Foundations of Earth Science, 7e (Lutgens)
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Chapter 5 Plate Tectonics: A Scientific Revolution Unfolds
5.1 Multiple Choice
1) ________ was an aquatic reptile that lived in South America and Africa during the Permian period.
A) Mesosaurus
B) Lystrosaurus
C) Glossopteris
D) Tyrannosaurus
Answer: A
Diff: 1
LO/Section: 5.1
Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge
2) In the early part of the twentieth century, ________ argued forcefully for the idea of continental drift.
A) Richard Wagner
B) Alfred Wegener
C) James Hutton
D) Harry Hess
Answer: B
Diff: 1
LO/Section: 5.2
Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge
3) Most of the world's ________ line(s) up along plate tectonic boundaries.
A) volcanoes
B) earthquakes
C) very young oceanic crust
D) all of the above
Answer: D
Diff: 3
LO/Section: 5.4
Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Bloom's Taxonomy: Synthesis
4) Lithospheric plates can consist of which of the following components?
A) continental crust, oceanic crust, and ocean water
B) continental crust, lithospheric mantle, and asthenospheric mantle
C) continental crust, lithospheric mantle, and oceanic crust
D) continental crust only, NOT oceanic crust
Answer: C
Diff: 1
LO/Section: 5.4
Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension
5) The ________ is an example of a modern convergent boundary where two continents meet.
A) westward movement of South America over the (subducting) Nazca plate
B) Arabian Peninsula slamming into North Africa under the Red Sea
C) northwestern movement of Baja California and a sliver of western California
D) northerly movement of India relative to Eurasia
Answer: D
Diff: 1
LO/Section: 5.8
Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge
6) Continental rifts are associated with ________ plate boundaries.
A) divergent
B) convergent
C) transform
D) all kinds of
Answer: A
Diff: 1
LO/Section: 5.5
Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension
7) The temperature below which magnetic material can retain a permanent magnetization is called the ________.
A) hot spot
B) Curie point
C) fracture zone
D) Darcy temperature
Answer: B
Diff: 1
LO/Section: 5.8
Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge
8) The area of crust directly above a rising mantle plume is a(n) ________.
A) convergent plate boundary
B) Curie point
C) hot spot
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D) asthenosphere
Answer: C Diff: 1
LO/Section: 5.8
Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge
Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
9) Linear, magnetic patterns associated with mid-ocean ridges are configured as ________.
A) concentric circles about a rising plume of hot, mantle rocks and magma
B) normal and reversed magnetized strips roughly perpendicular to the ridge axis
C) reversed magnetizations along the rift valleys and normal magnetizations on the ridge
D) normal and reversed magnetized strips roughly parallel to the ridge
Answer: B
Diff: 1
LO/Section: 5.8
Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension
10) Ten million years from now, the East African rift valley system will most closely resemble the modern ________.
A) Red Sea
B) Appalachian Mountains
C) Peru-Chile Trench
D) San Andreas Fault
Answer: A
Diff: 1
LO/Section: 5.6
Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension
11) Alfred Wegener included all of the following lines of evidence as supporting his "continental drift" hypothesis except one. Which was NOT part of Wegener's evidence?
A) the geometrical fit between South America and Africa
B) late Paleozoic glacial features
C) stripes of reverse magnetism on either side of oceanic rides
D) similar fossils on widely-separated continents
Answer: C
Diff: 2
LO/Section: 5.2, 5.8
Bloom's Taxonomy: Analysis
12) Why was Wegener's idea of continental drift rejected?
A) It proposed tidal forces as the mechanism for the motion of continents.
B) It implied that the continents would have plowed their way through weaker oceanic crust, like a boat cutting through a thin layer of sea ice.
C) It lacked compelling evidence that the continents had been connected in the past.
D) both A and B
Answer: D
Diff: 1
LO/Section: 5.3
Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension
Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
13) Which one of the following most accurately describes the volcanoes of the Hawaiian Islands?
