONAL LANDSCAPE STUDY: SAPUTARA, GUJARAT (ALONG WITH PART OF MAHARASHTRA) HAS BEEN SUBMITTED BY STUDENTS OF DEPARTMENT OF LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE (BATCH 2012-2014), CEPT UNIVERSITY FOR THE SUBJECT OF REGIONAL LANDSCAPE STUDY IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENT FOR THE AWARD OF MASTERS IN LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE AND MASTERS IN LANDSCAPE DESIGN.

Date: 01/12/2013 Guides: 1. Prof. Mrs. Deepa Maheshwari 2. Prof. Sandeep Patil 3. Prof. Prabhakar B. Bhagwat

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Table of Contents Acknowledgements Summary Aim, Objective and Methodology List of Figures List of Maps List of Tables List of Plates Chapter I : Defining the study Region 1.0 Introduction to the region..................................................................................................................... 16

1.1 Context 1.1.1 Regional 1.1.2 Climatic 1.1.3 Geological 1.1.4 Hydrological 1.2 Location........................................................................................................................................20 1.2.1 Geographical location 1.2.2 Administrative boundaries 1.3 Connectivity map......................................................................................................................... 21 1.4 River basins falling within the study region 1.5 Defining the study regions........................................................................................................... 22 1.6 Historical background.................................................................................................................. 23 1.6.1 History 1.6.2 Historical Significance 1.6.3 Human evolution 1.7 Demography................................................................................................................................. 25 1.8 Tribal map .................................................................................................................................... 28 2.0 Environmental factors 2.1 Climate map................................................................................................................................. 29 2.2 Elevation map.............................................................................................................................. 34 2.3 Slope Analysis map...................................................................................................................... 35 2.4 Geology map................................................................................................................................ 36 2.5 Soil map....................................................................................................................................... 38 2.6 Hydrology map............................................................................................................................ 39 2.7 Vegetation Density map.............................................................................................................. 41 2.8 Land use and its existing conditions............................................................................................ 47 2.8.1 Highways and road connections 2.8.2 River banks and water bodies 2.8.3 Settlements

Regional Landscape Study - Saputara, Gujarat. Masters Program in Landscape Architecture & Design, CEPT University, Batch 2012 - 2014

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Chapter II : Analysis of natural resources 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0

Soil Erosion susceptibility...................................................................................................................... 50 Ground water holding and recharge potential analysis........................................................................ 53 Vegetation degradation......................................................................................................................... 54 Demarcations of the Eco Zones............................................................................................................. 55

Chapter III : Proposal for the Study Region 1.0 Proposal and the guidelines.................................................................................................................. 58

Chapter IV : Study of the Sub Regions

1.0 Delineation of the Sub Regions............................................................................................................. 69 2.0 Natural factors 2.1 Climate .......................................................................................................................................... 70 2.2 Elevation map.................................................................................................................................71 2.3 Slope Analysis map.........................................................................................................................72 2.4 Hydrology.......................................................................................................................................73 2.5 Study of Vegetation density...........................................................................................................74

Chapter V : Analysis at Sub region level 1.0 View shed analysis................................................................................................................................ 76 2.0 Land capability studies/ Suitability map............................................................................................... 79

Chapter VI : Proposal at Sub region level 1.0

Proposal and the guidelines................................................................................................................. 82

Chapter VII: Study of City level 1.0 Introduction to the Saputara city...........................................................................................................85 2.0 Existing city fabric 2.1 Elevation map of the city............................................................................................................... 86 2.2 Slope map of the city..................................................................................................................... 87 2.3 Hydrology of the city..................................................................................................................... 88 2.4 Vegetation of the city.................................................................................................................... 89 2.5 Land use and Infrastructure map of the city................................................................................. 90 2.5.1 Existing Residential areas 2.5.2 Existing Commercial areas 2.5.3 Existing Institutional and public buildings 2.5.4 Existing Recreational spaces 3.0 Case study: Matheran............................................................................................................................96 4.0 Tourism in Saputara................................................................................................................................98 4.1 Existing tourism data 4.1.1 Tourist attractions 4.1.2 Accommodation Regional Landscape Study - Saputara, Gujarat. Masters Program in Landscape Architecture & Design, CEPT University, Batch 2012 - 2014

5 4.1.3 Governer’s hill 4.1.4 Artist village 4.1.5 Echo and Sunrise point 4.1.6 Religious places 4.1.7 Saputara lake and Boat club 4.1.8 Garden/ Parks 4.2 Observations............................................................................................................................... 107 4.3 Calculations................................................................................................................................. 108 4.4 Infrastructure map ..................................................................................................................... 109 4.4.1 Water supply 4.4.2 Solid waste disposal management 4.4.3 Zones of the Saputara town

Chapter VIII: Analysis at the City level 1.0 Character map.................................................................................................................................... 113 2.0 Vegetation analysis ............................................................................................................................. 115 3.0 Landscape character ........................................................................................................................... 116

Chapter IX: Proposal at the City Level 1.0 Proposal and guidelines...................................................................................................................... 120

Chapter X: Annexure

1.0 Annexure I: Census data ................................................................................................................ 123 2.0 Annexure II: Agricultural data ......................................................................................................... 127 3.0 Annexure III: Baradpani, Dang- Statistics ......................................................................................... 128 4.0 Annexure IV: Hydrology catchment area calculations for region and city respectively ....................131 5.0 Annexure V: Quadrat study ............................................................................................................. 135 6.0 Annexure VI: List of plants species found ......................................................................................... 140 7.0 Annexure VII: Plant catalogue ........................................................................................................... 146 7.1 Dry deciduous teak forest 7.2 Intermediate deciduous teak forest 8.0 Annexure VIII: Fauna .......................................................................................................................... 148 9.0 Annexure IX: Flora; Native Vegetation; Plant material list ............................................................... 149

Bibliography

Regional Landscape Study - Saputara, Gujarat. Masters Program in Landscape Architecture & Design, CEPT University, Batch 2012 - 2014

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT Our sincere thanks to the following persons, who have been helpful to us in this study.

A.

SURAT (Gujarat state): 01. SCET, Research design cell, Faculty of Architecture, Sarvajanik College of Engineering and Technology, Surat.

B.

VADODARA (Gujarat state): 01. Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda.

C.

AHWA (Gujarat state): 01. The District Collector, Collectorate office, Ahwa 02. The Forest Officer, Sham Ghan, Dang 03. Forest Surveyor, District Forest Office, Ahwa 04. Mr. A. B. Mahale, Engineer, Irrigation Department, Water works Authority, Ahwa 05. Mr. K. B. Thanki, Chief District Planning Officer, Collectorate office, Ahwa

C.

NASHIK (Maharashtra state): 01. Mrs. K. Pradipa, IFS- Deputy Conservator of Forest, East division, Forest department, Nashik 02. Mr. G. Sai Prakash, Chief conservator of Forest, East division, Forest department, Nashik 03. Mrs. Vijayapukar, Town planning department, Nashik 04. Mrs. Devayani Khapali, Meri (Maharashtra Engineering Research Institute) office, Hydrology department, Nashik 05. Mr. M. B. Nakil, Meri (Maharashtra Engineering Research Institute) office, Nashik

Regional Landscape Study - Saputara, Gujarat. Masters Program in Landscape Architecture & Design, CEPT University, Batch 2012 - 2014

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SUMMARY

Linherent andscape is seen as an all inclusive canvas which a continuum of processes play out, which ultimately alters the ecological values when they go unchecked.

Time and again human interventions of the landscape starts with the association of a materialistic attribute to nature and thereby follows exploitation knowing or unknowingly.

The study region was selected as an area which has a potential to develop as a tourist destination in the future.

The border town of Saputara which has been a newly designated, Hill station, within the Gujarat state was chosen as the area for detailed study and the broader region defined around it including parts within Maharashtra.

The objectives of this study was to understand, natural resource optimization and formulate norms for sustainable development within the defined region.

Regional Landscape Study - Saputara, Gujarat. Masters Program in Landscape Architecture & Design, CEPT University, Batch 2012 - 2014

8 1. AIM: To study and comprehend the natural resources which plays a crucial factor in defining the Saputara region and how judiciously these resources must help the region to achieve tourism sustainably.

2. OBJECTIVES: 1. To study the region of Saputara and its natural resources.

2. To understand the region of Saputara and assess the landscape character of the same.

3. To identify critical areas to evaluate various strategies for conserving degraded areas and propose interventions to maintain the potential of the study region.

4. To evaluate ecological values and strengthen the same for sustainable development of the region.

3. METHODOLOGY: A. REGIONAL LANDSCAPE STUDY OF THE SAPUTARA REGION 1. Study of the region with respect to History Climate Topography Hydrology Geology Soils Vegetation - Flora/ Fauna Land use Human activities

2. Analysis Analysis and inferences by overlaying layers Identifying suitable areas for development (Identification of Eco- region)

3. Guidelines Suggesting suitable and non-suitable zones for development

B. Delineation of Sub- Regions

C. Delineation of City

1. Study of the Sub region with respect to

1. Study of the City with respect to

Climate Topography Tourism Land use Population density Accessibility and Routes Water shed analysis Vegetation pattern

Climate Topography Tourism Flora / Fauna Amenities, Water bodies Transport and pedestrian linkages

2. Analysis View shed analysis for tourism proposal Land capability/Suitability for various developments

3. Guidelines and Proposals Suggesting suitable and non-suitable zones for sustainable tourism development

2. Case study Matheran

3. Analysis Existing land use of the city and surroundings

4. Guidelines and Proposals Suggesting suitable and non-suitable zones for sustainable tourism development

Regional Landscape Study - Saputara, Gujarat. Masters Program in Landscape Architecture & Design, CEPT University, Batch 2012 - 2014

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List of Figures: • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

Figure 1: Figure 2: Figure 3:

Land classification ( in hectare) as per 2001 Census Area in sq.km as per 2001 Census Occupation per 2001 Census of Workers and Non workers

Figure 4:

Livestock Population as per 2001 Census : 2,15,000 Total Population growth rate as per 2011 census Male-Female Ratio as per 2001 Census Literacy Rate as per 2001 Census Literacy rate = 59.06%

Figure 5: Figure 6: Figure 7: Figure 8: Figure 9: Figure 10: Figure 11: Figure 12: Figure 13: Figure 14: Figure 15: Figure 16: Figure 17: Figure 18: Figure 19: Figure 20: Figure 21: Figure 22: Figure 23: Figure 24: Figure 25: Figure 26: Figure 27: Figure 28: Figure 29: Figure 30: Figure 31: Figure 32: Figure 33: Figure 34: Figure 35: Figure 36: Figure 37: Figure 38: Figure 39: Figure 40:

Figure 41:

Figure 42: Figure 43: Figure 44: Figure 45: Figure 46:

Mean daily maximum and minimum temperature Mean daily maximum and minimum humidity Mean daily pan evaporation Psychrometric chart Pie chart showing Percentage of area under different percentage of slope Runoff volume in Basins (MCM) Category 1 Reserved Forest Cover Degradation stages Seral stages Pie diagram Pie diagram Stone bunds on steep slopes to reduce erosion Silt accumulation on bunds Establishment of bamboo in Open forest and plantations through gap planting Establishment of Trees along farm bunds Contour bunds on slope with shallow ponds Horticulture trees with traditional crops in farmlands Fire line on ride with ground vegetation scraped off Establishments of Succulents and Clearing of Tree foliage on the fire line edge Village edge with buffer near river and water bodies Road edge with buffer near open or dense forest Settlement edge with plantations as buffer within Reserved forest Visual quality legend View from point B View from point C View from point D & E View from point G View from point J View from point C View from point I View from point K The ridge along the Western side offers a great view towards the valley and has an picturesque approach road through rural scenery.

The approach roads can be traversed by mountain bikes which would be availabe for rent at specific points. These roads will go along existing villages to give a feel of their lifestyle also.

The approach roads could also be through horse trails Trekking trails would go through difficult terrain to go at certain viewpoints Guest houses Government servant quarters Police quarters

Regional Landscape Study - Saputara, Gujarat. Masters Program in Landscape Architecture & Design, CEPT University, Batch 2012 - 2014

10 • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

Figure 47: Figure 48: Figure 49: Figure 50: Figure 51: Figure 52: Figure 53: Figure 54: Figure 55: Figure 56: Figure 57: Figure 58: Figure 59: Figure 60: Figure 61: Figure 62: Figure 63: Figure 64: Figure 65: Figure 66: Figure 67: Figure 68: Figure 69: Figure 70: Figure 71: Figure 72: Figure 73: Figure 74: Figure 75: Figure 76: Figure 77: Figure 78: Figure 79: Figure 80: Figure 81: Figure 82: Figure 83: Figure 84: Figure 85: Figure 86: Figure 89: Figure 90: Figure 91: Figure 92: Figure 93: Figure 94: Figure 95: Figure 96: Figure 97: Figure 98:

Street shops near museum Area Shops around the Lake boating club Street shops Hotel Chacha’s Emporium Govt. high school, Saputara Government hospital Police station Ganesh temple Nageshwar temple St. Anna’s church Jain Derasar Temple Rose garden Lake View garden Lake and boat club Honey bee center Artist’s Village Echo Point Governor’s hill Step Garden Key plan Graph 1 Graph 2 Governor’s hill Artist village Eco and sunrise point Religious places Religious places Lake and Boat club Gardens Tourist calendar showing the peak season days Graph Graph Water filtration plant Solid waste disposal area For Vegetation analysis For Landscape character analysis Large scale Institutions Large scale Institutions Small scale Hotel Buildings For Roads Road sections Section along lake edge For Proposal and Guidelines Sketch 1 Craft street, Lake edge Sunset point Character trail 2 Quadrat 1 Quadrat 2

Regional Landscape Study - Saputara, Gujarat. Masters Program in Landscape Architecture & Design, CEPT University, Batch 2012 - 2014

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Figure 99: Figure 100: Figure 101: Figure 102: Figure 103: Figure 104: Figure 105: Figure 106: Figure 107: Figure 108: Figure 109: Figure 110:

Quadrat 3 Quadrat 4 Quadrat 5 Quadrat 6 Quadrat 7 Quadrat 8 Dry Deciduous Teak Forest images Intermediate Deciduous Teak Forest images Clayey Soil Loamy Soil Loamy Skeletal Soil Rocky Terrain Soil

List of Maps: • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

Map 1a: Map 1b: Map 1c: Map 1d: Map 2: Map 3: Map 4: Map 5: Map 6: Map 7: Map 8: Map 9: Map 10: Map 11: Map 12: Map 13: Map 14: Map 15: Map 16: Map 17: Map 18: Map 19: Map 20: Map 21: Map 22: Map 23: Map 24: Map 25: Map 26: Map 27: Map 28: Map 29: Map 30: Map 31: Map 32: Map 33:

Hill Stations of India Climatic context map Geological context map Hydrological context map Tourist Destinations of India Showing the Connectivity of Region Showing the River Basins of Region Showing the Delineation of the Region Demography map Tribal population map Wind pattern South west direction Wind pattern North east direction Climatic data comparison Elevation map Section AA Slope analysis map Geology map Soil map Hydrology map Key Plan Vegetation map Land use map Soil erosion susceptibility map Ground water holding and recharge potential map Vegetation degradation map Eco zones map Proposal and guidelines map Delineation of the Sub region Process of delineation Wind pattern South - West and North - East direction Slope analysis Elevation map Hydrology map Vegetation density map View shed analysis map Land Suitability map

Regional Landscape Study - Saputara, Gujarat. Masters Program in Landscape Architecture & Design, CEPT University, Batch 2012 - 2014

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Map 34: Map 35: Map 36: Map 37: Map 38: Map 39: Map 40: Map 41: Map 42: Map 43: Map 44: Map 45: Map 46: Map 47:

Proposal and Guidelines Sections Key plan Sections and Key Plan Elevation map Slope Analysis map Hydrology map Vegetation Density map Land use map Existing residential area map Existing commercial areas map Existing Institutional and Public buildings map Existing recreational spaces map Location map - Tourist attractions

• • • • • • • • • • • • • •

Map 48: Map 49: Map 50: Map 51: Map 52: Map 53: Map 54: Map 55: Map 56: Map 57: Map 58: Map 59: Map 60: Map 61: climate Map 62: Map 63: Map 64: Map 65: Map 66: Map 67:

Location map - Accommodation

• • • • • •

Location map - Governor’s hill Location map - Artist village Location map - Sunrise point and echo point Location map - Religious places Religious places Location map - Lake & Boat club Location map - Gardens Infrastructure map Zone A Zone B Zone C Map showing different zones based on vegetation density, topography and built density Map showing different zones based on topography , vegetation density, hydrology and micro Key Plan Proposal and guidelines Key plan Key plan Key plan Key plan

List of Tables: • • • • • • • • • • •

Table 1: Table 2: Table 3: Table 4: Table 5: Table 6:

Table 7: Table 8: Table 9: Table 10: Table 11:

• Table 12:

Climatic data comparison Vegetation type with corresponding Rainfall range and length of dry season Slope range Vegetation density Analysis table Zone wise description Zones / Factors PROBLEM ANALYSIS CHART Main Proposal Intent Effective Landscape management ZONE 1– DENSE FOREST, AREAS HIGHLY SUSCEPTIBLE TO EROSION, AREAS WITH EXCELLENT WATER RECHARGE POTENTIAL ZONE 2 – OPEN FORESTS, MODERATE SOIL EROSION SUSCEPTIBILITY, AREAS

Regional Landscape Study - Saputara, Gujarat. Masters Program in Landscape Architecture & Design, CEPT University, Batch 2012 - 2014

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WITH MODERATE WATER RECHARGE POTENTIAL

• Table 13: • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

ZONE 3– SCRUB LAND, POOR WATER RECHARGE ZONES, LOW EROSION

SUSCEPTIBILITY Table 14: ZONE 4– AGRICUTURAL LAND, BARREN LANDS, SETTLEMENT DENSITY HIGHER Table 15: Analysis Table 16: Analysis Table 17: Water availability calculations Table 18: Analysis Table 19: Legend Table 20: Floating population Table 21: Observations Table 22: The Matrix Table 23: Marking slopes Table 24: Vegetation overlay Table 25: Microclimate Table 26: Observations Table 27: Parameters Table 28: For Dangs Table 29: For Nashik Table 30: Crops information Table 31: Water shed calculations Table 32: Reference table for run of coefficients Table 33: Vegetation Character Map Table 34: Quadrat study readings Table 35: List of Plant species found Table 36: Plant list

Regional Landscape Study - Saputara, Gujarat. Masters Program in Landscape Architecture & Design, CEPT University, Batch 2012 - 2014

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List of Plates: • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

Plate 1: Plate 2: Plate 3: Plate 4: Plate 5: Plate 6: Plate 7: Plate 8: Plate 9: Plate 10: Plate 11: Plate 12: Plate 13: Plate 14: Plate 15: Plate 16: Plate 17: Plate 18: Plate 19: Plate 20: Plate 21: Plate 22: Plate 23: Plate 24: Plate 25: Plate 26: Plate 27:

Context and History Climate map (Regional) Elevation map (Regional) Slope map (Regional) Geology map (Regional) Soil map (Regional) Hydrology (Regional) Vegetation Density (Regional) Land use (Regional) Demography Statistics (Regional) Soil Erosion Susceptibility (Regional) Ground water holding recharge potential (Regional) Vegetation Degradation (Regional) Eco- Zones (Regional) Proposal and Guidelines (Regional) Elevation and slope map (Sub-Regional) Vegetation and Hydrology map Plate (Sub-Regional) View Shade Analysis (Sub-Region) Land Suitability (Sub-Region) Proposal and Guide Lines (Sub-Region) Slope and Elevation Map (City) Vegetation and Hydrology Map (City) Land Use and Infrastructure (City) Landscape Appraisal Map (City) Tourism (City) Tourism (City) Proposal and Guide Lines (City)

Regional Landscape Study - Saputara, Gujarat. Masters Program in Landscape Architecture & Design, CEPT University, Batch 2012 - 2014

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CHAPTER I: DEFINING THE STUDY AREA

Regional Landscape Study - Saputara, Gujarat. Masters Program in Landscape Architecture & Design, CEPT University, Batch 2012 - 2014

Defining the Study Area

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1.0 Introduction to the region: The intended study region i.e Saputara and its surroundings is a hill station tourist destination of Gujarat lying on the Gujarat- Maharashtra border.

1.1 Context: 1.1.1: Regional Context: Study region lies on the northern tip of western ghats and comprises of Saputara & villages around Saputara which extends in two administrative zones viz. The Dangs District, Gujarat &Nashik District, Maharashtra . Saputara is the only hill station in Gujarat and lies on Maharashtra - Gujarat border.

0 km

500 km

Map 1 a: Hill Stations of India

Regional Landscape Study - Saputara, Gujarat. Masters Program in Landscape Architecture & Design, CEPT University, Batch 2012 - 2014

Defining the Study Area

1.1.2: Climatic Context: Tropical Dry & Wet

Map 1 b: Climatic context map

Regional Landscape Study - Saputara, Gujarat. Masters Program in Landscape Architecture & Design, CEPT University, Batch 2012 - 2014

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Defining the Study Area

1.1.3: Geological Context: Deccan Traps

Map 1 c: Geological Context map

Regional Landscape Study - Saputara, Gujarat. Masters Program in Landscape Architecture & Design, CEPT University, Batch 2012 - 2014

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Defining the Study Area

1.1.4: Hydrological Context: Tapi River Basin & West Flowing Rivers

Map 1 d: Hydrological Context map

Regional Landscape Study - Saputara, Gujarat. Masters Program in Landscape Architecture & Design, CEPT University, Batch 2012 - 2014

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20 1.2 Location: 1.2.1: Geographical Location of Saputara region: Latitude : 20°- 35’ N Longitude: 73° -45’ E Altitude : 1000 mt. M.S.L.

1.2.2: Administrative boundaries Extents of study region extends within two administrative areas: • The Dangs district , Gujarat • Nashik district, Maharashtra

This picturesque Hill station is situated on a plateau in the Dang forest area of the Sahayadri range at an altitude of about 1000 m.

The plateau overlooks the green valley stretched over length of 24 kms, and is surrounded by its several hills which make fine observation points.

0 km

100 km

Map 2: Tourist Destinations of India

Regional Landscape Study - Saputara, Gujarat. Masters Program in Landscape Architecture & Design, CEPT University, Batch 2012 - 2014

Defining the Study Area

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1.3 Connectivity: Distance of study region from major cities (by road): Ahmedabad: 400 Kms Surat: 172 kms Mumbai : 250 kms Nashik: 80 kms The study region is well connected with major cities by road with national highway passing through the region (SaputaraNashik highway) and railway with nearest station being Waghai in Gujarat and Nashik in Maharashtra.

Excursions from Saputara can be made to the wild life sanctuary in the Mahal Bardipara forest, 60 km. from here and to Gira Waterfalls 52 km away.

1.4: River basins of the region:

50 km 0 km

Map 3: Showing the Connectivity of Region

The selected study region comprises of a plateau and fragmented hilly terrain surrounding it, tributaries feeding following river basins originate within this hilly region under study: a. East flowing river, Girna sub-basin of Tapi river basin b. West flowing river: i. Khapri sub- basin of Ambika river basin ii. Par and Nar sub-basin of Par basin

a. East flowing river, Tapi River Basin: • Approximately half of the study region on eastwards drains in Girna sub-basin of Tapi river basin with two major stream feeding Chankapur dam, one originating at Saputara and other in hilly terrain around Saputara.

• Another tributary, Punand contributes water to Girna sub-basin, it meets Girna river ahead of Chankapur dam.

• Tapi river basin extends over 65,145 sq km and covers three states viz. Gujarat, Maharashtra and Madhya Pradesh.

• Girna is one of the tributaries feeding Tapi river.

b. West Flowing Rivers: i) Ambika River basin: North and North-western sides of the study region drains into the Ambika basin via Kaveri subbasin and Khapri sub-basin. ii) Par River basin: South western side of the study region drains into Par basin via Nar sub basin.

0 km 100 km

Map 4: Showing the River Basins of Region

Regional Landscape Study - Saputara, Gujarat. Masters Program in Landscape Architecture & Design, CEPT University, Batch 2012 - 2014

Defining the Study Area

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1.5 Defining the Region:

Map 5: Showing the Delineation of the Region

LEGEND

0

State Boundary

River / Streams

Delineation of the region:

Regional Boundary

Check Dams

Sub-Regional Boundary

Water Body / Reservoir

Area of the region Area in The Dangs district Area in Nashik district

National / State Highway

2.0

5.0

10.0 Kms

: 837.06 Sq. Kms : 238.92 Sq. Kms : 599.14 Sq. Kms

Settlements

Defining the Region: • Extents of natural resources and impacts of the human imprint often go beyond political or administrative boundaries.

•

• • • • •

And hence physiographic factors may become the premise governing extents for landscape regional planning.

The physiographic features and distance from Saputara (i.e within 30 kms) were the defining parameters of the study region. Study region is the origin of tributaries feeding three rivers namely, Khapri river which drains into the Ambika river basin , Nar river which contributes water to Par river basin and Girna river which contributes water to Tapi river basin The watershed of Girna river which contributes to Chankapur dam forms the southern and southeastern extents.

The ridge formed by the fragmented hills defines the northern and northeastern side.

Eastern side gets defined by a part of Punand river.

The watershed of the Nar river (part of Par river Basin) extending up to approx. 23 kms from Saputara forms Southwestern side.

The watershed of Ambika basin extending up to approx. 11 kms from Saputara forms Northwestern side.

No of villages in the region under study Dangs District, Gujarat : 55 no.s Nashik District, Maharashtra : 36 no.s River Basins

: Girna Sub-basin of Tapi Basin : Nar sub- basin of Par river basin

: Ambika river basin

Regional Landscape Study - Saputara, Gujarat. Masters Program in Landscape Architecture & Design, CEPT University, Batch 2012 - 2014

Defining the Study Area

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1.6: Historical Background: 1.6.1: History: • Saputara forms the part of the Dang district. The sources of the history of the Dang district are few because of its •

• • • • •

dense forests, hilly and inaccessible terrain and tribal population.

Saputara’s history and mythology is as dense as its lush green forests. Sitavan (Sita’s Forest) holds a prominent position as Lord Ram had spent 11 out of 14 years of his exile traversing in this forest. Saputara has a connect even with the Mahabharata it is believed that in the Arvalem caves of Saputara, Pandavas spent some of their time during their hideout days in forest and offered prayers to God Shiva. Hence, these caves came to be known as ‘Pandava Gufa’.

All the historical evidences are related to adjacent territories of Khandesh, Nashik, Surat and Baroda.

During a long period of nearly thousand years, from the time of Rashtrakutas, the Dangis experienced alternate periods of war and peace. They had to struggle to preserve their lives.

The historians believe that Bhils who are descendants of the Dravidians, were driven away from their lands by the Aryan Rajputs.

According to the Bhil oral traditions, they took shelter in the hills of the Vindyas, Saputara and Sahyadris to protect themselves from the wrath of historically known Brahmin hero, Parshuram.

The dynamics of change in the tribal areas has been significantly different from that in other rural areas in the country for the variety of reasons. Various rulers, wars and nature have directed these tribal life and landscape of the Dangs.

1.6.2: Historical Significance: • After the transfer of Mount Abu to Rajasthan in the States organization of 1956, the State government of Gujarat • • • • • • •

decided to develop Saputara as the first full fledged hill station.

Initially Saputara was inclusive of a small water body with 8-10 houses and tribal population. For further development the settlements near the lake were re- located to adjacent villages such as Malegaon (Maharashtra state).

The small depression/ water bodies, was made bigger as a lake and water from Sarpaganga was diverted into this lake.

Thus Saputara eventually became a government property and was developed further as a tourist destination.

On account of its location at a high elevation, dense forest and easy communication, it satisfies all requirements of hill- station. The place is popularly known as Girinagar.