A) volcanoes associated with subduction and a convergent plate boundary
B) volcanoes fed by a long-lived hot spot below the Pacific lithospheric plate
C) volcanoes associated with a mid-Pacific oceanic ridge and spreading center
D) volcanoes associated with a mid-Pacific transform fault
Answer: B
Diff: 1
LO/Section: 5.8
Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension
14) New oceanic lithosphere is formed at ________.
A) convergent boundaries by submarine eruptions and intrusions of basaltic magma
B) divergent boundaries by submarine eruptions and intrusions of basaltic magma
C) divergent boundaries by submarine eruptions and intrusions of rhyolitic magma
D) convergent boundaries by submarine eruptions and intrusions of rhyolitic magma
Answer: B
Diff: 1
LO/Section: 5.5
Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension
15) Cooler, older, oceanic lithosphere sinks into the mantle at ________.
A) subduction zones along convergent plate boundaries
B) transform fault zones along divergent plate boundaries
C) rift zones along oceanic ridges
D) sites of long-lived, hot spot volcanism in the ocean basins
Answer: A
Diff: 1
LO/Section: 5.6
Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension
16) Imagine that you were given a ship equipped with a device that could measure how deep the water is. You are asked to use this ship to find a subduction zone. What would you look for as you sailed around the world's oceans?
A) an oceanic ridge
B) a mountain range
C) a continental rift
D) a deep-ocean trench
Answer: D
Diff: 2
LO/Section: 5.6
Bloom's Taxonomy: Application
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17) A transform plate boundary is characterized by ________.
A) two plates colliding and thrusting up a mountain range
B) two plates moving apart and opening up a new ocean basin
C) a deep, vertical fault along which two plates slide past one another in opposite directions
D) hot spot volcanism
Answer: C
Diff: 1
LO/Section: 5.7
Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension
18)
Mount Hood (pictured) is part of the Cascade Range. These active volcanoes are a chain that stretches along the west coast from northern California to southern British Columbia, Canada. The Cascades are ________.
A) evidence of subduction in the Pacific Northwest of the United States
B) evidence of rifting of the North American continent
C) a product of the San Andreas Fault
D) due to a hot spot beneath Seattle
Answer: A
Diff: 2
LO/Section: 5.6
Bloom's Taxonomy: Analysis
Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Examine the two figures. Which shows whole-mantle convection?
A) A
B) B
C) neither A nor B
D) both A and B
Answer: A
Diff: 2
LO/Section: 5.9
Bloom's Taxonomy: Analysis
20) When new oceanic lithosphere is generated at an oceanic ridge, what happens to the plate it's attached to?
A) The plate gets larger.
B) The plate gets smaller.
C) The plate stays the same size.
D) The plate sinks into the lower mantle.
Answer: A
Diff: 1
LO/Section: 5.10
Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension
21) You are dropped off by helicopter at a site on the land. You are told that it is a plate boundary. Almost immediately, you feel an earthquake. You look around and note the absence of volcanoes, but you notice an offset stream channel, and find a vertical fault with two kinds of rock on either side of it. What sort of plate boundary are you most likely on?
A) divergent
B) convergent
C) transform
D) plate interior (hot spot)
Answer: C
Diff: 2
LO/Section: 5.7
Bloom's Taxonomy: Analysis
22) A global positioning system (GPS) locator at site A reveals that it is moving at 2.1 centimeters per year to the east. A second GPS locator is tracking site B, which is moving at 2.0 centimeters per year to the west. What sort of plate boundary is this?
A) divergent
B) convergent
C) transform
D) impossible to tell based on this information alone
Answer: D
Diff: 3
LO/Section: 5.6, 5.7, 5.8
Bloom's Taxonomy: Evaluation
23) A volcanic island arc is the result of ________.
A) subduction of continental crust underneath oceanic crust
B) subduction of oceanic crust underneath oceanic crust
C) subduction of oceanic crust underneath continental crust
D) subduction of continental crust underneath continental crust
Answer: B
Diff: 1
LO/Section: 5.7
Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension
Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
24) Among the following choices, the closest match for the East Pacific Rise is ________.