Gujarat state was bifurcated in 1960 and Dang became one of the districts of Gujarat. As Saputara is on the Southern end of the Dang district, the border between Gujarat and Maharashtra runs on the southern periphery.

First five year plan of Gujarat state, i.e. National third year plan was prepared with a proposal to develop a hill station in Gujarat as it was lacking in such a development.

In order to meet the scarcity of water, a dam has been constructed on the plateau by grouting system to provide water for tourists.

1.6.3: Human Evolution: • The Dang territory is a one taluka district, smallest in area, least in population, not very progressive in social and • • • • • • •

economic development, but is rich in forest products. The Dangs is a tribal district, it is predominantly populated by the Adivasis, who are mostly illiterate.

With the Bhil, Konkana, Varli, Kotwalia, Kathodi and Gamit being the major tribal groups. The Bhils have historically been residing in the Dangs whereas the other tribes came to the Dangs in search of a livelihood.

The Konkanas have migrated to this area from a coastal region in the south-west, the Konkan. The name, Konkanas and their dialect (Marathi dialect with certain North Konkani elements) derive from their place of origin. According to an oral tradition the community migrated north because of the terrible Durgadev famine of 1396-1408.

The Varlis have also migrated to south Gujarat from the Konkan area but in a later phase due to the pressure of the British. The Varlis speak their own dialect, which is a mixture of Khandeshi, Bhili and Marathi.

Since the economy of the district is forest based and the human resource which is entirely tribals , the main emphasis is placed on the tribal development and forest conservation and revenue earner.

The district suffered from the paradox of scarcity of water in the midst of plenty of annual rainfall (2540 mm). The land has practically no sub soil water.

There are no rivers of a perennial character with the result that no dams could be constructed on them for irrigation.

No non- Dangi can settle or cultivate lands without permission in the district. This ban has prevented outsiders from

Regional Landscape Study - Saputara, Gujarat. Masters Program in Landscape Architecture & Design, CEPT University, Batch 2012 - 2014

Defining the Study Area

24

settling down and disturbing Dangis. A separate Dangs reserve fund from the forest revenue was earmarked for the development of the Dangs.

• Primary schools have been set up to cover all the villages in the district, Ashramshalas have been established and run

by Government. The Dangis attitude towards education is gradually undergoing change.

• The Community Development Programme and Five year plans are gradually bringing about changes in the level of their living.

• The Dangis get employed in felling trees and transporting timber and bamboos. Educated Dangis are employed in Government services. Thus an infra structure for socio- economic development of the Dangis is being built up.

i) Culture • There are various festivals celebrated in Saputara like Diwali, Holi, Christmas and many others. But the major festival

celebrated in the Saputara region is Dang Darbar. It is a yearly festival celebrated in the Dang district, located in the Saputara.

• An important festival of Dang tribe, the Dang Darbar is celebrated just few days before Holi.

• The exact venue of this festival is Ahwa near Saputara but the festival has drawn its name from the Ahwa Darbar, a one–time venue assembly (Darbar).

• Dang Darbar, a three day festival, witnesses many activities like folk dances, Raas, Garba programs, songs and dramas.

ii) Conditions before • There were no roads or other means of communications.

• Whatever roads were there were constructed by the Forest department for facility of timber outside the Dang territory.

• The bullock carts were the main means of transport. The Dangis had therefore very few contact with the outside world.

• To all intent and purposes they lived in social, economic and geographic isolation.

iii) Conditions after • For the integrated development of the district, the State Government has adopted special measures in addition to the general development schemes under the Five year plans.

• The Panchayati Raj has been introduced since 1963 in the state for accelerating development.

• A separate Housing Board has been established for assisting construction of houses for the Dangis.

• Provisions has been made for drinking water supply, primary school buildings, roads, the Saputara hill station and Forest development.

(Source: Gazetteer Of India, Gujarat State Gazetteers, Dang District and Web)

Regional Landscape Study - Saputara, Gujarat. Masters Program in Landscape Architecture & Design, CEPT University, Batch 2012 - 2014

Defining the Study Area

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1.7 Demography:

Map 6: Demography map

0

2.0

5.0

10.0 Kms

LEGEND State Boundary

River / Streams

500 Population / Square unit

Regional Boundary

Check Dams

Village Boundary

Sub-Regional Boundary

Water Body / Reservoir

Settlemant Boundary

National / State Highway Settlements

a. For Dangs: (area in Hectare) Irrigated cultivate land..........................1.8

Irrigated cultivable land

Un- irrigated cultivate land..................553.2 Cultivable waste (Including gauchar and groves)............61.4 Area not available for cultivation.......192.3 Forest.................................................914.9

Unirrigated cultivable land

Total:.......................................1723.6 Rural................................................1757 Urban....................................................6.3

Total:.......................................1763.3

Cultivable waste Area not cultivated Forest

Figure 1: Land classification ( in hectare) as per 2001 Census

Rural Urban

Figure 2: Area in sq.km as per 2001 Census Regional Landscape Study - Saputara, Gujarat. Masters Program in Landscape Architecture & Design, CEPT University, Batch 2012 - 2014

Defining the Study Area

26

b. Occupation Status: Main

Main..............................................68599 Marginal........................................24394 Non-Workers.................................93736

Marginal Non workers

Total:...................................186729

Figure 3: Occupation per 2001 Census of Workers and Non workers

i. Main Worker A person who has worked for major part of the reference period (i.e. 6 months or more during the last one year preceding the date of enumeration)in any economically productive activity is termed as ‘Main Worker’.

ii. Marginal Worker A person who worked for less than 6 months of the reference period (i.e. in the last one year preceding the date of enumeration) in any economic activity is termed as ‘Marginal Labour’.

iii. Non- Workers A person who has not worked at all in any economically productive activity during the reference period. (i.e. last one year preceding the date of enumeration) is termed as ‘Non- Worker’.

c. Category of Workers: (as per 2001 year) Cultivators................................................68599 Agricultural Labourers..............................24394 Workers in Household Industry................93736 Others.......................................................11952

Total..............................................106126

d. Total Population of The Dangs as per 2011 census : Shows an increasing trend except for the census of 1911-1921. The decrease in the population recorded in 1901 was primarily due to severe epidemic influenza which swept over the country in 1918. Thereafter, there has been a steady increase.

Total Population of The Dangs as per 2011 census : 2,26,769

Cultivators Agricultural labourers Workers in household industry Others Figure 4: Livestock Population as per 2001 Census : 2,15,000

Regional Landscape Study - Saputara, Gujarat. Masters Program in Landscape Architecture & Design, CEPT University, Batch 2012 - 2014

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Shows an increasing trend except for the census of 1911-1921.

The decrease in the population recorded in 1901 was primarily due to severe epidemic influenza which swept over the country in 1918.

Thereafter, there has been a steady increase.

Figure 5: Total Population growth rate as per 2011 census

e. Male female ratio: For Sub region level i.e. Saputara the data for male female ratio and Literacy rate is as follow:

Males 54,359 (59.5%) Females 36,916 (40.5%)

Figure 6: Male-Female Ratio as per 2001 Census

Males 54,359 (59.5%) Females 36,916 (40.5%)

Figure 7: Literacy Rate as per 2001 Census Literacy rate = 59.06%

Form the above mentioned data we can conclude The major population is rural Maximum area comes under forest, and the rural population which is mostly tribal depends upon the forest for fire wood.

The major occupation of the people is cultivation and the major crops cultivated throughout the state are rice, ragi, tuver, kharsani.

For further details refer Annexure I.

Regional Landscape Study - Saputara, Gujarat. Masters Program in Landscape Architecture & Design, CEPT University, Batch 2012 - 2014

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1.8 Tribal map:

Map 7: Tribal population map

0

2.0

5.0

10.0 Kms

LEGEND State Boundary

River / Streams

500 Population / Square unit

Regional Boundary

Check Dams

Village Boundary

Sub-Regional Boundary

Water Body / Reservoir

Settlemant Boundary

National / State Highway Settlements

• The Dang territory is a one taluka district, smallest in area, least in population, not progressive in social and economic development, but rich in forests.

• It is predominantly populated by the Adivasis, who are illiterate.

• Dangis are mostly Bhils, Konkani, Kunbis, Warlis, Gamits and others.

• Since the economy of the district is forest based and the man power is entirely tribal , the main emphasis is placed on the tribal and forest development.

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2.0 Environmental factors: 2.1: Climate: Saputara has a tropical climate. In winter there is much more rainfall in Saputara than in summer. The KÜppen-Geiger climate classification is as: the average annual temperature in Saputara is 23 °C. The average annual rainfall is 1273 mm.

a. Climatic data of Saputara: i. Mean daily maximum, minimum temperature and rainfall - Saputara

Figure 8: Mean daily maximum and minimum temperature

Maximum temperature of 34 Degree Celsius is experienced in the month of April and May. Minimum temperature of 10 Degree Celsius is experienced in the month of January.

Mean annual rainfall of Saputara - 1273 mm, Average annual rainy days - 55 (Source: http://en.climate-data.org/location/797271/, 2/10/2013)

ii. Mean daily maximum, minimum relative humidity and wind speed- Saputara

Figure 9: Mean daily maximum and minimum humidity

Maximum Humidity of 95% is experienced in the month of July, August and September.

Minimum Humidity of 55% is experienced in the month of March and April (Source: Agro climatic atlas of Gujarat, Dept. of Agricultural Meteorology,1997)

Annual average velocity of wind: 3.39 m/s

(Source: http://www.synergyenviron.com, 2/10/2013)

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b. Wind Direction: 1) Monsoon( May – September) Between south and west direction 2) Post monsoon ( October and November) Morning – north easterly, Afternoon – easterly direction 3) Winter ( Dec- Feb) and early part of summer (March and April) Southwest and northwest In some afternoon northerly and north easterly wind.

(Source: Gazetteer of Dang district)

c. Mean daily pan evaporation - Saputara (1901 - 1990) 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Figure 10: Mean daily pan evaporation

June

July

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

a. Mean daily pan evaporation is 4.5 mm. Evaporation is greatest on hot, windy, dry, sunny days; and is greatly reduced when clouds block the sun and when air is cool, calm, and humid. b. Pan evaporation measurements enable farmers and ranchers to understand how much water their crops will need c. In the month of April and may farmers will require more water for irrigation as pan evaporation rate is high. (Source: Agro climatic atlas of Gujarat, Dept. of Agricultural Meteorology,1997)

d. Psychrometric chart:

Winter Summer

Figure 11: Psychrometric chart; Winter season (Nov - Feb) and Summer season(March and April) is preferable time to visit Saputara based on Human Comfort Zone. (Source: Generated from Psycho Tool) Regional Landscape Study - Saputara, Gujarat. Masters Program in Landscape Architecture & Design, CEPT University, Batch 2012 - 2014

e. Map 8: Wind pattern South west direction: (Source: Author)

Defining the Study Area

31 31

LEGEND State Boundary Regional Boundary Sub-regional Boundary National / State Highway Settlements River / Streams Dams Water Body / Reservoir

WIND DIRECTION Wind Direction Windward Side Leeward Side

The windward side (the side of hill that is facing the prevailing winds) of a hill experience more rain than the leeward side (the side of a hill that is not facing prevailing winds). This is because the prevailing winds come up, air expands as it rises and hence causes it to cool. As cool air can’t hold as much moisture as warm air, it begins to precipitate on windward side. The dry air moves on to the leeward side. As the drier air descends on the leeward side, it warms and absorbs moisture from the ground.

Much less precipitation falls on the leeward side of the hill, or for some distance beyond it, creating a rain shadow.

Note: Major Contours at 100 mt.

Minor Contours at 10 mt.

Grid Interval at 5 Km.

Scale : 0 1.0

2.5

Inference: In summer and monsoon season, places in windward side are suitable for human comfort. These areas can be used for summer and monsoon recreation.

Plate No.

R EG IO N A L L A N D S C A P E ST U DY - S A P U TA R A ,

G UJA R AT.

Wind Pattern (South - WeSt direction) [may - SePtember] (Regional)

MASTERS PROGRAM IN LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE & DESIGN, C . E . P.T. U N I V E R S I T Y, B AT C H 2 0 1 2 - 2 0 1 4

5.0 Kms

f. Map 9: Wind pattern North east direction: (Source: Author)

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LEGEND State Boundary Regional Boundary Sub-regional Boundary National / State Highway Settlements River / Streams Dams Water Body / Reservoir

WIND DIRECTION

Wind Direction Windward Side Leeward Side

In winter leeward sides (the side of a hill that is not facing prevailing winds) are shielded by ridges against cold winds. The hill serves as a barrier to moisture and cooler air. Air masses coming down a hill on the leeward side will be dry and warm.

Note: Major Contours at 100 mt.

Inference: In winter season, places in leeward side are suitable for human comfort as cold winter winds are not desirable. These areas can be used for winter recreation. Potential areas (e.g. agricultural fields, tourist places etc.) on windward side of the hill should be protected by windbreaks.

Scale : 0 1.0

Minor Contours at 10 mt.

Grid Interval at 5 Km. 2.5

Plate No.

R EG IO N A L L A N D S C A P E ST U DY - S A P U TA R A ,

G UJA R AT.

Wind Pattern (north - east direction) [october - november] (Regional)

MASTERS PROGRAM IN LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE & DESIGN, C . E . P.T. U N I V E R S I T Y, B AT C H 2 0 1 2 - 2 0 1 4

5.0 Kms

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g. Comparison of climatic data of Saputara city with nearby places:

Malegaon Saputara

Surgana

Map 10: Climatic data comparison

Place

Altitude (meter)

Average annual rainfall (mm)

Average annual temperature (Degree Celsius)

1. Saputara

882

1273

23

2. Surgana

538

1581

24.7

3. Malegaon

430

533

26

Table 1: Climatic data comparison (Source: http://en.climate-data.org/location/797271/, 2/10/2013)

h. Inference - Wind Direction: ( Based on overlay of Wind direction maps and above climatic data )

• Saputura’s location is ideal in terms of climatic conditions since the saputara plateau is in the windward direction for major part of the year (Though cold winter winds are not suitable for human comfort) • Surgana, a nearby village is also ideal in terms of climatic conditions since the village is always on the windward direction for major part of the year.

• Malegaon, the nearest village of Saputara receives very less rainfall as compared to saputara plateau and Surgana because it is in rain shadow area.

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2.2 Elevation map:

(Map 11: Elevation map (Source: SRTM Topography Data & ARC GIS)

0

2.0

5.0

10.0 Kms

Map 12: Section AA

LEGEND

State Boundary

River / Streams

100 to 200

600 to 700

1100 to 1200

Regional Boundary

Check Dams

200 to 300

700 to 800

1200 to 1300

Sub-Regional Boundary

Water Body / Reservoir

300 to 400

800 to 900

1300 to 1400

National / State Highway

400 to 500

900 to 1000

1400 to 1500

Settlements

500 to 600

1000 to 1100

1500 to 1600

• The terrain of the region is marked with a prominent ridge running from northeast to southwest which can be called as a controlling physical feature of the region’s configuration.

• The overall topography of the study region is undulating, highly rugged and comprises of dissected terrain with high • • • • •

rising hills, intervening ridges with flat tops and deeply dissected valleys in Gujarat while towards Maharashtra, ridge is mostly gently sloping running northwest to southeast.

Most of the southern terrain is at a higher elevation as compared to the terrain north of the ridge in Gujarat.

The highest elevation recorded in the region defined is reaching 1600 m whereas the lowest elevation is reaching 90 m.

The general slope is from east to west, where the hilly areas are found on the east and flat plains are found on the west of the study region.

The region is the origin of rivers Ambika and Khapri.

The entire region is divided into valleys of the Ambika, the Khapri, the Par and the Girna river basins.

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2.3 Slope Analysis:

(Map 13: Slope analysis map; Source: SRTM Topography Data & ARC GIS)

0

2.0

5.0

10.0 Kms

LEGEND State Boundary

River / Streams

0 - 2%

25 - 33%

Regional Boundary

Check Dams

2 - 5%

33 - 100%

Sub-Regional Boundary

Water Body / Reservoir

5 - 10%

above 100%

National / State Highway

10 - 15%

Settlements

15 - 25%

(1.5%) Above

100 % Slope is important because it influences hydrology, soil and its erosion and vegetation.

0-2% Slope determines the kind of activity possible on the land and kind of measures (0.5) % (4%) 33 - 100 % required for conservation. Slope has been divided into categories for the purpose 25 - 33 % of analysis.

(8%) 2-5% • In the study region, slopes are in the range of above 100% (highly steep), (35 %) 15 - 25 % 25% - 33% (very Steep), 15%- 25% (Steep slope), 5%-15% (moderate), 2% - 5% (10%) (gentle slope), 0% - 2% (flat- gentle slope).

5 - 10 % • Flat areas are in valley regions and on main ridges top. More than 40% of 10 - 15 % (26%) the area is prone to erosion. Approx. 25% area is suitable for agriculture and (14%) settlements.

Figure 12: Pie chart showing Percent• North-western sides of the region consist of slopes ranging from 5% to 100%, age of area under different percentage which is from moderate to very steep, while on the south-eastern side slopes of slope are ranging from 0% to above 100%.

Note: The above Percentage of area is within

the study area.

Issues: • Most of the slopes on hilly track are very steep ranging above 33%, which is also angle of repose of the soil. Slope

above 33% would require soil conservation measures to prevent the soil erosion by water.

• Some of the hill tops are also vulnerable to soil erosion as the soil cover is very shallow and depletion of vegetation cover on them. Barren hills results in speeding the water flow in monsoon resulting in massive soil erosion. Once the soil cover is eroded, the depleting vegetation causes a threat to existing forest cover.

• Degradation of forest indirectly affects the local tribes, who are highly dependent on forest products and agriculture.

Cultivation is practiced in most of the areas with the help of terracing, slope ranges from 2% to 5%. Cultivation on slopes at higher levels makes the problem of soil erosion very critical.

Regional Landscape Study - Saputara, Gujarat. Masters Program in Landscape Architecture & Design, CEPT University, Batch 2012 - 2014

Defining the Study Area

2.4 Geology:

(Map 14: Geology map; Source: Geology of Gujarat Merh S.S , District resource Maps Dangs (Gujarat) & Nasik (Maharashtra)

LEGEND

0

2.0

5.0

36

10.0 Kms

State Boundary

River / Streams

Dykes

7 Compound ‘PAHOEHOE’ Basaltic

Regional Boundary

Check Dams

Lineaments

MEGACRYST Basaltic

Sub-Regional Boundary

Water Body / Reservoir

6-7 Compound ‘PAHOEHOE’ ‘AA’ Basaltic Lava Flows (Upto 300 mm) a ‘AA’ Flow. c ‘Pahoehoe’ Flow MEGACRYST Basaltic

6 Compound ‘PAHOEHOE’ Basaltic

National / State Highway Settlements

Lava Flows (Upto 300 - 450 mm) Lava Flow M2 (25-70 M) Lava Flows (Upto 100 - 530 mm)

Alluvium

Lava Flow M1 (50-100 M)

a. History: • The geological history of the region has volcanic and tectonic origins with the topography progressively stepping up

and the Trappean highlands denote a strong structural control with topography characterized by E-W and NNE-SSW step faults , horsts and grabens.

• The basaltic terrain which characterizes the entire region has the Pahoe hoe lava flows as the dominant flow type.

The layered basalt lava has three distinct flows the base layer composed of chilled fine grained rock, medium grained hard and compact rock comprising the middle part and the upper part made up of vesicular basalt.

• The basaltic flow in a larger context of our study region may be considered as a level plain which is the mature form of a typical volcanic landscape, Characteristic of having plateaus and mesa’s. Vertical escarpments with columnar jointing develop along major drainage courses.

b. Mineral resource aspect: • The basaltic region of the Dangs do not contain valuable minerals.

• Basaltic Deccan trap is of considerable utility as a sub base material in construction industry as grit.

• Economic utility is dependant to proximity to construction works.

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c. Aspects of geology to be considered important with respect to site planning and new urban development: i. Sewage disposal Due to limited soil depths septic tank provisions may not be advisable option. Isolated pockets with sufficient soil depths may be found but a waste treatment system should be part of the any intense urban development.

ii. Solid waste • Landfills would be advisable only in places with sufficient soil depth to water table is available and also where satisfactory cover material is available to prevent rainwater percolation and leachate formation.

• Silty clay soils may be an appropriate impervious cover material. iii. Excavation and grading The mature nature of the regional formation may require lesser grading because of relatively flatter topography also available within the study extents.

iv. Mass wasting and landslide susceptibility Vertical jointing fractures make basaltic rock formations at risk; moreover Inter bedded flows may be under laid with unconsolidated easily eroded material.

v. Groundwater • Though a typical basaltic formation is impervious the fractures present make it permeable and groundwater is available in these formations.

• Volcanic tuff may also be good subsurface reservoirs due to the porous nature, but within region extents this feature was not observed.

• Inter bedded flows combine impervious and pervious layers therefore form complex groundwater networks also, thus further exploration may lead to quantifiable conclusions.

vi. Pond or lake construction This may always not be a feasible option since the parent rock though principally impervious the fractures may drain out the water. Residual soils are clayey and may offer excellent impervious bottoms upon compaction. And surface water bodies as retention units could be a viable option to harness the generous annual rainfall received, provided considerations such as topography and catchment areas are observed.

vii. Foundations This again is an aspect related to depth to bedrock and variations in foundations systems from raft footings or deep piers may be needed .the decision taken upon careful investigation.

Source: 1. Terrain Analysis-A guide to site selection using Aerial Photographic Interpretation Douglas S way 2. Geology of Gujarat Merh S.S

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2.5 Soils:

(Map 15: Soil map; Source: http://eusoils.jrc.ec.europa.eu/esdb_archive/EuDASM/Asia/lists/ 0 cin.htm Prepared by: National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land use Planning (ICAR), Nagpur, India, Government of India Copyright 1996.)

LEGEND

SOIL DEPTH Depth (Upto 150 cm)

2.0

5.0

10.0 Kms

Rocky Terrain (Upto 10 cm deep, with visible vegetation in crevices)

State Boundary

River / Streams

Regional Boundary

Check Dams

Moderately Deep (50 to 90 cm)

Sub-Regional Boundary

Water Body / Reservoir

Shallow (25 - 50 cm)

Clayey

National / State Highway

Very Shallow ( 15 - 25 cm)

Loamy

Settlements

Extremely shallow (10 - 15 cm)

Loamy Skeletal

• Most predominantly occurring soil type is red soil. The red soil is light and porous and does not contain soluble salts or kankar. It is moderately fertile for agricultural purposes.

• The rocks have produced soil varying from red to grey to nearly black.

• Due to varying composition of parent rock, soils differ within narrow limits.

• Loamy clay, loamy skeletal, to rolling topography and clayey soil types are commonly met with depending upon the • • • •

disintegration of the rock and extent of erosion.

In parts, the soil is rich in ferruginous salts and gives it reddish tinge but not reaching lateritic stage. Entire forest area is a mixture of different types of soils resulting in equally mixed type of vegetation throughout the tract.

The slopes maintain a fair average covering but every terrace and every site of flat land, however high has been cultivated in the past and suffered from denudation.

Cultivation on slopes at higher levels was also observed, making the problem of soil erosion very critical. The biotic interference without adequate restriction are destroying the humus content of the soil, hence the condition of soil is going down except at those places where biotic interference is less.

At such places humus is present in sufficient level. This decaying material will improve the soil if protected from fire hazards and soil erosion. Major portion of the region has shallow and very shallow soil cover owing to the hilly terrain of the region. The rocky terrain is associated with extremely shallow soil cover and tree growth is seen along the crevices whereas ground covers and grasses on rock surface with soil cover.

Regional Landscape Study - Saputara, Gujarat. Masters Program in Landscape Architecture & Design, CEPT University, Batch 2012 - 2014

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2.6 Hydrology:

(Map 16: Hydrology map; Source: Watershed Map: www.bhuvan.com)

0

2.0

5.0

10.0 Kms

Map 17: Key Plan

LEGEND

State Boundary

River / Streams

Major Stream

Khapri River Basin

Regional Boundary

Check Dams

Minor Stream

Basin Boundary

Sub-Regional Boundary

Water Body / Reservoir

Girna River Basin

Major Watershed

National / State Highway

Par River Basin

Minor Watershed

Settlements

Amibika River Basin

Introduction of the Region hydrology: • The ridge dividing border of Maharashtra and Gujarat boundary along with Saputara plateau is controlling physical feature of the region.

• The entire region is divided into catchments of the Ambika, the Khapri, the Par and the Girna river basins. The Ambika and Khapri Rivers originate from this ridge towards Gujarat boundary and drain out the water from east to west.

Ambika and Khapri River directly meet the Arabian Sea. • The Par River that originates from this ridge towards Maharashtra boundary also drains out the Arabian Sea. The Girna Basin is fed by water from Saputara region that drains down to Chankapur dam and from surrounding areas.

The Girna River is a tributary to Tapi River which again drains to Arabian Sea from east to west.

• The rivers have average runoff and the transport of silt load is less in rivers draining in Maharashtra as compared to Ambika and Khapri River in Gujarat.

• Majorly the streams flow in monsoon and are generally dry in summer season and there is dendritic type of pattern is present in the region.

Regional Landscape Study - Saputara, Gujarat. Masters Program in Landscape Architecture & Design, CEPT University, Batch 2012 - 2014

40 Volume of run-off water in watersheds of Saputara Region: Ambika river basin = 88.41 MCM =23% Par river basin =78.15 MCM = 20% Girna river basin = 156.57 MCM =41% Khapri river basin =59.05 MCM= 16% Total volume of water in river basins= 382.18 MCM

Girna basin 156.57 MCM

Khapri basin 59.05 MCM

(16%)

(23%)

(41%)

Ambika basin 88.41 MCM

(20%) Par basin 78.15 MCM Total volume of Runoff water in river basins 382.18 MCM

Figure 13: Runoff volume in Basins (MCM)

The quantity of run-off water in all the basins differs from each other with respect to their topography and type of land use and land cover.

Hence the data will help identifying at a broader scale the critical areas with more run-off and which are needed to be conserved.

Water conservation in Region: Water conservation measures have been taken up by the people to build checkdams close to their settlements, for storing and percolating the water.

The smaller sized checkdams built along the streams of Khapri and Ambika Rivers has helped increasing the ground water level of the surrounding area.The larger checkdams in size constructed in the areas of Ambika and Girna river basin stores the water in reservoirs constructed in every micro catchment areas which otherwise would drain out to Tapi river.

Calculation: The runoff coefficients with respect to the study region is considered based on following

• Barlow’s table (Source: Manual on artificial recharge of ground water, Central Groundwater board) • Slope, Vegetation, Rainfall and Soil type Calculations of total volume of water in the basins of the region and total volume as runoff in the basin.

Regional Landscape Study - Saputara, Gujarat. Masters Program in Landscape Architecture & Design, CEPT University, Batch 2012 - 2014

41

2.7 Vegetation Density:

(Map 18: Vegetation map; Source: 1 Forest Ecology Volume 1, G.S. Puri, 2) Satellite Image (Google), 3) Quadrat Study readings, on site Observations & Interview with the forest department personnel, Ahwa)

0

LEGEND

2.0

5.0

State Boundary

River / Streams

Category 1

Reserved Forest Boundary

Regional Boundary

Check Dams

Category 2

Area Under Reserved Forest

Sub-Regional Boundary

Water Body / Reservoir

Category 3

National / State Highway Settlements

Area Outside Reserved Forest

Category 4

(38%)

Figure 14: Category 1 Category 4 (22%) (53%)

(8%) Category 3 (12%)

10.0 Kms

Category 2

(62%) Reserved Forest Area

Figure 15: Reserved Forest Cover Note: The above Percentage of Reserved forest is within the study Area.

Forest typology:

Category 1:

a. Forest type - Deciduous Teak forest

Vegetation density 0 - 10 % - Agricultural / barren land with almost no tree cover.

Series i) Dry deciduous teak forest series)

(Terminalia-Anogeissus latifolia-Tectona

Vegetation density 10 - 40 % - Scrub land with low tree cover.

ii) Intermediate between dry and moist deciduous teak forest – series)

Category 2:

(Tectona Terminalia-Adina-Anogeissus

(Source: G.S.Puri book, Refer Annexure V for further details.)

Category 3: Vegetation density 40 -70 % - Moderate tree cover.

Category 4: Vegetation density > 70 % - Good dense forest.

Regional Landscape Study - Saputara, Gujarat. Masters Program in Landscape Architecture & Design, CEPT University, Batch 2012 - 2014

Defining the Study Area

Vegetation types

Dry deciduous teak forest

Intermediate deciduous teak forest

M o i s t deciduous teak forest

Series

( Te r m i n a l i a Anogeissus latifolia-Tectona series)

( T e c t o n a Terminalia-series)

( T e c t o n a Terminalia-AdinaAnogeissus series)

(Tectona-DilleniaLagerstroemiaTerminalia series)

Range of rainfall (mm)

800-1800

1100-1800

1800-2500

2000-4000

Length of season months)

6-8

5-7

7-8

3-7

dry (in

42

Table 2- Vegetation type with corresponding Rainfall range and length of dry season Source : Forest Ecology (volume I) – G.S Puri

i) Dry deciduous teak forest (Terminalia-Anogeissus latifolia -Tectona series ) • This is a mixed population of deciduous species.

• Top canopy has a maximum height of 20-25 m and is more or less closed.

• Second storey consists of small trees, 10-15 m high.

• Undergrowth is formed of shrubs and is generally devoid of grasses in the best closed stands • Annual rainfall ranges from 800 to 1800 mm.

• Dry season lasts for 6 – 8 months.

• Mean temperature of coldest month ranges from 15˚C - 20 ˚C.

ii) Intermediate between dry and moist deciduous teak forest – (Tectona Terminalia-Adina-Anogeissus series) • It is a deciduous multistoried forest • Height of dominant strata varies from 15 to 25 m reaching 30 m on best sites • Density of cover varies from 0.7 to 0.9 • Frequency of Anogeissus latifolia is lower compared to Dry deciduous teak forest however the characteristic species of Moist deciduous teak forests like Dillenia pentagyna, Lagerstroemia lanceolata, Terminalia paniculata do not make appearance in intermediate types.

Corresponding types of Champion’s classification – these type correspond to the South Indian moist deciduous forest and dry teak forests of Champion’s (1936) classification.

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b. Degradation stages of the dry deciduous forest:

Figure 16: Degradation stages

• Under the influence of destructive factors, plant cover is less dense and the physiognomy of the stand is in the form of an open forest.

• Depending upon the mode of degradation, fire or grazing, the forest shows two types of deteriorations, one towards

savanna types when fires are important, stimulating grass growth.

• On the other hand, heavy browsing leads to scrub and thicket type of degradation where the palatable species disappear leaving behind thorny elements and grass cover is completely eliminated, due to dearth of inflammable material fire cannot pass through thickets.

c. Thus the seral stages of degradation met with in the series are – • With fire as a destructive agent 1. Savanna woodland, 2. Tree savanna, 3. Shrub savanna

• With grazing factor – 1. Scrub woodland, 2. Closed thicket, 3. Discontinuous thorny thicket, 4. Scattered shrubs, 5. Pseudo steppe

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d. Deciduous teak forest – seral stages of degradation 01- Open forest - this type results from over-exploitation of the deciduous forest and characterizes the ‘woodlands’, ‘protected forests’ on which the public has right of lopping trees.

Height of forest is of the order of 10 – 12 m and density – 0.3 – 0.6.sclimax species. Composition of tree species is the same as climax species.

02- Tree savanna - this is the common physiognomy of the forests which results from shifting cultivation.

They tend towards savanna woodland in the valley and towards shrub savanna on the driest and degraded sites.

Principal species is terminalia tomentosa which is left standing when areas are brought under cultivation

03- Shrub savanna - this type is found in the neighborhood of human habitations, along the roads and railway tracks.

It results from over-exploitation of fuel-wood. The dispersed shrubs are Carrisa congesta, Caseria tomentosa, Euphorbia neriifolia, Holarrhena antidysenterica, Ixora coccinea, Woodfordia fruticosa and Ziziphus rugosa.

The soil is covered with more or less complete cover of grasses and herbs.

04- Thicket - In this type the trees are scattered and the understorey forms a dense but penetrable mass.

Degradation is more towards the habitations.

The stands having undergone heavy illicit felling, cutting and grazing abound in xerophytic species.

This has also resulted in stunted trees and shrubby appearance.

The physiognomy is described as low broken cover of bushy growth 3-6 m high with stunted tree species like Terminalia tomentosa, Anogeissus latifolia, Madhuca indica, Diospyros melanoxylon, Cleistanthus, collinus, Buchanania lanzan, and Lagerstroemia parviflora.

(Figure 17: Seral stages; Source – Forest Ecology, Volume I, G S Puri)

e. FOREST CHARACTERISTICS: • The forest of the Dangs is the richest forest in whole of Gujarat covering 1078 Sq. Km of area.

• It contributes to half the total revenue from the forests of Gujarat with district’s economy depending on forests.

• The forest majorly consists of timber producing species.

• The favorability of forest in this region is due to its location on the belt of heavy rainfall.

• Local people more or less depend on forests with few requirements like Grazing and penning facilities, certain species of wood for making agricultural implements, fuel and bamboo as rafters. The people of Dangs have been given some rights and privileges for forests.

• North and East Side of hill slopes are more superior in terms of density and quality of forest than west and south side. Many hills are grassy and partially blank on the south shoulder when a few meters over the ridge the vegetation is dense.

• Extreme variation in quality, density and irregular age class distribution. One compartment may have moist, semimoist and dry type mixed irregularly and intimately. This extreme variability renders forest a profound importance for silvicultural researches. Moist teak to dry teak from west to east.

However, forests have suffered depletion, because of the ever increasing pressure for firewood, fodder and timber.

These concessions need to be regulated and procedure and criteria for enjoying these privileges need to be changed.

These concessions including grazing should remain related to the carrying capacity of forests. Of all the concessions, the top priority is accorded to those relating to firewood and grazing, because these are basic

f. FEW OF THE REASONS BEHIND FOREST DEPLETION IN THE REGION ARE DISCUSSED BELOW: i - Privileges for the tribal • Cutting and removal of reeds in addition to grass and dead leaves allowed under general privilege.

• Removal of fallen dead wood for the gatherer’s own use only. This privilege is liable to be cancelled if it is found to be abused and deadwood is manufactured.

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45

• Collection and removal for the gatherers own use and for sale, all minor products except Hirda and Moha flowers which are strictly reserved.

• Removal of Karvi for Agricultural purposes. ii - Anthropogenic influences: • Man being the vital agency to cause destruction to these forests directly or indirectly. Activities like Cultivation, Lopping, Illicit Cutting, Fires etc. are quite prominent.

• Tribal in great numbers of adjoining districts of Maharashtra have migrated to these tracts and trying to bring more

and more area under cultivation.

• Pressures on forests have increased owing to an increase in population and dearth of alternative sources of income.

They rely very much on cultivation. ia- Cultivation and lopping The protected forests have been subjected to heavy unauthorized cultivation. The occupancy rights given in the protected forests have led to more land under cultivation and have reduced the total area of Protected Forest to 1/5th. Cultivation also causes continuous damage to the roots of the standing trees. Not only in protected forests, the lopping has increased in adjoining reserved forests. The tahal purpose is one of the reason for it .The effective area under tree clad protected forests have decreased prominently hence made it difficult to meet the demands of free grants to dangis from this region. Bamboo has almost disappeared from these areas.

Rights of burning and lopping have done extensive damage to forests.

ib- Illicit cutting It has increased tremendously since last 10 years. There have been very few instances of illicit cutting for commercial purposes, but there is an excessive pressure on these forests from local people for their daily requirement. ic-Forest fires • Causes All caused by humans , most of them intentional and not accidental. Conditions during summer are very dry rendering these forests very vulnerable to fire. Crown fires are rare , but ground fires are very frequent causing excessive deficiency of natural regeneration and young crops. The risk and damage is more in summers since undergrowth is dry along with dry leaf litter and dry wood making a forest highly inflammable.

• Effects Due to burning of leaf litter, the fertility of soil gets diminished by destruction of (after burning) humus which gets washed away by rain water or blown away by wind causing soil erosion. Although they don’t result into right death of big trees but the base of trees gets scorched resulting in hollowness. Repeated fire causes extensive damage to the natural regeneration process.

• Precautions Establishments of fire stations, fire watchers equipped with wireless transmission system Fire lines on various boundaries (External, compartment, roads, young plantations) which actually are cleared of ground vegetation to prevent fire. Fire registers and Fire Maps are being prepared which could be used in emergencies.

g- Grazing: i. Grazing is severe and unrestricted in the forest areas due to high cattle population and the forest areas being adjacent to villages and agricultural fields. Continuous, unlimited grazing is fatal to tree growth – absence of natural regeneration. ii. Due to absence of soil cover in the form of vegetation or grasses on some of the areas, they have become very prone to erosion. iii. The soil depth in heavily grazed areas is very less and in some places, soil erosion has already taken place and parent rock is seen exposed. Damage is mainly from domesticated cattle. Damage due to wild animals is practically nil. iv. With increasing pressure on land for cultivation, the areas set aside for grazing were also brought under cultivation which increased the grazing pressure on forests.

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v. Village grazing lands are being cultivated and the cattle have to depend upon whatever grazing facilities are available in the adjoining forests only. vi. The forests in this division, except certain very steep and hilly areas, are accessible to cattle for grazing. vii. The grazing fees were totally abolished. No efforts were made to regulate it as per carrying capacity of the forest. viii. Main features of grazing practice of local population: ix. Stall feeding of working bullocks is practiced for about 3-4 months during rainy season in a year. x. After rains there remains heavy grazing pressure on the reserved forests. xi. Remote areas are grazed during scarcity period. Thus during summer, cattle have to wander longer distances for fodder. h. Adverse effects of grazing: i. Palatable grasses are continuously eaten away and do not get and chance to grow until seeds are ripped. Unpalatable are left in grazed and these grow and produce seed. ii. Due to decline in growth of the palatable grasses, the cattle have to roam around much area to feed them. This gives rise to trampling damage which deleterious effect on regeneration. Soil becomes compact and consequently percolation ability becomes less and run-off becomes more. iii. The cattle coming for grazing had to go back half starved as the production of palatable grass is poor.

j. UTILISATION OF THE FOREST PRODUCE i- Agriculture customs Dangis take a large share in all forest works like felling, fashioning, dragging, timber working and other operations.

They have a separate forest laborer co operative societies.

The societies are only interested in felling of trees hence made them negligibly sensible towards the protection of forests. Most of the tribes remained landless laborers. With the advent of societies many people knew only about felling of trees which resulted in more and more dependence on forest falling.

2/3 of Villagers depend on agriculture which occurs on the flat portions of the land. Crops like Nagli (Staple Food), paddy, jowar and bajra are grown. Encroachments on the forest land for cultivation is increasing .The preparation of tahal for preparing seed beds is also further eating up the forest cover.

Urgent need of augmenting the income from farmlands is necessary to reduce the dependency on forests for sustenance.

The system of rotational grazing should be followed.

ii- Domestic use Generally (Kutcha) crude huts are made of teak poles and bamboos with roof either thatched or covered with country tiles (Nalia) , walls are made of bamboo splits or thick bamboo matting plastered with mud on both sides.

Houses use mud floors with cow dung plaster .Roofs are generally low and very few houses have windows.

iii- Marketable produce Major forest produce includes timber, firewood, charcoal, and industrial woods Minor forest produce comprises bamboo, grasses, gums, fruits, flowers, leaves, barks, medicinal herbs etc.

k. REGENERATION i. Present Situation: Natural regeneration of tree species (except superior species) is almost absent and wherever observed is not at all adequate to compensate removal of mature trees.

Natural regeneration is burdened with rights and privileges, uncontrolled grazing and forest fires. ii. Possible solution: The appropriate silviculture practice would be to control and reduce biotic pressure. Natural regeneration is not adequate; it should always be supplemented by artificial regeneration of natural species in the form of gap planting so that gaps should not remain after selection cum improvement felling. Rotational grazing and intensive fire protections are needed.

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2.8 Land use:

Map 19: Land use map

0

2.0

5.0

10.0 Kms

LEGEND State Boundary

River / Streams

Forest

Reserved Forest Boundary

Regional Boundary

Check Dams

Scrub

Area Under Reserved Forest

Sub-Regional Boundary

Water Body / Reservoir

Agriculture

National / State Highway

Fallow

Settlements

Barren/ Uncultivable land

Forest Agriculture (32%) (52%)

Prevalent Conditions along:

Agriculture Fallow (8%) Scrub Land (0.8%) Rural Area (0.2%) Scrub Forest (7%)

1. Highways and road connections Figure 18: Pie diagram • The national highway running across the two states show a stark difference due to changes in landuse.

• The Gujarat side has forest cover with lesser density to show and the Maharashtra has put the good conditions available for agriculture.

• The other road connections show lesser vegetation density in forested areas and agricultural use in the remaining areas for ease of transportation of agricultural produce.

2. Along rivers banks and water bodies • The banks of the Ambika, Par, Punand and Girna river have been exploited for agricultural purpose.

• The amount of exploitation is very significant on the Maharashtra side of Ambika river.

• The water bodies like Chankapur dam, Borgoan dam have significant areas of agricultural land around it and it shows

signs of encroachment.

• The areas which are closer to the dam and comprising of steeper slopes have been left undisturbed due to difficulty in agriculture practice.Significant areas being near Surgana,Talpada,Khirad,Lingame.

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Defining the Study Area

48

3. Around settlements: • The settlements which are located within the reserve forest of Gujarat state show significant encroachment and loss

in density of vegetation at site when compared to existing landuse.

• The settlements again within the two states show stark difference in terms of landuse. The forest area have been encroached upon in certain areas like shribhuvan & agriculture lands shows cycles of productivity & non productivity.

General observations: • The forest cover has been protected significantly better in Gujarat than in Maharashtra.

• The forest area is encroached upon in Surgana and pockets of agricultural land are found within these areas.

• The agricultural land is put to good use in Maharashtra for growing paddy,strawberries, ragi due to good water availability and soil conditions.

• The forest area around Chankapur dam needs to be conserved so that the catchment area is not allowed to degrade further and allow siltation of the dam.

• Areas around the Chankapur, Borgaon dam and other water storage areas have dense agricultural practice.

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49

CHAPTER II: ANALYSIS OF NATURAL RESOURCES

Regional Landscape Study - Saputara, Gujarat. Masters Program in Landscape Architecture & Design, CEPT University, Batch 2012 - 2014

Analysis of Natural Resources

1.0 Soil Erosion Susceptibility:

Map 20: Soil erosion susceptibility map (Source: )

0

2.0

5.0

50

10.0 Kms

LEGEND State Boundary

River / Streams

Regional Boundary

Check Dams

Sub-Regional Boundary

Water Body / Reservoir 1A Steep Slope with Vegetation Susceptible to Erosion 1B Steep Slope with Rocky Outcrop with no vegetation

National / State Highway Settlements

1C High Erosion Susceptibility, Steep Slope with no vegetation 1D High Erosion Susceptibility, Steep Slope with Open Forest, Scrub Land Moderate Erosion Susceptibility, moderate Slopes with Open Forest, Scrub Land Low Erosion Susceptibility, Gentle Slopes with Open Forest, Scrub Land Least Erosion Susceptibility, Almost Flat Surface with Open Forest, Scrub Land

a. Soil Erosion Susceptibility Methodology: The parameters considered for analyzing erosion susceptibility were Slope, Vegetation Density, and Soil Texture

i. Marking critical slopes: First stage involved identifying range of slopes, critical with respect to erosion. The range identified for the same was: Category

Slope range

Category 1 Category 2 Category 3 Category 4

>33% 15-33% 5-15% 0-5%

Table 3: Slope range

iii. Vegetation overlay:

Erosion susceptibility High Moderate Low Least

ii. Soil Map Overlay: The overlay that followed was with respect to soil texture encountered across the region. The soil texture encountered within the region was Clayey, Loamy and Loamy skeletal. Soil erosion governed by soil texture varies with clayey soil with high, loamy soil with moderate and loamy skeletal with low erosion susceptibility. These conditions when overlapped with the previously identified critical slope gave a detail overlay with respect to soil texture and critical slope.

The next stage was identification of sensitive areas with respect to vegetation density such that dense forest with >70% cover on steep slopes was marked as sensitive with probability of erosion. Scrublands with respect to slope were identified as having high erosion susceptibility. This susceptibility towards erosion decreased with increasing vegetation cover. Thus the conditions governing erosion susceptibility with respect to vegetation and slope were:

Regional Landscape Study - Saputara, Gujarat. Masters Program in Landscape Architecture & Design, CEPT University, Batch 2012 - 2014

Analysis of Natural Resources

Category

Vegetation density on Steep to moderate slopes

Erosion susceptibility

Category 1 Category 2 Category 3 Category 4

Dense forest (>70% forest cover) Forest (40-70% forest cover) Open forest Scrubland

Low Moderate High High

51

Table 4: Vegetation density

Table 5: Analysis table

b. Erosion susceptibility analysis table: Inference: Final erosion susceptibility obtained with respect to the three overlays inferred on the identification of following zones: Zone Zone 1A Zone 1B Zone 1C Zone 1D Zone 2 Zone 3 Zone 4

Description Steep slope with dense forest susceptible to erosion Steep slope with rocky outcrop with no vegetation High erosion susceptibility, steep slopes with no vegetation High erosion susceptibility, steep slopes with open forest, scrubland Moderate erosion susceptibility, moderate slopes with open forest, scrubland Low erosion susceptibility, gentle slopes with open forest, scrubland Least erosion susceptibility, almost flat terrain with open forest, scrubland

Table 6: Zone wise description Regional Landscape Study - Saputara, Gujarat. Masters Program in Landscape Architecture & Design, CEPT University, Batch 2012 - 2014

Analysis of Natural Resources

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c. Inference table alternative: Zone 1A – Steep slope with vegetation susceptible to erosion: Existing dense forest on steep slope with a probability of erosion. This identified zone can be considered as sensitive and suitable conservation measures should be n part of applied to prevent degradation in future.

Zone 1B – Steep slope with rocky outcrop and no vegetation:

Rocky outcrops encountered in some areas along the major escarpment and ridges in the south-eastern part of the region, are devoid of any vegetation. These areas with its natural erosion processes may be left as it is in its existing state.

Zone 1C – High erosion susceptibility, steep slope with no vegetation: This zone possesses high erosion susceptibility due to lack of vegetation, unbound soil and shallow soil cover including a steep gradient. Establishment of vegetation along with adequate soil conservation measures in the form of contour bunds, trenches and terracing etc. should be applied to arrest erosion.

Zone 1D – High erosion susceptibility, steep slope with open forest,scrubland: This zone possesses high erosion susceptibility due to a degraded state of vegetation in the form of scrubland and open forest. Proposals should be channelled towards upgrading the current state of forest to dense forest; i.e. zone 1D to zone 1A.

Zone 2 – Moderate erosion susceptibility, moderate slopes with open forest, scrubland: This zone has moderate erosion susceptibility owning to a moderate gradient with some amount of vegetation. Soil conservation measures should be applied to restore the soil and vegetation to better condition, in order to decrease susceptibility of erosion.

Zone 3 – Low erosion susceptibility, gentle slopes with open forest, scrubland: Although this zone possesses low susceptibility towards erosion, the existing state of vegetation in the form of open forest and scrubland should be upgraded to dense forest over appropriate succession period.

Zone 4 – Least erosion susceptibility, almost flat terrain with open forest, scrubland: The least erosion susceptibility condition for this zone can be met with soil conservation measures to conserve soil, vegetation and reduce erosion over the larger context of the entire region.

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Analysis of Natural Resources

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2.0 Ground water holding and recharge potential:

(Map 21: Ground water holding and recharge potential map; Source: )

LEGEND

0

2.0

5.0

10.0 Kms

GROUND WATER RECHARGE POTENTIAL Zone 1A Zone 3B

State Boundary

River / Streams

Regional Boundary

Check Dams

Zone 1B

Sub-Regional Boundary

Water Body / Reservoir

Zone 2A

National / State Highway

Zone 2B

Settlements

Zone 3A

Zone 4

The presence of dykes is considered most suitable areas for recharge because on interception of criss -cross dykes the surface water eventually collects gradually in that area.

River and stream edges with areas of alluvium deposition are also considered high recharge potential .Loamy skeletal soil has high percolation rate, is also considered in this category.

Flat, moderately sloping areas is considered less suitable for recharge. Loamy soil has less percolation rate, is considered in this category.

And the remaining area with basaltic formation and clayey soil which shows least percolation is considered in least potential zone for recharge.

Hydrology map, Geology map, Soil map, Elevation map, Vegetation map in a sequence are overlaid for determining ground water recharge potential of the region.

Table no.7 Zones / Factors

Geology

ZONE 1 A

DYKES

ZONE 1 B ZONE 2 A ZONE 2 B ZONE 3 A ZONE 3 B ZONE 4

HIGH RECHARGE POTENTIAL ZONE

ALLUVIUM OR BASALT

LEAST RECHARGE POTENTIAL ZONE BASALT

Soil ANY TYPE , WELL DRAINED

DYKES

MODERATE RECHARGE POTENTIAL RIVER EDGE AND ZONE ALLUVIUM LESS RECHARGE POTENTIAL ZONE

Slope

0-10%

LOAMY SKELETAL LOAMY CLAYEY

Vegetation DENSE DEGRADED DENSE DEGRADED DENSE DEGRADED DENSE

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Analysis of Natural Resources

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3.0 Vegetation Degradation:

(Map 22: Vegetation degradation map; Source: )

LEGEND

0 VEGETATION DEGRADATION No Degradation

State Boundary

River / Streams

Regional Boundary

Check Dams

Least Degradation

Sub-Regional Boundary

Water Body / Reservoir

Moderate Degradation

National / State Highway

High Degradation

Settlements

Degradation due to Encroachment (within R.F.)

2.0

5.0

10.0 Kms

Degradation due to other Biotic Factors (within R.F.) Area Outside Reserved Forest Sparse Vegetation on Rocky Outcrop Reserved Forest Boundary

a. Methodology followed to map vegetation degradation within the reserved forest. i. The degradation stages of the forest are being mapped considering the following factors. ia. Vegetation density ib. Slope/topography ic. Reserved forest boundary d. On-site observations, interviews with the local people and forest department personnel and relevant data acquired from the forest department. ii. The factors responsible for the degradation of the forest are - Encroachment, within the reserved forest, mainly for agriculture purposes.

- Other biotic factors, which include cattle grazing, felling and lopping of good timber producing trees, forest fires and exploitation of forest for acquiring other forest produce.

Observations: i. High degradation is seen on the western side of the region, the reason being encroachment within the forest for agriculture practices. ii. Least/no degradation observed in the Gujarat state (north of the region) due to other biotic factors since most of the villages have higher percentage of tribal population dependant on forest produce for their living.

This region has high potential to be regenerated into a good forest with proper forest management practices and guidelines. iii. Moderate degradation seen along the scattered arms of the reserved forest boundary showing signs of exploitation along the edges of the forest.

The further exploitation of the forest along these edges can be checked by proposing buffer planting along the edges.

Regional Landscape Study - Saputara, Gujarat. Masters Program in Landscape Architecture & Design, CEPT University, Batch 2012 - 2014

Analysis of Natural Resources

55

4.0 Eco Zones:

(Figure 23: Eco zones map; Source: )

LEGEND

0 ZONES Zone I - Most Critical

State Boundary

River / Streams

Regional Boundary

Check Dams

Zone II - Moderately Critical

Sub-Regional Boundary

Water Body / Reservoir

Zone III - Low

National / State Highway

Zone IV - Least Critical

Settlements

Figure 19: Pie diagram

• •

• • •

2.0

Zone 4 (Least Critical)

(28%)

(12%) Zone 3 (Low)

5.0

10.0 Kms

Zone 1 (Most Critical) (41%)

(19%)

Zone 2 (Moderately Critical) Categorizing the opportunities and limitations that a study region offers are the determining factors to define the ecozones.

The parameters considered for defining these zones were slope of land along with the presence or absence of vegetation to evaluate the erosion susceptibility of the land , ground water recharge potential based on understanding of underlying geology and terrain along with presence or absence of vegetation and quality of vegetation cover over the region.

The overlay of this data enables to identify the zones with similar intrinsic values that determine the potential and suitability of the land to allocate it an appropriate land use.

The aim is to conserve and preserve the healthy / sensitive sites, upgrade the degraded sites wherever possible and utilize the degraded areas for development where upgrading is not possible.

On this basis study region is divided in four zones which form the basis for preparing planning guidelines for sustainable development using natural resources.

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Table 8: PROBLEM ANALYSIS CHART: Source: Detailed Report IWMP 2009-2010; IWMP,Barmyawad; District Watershed Development Unit, Dang; Gujarat State Watershed Management Agency

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CHAPTER III: PROPOSAL FOR THE REGION

Regional Landscape Study - Saputara, Gujarat. Masters Program in Landscape Architecture & Design, CEPT University, Batch 2012 - 2014

Proposal for the Region

58

1.0 Proposal and Guidelines:

(Map 24: Proposal and guidelines map; Source: )

0

2.0

5.0

10.0 Kms

LEGEND Afforestation in degraded and fragmented patches Zone for Agro-forestry silviculture practises Water Intensive Practises

Rocky terrain

and

Silviculture

Processing units probable locations - within Reserved Forest boundary near settlements

Eco Zone - 1 (Most Critical) Forest Cover to be Conserved

Processing units probable locations outside Reserved Forest boundary

Eco Zone - 2 (Moderately Critical) to be upgraded to Forest Cover

Chief marketing centres probable locations

Reserved Forest boundary

• Adequate forest management strategies are to be incorporated with the help of tribal population turning it into a

self-management practice where they help in the betterment of forest area with income from MTP, horticulture and alternative self-improvement schemes. • More emphasis is to be given to the Minor Forest Produce plantations.

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Proposal for the Region

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Table no. 9 Zone

Main Proposal Intent

Detail Methods • Joining up of Degraded Fragments with forest cover to achieve a continuous core • Introduction of various local forest species within the

• Aim to conserve existing dense forest

monoculture species .Like bamboo , etc which serve as minor forest produce to the tribal population

• Encouraging agro forestry in already existing agricultural fields Zone 1 – Most • Coexistence of tribal population Critical as an additive income source and forest through ways of minor • Establishing of Minor forest produce cottage level processing forest produce units • Adequate buffer along interface with other zones. Example : Forest – Road Edges , Forest- Settlement Edges , and ForestWater body Buffer • Introduction of various local forest species within the

• Up gradation to Dense forest Zone 2 – Moderately Critical

cover by way of succession and natural regeneration

monoculture species .Like bamboo , etc which serve as minor forest produce to the tribal population • Adequate buffer along interface with other zones. Example :

• Controlling biotic pressures

Forest – Road Edges , Forest- Settlement Edges , and ForestWater body Buffer • Agro forestry as an alternative practise in addition to agriculture

• Control over agricultural expansion • Up gradation to Dense forest cover by natural regeneration Zone 3 – Low

and biotic pressure

and strip planting.

• Promoting alternative practises of • Rotational grazing practise could be applied on fallow land. sustenance

• Increase water potential by provision of shallow ponds on fallow land.

Zone 4 – Least Critical

• Encouragement of agro based ,

cottage

opportunities

level

economic

• Areas of maximum intervention should lie within this zone with a sustainable approach of development.

• Developing Fallow land with vegetative cover and increasing water potential of the place

Regional Landscape Study - Saputara, Gujarat. Masters Program in Landscape Architecture & Design, CEPT University, Batch 2012 - 2014

Table 10: Effective Landscape management

Source: ‘Dang Perspective’ report on the Dang district by CEE, Ahmedabad

development

monitoring - infrastructure

through - periodic

management of resources

community participation in

self-help groups, NGOs,

forest department,

Governance through

Improved forestry practices

Upgradation of degraded and fragmented patches to healthy eco-system

Fire lines maintenance; Prevent illicit tree felling; Clearing of invasive species; Adequate buffer plantation along exposed edges

Forest restoration measures Movement corridors to be re-established through vegetative measures

Obtain non-timber forest produce – secure forest resource dependency

Afforestation, plantations, agro horticulture

Increased agricultural productivity

Increased animal husbandry productivity

Regional Landscape Study - Saputara, Gujarat. Masters Program in Landscape Architecture & Design, CEPT University, Batch 2012 - 2014

Cattle troughs at community level

Drinking water availability

Agro-based enterprises from household scale to community scale; tourism related opportunities; milk co-operatives; cottage industries

Alternate / supplementary source of income through, MFP, firewood, fodder, raw material availability for agro-based industry

Wadi programs

Irrigation system

Water harvesting structures, check dams, farm ponds, recharge wells, roof top water harvesting structures at household and community levels, watershed development programs

Improved socio-economic status Annual income growth Migration reduction

Maximum market price Unemployment

Improved agricultural practices

Improved animal husbandry

Pasture development, cattle feed development program, barren/ wasteland under agro-forestry

Soil moisture conservation, prevent loss of soil cover and nutrients

Contours bunds, contours trenches, farm bunds

Use of water storage structures at household level

Demonstrating use of alternative fuel like biogas; Effective solid waste and grey management - at community level for vermi-composting, farm yard manure, Improved hygiene and sanitation conditions

Livelihood and micro— enterprise activities

Effective Landscape Management - Physical Measures for Conservation & Mitigation Guidelines

Proposal for the Region

60

Proposal for the Region

Soil erosion mitigation

61

Figure 20: Stone bunds on steep slopes to Figure 21: Silt accumulation on bunds reduce erosion

Figure 22: Establishment of bamboo in Open forest and plantations through gap planting

Figure 23: Establishment of Trees along Figure 24: Contour bunds on slope farm bunds or inside the agricultural with shallow ponds fields which will be an added return to the farmers

Figure 25: Horticulture trees with traditional crops in farmlands as an added commodity in agricultural fields

Silviculture practices

Fire Line Management

Figure 26: Fire line on ride with ground vegetation scraped off

Settlements

Figure 27: Establishments of Succulents and Clearing of Tree foliage on the fire line edge

Plantations Riparian zone Stream

Forest edge

Buffer - Plantation, agriculture

Forest edge

Buffer - Plantation, agriculture

Figure 28: Village edge with buffer near river Figure 29: Road edge with buffer near open or dense forest and water bodies

Settlements

Forest - Dense or open

Figure 30: Settlement edge with plantations as buffer within Reserved forest Regional Landscape Study - Saputara, Gujarat. Masters Program in Landscape Architecture & Design, CEPT University, Batch 2012 - 2014

Proposal for the Region

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Table 11: ZONE 1– DENSE FOREST, AREAS HIGHLY SUSCEPTIBLE TO EROSION, AREAS WITH EXCELLENT WATER RECHARGE POTENTIAL: Zone

Existing Scenario

Proposal

Methods suggested

1

Existing dense forest Vegetation cover regeneration degradation - natural regeneration absent

Restoration of existing forest (Reserve Forest) condition through control over biotic interference Strictly prohibit grazing in sensitive zone 01 Providing protection from illicit cutting, lopping of trees, rab burning, illegal cultivation which damages roots of standing trees through strict monitoring, live hedge fencing Encourage natural regeneration supplemented with plantations and forest species in gap planting

Prevention of monoculture of species

Encouraging afforestation through mixed species planting. (Refer Plant List Annexure)

Bamboo has almost disappeared from Encourage growth of bamboo in gap the region post flowering in 2005 planted at 5m c/c Procurement of minor forest produce Plantations along forest buffers and on under proper management. barren lands to include species with greater economic and subsistence values.

Farm bunds and periphery plantation to include species apart from teak trees with good minor forest produce output. (Refer Plant List Annexure) Fragmented Reserved Forest narrow Scrub lands adjoining the fragmented patches to be made continuous patches to be vegetated with native species and continuous patch to be developed connecting these patches to the core forest.

Exposed edge to be planted with buffer vegetation to prevent expansion of agriculture into the forest.

Prevention of agriculture expansion into forest of villages adjacent to reserved forest boundary and secure forest dependency of villagers

Forest fire

Vegetative buffers in the form of mixed forest species plantations, plantation of medically and endangered important species as an alternative to meet fuel wood and fodder requirements of villagers.

(Refer Plant List Annexure)

Provision and maintenance of Maintenance and periodic cleaning of adequate fire lines/breaks within fire lines Reserved forest and along periphery at Prohibit rab burning in malki lands strategic locations Planting plant succulent species like agave, or bamboo breaks along fire lines to slow down rate of spread of fire. Refer Plant List Annexure for fire resistant species.

Regional Landscape Study - Saputara, Gujarat. Masters Program in Landscape Architecture & Design, CEPT University, Batch 2012 - 2014

Proposal for the Region

Zone

Existing Scenario

Proposal

1

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Methods suggested Employ local community in maintenance of Fire breaks.

Non-vegetated areas susceptible to erosion

Prohibit grazing in such areas

Live hedge fencing, planting of unpalatable species like Pongamia pinnata or thorny Acacia varieties along the periphery of demarcated area

Soil moisture conservation

Establish adequate vegetative cover through Vetiver grass etc. Refer recommended plant list.

Erosion Susceptible areas to be graded Grading in terms of trenches, contour accordingly to breakdown runoff speed bunds and nala bunds.

For water conservation works, check Check dams can be constructed of dams can be constructed at strategic locally procured materials such as locations boulders.

Degraded wildlife corridors due to forest fragmentation 1. Water bodies within/ adjacent to RF

Water conservation through creation of water holes to attract small mammals, birds, reptiles Re-establishing corridors for wildlife movement and plant species distribution

Prohibit grazing, human intervention Encourage adequate aquatic/riparian habitat to promote existing water bodies as water holes for wildlife.

(Refer guidelines for wild life corridor design).

2. Water bodies not within RF with scarce/ no vegetation around

Encourage establishment of native vegetation along rivers as connectors to join fragmented areas of Reserved Forest

Major linkages - Green buffer Haphazard development along highway

Around 100m wide green buffer belt be left around national highway Buffer will consist of vegetated zones, agriculture, plantations etc.

Culverts to act as movement corridors at road cross-overs along stream courses.(Refer policies and guidelines)

Regional Landscape Study - Saputara, Gujarat. Masters Program in Landscape Architecture & Design, CEPT University, Batch 2012 - 2014

Proposal for the Region

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Table 12: ZONE 2 – OPEN FORESTS, MODERATE SOIL EROSION SUSCEPTIBILITY, AREAS WITH MODERATE WATER RECHARGE POTENTIAL Zone

Existing Scenario

Proposal

2

Open forests – first stage Restoring vegetation cover for areas within Reserved Forests of degradation

Methods suggested Prohibit grazing in sensitive areas.

Keep a check on excessive grazing by various measures like rotational grazing, creating pastures outside Reserved forest boundary on nonarable lands, stall feeding, prohibit grazing during monsoons etc.

Plantations in areas outside reserved Forest encouraging species which are productive to local people NTFP Educating the local people about environmental importance of forest, and enhancing public participation in its conservation through suitable policy frameworks with Joint Forest Management practices. (Refer Policies and Guidelines)

Prevention of agriculture expansion into forest of villages adjacent to reserved forest boundary and secure forest dependency of villagers

Excessive extraction Surface water conservation of ground water near settlements

Vegetative buffers in the form of mixed forest species plantations, plantation of medically and endangered important species as an alternative to meet fuel wood and fodder requirements of villagers Improving water potential by slowing runoff, increased infiltration and recharge Construction of: Roof top water harvesting structures at household level.

Farm bunds and ponds within the fields using local materials like stone.

Check dams along streams and encouraging ground water recharge potential through recharge wells

Areas with good water Soil moisture conservation; surface recharge potential devoid run off water conservation; establish of vegetation and any vegetation cover without settlements along streams

Establish riparian buffers along water streams and water bodies Encourage adequate aquatic/riparian habitat to promote existing water bodies as water holes for wildlife and act as movement corridors

High soil erosion due Soil stabilization through vegetative to rainwater runoff as a restoration of the degraded land major erosive agent – Areas within Reserved Forest

Soil stabilization measures including ground cover establishment, mulching, bunds to prevent washing away of soil cover.

Afforestation measures with suitable planting sequence strategies. (Refer Plant List Annexure)

Regional Landscape Study - Saputara, Gujarat. Masters Program in Landscape Architecture & Design, CEPT University, Batch 2012 - 2014

Proposal for the Region

Zone 2

Existing Scenario

Proposal

65

Methods suggested

practices along Areas outside Reserved Soil moisture conservation works for silvicultural forest – agricultural fields, farms, agro-forestry and silviculture, wastelands; creation of pasture lands through sequential planting fallow lands, non-arable developing pasture lands lands

Probable villages

expansion

of Sustainable practices of development Educating to be promoted.

the villagers about sustainable agricultural practices and importance of forest and wildlife management, sustainable use of forest produce (Refer Policies and Guidelines) Eg. Material like bamboo , which brings down the timber extraction from village areas Provision of buffers around village settlements so as to stop further expansion Encouraging growth of settlements in the direction other than Zone 1

Major linkages - Green buffer Haphazard development along highway

Around 100m wide green buffer belt be left around national highway Buffer will consist of vegetated zones, agriculture, plantations etc

Table 13: ZONE 3– SCRUB LAND, POOR WATER RECHARGE ZONES, LOW EROSION SUSCEPTIBILITY Zone 3

Existing Scenario

Proposal

Degradation of vegetative Restoring scrublands with suitable cover to scrub land regeneration period. due to various biotic interferences

Methods suggested Restoration to be done according to the succession stage of forest type.

(Refer Plant List Annexure) Removing invasive species completely (with roots) Slow establishment of vegetative cover through strip planting which would establish forest in these areas with time Providing buffers on the boundaries of scrub land and forest areas

Water scarcity near Water conservation through increasing settlements and degraded surface water harvesting potential water recharge zones

Provision of check dams near villages so as to increase the direct availability of water as a necessary resource, reduce ground water dependency, improving the soil moisture content thus helping in improvement for agriculture, vegetative measures for soil moisture conservation

High soil erosion due Soil stabilization through vegetative to rainwater runoff as a restoration of the degraded land major erosive agent – Areas within RF

Soil stabilization measures including ground cover establishment, mulching, bunds to prevent washing away of soil cover Afforestation measures with suitable planting sequence strategies

Regional Landscape Study - Saputara, Gujarat. Masters Program in Landscape Architecture & Design, CEPT University, Batch 2012 - 2014

Proposal for the Region

Zone 3

Existing Scenario

Proposal

66

Methods suggested

Areas outside RF - Soil moisture conservation works for Practices like construction of Settlements, agricultural farms, agro-forestry and silviculture, farm bunds; agro forestry, and developing pasture lands other silvicultural practices along fields and fallow lands. wastelands; creation of pasture lands through sequential planting

Encouraging surface water bodies in the form of trenches and shallow pools on fallow lands to increase local water potential

Major linkages - Green buffer Haphazard development along highway

Around 100m wide green buffer belt be left around national highway Buffer will consist of vegetated zones, agriculture, plantations etc.

Table 14: ZONE 4– AGRICUTURAL LAND, BARREN LANDS, SETTLEMENT DENSITY HIGHER Zone 4

Existing Scenario

Proposal

Barren lands / wastelands/ Soil Stabilization non-arable lands - High run off leading to siltation of check dams

Water conservation

Land suitability

Methods suggested Establishment of ground covers, use of silt in other activities like brick making Contour bunding

Check dams – gabion and loose boulder structures where water used for irrigation and domestic purposes

Land suitable for expansion of Land use : settlements / occupation - Sustainable Low Density residences, agriculture, land use small scale and cottage industries, institutional set up Alternative income opportunities

generation Setting up of small scale agro based industries, processing units Agro-horticulture, practices

silviculture

Demarcated grazing land on non- Assign land for grazing by planting arable lands – to lessen the load on / broadcasting native and palatable forest areas grass varieties

Riparian zones - Riparian Riparian zones - Riparian corridor along Vegetated buffer of __m should be corridor along rivers and rivers and streams, seasonal water left along the banks, followed by agricultural fields currently present streams, seasonal water bodies are undefined bodies are undefined Along the green buffers, nurseries be developed for local communities including medical plants, horticultural trees, fodder varieties and timber species – aiding the forest department Regional Landscape Study - Saputara, Gujarat. Masters Program in Landscape Architecture & Design, CEPT University, Batch 2012 - 2014

Proposal for the Region

Zone 4

Existing Scenario

Proposal

Expansion of agricultural Sustainable including activity

67

Methods suggested agricultural

practices

Harvesting endemic and less water Mixed cropping with nagli, and intensive crops along with horticultural leguminous crops, fodder grasses trees, along periphery etc

Major linkages - Green buffer Haphazard development along highway

Around 100m wide green buffer belt be left around national highway Buffer will consist of vegetated zones, agriculture, plantations etc.

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CHAPTER IV: STUDY OF THE SUB REGION

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Chapter IV: Study of the Sub Region 1.0 Delineation of the Sub Region:

(Map 25: Delineation of the Sub region map; Source: Author

LEGEND

State Boundary

River / Streams

Regional Boundary

Check Dams

Sub-Regional Boundary

Water Body / Reservoir

National / State Highway

0

2.0

5.0

10.0 Kms

The sub region defines an extent where the immediate impact may be felt of any developmental activities happening within the Saputara limits.

The definition of the sub region has been derived from four determining factors stated below:

Settlements

Tourism aspect: A radius of 5 km around the city study region has been taken as the impact area. The farthest tourist spot taken is the Borgaon Dam which is 8.7kms from Saputara and about ten minutes by car through the main spine of NH360 (Surat - Nashik highway). The village of Malegaon has been taken in the north which is at the foothills of the elevated plateau of Saputara. This village currently supplies the necessary work force towards the service sector operating in Saputara.

Topography: These give the contours of the region and helps determine the ridges and valleys, and the implied slopes which also contributes in determining the land suitability Watersheds: These forms the natural boundaries of ridges and valleys which governs the surface hydrology. Detailed analysis determines the water availability and flow directions.

Localized physiographic factor: The final factor takes shape by tracing the foothill contour on one side and ridge within the 5 km radius on the other side.

The defined boundary shows the overlay of the various factors in determining the final boundary of the sub region.

Map 26: Process of delineation Regional Landscape Study - Saputara, Gujarat. Masters Program in Landscape Architecture & Design, CEPT University, Batch 2012 - 2014

2.1 Climate

70

Map 27: Wind pattern South - West and North - East direction: LEGEND State Boundary Regional Boundary Sub-regional Boundary National / State Highway Settlements River / Streams Check Dams Water Body / Reservoir

WIND DIRECTION

Wind Direction Windward Side Leeward Side

Wind pattern - Winds flowing from south - west direction ( May - Sep)

Wind pattern - wind flowing from north - east direction (Oct - Nov)

In summer and monsoon season, places in windward direction are suitable for human comfort.

In winter season, places in leeward direction are suitable for human comfort as cold winter winds are not desirable.

Note: Major Contours at 100 mt.

Minor Contours at 10 mt.

Grid Interval at 5 Km.

Scale : 0 1.0

2.5

Plate No.

REGI ON A L LA NDSCA PE STU DY - S A P U TA R A , GUJARAT.

WIND PATTERN (SOUTH - WEST AND NORTH - EAST DIRECTION)

MASTERS PROGRAM IN LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE & DESIGN, C . E . P.T. U N I V E R S I T Y, B AT C H 2 0 1 2 - 2 0 1 4

5.0 Kms

Study of the Sub Region

2.2 Elevation:

71

LEGEND State Boundary City Boundary National / State Highway Settlements Water Body / Reservoir 100 m to 200 m 200 m to 300 m 300 m to 400 m 400 m to 500 m 500 m to 600 m 600 m to 700 m 700 m to 800 m 800 m to 900 m 900 m to 1000 m 1000 m to 1100 m 1100 m to 1200 m 1200 m to 1300 m 1300 m to 1400 m 1400 m to 1500 m 1500 m to 1600 m

0

5.0

10.0

15.0 Kms

Map 29: Elevation map (Source: SRTM Topography Data & ARC GIS)

Elevation Map: • A distinct ridge feature running from north- east to south- west makes a steep backdrop for the sub region.

• The elevation of the town is within the range of 400m to 1050m.

• The very steep slopes from north- east side to south- west side form an escarpment distinctly dividing the area almost equally into south eastern high lands and north western low lands.

Regional Landscape Study - Saputara, Gujarat. Masters Program in Landscape Architecture & Design, CEPT University, Batch 2012 - 2014

Study of the Sub Region

2.3 Slope Analysis:

72

LEGEND State Boundary City Boundary National / State Highway Settlements Water Body / Reservoir 0-2% 2-5% 5 - 10 % 10 - 15 % 15 - 25 % 25 - 33 % 33 - 45 % Above 45 %

0

5.0

10.0

15.0 Kms

Map 28: Slope analysis (Source: SRTM Topography Data & ARC GIS)

Slope Analysis Map: • The study region, mainly consist of gentle slopes to critical slopes ranging from 5% to 100%.

• Settlements are found in the slope ranging from 5% to 25%.

• Agriculture is practiced extensively towards South-eastern sides with the help of terracing as slope in that area is ranging from 2% to 15% and thus area is prone to soil erosion.

• Major portions of the study region are on moderate slopes.

• Major ridge is mostly consisting of steep slopes with few flat surfaces.

Regional Landscape Study - Saputara, Gujarat. Masters Program in Landscape Architecture & Design, CEPT University, Batch 2012 - 2014

Study of the Sub Region

2.4 Hydrology:

73

LEGEND State Boundary City Boundary National / State Highway Settlements Water Body / Reservoir Major Stream Minor Stream Ganga River Basin Par River Basin Amibika River Basin Khapri River Basin Basin Boundary Major Watershed Minor Watershed

0

5.0

10.0

15.0 Kms

Map 30: Hydrology map (Source: Watershed Map: www.bhuvan.com)

The Saputara sub region is bounded by catchments of Ambika and Girna river basins. The watershed area of Saputara sub region is divided into micro catchments of these rivers as follows Watershed area of Saputara Sub-region Catchment G = 5.64 MCM = 6% Catchment H 15, H16, H17 =21.16 MCM = 23% Catchment I4, I5 =22.86=25% Catchment K3, K4, K5=41.2 MCM = 46 % Total volume of water in catchments of Sub region = 90.86 MCM Total volume of run-off water in Saputara Sub region =Â 17.7 MCM

Regional Landscape Study - Saputara, Gujarat. Masters Program in Landscape Architecture & Design, CEPT University, Batch 2012 - 2014

Study of the Sub Region

2.5 Vegetation Density:

74

LEGEND State Boundary City Boundary National / State Highway Settlements Water Body / Reservoir Category 1 Category 2 Category 3 Category 4 Reserved Forest Boundary Area Under Reserved Forest

0

5.0

10.0

15.0 Kms

Map 31: Vegetation density map (Source: )

The vegetation density has been considered as one of the key factors along with topography, hydrology and degradation status of the forest while analyzing the land-suitability and view shed analysis at the sub-regional level. On the basis of these, proposals are crafted.

• To conserve and protect the ecologically sensitive areas, mostly observed along the slopes.

• To propose tourism related activities like trekking routes, natural trails and potential tourist spots.

• To propose infrastructure facilities as per the vegetation status and land suitability.

• To propose guidelines to regenerate potential degraded areas into a good forest.

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CHAPTER V: ANALYSIS AT SUB REGIONAL LEVEL

Regional Landscape Study - Saputara, Gujarat. Masters Program in Landscape Architecture & Design, CEPT University, Batch 2012 - 2014

Analysis at Sub Region level

1.0 View Shed Analysis:

76

Map 32: View shed analysis map

The analysis is done based on the following factors : Landform : Ridges, steep slopes, mountain lines and accessibility ( vehicular & pedestrian) makes it Grade 1 Vegetation : Density, Variety and Quality giving different textures makes it Grade 1 Water : Presence of water bodies ( still or flowing), dams dominating the landscape character Color : Variations, Patterns and Different combinations The View Shed analysis is done after overlaying the following layers: Regional Landscape Study - Saputara, Gujarat. Masters Program in Landscape Architecture & Design, CEPT University, Batch 2012 - 2014

Analysis at Sub Region level

77

1. Vegetation Density 2. Hydrology : Water Bodies 3. Topography : Valleys & Ridges 4. Satellite Imagery The quality of the view that is had from each of the points marked, is quantified as shown in the table. Based on the derived values the view shed is marked as with high visual quality to low visual quality .

Table 15: Analysis Points

Landform

Vegetation

A 2 1 B 3 1 C 3 3 D 3 3 E 3 2 F 3 1 G 2 3 H 3 3 I 3 2 J 2 2 K 3 3 L 2 1 Ratings on the scale of 1 to 5; 5 being of the highest quality

Water

Color

Total

1 2 2 0 2 3 2 1 1 1 2 3

3 3 2 3 1 3 2 3 2 1 1 3

7 9 10 9 8 10 9 10 8 6 9 9

Point B: view from Governor’s hill in Saputara. The view has very steep slope with dense vegetation on the foreground while looking north towards the valley. The view of the Saputara lake from this point is also worthwhile.

Point C1: view from Sarpaganga dam towards the enclosed reservoir between the ridges towards west.

Point D&E: view of the ridge which runs from north to south west. The whole escarpment is visible as a steep drop is there towards the west.

Point F: view towards the valley from the road. The view is Point G: view towards Hatgadh fort from the highway. The hatgadh fort situated on a rocky outcrop is clearly visible and is approachable through a trekking route.

Point I: view of the road going towards Nashik from Saputara. The road is the main road and can have planted buffers along it. This forms a part of the proposed tourist trail loop up till Borgaon dam.

Point J: view of the Borgaon Dam. The reservoir provides a magnificent view among the crop fields it feeds.

Point K: view from the ridge trail along the western side of the sub regional boundary. The steep escarpment of almost 100 m is visible from atop and the distant fields and villages are visible.

Point L: view from the trekking trail towards a dammed reservoir.

Each point marked in the plan is analyzed with respect to the following factors :

Landform: any strikingly different ridge or valley creates a potential for varied activities. Points which are situated on a ridge or provide a panorama of the Surrounding ridges or valleys have been rated as 1 for this factor

Vegetation: presence of dense vegetation within the cone of vision makes it rating 1 for this factor Water: presence of water bodies which are influential in the landscape and guide certain patterns in it get rating 1 for this factor

Regional Landscape Study - Saputara, Gujarat. Masters Program in Landscape Architecture & Design, CEPT University, Batch 2012 - 2014

Analysis at Sub Region level

Color: variation in color and texture; more the variation more is the rating

VISUAL QUALITY:

High

Observer’s position

Directions to be looked at

Low Figure 31: Visual quality legend

Figure 32: View from point B

Figure 33: View from point C

Figure 34: View from point D & E

Figure 35: View from point G

Figure 36: View from point J

Figure 37: View from point C

Figure 38: View from point I

Figure 39: View from point K

Regional Landscape Study - Saputara, Gujarat. Masters Program in Landscape Architecture & Design, CEPT University, Batch 2012 - 2014

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Analysis at Sub Region level

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2.0 Land Suitability:

Map 33: Land Suitability map

Land Suitability: Land Suitability is derived upon on the basis of the following factors : 1. Ecological Feasibility : Presence of dense vegetation, water bodies and any other natural feature makes the land ecologically important.

2. Productive Feasibility : Agricultural practices and hence the resulting patterns in the landscape provide a derived of the existing soil conditions and land quality 3. Recreational Feasibility : The Sub-region consists of varied landforms such as ridges, plateau, valleys etc. These natural features could be a part of tourist activities in the proposal.

4. Buildable Feasibility : Owing to the slope and quality of land along with vegetation density and degradation the buildable factor is evaluated for the land.

The Land Suitability mapping is done after overlaying the following layers: 1. Topography : Slope Analysis 2. Hydrology : Water Shed ( Major & Minor) 3. Vegetation Density

Table 16: Analysis Regional Landscape Study - Saputara, Gujarat. Masters Program in Landscape Architecture & Design, CEPT University, Batch 2012 - 2014

Analysis at Sub Region level

80

4. Vegetation Degradation Each zone is first evaluated as per the classes mentioned in the legend and based on that its suitability as to wether to be conserved or to be built upon is indicated

LAND SUITABILITY ANALYSIS Ecological feasibility E i : critical zone for water bodies, ecological conservation, forest area, dense vegetation Productive feasibilty P i : existing agricultural practices and regional character to be retained.

P ii : fallow lands which have Potential to be build on and productive too.

Recreational feasibiltiy R i : elevated ridges, village Commons, water systems along with high visual Quality making the zone Potential for recreational Activities.

Buildable feasibiltiy B i : based on gentle slope, high visual quality, existing site features the land is suitable to be built on.

B ii : slightly degraded land and Vegetation, moderate visual quality, fallow landscape and the influence of Existing elements on site.

B iii : not feasible to build due to terrain and/or dense vegetation Conserved zone The legend suggests that more the green more is the need and priority for conserving the existing Elemnts and features of the site.

Buildable zones also have presence of natural elements but those which are having a lesser threat of extinction or degradation. Proposals in the buildable zones should also consider these natural elements

Buildable zone

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CHAPTER VI: PROPOSAL AT SUB REGIONAL LEVEL

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Proposal at Sub region level

Chapter VI: Proposal at Sub region level

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1.0 Proposal and Guidelines:

Map 34: Proposal and Guidelines

The proposed areas for development are marked on the basis of some highlighting points such as good viewing points, natural trekking trails, reservoirs for boating facilities etc. The trails and way of approaching to these potential development points are then categorized according to the surrounding areas, distance from the starting point, slope sections etc. These categories led to a variety of different accessible modes like- trekking, horse trails, and mountain bicycle paths.

The loop of the trails go through existing villages to add the quality of the village houses, vernacular architecture and food in the experience of the tourists and also improving the economy of these villages which act as pit stops.

Regional Landscape Study - Saputara, Gujarat. Masters Program in Landscape Architecture & Design, CEPT University, Batch 2012 - 2014

Proposal at Sub region level

HATGADH FORT

83

DHANOLI DAM

Figure 40: The ridge along the Western side offers a great view towards the valley and has an picturesque approach road through rural scenery.

RIDGE TRAIL

SECTION FROM THE TABLE TOP TO DHANOLI DAM Figure 42: The approach roads could also be through horse trails.

BORGAON DAM

Figure 41: The approach roads can be traversed by mountain bikes which would be availabe for rent at specific points. These roads will go along existing villages to give a feel of their lifestyle also.

Figure 43: Trekking trails would go through difficult terrain to go at certain viewpoints.

TREKKING TRAIL HORSE RIDING TRAIL CYCLING PATH BOATING MOTORABLE PATH INFRASTRUCTURE SECTION HOTEL THROUGH THE RIDGE HOME STAYS CAMPING VIEW POINTS POTENTIAL DEVELOPMENT TOURIST INFLUENCE PROPOSED TRAILS

Map 35: Sections

The proposed potential areas where major infrastructure facilities are envisaged, lie in the sub watersheds of H18 and H16. The water calculations of these two sub water sheds gives us the carrying capacity for the development of hotels and restaurants according to the number of beds. The number of beds are calculated by:

Table 17: Water availability calculations (Total water available in the sub watersheds) / (per capita water demand) = “carrying capacity” Distances from starting points to destination spots: Saputara to Hatgadh-6KMby car(7mins):walking(1hr) Hatgadh to Dhanoli Village-8.5KM by car(10mins):walking(1.3 hr) Dhanoli to Saputara- 3KM by car(4 mins):walking(30mins)

Map 36: Key plan Regional Landscape Study - Saputara, Gujarat. Masters Program in Landscape Architecture & Design, CEPT University, Batch 2012 - 2014

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CHAPTER VII: STUDY OF CITY LEVEL

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Study of City level

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Chapter VII: Study of City level 1.0 Introduction to the city: Saputara is perched on a plateau in the Dang forest area of the Sahyadri Range,at an altitude of about 1000 m. It has cool climate and the highest temperature even in the summer do not exceed 28 °C. Saputara means the ‘Abode of Serpents’ and a snake image on the banks of the river Sarpagana is worshiped by the Adivas is on festivals like Holi.

The extent of the city doe study purpose has been taken as the notified city boundary.

As per the municipal rules, residential buildings are not allowed in the city. Ownership of land is given on lease for 99 years. There are only a very few residential buildings mostly bungalow ,summer houses and about 3-4 boarding schools. The Commercial activities are mainly concentrated around the lake and on the premises of the museum and in the complex behind the museum. There are no proper and maintained amenities for the tourist coming to Saputara. Education facilities are available upto Higher Secondary . The recreational spaces in the city are the lake and its premises, open spaces, playgrounds and gardens. There are altogether 3 parks out of which 1 is maintained and 2 are not maintained. Several religious structures are also there including 4 temples and 1 church.

SECTION A - A’ (Scale 1:16500)

SECTION B - B’ (Scale 1:16500)

SECTION C - C’ (Scale 1:16500)

SECTION D - D’ (Scale 1:16500)

Map 37: Sections and Key Plan

Saputara Hill Station is located in the Sahyadri Hill range in the Dangs, South Gujarat. It is located on a plateau in the Dang Forest area of the Sahyadri Range. The elevation of the town is within the range of 550 m. to 1000 m. Mostly flat plain at an altitude of approximate 800 m with valleys flanked by hills on northwest towards Gujarat, while in Maharashtra terrain is gently sloping towards south east.

The ridge dividing border of Maharashtra and Gujarat boundary along with Saputara plateau is controlling physical feature of the regional. An increase in the elevation of the place alters the micro climate of the region accompanied with it is variation in the flora of the region.

2.0 Existing city fabric: Maps shown as below.

Regional Landscape Study - Saputara, Gujarat. Masters Program in Landscape Architecture & Design, CEPT University, Batch 2012 - 2014

Study of City level

86

2.1 Elevation map:

Map 38: Elevation map (Source: SRTM Topography Data & ARC GIS)

0

5.0

10.0

20.0 Kms

LEGEND State Boundary

550 m to 600 m

800 m to 850 m

City Boundary

600 m to 650 m

850 m to 900 m

National / State Highway

650 m to 700 m

900 m to 950 m

Settlements

700 m to 750 m

950 m to 1000 m

Water Body / Reservoir

750 m to 800 m

Elevation Map: • Saputara Hill Station is located in the Sahyadri Hill range in the Dangs, South Gujarat.

• It is located on a plateau in the Dang Forest area of the Sahyadri Range.

• The elevation of the town is within the range of 550 m. to 1000 m.

• Mostly flat plain at an altitude of approximate 800 m with valleys flanked by hills on northwest towards Gujarat,

while in Maharashtra terrain is gently sloping towards south east.

• The ridge dividing border of Maharashtra and Gujarat boundary along with Saputara plateau is controlling physical feature of the regional.

• An increase in the elevation of the place alters the micro climate of the region accompanied with it is variation in the flora of the region.

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2.2 Slope Analysis map:

(Map 39: Slope Analysis map Source: SRTM Topography Data & ARC GIS)

0

5.0

10.0

20.0 Kms

LEGEND State Boundary

0-2%

25 - 33 %

City Boundary

2-5%

33 - 45 %

National / State Highway

5 - 10 %

Above 45 %

Settlements

10 - 15 %

Water Body / Reservoir

15 - 25 %

The study region, mainly consist of gentle slopes to critical slopes ranging from 5% to 100%.

Settlements are found in the slope ranging from 5% to 25%.

Agriculture is practiced extensively towards South-eastern sides with the help of terracing as slope in that area is ranging from 2% to 15% and thus area is prone to soil erosion.

Major portions of the study region are on moderate slopes.

Major ridge is mostly consisting of steep slopes with few flat surfaces.

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2.3 Hydrology:

Map 40: Hydrology map (Source: )

0

5.0

10.0

20.0 Kms

LEGEND State Boundary

Major Stream

City Boundary

Minor Stream

National / State Highway

Existing lake catchment

Settlements

New lake catchment

Water Body / Reservoir

Watershed

The Saputara Lake is fed by water from minor catchments within Saputara plateau (a to t) as shown in the map.

The existing lake is surrounded by series of check dams along its periphery that reduces the runoff during monsoon. Water is stored in the check dams constructed on e, b and g micro catchments.

The proposed lake is fed by water from neighboring minor catchments ( i to t) as shown in the map Lake volume - Area 166000 Sq. M. X Depth (12M) = 1992000 CU. M.-1.9 MCM Total run-off on lake side=1.06 MCM

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2.4 Vegetation Density:

Map 41: Vegetation Density map (Source: )

0

5.0

10.0

20.0 Kms

LEGEND State Boundary

Category 1

Reserved Forest Boundary

City Boundary

Category 2

Area Under Reserved Forest

National / State Highway

Category 3

Settlements

Category 4

Water Body / Reservoir

• • • • • • • • • • •

Periphery of Saputara Lake has a dense type of vegetation.

In the depression near the Lake are green patches with fewer amounts of trees where the new lake is proposed.

Within the city sparse vegetation is seen with mainly the upper storey.

In monsoon season more of ground cover is seen were as in other seasons it is dry.

High elevation areas (table tops) are flat with no vegetation but have steep slopes supporting good amount of vegetation.

Such location has a potential to be developed as a tourist spots which offers good views and vistas.

The rainfall throughout the city is not uniform and so the grasses that grow are mainly of seasonal variety.

The soil cover is very less and so in summer season the rocks are been exposed and there is less of vegetation.

On the northern Gujarat side on the steeper slopes the vegetation is dense.

Dominant species found in the forest were Tectona grandis and Terminalia tomentosa, these were absent at city level.

Moreover ornamental species were present in the city e.g. Roystonea regia, Casuarina equisetifolia, Grewellia robusta , etc.

Regional Landscape Study - Saputara, Gujarat. Masters Program in Landscape Architecture & Design, CEPT University, Batch 2012 - 2014

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2.5 Land use:

Map 42: Land use map (Source: )

LEGEND

0

State Boundary

Residential

City Boundary

Commercial areas

areas

National / State Highway

Public areas

Settlements

Institutional areas

Water Body / Reservoir

Recreational areas

5.0

10.0

90

20.0 Kms

Tourist spots Religious places Forested Area Open Forest / Scrub Land / Barren Land

a. Residential (Area 1,31,161 sq.m.) b. Commercial Areas (39,947 sq.m) c. Existing Institutional (29700 sq.m )and public buildings (1,55,274 sq.m) d. Recreational spaces (1,27,284 sq.m) e. Roads,Ropeway,Water Body, Museum and Gardens: All the roads in saputara are now asphalts and proper grading is ensured for smooth drive. Rope-way has become additional attraction and during peak tourist season, it is operated at higher frequency. Museum is now renovated and new development is under process, Number of gardens have been developed and it is contemplated to refurbish and make it more attractive by professionals.

Water body has remained centre of attraction for almost all tourists and existing lake serves the purpose for about ten months. During late summer water level diminishes and tourist hot spot becomes unavailable due to lack of sufficient quality of water level.

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2.5.1: Existing Residential Zones:

1

2

3

Scale : 0

200

Map 43: Existing residential area map

500

1000 M

City Boundary State Boundary

Residential areas

Residential: • As per the municipal rules, residential buildings are not allowed in the city.

• Ownership of land is given on lease for 99 years.

• Density of population is 5 persons per sq.km.

• The total population of the city is 2900 people as per 2011 census.

• There are only a very few residential buildings mostly bungalow ,summer houses and about 3-4 boarding schools.

• The total residential area is 131161 sq. m.

Figure 44: Guest houses

Figure 45: Government servants quarters

Figure 46: Police quarters

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2.5.2: Existing Commercial areas:

5 3

4 1

2

Scale : 0

Map 44: Existing commercial areas map

200

500

1000 M

City Boundary State Boundary

Commercial areas

Commercial Areas: • The Commercial activities are mainly concentrated around the lake and on the premises of the museum and in the

complex behind the museum. It comprises of 39,947 sq. M of area.

• There is no daily vegetable market. Every alternate day a truck comes with grocery and vegetables and supplies to the people in Saputara.

• Weekly market of the town is held on every Saturday and Sunday near Malegaon village.

• Inference: Most shops are temporary due to lack of proper commercial spaces and depending on the weather,the opening and closing time shifts. Workers come from the neighbouring villages. Existing commercial spaces kill the visual appeal of the city area.

Figure 47: Street shops near museum Area

Figure 48: Shops around the Lake boating club

Figure shops

49:

Street

Figure 50: Hotel

Figure 51: Chacha’s Emporium

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2.5.3: Existing Institutional and Public buildings:

1 3

2

Scale : 0

200

Map 45: Existing Institutional and Public buildings map

Institutional

Public buildings

Total number of students:1792

Institutions

Table 18: Analysis

Primary school High primary school Secondary school Higher secondary school

Govt.

1000 M

City Boundary State Boundary

Private Number of Students

2

232 1

1

500

253

2

178

2

1129

Existing Institutional and public buildings: • As per 2001 census, number of literate persons is 774 males and 688 females which accounts for the 72.5% of the

total population of the town (1462 Total number of literate people) • Education facilities are available upto Higher Secondary .

• Out of the total number of schools (including from primary to higher secondary), some are run by private bodies and some are run by the Government.

• Institutional buildings comprise of 29700 sq. m of area and public buildings comprise of 1,55,274 sq. m of area.

Figure 52: Govt. high school, Saputara

Figure 53: Government hospital

Figure 54: Police station

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2.5.4: Existing Recreational spaces: 5

12

10

1

5

7

3 9 6 8

2

4

11

Scale : 0

200

500

1000 M

Map 46: Existing recreational spaces map Recreational spaces

Tourist spot

City Boundary State Boundary

Religious spaces

Recreational spaces: • The recreational spaces in the town are the lake and its surroundings, open spaces, playgrounds and gardens.

• There are altogether 3 parks out of which 1 is maintained and 2 are not maintained.

• Lake Garden • Rose garden • Honey bee garden • The lake acts as the main tourist attraction of the city with many recreational and commercial facilities given around the lake.

• The lake also caters to boating activities.

• There are altogether of 15 to 20 boats.

• There is a museum which even though not well maintained exhibits the various weapons,jewellery,pottery ,utensils • • • •

and other accessories used by the tribal.

The recreational spaces constitutes of 1,27,284 sq. m of area.

There is also a sports academy building which is located to the west of Saputara Lake.

People come here from other cities for taking part in events conducted by the academy.

The religious spaces comprises of 17,066 sq. m of the total area.

Figure 55: Ganesh temple

Figure 56: Nageshwar temple

Figure 57: St. Anna’s church

Figure 58: Jain Derasar Temple

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Recreational spaces: Lake garden: • Lake Garden is situated in front of the museum overlooking the lake.

• It is maintained and attracts people from various parts of the district.

• The area is 28254 sq. m Rose garden: • The Rose Garden is located to the north east of the city.

• It s not maintained and there are hardly any rose plants whereas can find lot of canna and other species of plants.

• The area of the garden is 11959 sq. m

Honeybee Center: • • • •

Honeybee Centre is located to the south of the lake.

It is not maintained and there were hardly any honey bees.

It was said that bees were not there because of monsoon.

The bees were collected from the neighbouring forests.

Existing major recreational spaces 5. Rose garden 6. Lake view garden 7. Lake and boating club 8. Honey bee Center 9. Artist’s village 10. Echo Point 11. Governors hill (Sunset point,rope way,paragliding,horse riding, camel riding)

Existing religious spaces 1. Ganesh temple 2. Nageshwar Temple 3. St. Anna Church 4. Jain Derasar

12. Step garden

Table 19: Legend

Figure 59: Rose garden

Figure 60: Lake View garden

Figure 61: Lake and boat club

Figure 62: Honey bee center

Figure 63: Artist’s Village

Figure 64: Echo Point

Figure 65: Governer’s hill

Figure 66: Step Garden

Roads, Rope way, Water Body, Museum and Gardens: • All the roads in saputara are now asphalted and proper grading is ensured for smooth drive.

• Ropeway has become additional attraction and during peak tourist season, it is operated at higher frequency.

• Museum is now renovated and new development is under process, Number of gardens have been developed and it

is contemplated to refurbish and make it more attractive by professionals.

• Water body has remained centre of attraction for almost all tourists and existing lake serves the purpose for about ten months. During late summer water level diminishes and tourist hot spot becomes unavailable due to lack of sufficient quality of water level.

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3.0 Case study: Matheran Matheran : a hill station The name of this hill station refers to the dense growth of jungle as its head. Matheran means a place topped by a jungle.

Matheran’s top is a small plateau ,undulating and irregular, being a narrow uneven tableland with rocky headlands known as Points. The annual rainfall of 250-300 inches maintains this evergreen forest of trees and shrubs which is sustained by a thick layer of porous red laterite stone which acts like a huge sponge from which the roots of the evergreens drink deep throughout the year. Openings in the forest called ‘Griffiths Peeps’ were made and designed for obtaining marvelous views from various angles AREA : 98,41,955 sqm DEMOGRAPHICS (2001) Resident population: 5000

Figure 67: Key Plan

FLOATING POPULATION: The floating population is increasing every year and it is observed that average daily influx of floating population has increased from 4000 in 1977 to 11,000 in 2001 i.e. 2.8 times increase over a span of 40 yrs. This floating population is mainly comprised of tourists.

ACCOMODATION UNITS No of accommodation units : 39 No of Beds : 801 Occupancy rate : 74 %

Figure 68: Graph 1 (Populus Across Years)

CARRYING CAPACITY 1.Environmental carrying capacity The level of tourist development or recreational activity beyond which the environment as previously experienced is degraded.

Figure 69: Graph 2 (Daily Influx of floating population)

2.Physical facility capacity The level of tourist development or recreational activity beyond which facilities are saturated or physical deterioration of environment occurs through over use by tourists or inadequate infrastructure.

Total area available for recreation : 60% of total area = 432 000 sqm Area required for each person ( with low density recreational use is 40 persons / ha) = 250 sqm So number of people = 432 000/ 250 = 17280 Rotation coefficient = area used everyday ( hours) / total stay hours = 7/36 = 0.19 Utility and services: The town has filtered water supply, the source being charlotte lake, constructed in 1928. its storage capacity is 12.6 crore liters, which is capable of supplying water at the rate of 67 liters/day/head to the existing permanent and floating population.

The existing water supply is inadequate.

The simpsons tank has a capacity of 135 lakh liters . Water from this tank is exclusively supplied to railway stations at jumma patti and for washing.

The total water requirement is 1.8 million litre out of which 0.96 million liters is supplied from charlotte lake and 0.9 million liter is pumped from ulhas river.

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Table 20: Floating population

Tourism

There are altogether 36 points, 2 lakes, 2 parks, 4 major worship places and a racecourse to visit inside Matheran.

Natural tourism Points (36)

Matheran’s top is a small plateau of about 3.8 sq. miles, undulating and irregular, being a narrow uneven tableland with rocky headlands known as Points. Lookout points provide spectacular views of the Western Ghats and lush plains dotted with villages far below.

Sunrise point

Panorama point, garbut point

Sunset point

Monkey Point, Porcupine Point

Echo point

Echo point - Echoes reverberating in a low tone from this place

View points

Louisa point & lion’s head

Belvedere Point

Khandala point

Lords Point

Alexander point

Mayor Point

Chowk point

coronation point

Rambaug point

Little Cowk Point

One tree hill

Cecil Point

Porcupine point

Governor’s hill

Mount berry

The hart point

Lake

Charlotte lake- Matheran city gets its drinking water supply from this lake Simpson’s tank

Garden

Madhavji garden ( lord garden) Paymaster park

Religious

Religious structures were erected to cater to the spiritual needs of the visitors.

St pauls – protestant church Roman catholic church mosque Pisharnath temple

Table 21: Observations Regional Landscape Study - Saputara, Gujarat. Masters Program in Landscape Architecture & Design, CEPT University, Batch 2012 - 2014

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4.0 Tourism in Saputara: 4.1 Existing tourism data:

2

3

4

5

1

Map 47: Location map - Tourist attractions

22 6

8

LEGEND 21

9

20

1. Ganesh temple 2. Sunrise point 3. Echo point 4. Jain temple 5. Paragliding spot 2 6. Rose garden 7. St. Annes Church 8. Tribal Museum 9. Artist Village 10. Honey bee center 11. Lake Garden 12. Honey bee center 13. Nageshwar temple 14. Ropeway 15. Horse riding, camel riding 16. Sunset point 17. Paragliding spot 1 18. Viewpoint 19. Governor’s hill 20. Boat club 21. Craft bazar 22. Step garden

7

10 11 12

13

14 18 17 15 16 19

0

100

200

600m

4.1.1: TOURIST ATTRACTIONS: Holding the distinction of being the only hill station of Gujarat, Saputara has something to offer to everyone. Boasting of a splendid climate, it attracts tourists all the year around. The place is extremely rich in its biodiversity and natural relics. It includes in itself many panoramic natural landscape views and rich heritage of its folklore. Undulating mountains, lake and Gira waterfalls make for a visual treat.

99

4.1.2: Accomodations:

LEGEND 1. Jain Dharmashala 2. Gujarat Tourism (Toran) 3. Hotel Hill Top 4. Hotel Holiday Home 5. Hotel Vaishali 6. Circuit House 7. Hotel Purohit 8. Hotel Sejal 9. Gokul Hotel 10. Sid-Archie Palace 11. Shilpi Hill Resort 12. Dormitaries-Artist Village 13. Aakar Lord’s Inn 14. Patang Lords Inn 15. Hotel Harekrishna 16. Hotel Chitrakoot 17. Hotel Anado 18. Forest Dept. Loghut 19. Sav Shanti Lake Resort 20. Vaity Ropeway Resort Distance from bus depot 0 - 500

1

2 3

2 2

4

6 5

2 7 8

2

9

10

15 11

16

501 - 1000

14

1001 - 1500 1501 - 2000 12

2001 - 2500 Total occupancy of the hotel Less then 50

13

19

51 - 100

17

101 - 150 18

151 - 200 more then 200

20

Number of beds in hotel Less then 10 10 - 30 31 - 60 61 - 90 more then 91

0

Map 48: Location map - Accomodation

100

200

600m

Study of City level

100

A 1

a

2

b

A. Swagat circle a. Log hut

c

b. Sunset point

d

3

c. Rope way d. Viewpoint

4 f

e. Paragliding

e

f. Other adventurous activities

B

B. Governor’s hill 0 100 200

600m

Map 49: Location map - Governor’s hill

4.1.3: GOVERNOR’S HILL

Area: 2806042 m2 10 mins

31 mins Swagat Circle

A

1

Distance: 2.5 kms

2

Governor’s hill

Figure 70: Governors hill

3

4

B

Amenities Parking

ATTRACTIONS

Pathway

BEST TIME TO VISIT TOURIST INFLUX

7am Low

6pm High

Refreshments Toilets Availability of information Low Medium

High

INFERENCES/COMMENTS The Governor hill is a place to capture the sun going down the valley. From Gandhi Shikhar (peak) the visitors can see the sun setting amidst the hilltops. It can be approached by only ropeway from Vaity Ropeway Resort . As you walk through this open expanse in the early hours of the day, you experience a mysterious dance of light slowly caressing life into the world.

You have an amazing view of the valleys, streams and rivulets, and on your right you can see a railing demarking the GujaratMaharashtra border. It is being promoted as a adventure based tourist spot Regional Landscape Study - Saputara, Gujarat. Masters Program in Landscape Architecture & Design, CEPT University, Batch 2012 - 2014

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101

A 2 3

1

B

A. Swagat circle B. Artist village 0 100 200

600m

Map 50: Location map - Artist village

4.1.4: ARTIST VILLAGE

Area: 9825.6 m2

2 mins

04 mins Swagat Circle

Distance: 450 m

2

1

A

Artist village

Figure 71: Artist village

3

4

B

Amenities Parking

ATTRACTIONS

Pathway BEST TIME TO VISIT TOURIST INFLUX

J Low

F

M A M J

J

A

S

O N D High

Refreshments Toilets Availability of information Low Medium

High

INFERENCES/COMMENTS Run by Mr. Chandrakant Parmar and Mrs. Surya Goswamit, the artist village is a place which encourages the tribal arts. It provides a platform for local people to promote their art by selling their products. The artist village provides facility for the interested visitors to learn about the culture of this region and simple accommodation facility at a reasonable cost.

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C

4 3

2

B

1

A

A. Swagat circle B. Echo Point C. Sunrise Point 0 100 200

600m

Map 51: Location map - Sunrise point and echo point

4.1.5: ECHO & SUNRISE POINT Area:72420 m2 25 mins

8 mins

45 mins

Distance: 1.7 kms Swagat Circle

Distance: 2.3 kms Sunrise Point

Echo Point

2

1

A

Figure 72: Eco and sunrise point

TOURIST INFLUX

3

4

C

Amenities Parking

ATTRACTIONS BEST TIME TO VISIT

B

Pathway 7am

6pm

Low

High

Refreshments Toilets Availability of information Low Medium

High

INFERENCES/COMMENTS Sunrise Point: It is a point which offers the best view of Saputara and adjoining Malegoan , could be reached after a walk of 1.5 km in the direction of Waghai. Echo Point :The Echo Point is situated just ahead of Rutumbhara Vishwavidhalaya. It provides fun and activities under one roof. The naming restricts the tourist traffic to this best place as tourists believe that the point should only be visited at sun rise, however, one may visit it at any time of the day to catch a panoramic view.

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C 3

4

5

1

B

A

A. Swagat circle B. Ganesh temple C. Jain temple 0 100 200

600m

Map 52: Location map - Religious places

4.1.6: RELIGIOUS PLACES

Swagat Circle

A

Distance: 2.3 kms

26 mins

7 mins

Distance: 1.3 kms

15 mins

3 mins

2

1

Ganesh temple Jain temple

3

4

Figure 73: Religious places Parking

5

B

Pathway

Refreshments

Toilet

C

Avalibility of information

Ganesh temple na

Jain temple

Low Medium

High

INFERENCES/COMMENTS The three important temples across Saputara include Nageshwar Mahadev Temple, Jain Temple and Ganesha Temple. The Jain temple houses 508 years old idol of Shri Chintamani Gajabhishek Parshwanath. Ganesha temple is situated at village Navagam, a beautiful Ahtavinayak Ganesha temple with eight different forms of Lord Ganesha. It offers a panoramic view over the surrounding areas, out to the village and over to the town itself.

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Study of City level

A

1

104

3

2 B

4 C D

5

A. Swagat circle B. St. Annes Church C. Nageshwar temple D. Swaminarayan temple 0 100 200

600m

Map 53: Location map - Religious places

4.1.6: RELIGIOUS PLACES

Swagat Circle

C

5

4

A

Distance: 1.2 kms

14 mins

2.5 mins

Distance: 1.0 kms

12 mins

3 mins

1

Nageshwar temple

2

Figure 74: Religious places Parking

St. Annes Church

Pathway

Refreshments

3 Toilet

B

Avalibility of information

St. Annes Chruch Nageshwar temple Swaminarayan temple

Under construction Low Medium

High

INFERENCES/COMMENTS The three important temples across Saputara include Nageshwar Mahadev Temple, Jain Temple and Ganesha Temple. One finds a beautiful amalgamation of different religions and places of worship ,not just temples, but churches as well. The Nageshwar Mahadev temple lies on the Sarpaganga lake.

Regional Landscape Study - Saputara, Gujarat. Masters Program in Landscape Architecture & Design, CEPT University, Batch 2012 - 2014

Study of City level

A

105

1

3

2 B 4

A. Swagat circle B. Lake and boat club 0 100 200

600m

Map 54: Location map - Lake & Boat club

4.1.7: SAPUTARA LAKE AND BOAT CLUB

Area: km2 1 mins

6 mins Swagat Circle

1

A

Distance: 500m

2

TOURIST INFLUX

3

4

Figure 75: Lake and Boat club

B

Amenities Parking

ATTRACTIONS BEST TIME TO VISIT

Lake

Pathway 7am

6pm

Low

High

Refreshments Toilets Availability of Information Low Medium

High

INFERENCES/COMMENTS The Lake & Boating Club, right in the heart of the valley, is the extremely calm Saputara Lake. It is 70 feet deep and spreads in the vast valley surrounded by the hills. Row and paddle boats are available for hire. Several types of amusement facilities for children are available near the lake Regional Landscape Study - Saputara, Gujarat. Masters Program in Landscape Architecture & Design, CEPT University, Batch 2012 - 2014

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Study of City level

C 4

A

B 2

1

5

D 6

A. Swagat circle B. Rose garden C. Step garden D. Lake garden 0 100 200

Map 55: Location map - Gardens

Rose garden

4.1.8: Gardens/ Parks

(11830.4 m2)

3 mins

30 sec

Distance: 250 m Step garden

Swagat Circle

(5335.2 m2)

A

600m

Distance: 500 m

4 mins

51 sec

Distance: 800 m

10 mins

2.5 mins Lake garden (30156.6 m2)

4

2

1 5 6

3

C

Figure 76: Gardens Parking

Pathway

Refresh.

Toilet

Info.

Rose garden

na

Step garden

na

Lake garden

na Low Medium

High

INFERENCES/COMMENTS The three important temples across Saputara include Nageshwar Mahadev Temple, Jain Temple and Ganesha Temple. The Jain temple houses 508 years old idol of Shri Chintamani Gajabhishek Parshwanath. Ganesha temple is situated at village Navagam, a beautiful Ahtavinayak Ganesha temple with eight different forms of Lord Ganesha. It offers a panoramic view over the surrounding areas, out to the village and over to the town itself.

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4.2 OSERVATIONS

Table 22: The Matrix

Intensity

Low

Medium

High Ec: Ecological En: Environmental So: Social Cu: Cultural

SAPUTARA - A NATURAL RETREAT Holding the distinction of being the only hill station of Gujarat, Saputara has something to offer to everyone. Boasting of a splendid climate, it attracts tourists all the year around. The place is extremely rich in its biodiversity and natural relics. It includes in itself many panoramic natural landscape views and rich heritage of its folklore. Undulating mountains, lake and Gira waterfalls make for a visual treat.

A visit to the artist village introduces to the local artifacts and saputara tribal museum to the lifestyle, costumes, heritage and ecology of the tribal dangs. For the ones who prefer eco tourism and excursions, Saputara and dangs have a variety of options to offer. The winding pathways and serpent shaped hillside are perfect for trekkers. The Vansada national park, spread over an area of 24 square kilometer is home to wildlife like magnificent tigers, leopards, python and four horned antelope. Purna wildlife sanctuary, extending over 160 square kilometres, is a part of the dense deciduous forest of the western ghats and has wide varieties of flora and fauna. The mahal eco campsite is bestowed with rivers and bamboo glides, offers excellent trekking options and is considered to be one of the best forest sites in Gujarat. All these features make Saputara , a must visit destination. It serves as a great adventure for tourists with its amazing climate amidst the lush green environs.

TOURIST INFLOW

Percentage

Saputara gets tourists for all the year around with 121 days of season days. It experiences major influx of tourists during the school holidays( summer and winter break) ; Diwali season ; and the saputara monsoon festival.

Saputara as a tourist destination The survey consisted of 40 % tourists on vacation and 51 % on weekend trips. The arrival of very few study tours and camping expenditure highlights the need to increase the awareness at schools, colleges and institutional level as the region has lot of potential for group activities.

The main reason for choosing Saputara is to enjoy nature in a hill station and to get away from the city. Hence ambiance of hill station and quite surroundings need to be preserved and enhanced. The enjoyment of nature needs to be enhanced by creating nature awareness centre. Very few people seem to Figure 77: Tourist calendar showing the peak season days be aware of the tribal culuture and mountaineering / trekking potential of the area. This highlights the need for creating Purpose of visit awareness. The statistics also reveal that the ropeway is also a 60 major attraction as 29 % of the respondents listed it as reason for 50 choosing Saputara.

40 Tourists attracted from where 30 The major catchment areas rank ordered are shown below.

20 The tourist survey indicates that surat is the largest catchment 10 area of tourist for Saputara followed by nasik and other cities of 0 Weekend Camping/E maharashtra. The tourist from surat generally come for shorter Vacations Study tour Others trip xpidition duration. It is therefore surprising that the Gujarat state does Percentage 51 40 3 4 4 contribute to only 54 % of the tourist to their hill station.

Figure 78: Graph

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108

4.3 CALCULATIONS Detail of tourists visiting Saputara for leisure purpose: The daily average number of tourist influx in Saputara as per season is; Daily average of tourists in peak season = 5147 Daily average of tourists in lean season = 2819 As per Tourism of Gujarat Corporation Ltd; Number of peak season days = 121 Number of lean season days = 244 Therefore; 121 x 5147 = 6,22,787 during peak season

244 x 2819 = 6,87,836 during lean season

As per above calculations, total number of tourist influx in Saputara annually is (622787 + 687836) 13,10,623.

180000

Accommodation capacity at Saputara:

160000

Total number of hotels in Saputara = 21

140000

The occupancy as per season, i.e. during peak season is 100% and during lean season is 30%.

Daily average (seasonal)

40000 20000 Dec

Oct

Nov

Sep

Jul

Aug

0 Jun

Number of staff members = 525

Monthly total (seasonal)

60000

Apr

Maximum capacity of all the hotels = 2260

Daily average (seasonal)

80000

May

Total number of beds = 1507

Monthly total (seasonal)

100000

Mar

Total number of rooms = 593

120000

Jan

The daily occupancy:

Feb

Assuming the tourist influx in season days as 70% and in lean season as 30%

Figure 79: Graph

Assuming 25 rooms more are available for accommodations which are privately owned then; 195 more tourists can be accommodated.

Therefore total numbers of tourists that can be accommodated in Saputara in peak season are; 2260 + 195 = 2455 tourist per day

Regional Landscape Study - Saputara, Gujarat. Masters Program in Landscape Architecture & Design, CEPT University, Batch 2012 - 2014

Study of City level

4.4 Infrastructure map:

Map 56: Infrastructure map (Source: )

0

5.0

10.0

109

20.0 Kms

LEGEND

State Boundary

National / State Highway

City Boundary

Settlements

a. Existing Sewerage system:

Water Body / Reservoir

Sewerage system has been implemented by GWSSB (Gujarat Water supply & Sewerage Board). Total length of sewers is 9.5 km. The sewage is now collected through underground pipe system to maintain sanitary condition and is collected in three different zones. Sewerage system does not exist in Saputara except for a sewer line laid from Hotel Chitrakoot to museum (through office of administrator and government Hospital).

• Total length of sewers to be laid is of the order of 8.5 km ,as against existing lines of 1.2 km. The sewage is discharged into small septic tank near museum, which is not functional.

• Partially treated/untreated sewage ultimately disposed off into natural drain. The notified area authority has planned development of lake on western side also, which will submerge the drain and septic tank in near future. All the hotels and residents have their own septic tanks and soak pits leading to unsanitary condition in town. Also the area being hilly, soak pits are not functional to its capacity and hence, there is urgent need of providing underground sewerage system.

Sewerage system: All the hotels and residents have their own septic tanks and soak pits leading to unsanitary condition in town.

All the area being hilly, soak pits are not functional to its capacity and hence , there is urgent need of providing underground sewerage for Saputara. It is contemplated to provide full fledged sewerage network with treatment plant facilities.

Major components of sewerage are: • Inspection chamber to collect the sewage from septic tank.

• Pipeline of 150 mm diameter from inspection chamber to manhole • Secondary sewers connecting manholes to sewage pumping station or sewage treatment plant • Sewage pumping station & Sewage treatment plant Considering the topography and geological condition ,it s proposed to restrict the depth of sewers and accordingly entire town has been divided. Generally hard rock is encountered at shallow depth of 0.6 m to 1.2 m and it is technically not feasible to lay pipeline at greater depths.

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110

4.4.1: Services: Water Supply:

Map 57: Zone A:

Map 58: Zone B:

Map 59: Zone C:

North Eastern part comprise of Wagh Bari colony ,government quarters ,holiday homes,dormitories,rutumbhara School with a facility of accommodating 850 students (lodging and boarding).a new residential school (central school) building has also come up with a capacity of 1500 lodging and boarding facilities. This area has highly undulating topography with highest level of 885 M. and lowest level of 875 M.,sloping at mid area.

Northern part is highly dense and number of tourist rooms, guest houses ,holiday homes, boating area,PWD Garden, rose garden ,market place, museum ,shops ,forest nursery, office of the administrator, government offices /hospital etc. are situated in this region. Main road dividing the town in two parts, west and east (north leading to Wagtail and south to Nashik) is heart of the town. About 10 schools ,government offices, banks, shops ,hotels ,dining rooms are encompasses in this region.

Western part is sparse and only few hotels, resorts are located in this region.

Area on western side is having very large variation in levels with considerable ups and downs with a difference of about 100 M. and saucer shaped flat area below rope way has elevation difference off 10 M. (from 892 M. to 882 M.).Entire area is sloping towards central flat area below the rope way.

Development plan has envisaged huge growth rate in this region and hence majority of population would be staying on flat area having elevation of 883 m to 882 M.

c. Augmentation of water supply scheme:

To overcome deficiencies related to distresses areas, and future development plan of saputara, the new water supply scheme has been designed by GWSSB (Gujarat Water supply & Sewerage Board )and approach is towards utilization of the existing system. They have envisaged three zones for water distribution.

i. Water supply: • The present source of water for Saputara is from the existing lake. A few hotels and schools have laid pipelines directly from the lake.

• The water supply scheme of Saputara commenced during 1970. But development of infrastructure could not keep pace with increasing stress on water and sewerage sector. • GWSSB has implemented water supply project in 2007 to ensure 20 lac litres water per day for drinking purpose.

Figure 80: Water filtration plant

4.4.2: Solid waste Disposal: Solids wastes are collected using tractors from the city area and dumped into the area near log hut. Almost 20 tractors are used daily for this purpose.

Figure 81: Solid waste disposal area

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1. Entire area has been divided into 3 pockets• North eastern pocket • Northern area • Western area 2. Difference: Difference in ground slope is very high – ranging from 1 to 9 to 1 in 1000. Also there are number of undulations making it difficult to lay sewer with uniform gradient in one direction .

Negative slope is also observed near nallahs, which is not habitable and sewer would have to be laid on supports over a length of 50 M. to 200 M.

3. Number: Number of residential schools are coming up in the town, which forms part of fixed population rather than floating one. Two basic approaches are considered while designing the sewerage network.

- Draining entire quantity by gravity - Minimizing depths and thereby providing necessary pumping stations.

4.4.3: Zones of Saputara town: Zone A: From the lowest point sewage could be treated and discharged into natural drain leading to valley or conveyed through Dl line laid on support structure over a length of 500 M.

Design of sewerage system for selected option: Size of sewer lines varies from 150 mm to 300 mm and total length of sewers would be 1075 M. + 760 M. =1835 M.

Zone B: Topography permits slope towards south with few exceptions of shallow natural drains of 2- 3 M. depth ,wherein pipe could be laid on supports and entire network could be collected near existing septic tank besides museum.

Maximum level is about 885 M. and minimum level of 867 M.

Design of sewerage system for selected option: • It is planned to construct a sewage pumping station near museum.

• Pumping main could be laid along the main road since size is smaller and it would be discharging the sewage into inlet chamber of the STP (Sewage Treatment Plant). Total length of the sewer to be laid in this zone would be 4300 M.

Zone C: Laying of pipeline through valley on eastern part through the sports village would pose technical problems since very deep valley would be encountered for a length of 300 M.,wherein height of support would be of the order of 10 M. to 80 M. and as high as 100 M. at few spots.

Providing suspended bridge is also cost intensive as well maintenance of sewer on such structure is not practicable.

Thereafter sewer line from Somnath Nareshwar Temple to check post could be laid gravitationally.

Design of sewerage system for selected option: • Sewage would be collected near sports complex and pumped to gravity line at sports complex and leading to starting of gravity sewer just ahead of Somnath Nareshwar Mahadev.

• Flows from this zone would be ultimately conveyed to Sewage pumping station near Check post on extreme south road leading Nashik.

• Sizing of Sewers vary from 150 mm to 200 mm.

• Total length of the sewer to be laid in this zone would be 3325 M.

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112

CHAPTER VIII: ANALYSIS AT CITY LEVEL

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Analysis at City level

113

1.0 Character map: Methodology: To evaluate the landscape character within the city, the parameters considered for defining these zones were slope of land along with the density of vegetation, hydrology, humidity and microclimate.

The overlay of this data enables one to identify the zones having unique combinations of landscape character with respect to slope, vegetation, hydrology, humidity and wind condition. This will help to determine the potential and suitability of the land to allocate it an appropriate land use. The aim is to conserve and preserve the healthy / sensitive sites, utilise the areas which have the potential to be developed, and propose remedial actions toward restoring degraded areas.

1. Marking slopes: Table 23: First stage involved broadly identifying range of slopes and then to classify the slope character found within the city limit.

The range identified for the same was: (Source: Book: Landscape planning, Slope stability checklist, by William M. Marsh)

Category Category 1 Category 2 Category 3

Slope range >25% 10-25% 1-10%

Slope character High Moderate Low

2. Vegetation overlay: Table 24: Second stage was broadly identifying the vegetation density and then to classify the vegetation character found within the city limit. The range identified for the same was: Category Category 1 Category 2 Category 3

Vegetation density >70% canopy cover 10-70% canopy cover <10% canopy cover

Vegetation character Dense Moderate Sparse

3. Hydrology overlay Third stage was to overlay the hydrology map to identify good drainage areas within the city which has the potential for having dense vegetation.

4. Microclimate: Table 25: The next stage was to overlay wind direction and identify zones having good microclimate on the basis of humidity and wind direction. The areas with moist/humid wind and wind tunnel effect, critical with respect to human comfort condition were also identified. On the basis of these four overlays, six zones have been identified with unique combinations of landscape parameters:

Sr. Zones No. 1

2

Vegetation Zone 1a Dense

Slope Steep

Parameters Hydrology Humidity High run-off

Wind condition Leeward

Zone 1b Combination of Steep dense vegetation and barren areas

High run-off

Wind tunnel effect

Zone 2a Dense

Moderate

Windward

Zone 2b Dense

Moderate

Good drainage Good drainage

3

Zone 3

4

Zone 4

Patches of dense Flat vegetation around the lake Sparse Flat

Good drainage

Leeward High

Windward

High

Windward-moist wind present

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Analysis at City level

5

Zone 5

Sparse

Flat

6

Zone 6

Moderate

Steep

114

Wind tunnel effect Windward

Inference: Zone 1a: This zone possesses dense forest on steep slope, high runoff and hence has very high erosion susceptibility. This identified zone can be considered as sensitive and suitable conservation measures should be taken to prevent degradation in future.

Zone 1b: This zone possesses combination of dense vegetation and barren areas on steep slope. Proposals should be channelled towards upgrading the current state of barren area to dense forest; i.e. zone 1b to zone 1a.

Zone 2a: This zone has dense vegetation on moderate slope with good drainage. Also the zone lies in the windward direction, so it is a suitable human comfort zone. This identified zone can also be considered as sensitive and suitable conservation measures should be taken to prevent degradation in future.

Zone 2b: This zone has dense vegetation on moderate slope with good drainage. But this zone lies in the leeward direction, so it is a unfavourable human comfort zone. Proposals should be channelled towards upgrading the current state of zone; i.e. zone 2b to zone 2a.

Zone 3: The lake and the dense vegetation on flat land around it come under this zone. The microclimate in this zone is very good for human comfort. The dense vegetation surrounding the lake can also be considered as sensitive and suitable conservation measures should be taken to prevent any further intervention around the lake.

Zone 4: This zone comes under the low density areas which has sparse vegetation on flat land. Drainage in this zone is good, so the zone has the potential to hold good vegetation cover. Hence the proposals should be channelled towards upgrading the vegetation character from sparse to moderate.

Zone 5: This zone has sparse vegetation on flat land. Proposals should be channelled towards upgrading the current state of barren area to dense forest.

Zone 6: This zone has moderate vegetation on steep slope. This zone lies in the windward direction and it also contains a very good view shed. So this zone has the potential to be developed as a recreational zone with better amenities.

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Analysis at City level

2.0 VEGETATION ANALYSIS:

115

Map 60 : Map showing different zones based on vegetation density, topography and built density

Vegetation Pattern: At present there is lack of uniform plant material palette i.e. there is no continuity in the plant species which are seen in the Saputara city. Some of the areas have in fragments good landscape grain but in the absence of larger connections with the adjoining areas, they fall in rendering a homogeneous character to the city.

Sr. No.

Zone

Typologies

Inherent Character

Area (%)

Table 26: Open Area 1

Zone A

Dense vegetation on steep slope

19

2

Zone B

Dense vegetation on flat land

18

3

Zone C

Medium vegetation on steep slope

10

4

Zone D

Medium vegetation on flat slope

1

5

Zone E

Sparse vegetation on steep slope

4

6

Zone F

Sparse vegetation on flat land

17

Figure 82: For Vegetation analysis

Low Density Built Areas 7

Zone G

Dense vegetation on flat land

3

8

Zone H

Medium vegetation on flat land

24

High Density Built Areas 9

Zone I

Sparse vegetation on flat land

4

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Analysis at City level

3.0 LANDSCAPE CHARACTER:

Map 61 : Map showing different zones based on topography , vegetation density, hydrology and micro climate Methodology The parameters of wind direction , slopes and vegetation density were considered to identify zones within the city limits with landscape character variationsAs per the inherent variations in the landscape observed , it was noted that city interiors lacked dense vegetation patches. This would affect seasonal perceptions of the city and a complete different image seen in the summer Sr. No.

Zone

Map 62: Key Plan

Table 27: Parameters Vegetation

Topography

Hydrology

Humidity

Wind condition

Zone 1a

Dense

Steep

High run-off

Leeward

Zone 1b

Combination of dense vegetation and Steep barren areas

High run-off

Wind tunnel effect

Zone 2a

Dense

Moderate

Good drainage

Windward

Zone 2b

Dense

Moderate

Good drainage

Leeward

3

Zone 3

Patches of dense vegetation around the lake

Flat

4

Zone 4

Sparse

Flat

5

Zone 5

Sparse

Flat

Wind tunnel effect

6

Zone 6

Moderate

Steep

Windward

1

2

Good drainage

High

Windward

High

Windward-moist wind present

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Analysis at City level

117

Landscape character analysis a. Institutional buildings

Figure 84: Large scale Institutions Figure 85: Large scale Institutions

Figure 83: For Landscape character analysis

Scattered plantation observed with little or no plant material grouping and therefore no distinct character.

Institutions away from main circulation - The main institutional building was away from the main road and the road leading to the institution was not developed in terms of landscape and infrastructure.

Figure 86: Small scale Hotel Buildings

All hotel facilities and shopping options available within the city limits comes under this classification. Majority of hotel properties are along the main road passing through the city there is little or no setback in most of them.

Peripheral planting is absent and all the built structures are starkly visible from the principal circulation routes. The big hotels have a larger plot size and a landscaped fore court also, but peripheral planting contributing to the road edge interface was not observed.

b. Roads

Figure 89: For Roads

All roads are hard lined asphalt roads with almost no road side amenities/ landscape elements. Hardly any character variation observed in the treatment of national highways or the secondary roads. Lack of distinct pedestrian paths along the roads and any stretch of formal avenue tree plantations or traffic island plantation absent.

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Figure 90: Road sections

c. Recreational spots

Though the recreational activities are scattered around the city limits and road access provided, there is hardly any demarcation in terms of specific landscape variations being observed once we approach or enter any designated recreational venue.

Figure 91: Section along lake edge

d. Inferences 1. There are zones which have the natural wilderness character because of a lack of a formal planning or a definite landscape intent during the formative stages of this hill station city,interventions must strive to maintain this character, and not of an imposed formal landscape 2. Land uses are scattered and consolidating them may help design a definitive image for thereby reinforce a landscape character for the respective typologies

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119

CHAPTER IX: PROPOSAL AT CITY LEVEL

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Proposal at City level

120

1.0 Proposal and guidelines:

0

Map 63: Proposal and guidelines (Source: )

LEGEND State Boundary

School

City Boundary

Residential

National / State Highway

Hotels

Settlements

Public gardens

Water Body / Reservoir

Recreational spaces

5.0

20.0 Kms

1. Saputara byepass entry

27. Eco lodges

2. Endemic tree grove

28. Tribal interpretation centre

3. ENTRY-Cliff edge landscaped

29. Hotel7

4. Government office campus

30. Service/Storage bay

5. TRANSITION- Parking,Commercial,

31. Helipad/Open congregation area

Landscaped 6. Hotel 1

32. Plantation 7. Hotel 2

8. Sunset point meadow

33. WETLAND-Camping area/ observation decks/bird watching

9. Viewing deck/area

34. Lake

10. Temple

35. Church

11. Entertainment/Amusement area,

36. Park

landscaped areas

Figure 92: For Proposal and Guidelines

10.0

37. Orchards

12. Sports complex

38. Market

13. Native planting

39. Settlement

14. Hotel 3

40. Agricultural land

15. Zorb ball/activity area along slope

41. Orchards

16. Existing woodland

42. Sunrise point

17. Angling area/landscaped areas

43. Plantation

18. Lake

44. Agricultural land

19. ART STREET- Emporium,tribal haat

45. Temple

20. Hotel 4

46. Amphitheatre/landscape areas

21. Park

47. Hotel8

22. Hotel 5

48. Bus stand

23. Temple

49. Residential area

24. Hotel 6

50. Hotel9

25. Eco lodges

51. Museum/landscaped areas

26. Camping area-connection to sub region trail

52. Hotel10

Regional Landscape Study - Saputara, Gujarat. Masters Program in Landscape Architecture & Design, CEPT University, Batch 2012 - 2014

121 1. Circulatory paths and nodes• The circulation width is planned as 20m.The entire width

is assumed by having a buggy path(service and tourist movement), varied landscape elements(bollards,extended seating areas from planned gathering spaces), lighting fixtures, hedges and trees etc, cycling, walking and horse riding and alternate transport parking at junctions. The emergency circulatory path for a fire engine to pass through is always maintained in case of emergency. Resting places along the path way is also included with the planned width.

• Entrance- The entrance is accentuated by addition of some medium height grass along with the sparse existing vegetation. The round about is planted with native prominent trees of the region with planned softscape Figure 93: Sketch 1 around.

2. Office – Planned greens – Home: • The planned government office campus houses all the • • • •

department within it for efficient management and co ordination.

The daily commute by foot or cycle is being encouraged by the extended green proposed between the offices and residential areas.

The emporium,tribal haat souvenir shops have been inocporated within a street setting facing the lake.

The storage bay located at the southern end of Saputara would act as storage area for raw materials and temporary waste storage.

The raw materials would be delivered to the areas using the service buggies to prevent good vehicles entry to the centreFigure 94: Craft street, Lake edge of the city

3. The edges: • The edges of the lake comprises of boat launches, angling

areas and some discreet observation areas for bird watching.

• The edges are proposed with some native vegetation species

which would encourage breeding areas for aquatic birds.

• The large open setting which is proposed on the western side of the town would comprise of the existing stadium facilites with few extra additions,existing woodlands,planned soft scape areas dirt trails, temporary fair/amusement etc.

• The intent is to encourage temporal activity rather than a permanent fixture within these greens. The stadium would also include youth hostels so that it can be looked at as training hub.

Figure 95: Sunset point 4. The governor hill: • The governor hill table top land is proposed with a tribal

interpretation centre along with a few eco lodges.

• The entire land is taken up for afforestation in degraded

areas involving the locals.The tribal interpretation centre would house a small museum, kitchen, replica houses.

• The various tribal communities would be given the empowerment of preserving this area.

• Each tribal communities would be given turns in using the facility where in they sell the products locally produced and promote the local tradition.

• The tourist would be allowed to be part of the local tradition and setting ranging from food and accommodation.

Figure 96: Character trail 2 Regional Landscape Study - Saputara, Gujarat. Masters Program in Landscape Architecture & Design, CEPT University, Batch 2012 - 2014

122

CHAPTER X: ANNEXURE

Regional Landscape Study - Saputara, Gujarat. Masters Program in Landscape Architecture & Design, CEPT University, Batch 2012 - 2014

Annexure I

1.0 Census data: (as per 2011 Census): Dang District villages data Sr. no.

Name of Taluka Village

Population Census

Name of Villages

Total

Schedule Tribe

Percentage of ST Population

1

Aherdi

398

398

100

2

Ambalia

169

169

100

3

Ambapada (Chikhli Saja)

270

270

100

4

Ambapada (Vaghai)

948

943

99

5

Baradpani

364

363

100

6

Baripada

618

607

98

7

Bhapkhal

739

733

99

8

Bhurapani

535

535

100

9

Bordahad

123

123

100

10

Borigaotha (Samgahan Saja)

205

205

100

11

Borigaotha (Waghaisaja)

989

987

100

12

Chichpada (Vadpada)

233

233

100

13

Chikhli (Lavchalisaja)

395

395

100

14

Chirapada

535

517

97

15

Daguniya

986

985

100

16

Darapada

527

527

100

17

Dhumkhal

671

671

100

18

Galkund

847

797

94

19

Gotiyamal

915

913

100

20

Gundia

592

592

100

21

Gundvahal

869

859

99

22

Jakhana

1351

1345

100

23

Jamdar

393

391

99

24

Jogbari

451

436

97

25

Kahandolghodi

564

564

100

26

Kamad

580

577

99

27

Kotamdar

918

917

100

28

Lahancharya

506

499

99

29

Lahandabhas

397

382

96

30

Maharaychond

301

301

100

31

Malegaon

1935

1898

98

32

Manmodi

597

589

99

33

Motacharya

469

469

100

34

Moti Dabhas

522

522

100

35

Murambi

903

903

100

36

Nadakchond

1049

1026

98

37

Nirgudmal

306

306

100

38

Payarpada

438

437

100

39

Ranpada

500

500

100

40

Samgahan

2275

1862

82

Regional Landscape Study - Saputara, Gujarat. Masters Program in Landscape Architecture & Design, CEPT University, Batch 2012 - 2014

123

Annexure I

41

Saputara

2968

2424

82

42

Sinbandh

178

178

100

43

Supdahad

665

665

100

44

Taklipada (Pipalaidevi)

1389

1379

99

45

Ukhatiya

237

236

100

46

Umarya

96

96

100

47

Umbarpada

375

374

100

48

Vihiramba

326

325

100

49

Wakarya

384

383

100

50

Wanki

250

249

100

0 - 500

1500 - 2000

500 - 1000

2000 - 2500

1000 - 1500

2500 - 3000

Legend

As per 2011 Census Village data VILLAGES IN SUB REGION Population ( Census 2011) Sr no.

Name of Villages

Total

Scheduled Tribe

Percentage of ST Population

2

3

4

5

1 Baradpani

364

363

100

Dhanoli

863

820

95

Hatgad

3054

2890

95

Malegaon

1935

1898

98

Mothamal

1136

1136

100

Pohali

1346

1342

100

Sajole

1415

1378

97

Saputara

2968

2424

82

Shribhuvan

2697

2630

98

Shrungarwadi

281

273

97

0-500

500-1000

1000-1500

1500-2000

2000-2500

2500-3000

Regional Landscape Study - Saputara, Gujarat. Masters Program in Landscape Architecture & Design, CEPT University, Batch 2012 - 2014

124

Annexure I

(as per 2011 Census): Nashik District villages data

Sr.no.

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47

Name of Taluka villages

Alangun Ambapur Amdar / Amzar Bhadar Bhadkude Bhavandgad Bhintghar Bhormal Bondarmal Borgaon Bubli Chaphapada Chikhali Chinchpada Daguniya Dalwat Dangrale Desgaon Devaldari Devali Karhad Dhanoli Ghodambe Harantekadi Hatgad Hatriundi Jaidar Kanashi Karwande Kathipada Khadaki Khadakmal Khirad Khobala Mani Kosurde Koswan Kothule Kukudmunda Kumsadi Ladgaon Lakhani Lingame Malegaon Mani Mohapada Morchonda Mothamal Nagshewadi

Population (Census 2011) Total

Schedule Tribe

2631 987 382 1902 415 676 632 2211 2964 2299 1357 1269 1151 691 986 1438 1746 2006 631 1236 863 998 825 3054 1698 1298 2965 711 2998 474 978 911 2558 619 1459 1204 1665 652 716 1368 662 744 1468 324 425 1136 1516

2548 380 1892 671 2207 1721 1337 1147 654 985 1736 626

966 821 2890 1691

711 2973 474 840 2553

1198 1643 712

742 1452 324 425 1136 1515

Percentage of ST Population 97 90 99 99 95 99 99 100 80 75 99 98 100 95 100 90 99 97 99 95 95 97 100 95 100 98 95 100 99 100 86 85 100 100 90 100 99 95 99 99 100 100 99 100 100 100 100

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125

Annexure I

48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80

Nawapur Nimbarpada Palasdar Pohali Pratap nagar Pratapgad Rahude Roti Sabardara Sajole Sanjay Nagar Sarad Sarale Digar Shinde Shingashi Shribhuvan Shrirapur/ Shrirampur Shrungarwadi Sule Surgana Suryagad Talpada Tatani Umbarde Umbarpada Umbarthan Verule Vijaynagar Virshet Wadapada Waghdhond Walutzira Warkhede

257 699 989 1346 495 925 1625 279 607 1415 574 1652 1264 2400 1159 2697 935 281 382 6263 751 862 992 170 589 3162 785 299 1251 1052 1063 609 879

257 636 1342 910 1594 279 607 1378 568 1622 2358 2630 929 381 3275 749 861 170 587 2816 294 952 1052 608

100 91 98 100 100 98 98 100 100 97 99 98 85 98 98 98 99 100 52 100 100 100 100 100 89 100 98 98 90 99 100 100

Population in Numbers 0 - 500 500 - 1000 1000 - 1500 1500 - 2000 2000 - 2500 2500 - 3000 Above 5000

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Annexure II

127

2.0 Agricultural data: Dangs: Most of the cultivation is being done during monsoon and the farmers take only one crop.

Only one third of the villages cultivate a winter crop. The main crops during winter are chickpeas and pigeon pea (tuver). In summer on a marginal scale water melon is cultivated on the river beds.

Out of the crops that are grown during monsoon rice is the most important crop in South Dangs occupying 40 per cent of the total area. Other crops like ragi, varai and jovar are grown in small areas comprising six, three and four percent of the total cultivated land during monsoon.

Crop

Percentage

Rice Ragi Chickpea groundnut varai

40 31 5 5 15

Table 28: For Dangs

Nashik: Different crop combinations in Nashik District are: Tahsil

Crops

Malegaon Baglan Kalwan Nandgaon Surgana Nashik Dindori Igatpuri Peint Niphad sinner Yevla Chandvad Trimbak Deola

Bajra, Maize Bajra, Maize Maize, Bajra, Paddy Bajra, Onion Paddy, Ragi, Vari Wheat, Paddy, Nachani, Javari, Onion Grapes, tomato, Wheat, Paddy, Sugarcane, groundnut, Ragi, Gram, Brinjal Paddy, Gram Mango, Ragi, wari Grape, Maze, Sugarcane, Onion, Wheat Bajra, Wheat Bajra, Onion, Maze, Wheat, Gram Bajra, Onion Paddy, Ragi, Wari Bajra, Maze, Onion

Table 29: For Nashik

Amount of water required by a crop in its whole production period is called water requirement.

The Water Requirement of crops depends upon retention and transmissivity of water in soil, absorption and transmission within plant, transpiration, effective rainfall, vapour pressure, and energy.

Crop

Water requirement(mm)

Bajra Maize Ragi Rice Wheat Cotton sugarcane

350-400 500-550 350-400 400-450 450-650 600-650 2000-2200

Table 30: Crops information

Source:

‘Agricultural Development and Land use Pattern in Nashik District of Maharastra, India’ Author: Pagar Mansaram Pandit

Table 31: Water shed calculations

‘Perspective plan for The Dangs’ prepared by Centre for Environment Education

Sr. Watershed no.

Agricultural land Water Total volume Total volume (sq. m) requirement (m) (cu m) (mcm)

Availability of water in catchment (mcm)

01 02 03 04

158255193.6 71915405.6 14112847.5 26941463.3

158.42 78.15 57.2 88.41

Girna basin Par basin Khapri basin Ambica basin

0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4

63302077.44 28766162.24 5645139 10776585.32

63.30207744 28.76616224 5.645139 10.77658532

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128

3.0 Baradpani, Dangs - Statistics: Land use Pattern: Geographical area of village: Forest area: Land under agricultural use: Rain fed area: Permanent pastures:

328 ha 195.30 ha 111.20 ha 111.20 ha 0

Wasteland:Cultivable: 11.30 ha Non-Cultivable: 32.10 ha Soil type and topography : Black rockout crop, shallow black, brown& alluvial soil, undulating, moderate to steep slope

Flood and drought condition:

Flood incidence: Nil Drought incidence: 7-8 yrs

Soil pH: 5.96 (normal) Waterlogging conditions: NIL Land ownership details: 100% by ST (tribal) – 101.34 ha Agriculture: one time sown: 118.62 ha Two time sown: 1.05 ha Irrigation:

No canal irrigation, No wells for irrigation, primary irrigation source check

Kharif crop:

Rabi crop:

dam / pond, availability for 8 months, net area 0.50 ha, gross area 1.20 ha

Crop 1 Ragi(finger millet)- area- 16.95 ha, production 3390 kg, productivity 200 kg/ha Crop 2 Varai (small millet) area 14.5 ha, production 4485 kg, productivity 309.34 ka/ha, Crop 3 Paddy (rice) area 18.43 ha, production 10733 kg, productivity 582.36 kg/ha Crop 4 Udad (black gram) , area 9.41 ha, production 1223 kg, productivity 129.96 kg/ha, Crop 5 Khurashni 9niger seed) area 8.69 ha, production 149.16 kg, productivity 17.16 crop 1 Wheat, area 4.39 ha, production 1122.5 kg, productivity 255.70 kg/ha, Crop 3 Chana, area 4.19 ha, production 2234 kg, productivity 533.17 kg/ha

Livestock:

Avg. ground water table : Source of drinking water: Availability in months: Quality: Demographic information: Total population: Male population: Female population: St: Literacy rate:

Buffalo – 18 milk 3240 lit/yr, cow- 8 900 lit/yr, total milk 4140 lit/yr, goat 194 milk 3880 lit/yr, bullock- 98, hen- 335 40- 45m Well, hand pump 11 Potable 296 146 150 296 (100%) total 223 (75%), male 103 (70.5 %), female 120 (80%), literacy above 14 yrs – 4.12%, above 14 yrs 92%

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Migration of the villagers is observed mainly from November to May when they do not have any work to do. The agricultural laborers find some employment during the monsoon season in their own village. However, in the idle period, large numbers of villagers migrate in semi-bonded areas such as Surat district to work as cane-cutters in the sugar co- operatives. They even migrate to Nashik district as agricultural labor i.e. harvesting grapes and for construction works. The income they earn during the migration period ranges from Rs. 1000 to Rs. 4000 per month.

Migration details Total nos 32, male 22, female 10, upto 3-6 months, reason being lack of employment opportunity in the area during nov-may, avg. income during migration/month 3200 rs/person Poverty Total household: 52 nos Accessibility: pucca road to the village Schools: 1 lower primary, 1 upper primary, college 42 km , Post office: 10km, Bank: 10 km Milk collection centre, milk co- operative: absent Households with electricity: 14 With safety latrines: 4 Mobile: 6 Household with vehicle:2 wheeler: 2 4 wheeler: 1 Tv set: 2 Cooking gas: 0 Drinking water: 0

Livelihood pattern: The livelihood of the villagers depends on agriculture and animal husbandry & during lean seasons they migrate for daily wages to other parts of the state. There are few people who are engaged in services. Since, the 23% of the total budget in dedicated to livelihood purpose, the major attention need to be given (ref Table no.47). Under this project, livelihood activities such as Wadi cultivation, Vermi-compost, Animal husbandry, Nursery raising, Kitchen garden, etc primarily focused to improve their livelihood.

Income from: Agriculture: 49950 Animal husbandry: 66600 Casual labor: 33300 Others: 16650 Total: 166500 Dependence on common property resource:

Other activities involve:

Seasonal mahuda collection Selling grass pendi collected from forest

Availability for fodder during monsoon is very easy, grass is cut from the forest and sold @3 rs/pendi Dried mahuda flowers are collected from forest and sold at 22-30 rs/kg The wood as fuel is mainly consumed for cooking purpose.

Benefit type 1 (fodder) 40%, income 1.7 lakhs, Benefit type 2 (mahuda flower / seed) 50% 1.3 lakhs income, Benefit type 3 (fruits) 50% - 0.23 lakhs, Benefit type-4 (Gums) 80% 0.185 lakhs, Benefit type 5 (Honey) 80% -0.185 lakhs, total income from forest 3.60 lakhs.

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Total workforce: 409 Agriculture: 138 Animal husbandry: 34 Agriculture + animal husbandry: 172 Casual labor: 65 Services: 0 Handicraft: 0 Others: 0 Finger miller is one of the major crops grown in dang district having high productivity of 1500 kg/ha approx. which is higher than the total productivity of the state and country.

Productivity of the same can be increased with an adequate source of irrigation.

Reasons for low productivity: 1. Dependence on monsoon. Success or failure of the monsoon determines the success or failure of the agriculture production 2. Low use of fertilizer per unit cropped area.

3. Traditional farming methods of mono-cropping results in lower productivity. Multiple cropping and new farming methods need to be introduced for increasing the productivity.

4. Lack of adequate farm machinery. Large number of farmers uses wooden ploughs and bullocks.

5. Lack of finances: Economic status of the farmers being low and marginal they cannot afford good quality seeds, machinery other inputs.

6. Lack of facilities such as storage and marketing.

5-10% of agriculture product damage after harvesting due to scarcity of proper storage and proper market for sale.

So he sells to local traders at the low prices. Farmers mainly face problems in means of transportation due to kachha roads. And other problem of farmers is the lack of proper storage facilities.

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Annexure IV

131

4.0 Hydrology Catchment area calculations for region study area: MAJOR CATCHMENT

A

MINOR CATCHMENT A1 A2 A3 A4 A5 A6 A7 A8

AREA (SQ.KM) 13.83 9.83 18.35 9.87 5.85 5.82 7.60 8.93

AVERAGE RAINFALL (M) 1.7 1.7 1.7 1.7 1.7 1.7 1.7 1.7

VOLUME OF WATER IN A WATER SHED (MCM) 23.51 16.71 31.19 16.78 9.95 9.90 12.91 15.17

PERCENTAGE RUNOFF COEFFICIENT 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.2 0.4

136.12

B

B1 B2 B3 B4 B5

7.42 14.16 19.15 9.87 5.88

1.7 1.7 1.7 1.7 1.7

12.61 24.07 32.55 16.78 10.00

C1 C2 C3

7.0 12.5 9.7

1.7 1.7 1.7

11.88 21.21 16.53

0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.05

D1 D2 D3 D4

19.23 20.29 25.82 18.10

1.7 1.7 1.7 1.7

32.69 34.49 43.90 30.77

0.25 0.25 0.25

E1 E2 E3 E4 E5 E6 E7 E8 E9 E10

6.43 5.48 4.57 3.63 4.86 4.86 8.08 5.96 4.95 4.95

1.7 1.7 1.7 1.7 1.7 1.7 1.7 1.7 1.7 1.7

10.92 9.31 7.77 6.17 8.25 8.25 13.73 10.14 8.41 8.41

0.35 0.3 0.35 0.35

F1

G

G1

3.12

1.7

5.30

11.44 10.35 15.37 7.69

44.8 0.4 0.3 0.45 0.25 0.15 0.25 0.35 0.25 0.25 0.35

91.37

F

2.97 5.30 4.13

12.4

141.85

E

3.15 6.02 8.14 4.20 0.50

22.0

49.62

D

4.702 3.343 6.237 4.195 2.487 2.474 2.583 6.070

32.1

96.02

C

RUN OFF WATER (MCM)

4.37 2.79 3.50 1.54 1.24 2.06 4.81 2.53 2.10 2.94

27.89 0.35

1.85

1.85 3.32

1.7

5.64

0.35

1.97

1.97

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Annexure IV

MAJOR CATCHMENT

MINOR CATCHMENT

AREA (SQ.KM)

AVERAGE RAINFALL (M)

VOLUME OF WATER IN A WATER SHED (MCM)

PERCENTAGE RUNOFF COEFFICIENT

RUN OFF WATER (MCM)

H

HI H2 H3 H4 H5 H6 H7 H8 H9 H10 H11 H12 H13 H14 H15 H16 H17 H18 H19 H20

1.07 6.01 7.56 8.46 9.26 4.16 3.68 5.66 6.24 6.69 5.12 6.68 7.63 5.69 4.07 5.81 3.33 6.18 6.73 7.75

1.7 1.7 1.7 1.7 1.7 1.7 1.7 1.7 1.7 1.7 1.7 1.7 1.7 1.7 1.7 1.7 1.7 1.7 1.7 1.7

1.82 10.22 12.85 14.39 15.74 7.07 6.26 9.61 10.60 11.38 8.71 11.36 12.98 9.68 6.91 9.89 5.66 10.51 11.44 13.18 200.24

0.25 0.25 0.4 0.35 0.35 1 0.35 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.35 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.35 0.35 0.3 0.35 0.25

0.45 2.56 5.14 5.04 5.51 7.07 2.19 2.40 2.65 2.84 2.18 3.97 3.24 2.42 1.73 3.46 1.98 3.15 4.00 3.29 65.29

I

I1 I2 I3 I4 I5 I6 I7 I8 I9 I10 I11 I12 I13 I14 I15 I16 I17 I18 I19 I20 I21 I22 I23 I24 I25 I26 I27 I28 I29 I30

0.98 2.17 6.92 7.98 5.51 6.96 6.67 5.86 3.47 8.38 6.73 3.36 4.74 4.41 5.22 2.29 5.22 6.08 4.91 9.97 3.29 0.89 2.81 4.87 7.94 7.77 5.65 10.74 6.60 8.87

1.7 1.7 1.7 1.7 1.7 1.7 1.7 1.7 1.7 1.7 1.7 1.7 1.7 1.7 1.7 1.7 1.7 1.7 1.7 1.7 1.7 1.7 1.7 1.7 1.7 1.7 1.7 1.7 1.7 1.7

1.67 3.68 11.76 13.57 9.36 11.83 11.33 9.96 5.90 14.25 11.44 5.72 8.05 7.49 8.88 3.90 8.87 10.33 8.34 16.95 5.59 1.52 4.77 8.27 13.49 13.20 9.60 18.26 11.22 15.08

0.25 0.25 0.25 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.25 0.2 0.2 0.25 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.22 0.25 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.25 0.2 0.25 0.35

0.42 0.92 2.94 4.07 1.87 1.18 1.13 1.49 1.18 3.56 2.86 1.14 1.61 1.50 2.22 0.78 1.77 2.07 1.25 3.39 1.40 0.33 1.19 1.65 2.70 2.64 2.40 3.65 2.81 5.28

284.30

132

61.42

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Annexure IV

MAJOR CATCHMENT

J

AREA (SQ.KM)

MINOR CATCHMENT J1 J2 J3 J4 J5 J6 J7 J8 J9 J10 J11 J12 J13 J14 J15 J16 J17 J18 J19 J20 J21 J22 J23 J24 J25 J26 J27 J28

6.48 7.24 8.54 6.60 8.32 6.00 9.88 7.87 4.49 6.25 7.43 9.83 5.34 3.20 5.41 4.31 6.29 7.51 5.84 5.79 8.79 3.93 2.36 6.90 6.05 7.64 4.46 1.19

AVERAGE RAINFALL (M) 1.7 1.7 1.7 1.7 1.7 1.7 1.7 1.7 1.7 1.7 1.7 1.7 1.7 1.7 1.7 1.7 1.7 1.7 1.7 1.7 1.7 1.7 1.7 1.7 1.7 1.7 1.7 1.7

VOLUME OF WATER IN A WATER SHED (MCM) 11.02 12.31 14.52 11.22 14.15 10.20 16.79 13.38 7.64 10.62 12.63 16.71 9.08 5.44 9.20 7.33 10.70 12.77 9.93 9.85 14.94 6.69 4.01 11.73 10.28 12.99 7.58 2.03

PERCENTAGE RUNOFF COEFFICIENT 0.2 0.25 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.3 0.25 0.2 0.2 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.35 0.3 0.35 0.4 0.35 0.25 0.3 0.3 0.25 0.25 0.2

295.74

K

K1 K2 K3 K4 K5 K6 K7 K8 K9

14.83 8.07 12.48 4.79 7.04 4.17 2.64 5.55 3.74

1.7 1.7 1.7 1.7 1.7 1.7 1.7 1.7 1.7

25.22 13.72 21.21 8.14 11.96 7.09 4.49 9.44 6.36

107.63

SLOPE

WITH VEGETATION

WITHOUT VEGETATION

Built

FLAT AVERAGE HILLY STEEPLY HILLY

0.05- 0.1/0.15 0.2 0.25/0.3 0.35/0.4

0.2 0.25 0.35 0.45

0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8

RUN OFF WATER (MCM) 2.20 3.08 2.90 2.24 2.83 2.04 5.04 2.68 1.91 3.19 3.79 4.18 1.82 1.09 2.30 1.83 2.68 4.47 2.98 3.45 5.98 2.34 1.00 3.52 3.09 3.25 1.89 0.41

78.15 0.35 0.3 0.3 0.35 0.4 0.4 0.2 0.25 0.2

133

8.83 4.12 6.36 2.85 4.78 2.84 0.90 2.36 1.27

34.31

Table 5 :Reference table for Run off coefficient

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Annexure IV

City water calculations:

Sr. No.

Area (Sq.mt.)

Average Rain fall (M)

Volume of water in a water shed (MCM)

Percentage run Run off water off co efficient (MCM)

T

162974.4 310361.6 106879.9 114849.9 131871.9 103627.1 323104.8 214794.5 281190.5 678888.6 321435.5 517330 301408.1 175668.8 296188.6 154155.5 175310.9 355919 246683.8 725946.8

1.27 1.27 1.27 1.27 1.27 1.27 1.27 1.27 1.27 1.27 1.27 1.27 1.27 1.27 1.27 1.27 1.27 1.27 1.27 1.27

2.07 3.94 1.36 1.46 1.67 1.32 4.10 2.73 3.57 8.62 4.08 6.57 3.83 2.23 3.76 1.96 2.23 4.52 3.13 9.22

0.4 0.35 0.55 0.5 0.4 0.35 0.4 0.55 0.35 0.45 0.35 0.35 0.45 0.4 0.35 0.3 0.55 0.5 0.6 0.6

0.08 0.14 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.05 0.16 0.15 0.12 0.39 0.14 0.23 0.17 0.09 0.13 0.06 0.12 0.23 0.19 0.55

LAKE

166000

1.27

2.11

1

0.21

Minor catchment A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S

LAKE VOLUME- 166000*12M= 1992000 CU.M.-1.9 M.CU.M TOTAL RUN-OFF ON LAKE SIDE=1.06 M.CU.M SLOPE FLAT AVERAGE HILLY STEEPLY HILLY

134

WITH VEGETATION

WITHOUT BUILT VEGETATION

0.05- 0.1/0.15 0.2 0.25/0.3 0.35/0.4

0.2 0.25 0.35 0.45

0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8

Table 32: Reference table for Run off coefficient

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Annexure V

135

5.0 Quadrat study: Study methodology: 1 - Vegetation Character Map: Table 33: The existing vegetation within the study region has been classified into four categories by virtue of their character considering the tree density (no. of trees per unit area) and the percentage canopy cover determined with the help of Quadrat study readings and a satellite image.

Category

Character description

Category 1

Vegetation density 0-10 %, agriculture/ barren land with almost no canopy cover.

Category 2

Vegetation density 10-40 %, Scrub land with less canopy cover.

Category 3

Vegetation density 40-70 %, open forest with moderate tree cover.

Category 4

Vegetation density >70 %, good dense forest.

The quadrat study readings are as follows: Table 34: Quadrat 1

Quadrat 2

Quadrat 3

Quadrat 4 Quadrat 5 Quadrat 6 Quadrat 7 Quadrat 8

1 Location

shamghan shamghan n e a r Borgoan 1 2 stream

Baripada

Surgana 1 Surgana 2 SH20 Road

2 No of trees

6

7

6

3

3

12

10

10

3 Canopy cover (%)

65

57.5

40

30

20

47

40

53

Bare ground (%)

45

25

35

20

10

-

10

50

Bare rock (%)

5

22.5

25

-

10

25

30

-

Ground cover (%)

50

52.5

40

80

80

75

60

50

20

25

10

10

10

10

10

30

4 Ground cover

5 Litter cover (%)

(Source: quadrat study readings recorded on site, details attached in Annexure III, below)

Observations: • A stark contrast is observed between the vegetation densities of Gujarat and Maharashtra states. Gujarat state showing larger areas with moderate and high densities whereas most areas of Maharashtra state are 0-10% dense.

The only regions showing moderate density are the areas with steep slope where agriculture is difficult to carry out.

• Significant amount of encroachment is seen within the reserved forest area towards the western side of the study region – mostly exploited for agricultural practices.

• The reserved forest boundary is not a closed unit but has many scattered arms, most of the boundary following the contour line, a level beyond which the slope is steep and poses difficulty in farming.

• Owing to such scattered arms, larger area of reserved forest is exposed to exploitation and it is therefore important to address while drafting proposals on regional scale to conserve the existing reserved forest.

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Annexure V

Quadrat 1 - Shamghan 1 Figure 97:

136

Quadrat 2 - Shamghan 2 : Figure 98:

Section AA B

Section AA Section BB A

A

A

A

B

q1 – The quadrat is located on a moderate slope, fairly dense in terms of no of trees and moderate canopy cover. Near Shamghan village, the quadrat is dominated by presence of teak (Tectona grandis)trees with an occasional occurence of one or two nos of understorey growth. The ground cover is profuse comprising of local grasses but seasonal. (appears only during the monsoon season). The quadrat is located at the brink from where dense vegetation starts to appear. This quadrat was selected by virtue of its location as it shows the signs of intervention in a dense forest.

q2 – This is quadrat is characterized by presence of small rocky outcrops interspersed within the vegetation. Fairly dense in terms of no of trees and moderate canopy cover, again dominated by presence of teak (Tectona grandis)trees with an occasional occurrence of one or two nos of under storey growth. The ground cover is profuse comprising of local grasses but seasonal. (appears only during the monsoon season). It is also present within the rock crevices. The quadrat is located admist a fairly dense vegetation. This quadrat was selected as a representative of a fairly dense, teak (Tectona grandis) dominated vegetation on a fairly steep slope.

Quadrat 1

Quadrat 2

1

Location

Shamghan 1

Shamghan 2

2

No of trees

6

7

3

Canopy cover (%)

65

57.5

4

Ground cover Bare ground (%)

45

25

Bare rock (%)

5

22.5

Ground cover (%)

50

52.5

Litter cover (%)

20

25

5

0 km

5 km

Map 64: Key plan

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Annexure V

Quadrat 3 - Near stream : Figure 99:

Quadrat 4 -Borgoan : Figure 100:

Section AA

Section AA

B

A Section BB

A

137

A

A B

q3 – This quadrat is near a village settlement called Baripada. The quadrat is located at an edge where the natural vegetation is curbed and the farmlands start appearing. It is at the edge where the steep slopes graduate towards flatter slopes and as a result, put to use for farming. The quadrat consists mostly of ground cover, with hardly one or two trees appearing ocassionally. This condition is seen in most of the places in the study region.

q4 – This quadrat is near a stream and was selected to understand the vegetation appearing along a stream. Presence of Teak (Tectona grandis) and Anogeissus latifolia. Seasonal ground cover is also seen.

Quadrat 3

Quadrat 4

1

Location

near stream

Borgoan

2

No of trees

6

3

3

Canopy cover (%)

40

30

4

Ground cover Bare ground (%)

35

20

Bare rock (%)

25

-

Ground cover (%)

40

80

Litter cover (%)

10

10

5

0 km

5 km

Map 65: Key plan

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Annexure V

Quadrat 5 - Baripada :Figure 101:

138

Quadrat 6 - Surgana 1 : Figure 102:

Section AA

Section AA

A

A A

A

q5 – The quadrat is located along the boundary of the Borgaon dam. The quadrat was selected to understand the vegetation typology along the periphery of the water body. Ground cover is abundant with minimum amount of litter and medium sized Acacia trees. The overall slope is minimum within the quadrat and is separated from the agricultural land by a narrow canal.

q6 – The quadrat is located along the SH20 highway and there are fragmented patches of dense vegetation in and around the quadrat. There is dense Lantana growth which restricts the vision of the observer. The medium sized Tectona grandis forms the dense canopy cover. Cattle tracks within this quadrat suggest the possibility of a grazing route which the herdsman use.

Quadrat 5

Quadrat 6

1

Location

Baripada

Surgana 1

2

No of trees

3

12

3

Canopy cover (%)

20

47

4

Ground cover Bare ground (%)

10

-

Bare rock (%)

10

25

Ground cover (%)

80

75

Litter cover (%)

10

10

5

0 km

5 km

Map 66: Key plan

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Annexure V

Quadrat 7 - Surgana 2 : Figure 103:

139

Quadrat 8 - SH20 Road : Figure 104:

Section AA

Section AA

A

A

A A

q7 â&#x20AC;&#x201C; The quadrat is located on the foothills of the Surgana area. The overall vegetation typology around this area includes terraced agricultural land with patches of medium sized trees. The quadrat is located along a seasonal stream which has shrub growth along the edges. This selection is selected to understand the typology along a seasonal stream and its respective vegetation along the slope. q8 â&#x20AC;&#x201C; The quadrat is located on the higher elevation of the hillock within Surgana limits. The vegetation is sparsely populated with mixture of big size and medium size trees. The ground cover during the monsoon observation was dense with few rocky outcrops. Lantana vegetation is sparsely populated and reduces the vision of the observer. The quadrat was selected to understand the implications of having a settlement close to a forest patch. The surroundings of this quadrat mainly consist of terraced agricultural land; few mined areas and fragmented dense vegetation areas.

Quadrat 7

Quadrat 8

1

Location

Surgana 2

SH20 Road

2

No of trees

10

10

3

Canopy cover (%)

40

53

4

Ground cover Bare ground (%)

10

50

Bare rock (%)

30

-

Ground cover (%)

60

50

Litter cover (%)

10

30

5

0 km

5 km

Map 67: Key plan

Regional Landscape Study - Saputara, Gujarat. Masters Program in Landscape Architecture & Design, CEPT University, Batch 2012 - 2014

Annexure VI

6.0 List of Plant species found: Table 35: *The list is cumulative of species list from Forest ecology (G.S. Puri) and forest working plan of Dangs and Nasik District Sr.No. Scientific Name TREES OVERWOOD

Common Name

1

Adina cordifolia

Haldu, Haldawan

2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43

Acacia catechu Acacia ferruginea Acacia leucophloea Acacia nilotica Acacia polycantha Aegle marmelos Albizia amara Albizia Lebbeck Albizzia procera Anogeissus latifolia Artocarpus heterophyllus Azadirachta indica Bauhinia Lawii Bauhinia racemosa Bombax ceiba Boswellia serrata Bridelia retusa Butea monosperma Capparis zeylanica Careya arborea Cassia fistula Dalbergia latifolia Dalbergia panniculata Dalbergia sissoo Dalbergia volubilis Diospyros melanoxylon Dolichandron falcata Eriolaena quinquocularais Erythrina indica Erythrina stricta Erythrina suberosa Erythrina variegata Eucalyptus Camaldulensis Ficus amplissima Ficus bengalensis Ficus racemosa Ficus virens Garuga Pinnata Glochidion hohenackeri Gmelina arborea Grewia hirsuta Grewia tenax

Khair Ichan Hiwar Babul Ghubata Bel Kansar Bate, Kalasiras, Siras (kala) Kilai Dhawda, Dhamoda Phanas Neem/nimb Chamol Apta Semal Salai Asand Palas Wagat Kumbhi Bahawa Shisham Patral Sissoo Alsi Tendu Medsing Bothi, Varing Pongaro Pangara Darara Gadhpalas, Pangara Nilgiri Payer, Pipri Wad Umbar Amba-payer Kakad Bhoma Shivan Gangudi

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44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85

Grewia tiliaefolia Grewia tilifolia Haldina cordifolia Hardwikia binata Heterephrasma quadriculata Holarrhena antidysentrica Holoptelea integrifolia Holoptelia integrifolia Kydia Calycina Lagerstroemia lanceolata Lagerstroemia Parviflora Lannea commandelica Lannea coromandelica Limonia acidissima Madhuca indica Mallotus Philipensis Mangifera Indica Mangifera Indica Melia Azadirachta Melia composita Meyna Laxiflora Michelia champaca Miliusa tomentosa Mimosops ellengi Mitragyna parviflora Mitragyna parviflora Morinda tinctoria Moringa Oliefera Oroxylon indicum Ougeinia oogenensis Ougenia oojeinensis Phoenix sylvestris Phyllanthus emblica Pongamia pinnata Pterocarpus Marsupium Salmalia malabarica Sapindus laurifolius Schleichera oleosa Schrebera swieteniodes Semecarpus anacardium Spondias Pinnata Sterculia Urens

Dhaman Dhaman Haldu/ Hed Anjan Waras/Varas Kuda (safed) Kanji Papada Baranga, Modwak Nano bondaro Bondara Modad Modhal, moi Kavath Mahuda Kamala, Kumkum Amba Mango Bakan- Nimb Nimbaro Ain (sadada) Sonchafa Humb Bakula Kalam Kalamb Ali Shevga Tetu Tiwas Tiwas/ Tinsa Shindi Awalkanti, Aonla Karanj Bija/ Bibla Sawar Ritha Kusum Mokha Bhilva/ Biba Ambada Kad, Kadhai, Kandol

86

Syzygium cumini

Jambul, jamun

87 88

Tamarindus Indica Tectona grandis

Chinch Sag/ Sagwan

89

Terminalia arjuna

Arjun Sadada

90 91 92

Terminalia bellirica Terminalia chebula Terminalia paniculata

Beheda Hirda

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TREES UNDERWOOD

SHRUBS

93 94 95 96 97

Terminalia tomentosa Trema orientalis Wrightia tinctoria Zizyphus mauritiana Zizyphus xylopyra

Sadad Gol. Karamatigol Kalakuda (kodai) Bor Ghatbor

1

Bahunia variegata

Kanchan

2

Bamboosa arundinaceae

Katas vans

3 4 5

Buchanania lanzan Buhinia racemosa Careya arborea

Charoli Asitra Kumbhio

6

Cassia fistula

Garmalo

7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19

Diospyros melanoxyIon Emblica officinalis Ficus rumphii Holarrhena antidysenterica Mallotus philippensis Morinda tinctoria Oroxylum indicum Ponganua pinnata Radermachera xylocarpa Sapindus emarginatus Soyminda febrifuga Spondiaspinnata Zizyphus mauratiana

Timru Amla Umber Kuda Kanku Aledi Tetu Karanj Khadsing Aritha Rohin Ambado Bordi

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22

Acacia pennata Acacia torta Adhatoda vesica Agave americana Argimone mexicana Artemesia nilagirica Azanza lampas Barleria prionitis Bombax micranthus Caesalpinia decapetala Calotropis gigantea Calycopteris floribunda Carissa carandas Carissa congesta Carvia callosa Caseria graveolens Cassia Auriculata Cassia sufruticosa Catunaregam spinosa Chlorodendron serratum Costus speciosus Desmodium parvifloram

Ketki Darnoli Pisola Ranbhendi Kati Koranti Madkae Chillar Rui Ukshi Karvund.

Karvand Karvi Khirmira Awal, Tarvad Dewawali Gal/ Gel Bharangi Pevta Chiktyo

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HERBS

23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44

Dischrostachys cinerea Dyschoriste dalzelli Embelia tsjeriam cottam Eriolanna candollei Flacourtia indica Grewia damine Gymnosperia spinosa Helicteres isora Hemidesmus indicus Hibiscus Aculeatus Hibiscus furcatus Holarrhena antidysentrica Indian aloe Indigofera trita Jatropha Curcas Lantana camara var Maytenus emarginata Ocimum basilicum Opuntia dillenia Pavetta Crassicaulis Rhus mysorensis Securinega Leucopyrus

Velatur Achra vowding Eriolanna candollei Galguher Barkudi Henkal Ati, Murudsheng Anantvel Ambadi Ranambadi Pandrakuda Korphad Hirna Chandrajyoti Gultura/ Ganeri Yankal/ Bharati Rantubi Phadya Niwadung Nadgi Amoni Petuni

45

Securinega virosa

Dait, Karmati Pachurna & Pandharphalli

46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57

Solannum xanthocarpus Tamarix dioica Thespesia lampas Uraria picta Urena lobata Vernonia anthelmentica Vitex negundo Woodfordia fruticosa Xeromphis spinosa Zizyphus mauritiana Zizyphus nummularia Zizyphus rugosa

Bhui ringni Jaol Ranbhendi Liptyo Zingaroot Kadu Jire Nigodi Dhaiti Galor Mindhal Bor Chanyabor Toran

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13

Achyranthes aspera vari Ageratum conyzoides aloe vira Argemona mexicana Arisaema murrayi Barleria lawii Boerhavia Diffusa Cardiospermum halicacalum Cassia tora Cleome Viscosa crotalaria medicaginea Dioscorea oppositifolia Echinochloa colona

Aghada Burandu Khorpad pivla dhotra Badadha Corata Gatrack Bohra/ Kaligunj tarota pivli tilwan Phat-phati, rangas Medwan Ranborat

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14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 GROUNDCOVER 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 GRASSES

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16

Ensete superbum Eragrostis unmioboides Euphorbia fusiformis Ggeodorum demiflorum Girardinia diversifolia Gloriasa superba Guizotia abyssinica Habenaria grandifloriformis Heracleum grandis Hygrophila serpyllum Indigofera cordifolia Indigofera glandulosa Leea macrophylla Mucena pruriens Oxalis corniculata Paspalidium flavidum Pimpinlla heyneana Rotala densiflora Sesbania Bispinosa Solanum nigrum Solena Amplexicaulis Tribulus terrestris Tridax Procumbens Zinnia peruviana

rankel/ kawder Chidsi/ Chimandara Buishirid Haryakand Agya Kal-lavi Khurasini Chichur-kanda Babli Buikarvi Barbada Borupdi Anderphod Kachquiri/Kawitch Ambushi Burad/ shedya Dongarjeera Jalmukhi Dador Kangani Gomett GokhruDagadipala ranjenda

Achyranthes aspera Amstasia coromandeliana Corauma ammatica Desmodium trifolium Leea aspera Leucas biflora Pedalium murex Randia uliginosa Vicoa auriculata

Sonero or Zinzudo Sevra Ran halder Nani Madri Pular Fulari Gokharu Ghoghdo or Ghoghdi Sarvat

Chloris incompleta Eleusine aegyptica Hetropogan contortus Panicum monatanum Polytoca cookei Spodiopogan rhizophorous Themeda ciliata Vetiveria zizinoides Andropogon Pumilus Bambusa arundinacia Bothriochloea pertusa Chloris barbata Chrysopogon fulvus Cymbopogon citratus Cymbopogon martinii Cynodon dactylon

Gandan or Gandhei Dhokro or Dhoksi Sukli or Kasur Tokarbund Dabdya. or Dobdu Polado Bhatado Walchond Goundwel Kasti Kathara Mesi Kahandol Gavati Chaha Rosha Haryali

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Annexure VI

CLIMBERS

17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33

Cyperus rotundus Dendrocalamus strictus Dichanthium annulatum Eragrostis tenella Eriolanna candollei Galguher Galor Mindhal Heterapogon contortus Ischaemum pilosum Ischaemum rugorum Liptyo Nigodi Ranambadi Rantubi Sehima nervosum Sehima sulcatum Themeda quadrivalvis

Balgadhan Manvel Marvel Belakuda Eriolanna candollei Flacourtia indica Xeromphis spinosa Kalikusali/ kusal Kunda Thuda Uraria picta Vitex negundo Hibiscus furcatus Ocimum basilicum Shedya Paonya Fulora

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28

Abrus precatorious Acacia Coneina Acacia intsia Asparagus Racemosus Aspidoptrys cordata Bauhinia vahlii Butea Superba Cascuta reflexe Clematis hedy sarifollia Cocculus villosus Cryptolepis buchanani Cuscuta reflexa Dendrophthoe falcata Dioscorea bulbifera Dioscorea pentafhylla Ipomea digitata Luffa acutangula Millettia racernosa Mucuna pruriens Smilax macrophylla Tinospora cordifolia Tylophora dalzelli Ventiiago denticulata Ventilago denticulata Vigna radiata Vitis repanda Wagatea spicata Zizyphus rugosa

Gunja or Chanothi Shikakai Chilar Sathawari Bokadvel/ghatmol Mahulvel Palasvel Amarvel butgandivel Tanvel Medhvel Amarvel Bandgul Kadukand Kaduvel Khakhar Randhodka Vela bivla Kavach Ramdatan Gharvel Kawalvel/ Nivali Asaivel, Kangvel Aradhashish Mukani/ Ranudid Panivel Vaghatvel Toran

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Annexure VII

7.0 Plant catalogue 7.1 Dry Deciduous Teak Forest: Figure 105:

01. Acacia catechu

02. Acacia ferruginea

03. Acacia suma

04. Anogeissus latifolia

05. Atalantia monophylla

06. Cassia fistula

07. Diospyros melanoxylon

08. Diospyros montana

09. Lagerstroemia parviflora

10. Pterocarpus-marsupium

11. Tectona grandis

12. Terminalia tomentosa

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Annexure VII

7.2 Intermediate Deciduous Teak Forest: Figure 106:

01. Adina cordifolia

02. Bauhinia purpurea

03. Bauhinia tomentosa

04. Bombax ceiba

05. Bridelia retusa

06. Butea monosperma

07. Careya arborea

08. Emblica officinalis

09. Gardenia brighamii

10. Grewia tiliaefolia

11. Morinda tinctoria

12. Wrightia tomentosa

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Annexure VIII

148

8.0 FAUNA: Present Situation: Wildlife is being deprived of their food and shelter due to expanse of cultivation and reduced natural habitat.

Increasing human population is crating tremendous pressure on wildlife.

Leopards , Jungle Cats , Barking Deers , Jungle Fowl , Sambhars which were very common have now become rare.

Tigers , Rusty spotted Cat , Giant squirrels , Grey Hornbill have either become extinct or on the verge of extinction.

Bird life is under constant threat due to sever poaching. Bird life is more where human intervention is high. Wildlife also includes poisonous and non poisonous snakes.

Purna and Ambika rivers are almost contiguous and for well wooded corridors for animal migratory routes, which is now being hampered due to decreasing forest cover.

Not much has been done for education of the local tribal. Hence the tribal are unaware about the importance of wildlife. The weapons used in the cultivation are also the primary cause of heavy poaching and destruction of wildlife in tract.

(Source â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Forest working plan, Dang and Nashik district)

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9.0 Plant List: Table 36: PLANT LIST - NATIVE VEGETATION SPECIES FOR AGRO-FORESTRY AND MIXED PLANTATION ALONG SLOPES AND BARREN LANDS PRODUCTS Scientific Name

Common Name

Food

Fodder

Fuelwood

Medicinal

Abrus precatorious

Gunja or Chanothi

Acacia catechu

Khair

Leaves, Branches

Acacia ferruginea

Ichan

Leaves

Acacia leucophloea

Hiwar

Seeds

Leaves, TenFirewood and Char- Gum der shoots and coal Pods(Important dry season fodder and pasture tree)

Acacia nilotica

Babul

Tender pods , Shoots, Seeds

Leaves, Shoots, Pods

SERVICES Timber

Other Produce

Fauna dependency

Erosion conNitrogen Soil improver trol fixation / Soil improver

Bark

Timber post, Agricultural implements,Wheels

Spent chips after extraction for katha and Host for lac insects cutch for maufacture of hardwood, Tanin or dyestuff, Gum or resin, Bark and Fruit used as fish poison, Extract is used for preserving fish net

Bark

Cartwheels, Posts, Beams and Agricultural implements.

Alcohol (From bark)

Lac insect feed on this tree.

Decorative furniture, Poles, Farming im- Alcohol, Tanin/dye stuff, Gum/Resin plements, Carts, wheels, Turnery, Indoor construction timbers, Flooring

Firewood and Char- Bark, Leaves, Pods Boat making, Posts, Buildings,water Apiculture (beekeeping), Fibre, ,Gum coal pipes, well planking, ploughs, cabinet tapped from the bark is used in manufacwork, wheels, tool handles, carts, mallets turing matches, inks, paints and confecand other implements, good for carving tionery, Pods used for Tanin/Dyestuff, and turnery, Railway sleeper Used as algicidal.

House construction,Boat building, and Furniture, Implements , Face veneer, Fine turnery work, Rulers, Pencil Slats, Bobbins, Boxes and Piano keys

Bate, Kalasiras, Siras (kala)

Albizia procera

Safed Siras

Anogeissus latifolia

Dhawda, Dhamoda

Artocarpus heterophyllus

Phanas

Asparagus Racemosus

Sathawari

Azadirachta indica

Neem/nimb

Bahunia variegata

Kanchan

Bauhinia racemosa

Apta

Butea monosperma

Palas

Caesalpinia decapetala

Chillar

Seeds

Calotropis gigantea

Rui

Root bark, leaves

Careya arborea

Kumbhi

Fruits

Bark

Carissa carandas

Karvund.

Fruits

Bark, fruit

Carissa congesta

Karvand

Unripe fruits used for pickles, Ripe fruits edible and used for tarts, puddings and jellies, syrup in soft drink

Fuelwood

Bark, Leaves, Fruit Spoons, Combs, Household utensils and Miscelleneous products of turnery, Boundary or barrier or support (thorny fence)

Tanin/Dyestuff,

Flowers are consumed

Fuelwood

Bark, Leaves, Flowers

Cabnitework, Farm implements, Inlay work, Posts, Wheels and Mortars

Apiculture, Tanin/Dyestuff

Tanin

Premium grade furniture, Panelling, Ve- Apiculture neers, Secondary uses of wood include Knife handles, Musical instruments, Boat keels and Screws, Decorative veneers, Specialtiy items

Yes

Yes

Dalbergia sissoo

Sissoo

Emblica officinalis

Amla

Reclamation/ Afforestation

Remarks

Ornamental value

Firewood & Charcoal

Leaves

Leaves

Leaves

Firewood

Yes

Bark, Leaves, Pods General construction, Furniture, Turnery Gum/Resin, Tanin/Dyestuff, Soap making

Yes

Roots, Bark, Leaves

Yes

Root, Wood, Leaves, Seeds

Construction, Furniture, Veneer, Cabinet Gum/resin, Tanin/Dyestuff, work, Flooring, Agricultural implements, Moulding, Carts, Carriages, Cane Crushers, Carvings, Boats, Oars, Oil presses and Rice pounders Packing and writing paper along when mixed with other woods, used for erecting fences on field bunds

Yes

Crops and Pasture grasses

Yes

Saline & Alkaline soils, Ravines

Reclamation of saline and alkaline soils, ravine reclamation, intercropping

Fruit pulp has detergent value, leaves used for offering Shiv, flowers , Tanin / Dyestuff, Gum/Resin

Fruits, Gum

Firewood and Char- Yes, Used for coal snake bites and scorpion stings Fruit as vegetable,pickle, pulp of Leaves, Fallen fruits ripe fruit is eaten fresh or used in making chutney, jam, jelly and paste or preserved as candy by drying or mixing with sugar, honey or syrup

Carts and Construction,Carving, Smallscale turnery, Tool and Knife handles, Pestles and Combs

Yes

Various arable crops from ground nuts and sorghum are grown with the trees. It has been observed that this tree does not interfere with the growth of trees in the farm. In some crops there is even an apparent advantage when grown under the canopies of such trees.

Shade or shelter, Interplanting at low densities with crops Yes or pasture grasses can benefit both crops and trees.

It is used as ground cover in teak (Tectona grandis L. f.) plantations.

Albizia Lebbeck

Shisham

Unripe fruit

Good fire resistance

Yes

Kansar

Dalbergia latifolia

Intercropping

Ground nuts and Sorghum

Yes

Albizia amara

Bahawa

Shade and Shelter

Yes

Bel

Karvi

Fruit is edible, Fruits used for fruit Leaves , Twigs products like jam, Flower infusion used as cooling drink Leaves are used as adulterant for Leaves tea

Wood

Aegle marmelos

Carvia callosa

Wind break

Seeds are much valued in the native jewellery because of their bright colour.

Adina cordifolia

Cassia fistula

Firebreak

Apiculture (beekeeping), gum/ resin, Tanin /dyestuff

Fodder for tussar silkworm

Yes

Furniture, Construction, Turnery and Gum/resin, Latex as adhesive, Tanin/ Inlay work, Masts, Oars, Implements and Dyestuff, used in making Alcholic beverMusical instruments ages,

Planted to control floods and erosion control in farms

Fruits eaten fresh or cooked, Leaves used as dry Firewood and Char- Leaves, Twigs, Oils Furniture. Packing, Posts for construction Gum/resin, Tanin/Dyestuff, Oil of neem prepared as dessert or lemonade season fodder coal or fences as the wood is temite resistant used on industrial scale for soaps, type drink,young twigs or flowCosmetics, Pharmaceuticals and Other ers occassionaly consumed as non-edible products, used in pesticides, vegetables insect repellant Bark, dry flowers

Fruits as an imSuitable for portant source for dune stabilizasome wildlife, esp. tion birds, bats

Shade tree in tea, coffee plantations

Yes

Shade tree in pasture,tea, coffee, cardamom, Yes

Yes

Rainfed agriculture, Afforestation of degraded This is a very good species for afforestation of degraded Yes Corn, Cassava, Fruit hilly area in dry and semi arid hilly areas in dry and semi-arid tracts in mixture with trees like Papaya,Mango tracts with other species such other species such as Acacia , Intercropping &Orange as Acacia catechu, A. planifrons, Anogeissus latifolia and Azadirachta indica Shade tree in pasture,tea, coffee, cardamom,

Shade tree in pasture,tea, coffee, cardamom,

Rehabilitation of seasonally Shade and shelter,rehabilitation of seasonally dry, erod- Yes dry, eroded and degraded ed and degraded soils, afforestation on difficult sites, soils, afforestation on difficult sites,

Soil improver

Good survivor on eroded land, used in river bank stabilization Yes

Shade tree for Trunk used as living coffee planta- support for pepper, tion Palnted between Coconut groves, Mango and Citrus, Orchards may be intercropped with annual cash crops such as Banana, Sweet corn and Groundnut

shade and shelter tree, when planted closely act as wind break, ,

Yes

Yes

Shade and shelter tree, intercropping with pearl millet, pennisetum glaucum has given good results in india

Roots Soil improver, green manure

Intercropping with pearl millet, pennisetum glaucum has given good results in india

Avenue tree

Religious significance Young leaves

Fruits

Firewood, wood is Flowers, Gum burnt for gunpowder charcoal

Not of great value

Fibre is used for cordage, Caulking the Host plant for lac seams of boats and making paper, Tanin/ insect Dye stuff

Used to stabilize field bunds

Yes

Tanin/dyestuff Boundary/barrier/support Acts as a host for insects and butterflies

Religious significance

General construction, Furniture, Cabinet Tanin/Dyestuff work, Carts, Mouldings, Turnery,Piling and Agricultural implements

Yes

Stabilizing slopes

Young brances, Foliage

Firewood

Roots, Wood, Seeds

High quality furnitre, Cabinets, Decorative veneer, Marine and Aircraft grade plywood, Ornamental turnery, Carving, Engraving, Tool handles and Sporting goods

Apiculture, Fibre is used for producing writing and printing paper, Tanin/Dyestuff, in pesticides,

Foliage

Fuel and Charcoal

Roots, Flowers, Fruits

Minor construction ,Furniture, Gunstocks, Tanin/Dyestuff, in hair dyes and shamHookas, Ordinary pipes poos, Essential oil in amla conditioner

Fodder for tussar silkworm

Yes Leaf litter secomposes slowly releasing nutirents and is used as mulch Improves soil fertility, soil improver

Soil improver, green manure

Shade tree in coffee plantations and roadsides

Windbreak in mango, coffee, tea plantations

Intercropping with annual crops under taungya or with fruit trees

Useful in stabilizing eroding sites, known as colonizing species, host tree for orchids,

Reclaimation of alkaline soils

Yes, avenue tree along roadside

Annexure IX

Erythrina indica

Pongaro

Leaves used as fodder to limted extent

Bark, Leaves

Eucalyptus Camaldulensis

Nilgiri

Flacourtia indica

Galguher

Fruits are edible, in jams and jel- Branches ,Leaves lies, ripe fruits dried and stored as food

Gmelina arborea

Shivan

Fruits

Leaves

Firewood

Grewia tenax

Gangudi

Fruits

Leaves

Firewood and Char- Yes coal

Grewia tilifolia

Dhaman

Haldina cordifolia

Haldu/ Hed

Hardwikia binata

Anjan

Heterephrasma quadriculata

Waras/Varas

Jatropha curcas

Chandrajyoti

Limonia acidissima

Kavath

Fruit is edible,used in making syrup and ice cream

Madhuca indica

Mahuda

Fruit coat is eaten as vegetable, Leaves, Flowers, fleshy cotyledons are dried and Fruits ground into a mea

Mangifera Indica

Amba

Fruit

Michelia champaca

Sonchafa

Bark, Leaves, Flowers

Mimusops elengi

Bakula

Yes

Mitragyna parviflora

Kalam

Fruit is edible but bitter tasting

Moringa Oliefera

Shevga

Pod edible

Ougeinia oojeinensis

Tiwas/ Tinsa

Pongamia pinnata

Karanj

Schleichera oleosa

Kusum

Ripe seed are eaten, Unripe fruits Leaves, Twigs and Firewood and excel- Bark, Seeds pickled Seed cake lent charcoal

Sesbania Bispinosa

Dador

Seeds

Sterculia Urens

Kad, Kadhai, Kandol

Trees exude gum karaya used in foodstuffs as emulsifiers, stabilizers and thickeners.

Fuelwood

Door and window frames, Furniture and Fibre suitable for making coarse cloth joinery,Posts, Beams, Rafters and Tool and bud ropes. handles

Syzygium cumini

Jambul, jamun

Ripe fruit is usually eaten fresh; it Leaves is juicy, almost odourless, with a pleasant, slightly bitter, astringent taste.made into jams, jellies, juice and puddings.

Excellent firewood and charcoal

Construction, Boat building, Commercial plywood, Agricultural implements, Tool handles, Cart wheels, Well curbs and Troughs, Sleepers, Furniture and as Props for shafts and galleries in mines,building bridges ,Making musical instruments, especially guitars.

Tamarindus Indica

Chinch

Fruit pulp, mixed with a little salt, Foliage is a favourite ingredient of the curries and chutneys popular throughout India

Good firewood, Ex- Bark, Leaves, cellent charcoal Fruits, Seeds

General carpentry, Sugar mills, Wheels, Apiculutre hubs, Wooden utensils, Agricultural tools, Mortars, Boat planks, Toys, Panels and Furniture.

Terminalia tomentosa

Sadad

Leaves

Bark

House building, Furniture, Tool handles, Tanin/ Dyestuff and for underwater purposes,Attractive veneer.

Thespesia lampas

Ranbhendi

Dry season fodder Firewood

Roots, Leaves

Making bows, Tool handles, Small pieces Fibre for good quality rope of furniture, Implement handles and Knife sheaths.

Trema orientalis

Gol. Karamatigol

Leaves, Pods , Seeds

Firewood & Charcoal

Yes

Manufacturing panel products, Poles and Tanin/ Dyestuff, Lipids, Apiculture Drumsticks.

Yes

Vitex negundo

Nigodi

Fuel

Leaves,Flowers, Fruits

Fibre for basket making.

It can be used as a contour hedge in sandy arid areas for soil retention and moisture conservation.

Firewood suitable Oils for industrial use in brick kilns, not used for domestic use, makes good quality charcoal Firewood and Char- Root, Bark, Leaves coal

Fibre used in paper industry

Soil improver, leaves as green manure

Yes

Live support for betel,black pepper, vanilla, yam

Structural applications like Railway sleep- Apiculutre, Fibre used in pulp and Paper ers, Poles, Posts, Floorings, Whares, industry in harwood,Fibrewood and PartiShip building and Heavy construction, cleboard, Raw material for Chipboard industry, Tanin/dyestuff, Essential oil for eucalyptus oil

Inercropping maize with Well suited for growing in artrees planted at 5mX 5m able fields

Agricultural implements such as Ploughs, Tannin / dyestuff, fruits fermented to Posts, Building poles, Rough beams, produce wine, Walking sticks and Manufacture of turnery articles Roots,Bark, Leaves Furniture, Plywood, Mine props, Match- Plantations established for tobacco es, Timber for light construction curing, Apiculture, Fibre produces good quality pulp, suitable for carton board, low grade writing paper, particle board, Tannin/Dyestuff, Silkworm culture

Yes

Barrier when closely planted

Intercropping with crops Large scale afforestation like maize, cassava

Making weapons such as Clubs, Bows, Arrows and for other general purposes

Good erosion control

Soil improver

Erosion control in arid areas

Soil improver, green manure for cocnut trees

150

Dune fixing plant in desert reclamation,

Yes

Yes

Hedging for bundary

Fruits House construction, Boat building, Furniture, implements and Face veneer, Fine turnery work, Rulers, Pencil Slats, Bobbins, Boxes and Piano keys

Tree is lopped for fodder

Fruit hulls and Seed Branches, Seeds shells can be used as fuel Fuelwood Root, Fruit, Gum

Leaves ocassionaly Excellent firewood used as fodder, and charcoal Seed kernel is byproduct of processing and used to feed cattle and poultry

Leaves, Branches

Yes

Bark, Leaves, Seeds

Jatropha oil as biofuel, Tannin/Dyestuff, Wax, Fungicide, Rat poison, Hair oil Construction,Pattern making, Agricultural Gum/Resin, implements, Rollers for mills, Carving, Rulers and Other products

House construction, Naves and FelRipe fruits are used for fermenting liquor loes of cartwheels, Door and window frames,Oil of fruit used in soap, Candle making oil is used to treat seeds against pest infestation Indoor construction, Meat chopping Tannin / Dyestuff blocks, Furniture, Carpentry, Flooring, Boxes, Crates and Boat building

Yes

Yes

Soil improver

Soil improver

Furniture, cabinetwork, carvings, turnery Used for cement-bonded wood-wool Leaves are fed to and pattern making board, Essential oil in Perfumery, Fungi- silkworms cide

Yes

Yes

Yes

Can be raised with crops

Yes

Intercropping- young mango interplanted with other fruits and vegetables

Soil improver

Cultivated along field boundary

Roadside tree near villages

Planted along boundary of field

Occassionaly as avenue tree

Used to reforest badly eroded areas,

Planted as a wayside tree and near temples Religious significance,flowers fragrant - commercial importance

Bark, Leaves

Farming, Internal flooring

Fuelwood

Bark, Sap

Manufacture of Agricultural implements, Fibres for rope making, Fish poison Construction timbers, Furniture and Textile mill implements, Speciality timber for marine plywood

Fuelwood

Root, Seeds

Not of good quality

Small-sized firewood.

Living fence

Apiculture

Controls soil loss on raiverine area

Excellent shade tree

Host plant for lac Usefull for con- Yes producing insects trolling erosion along steep banks and eroded hillside

Apiculture, Fibre for string, Twine or rope Host plant for lac and paper pulp, Tanin/Dye stuff, Oil is insects used as lubricant, Varnish, Water paint binder and in Soap making, Pesticide, Dried leaves are stored with grain to repel insects, Fish poison Excellent to make pestles, Cartwheels, Kusum pil is used macassar oil used in Host plant for lac Axles, Ploughs, Tool handles and Rollers hair dressing, Tannin/Dyestuff, insect of Sugar mills and Oil presses

Leaves, Flowers

Soil improver

Controls soil Yes erosion,binding sand dunes

Yes

Intercropping along with lesser millet

Soil improver

Yes

Yes

Good for recovering a variety of wastelands such as saline soil reclamation, used in reforestation of marginal land

Roadside plantation

Yes

Fibre is said to be very useful and durable when used in water-related activities,Pulp and paper.

Yes

Yes

Reclamation of alkaline or saline soils

Can be incorporated in agroforestry practices in farmlands as single trees, on farm boundaries or in alleyfarming systems.

It is useful for reclaiming bare, rocky land.

Apiculture,Fruits are used to make wine

Leaves yield an essential oil, insecticide

Hardy species, dryland reclamation poential

Yes

Yes

Shade tree in coffee plantations

Yes

Avenue tree

Boundary or barrier or support: T. indica could be insert- Yes ed into a live fence.

Yes

Yes

Yes

Successfully planted in waterlogged areas

Attractive garden shade tree.

A common pioneer The tree is common as a fallow species in shifting culti- Yes species,Reforest denuded or vation. disturbed areas. Used for soil reclamation.

Used for afforestation, especially for reclamation of forestlands which are affected by floods, and in arid areas.

Annexure X

151

10.0 SOIL:

Figure 107: Clayey Soil

Figure 109: Loamy Skeletal Soil

Figure 108: Loamy Soil

Figure 110: Rocky Terrain Soil

THANK YOU Regional Landscape Study - Saputara, Gujarat. Masters Program in Landscape Architecture & Design, CEPT University, Batch 2012 - 2014