A) the Mid-Atlantic Ridge
B) the San Andreas Fault
C) the Appalachian Mountains
D) the Mariana Trench
Answer: A
Diff: 1
LO/Section: 5.5, 5.6
Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension
5.2 True-False
1) Rock in the asthenosphere is mostly molten.
Answer: FALSE
Diff: 1
LO/Section: 5.4
Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension
2) Plates move at about the same rate your fingernails grow, a few centimeters per year.
Answer: TRUE
Diff: 2
LO/Section: 5.8
Bloom's Taxonomy: Application
3) Although several plausible models have been proposed, scientists haven't yet figured out the exact pattern of convection in Earth's mantle.
Answer: TRUE
Diff: 1
LO/Section: 5.9
Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension
4) In convection, warm material rises because it is more dense.
Answer: FALSE
Diff: 1
LO/Section: 5.9
Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge
5) The oldest rocks on the seafloor are much younger than the oldest rocks on the continents.
Answer: TRUE
Diff: 1
LO/Section: 5.8
Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension
6) The plate tectonics model has been verified by multiple lines of evidence.
Answer: TRUE
Diff: 1
LO/Section: 5.8
Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension
7) Divergent boundaries are limited to the seafloor.
Answer: FALSE
Diff: 1
LO/Section: 5.5
Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension
8) Hawaii is the oldest island of the Hawaiian Island chain.
Answer: FALSE
Diff: 1
LO/Section: 5.8
Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge
9) During various times in the geologic past, the polarity of Earth's magnetic field has been reversed.
Answer: TRUE
Diff: 1
LO/Section: 5.8
Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge
10) In general, rocks of the continental crust are less dense than rocks of the oceanic crust.
Answer: TRUE
Diff: 1
LO/Section: 5.6
Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension
11) The rate of seafloor spreading is, on the average, about two or three meters per year.
Answer: FALSE
Diff: 1
LO/Section: 5.5
Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension
12) The volcanoes of Hawaii are localized above a deep mantle hot spot; they are not part of the East Pacific oceanic ridge.
Answer: TRUE
Diff: 1
LO/Section: 5.8
Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge
13) Continent-continent convergence results in subduction.
Answer: FALSE
Diff: 1
LO/Section: 5.6
Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge
14) Plate tectonics implies that Earth must be expanding.
Answer: FALSE
Diff: 2
LO/Section: 5.9
Bloom's Taxonomy: Application
15) Mantle convection may occur in two layers within the mantle the active upper mantle and the sluggish lower mantle as proposed in the layer cake model.
Answer: TRUE
Diff: 1
LO/Section: 5.9
Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension
Examine the image of the Baja Peninsula of Mexico. Red lines indicated sections of oceanic ridge. White lines indicate transform faults. Black arrows indicate the direction of relative plate motion. Is it true or false to say this is a good example of a convergent plate boundary?
Answer: FALSE
Diff: 2
LO/Section: 5.5, 5.6, 5.7 Bloom's Taxonomy: Analysis
5.3 Fill in the Blank
1) The ________ is weaker and less rigid than the overlying lithosphere.
Answer: asthenosphere
Diff: 1
LO/Section: 5.4
Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge
2) Slabs of oceanic lithosphere sink at subduction zones because the subducted slab is denser than the underlying asthenosphere. In this process, called ________, Earth's gravity tugs at the slab, drawing the rest of the plate toward the subduction zone.
Answer: slab pull
Diff: 1
LO/Section: 5.9
Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge
3) The South Atlantic basin is widening by seafloor spreading. Africa and South America are moving ________.
Answer: closer together
Diff: 1
LO/Section: 5.5
Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension
4) Mt. Kilimanjaro and Mt. Kenya are ________ that occur along the East African Rift.
Answer: volcanoes
Diff: 1
LO/Section: 5.5
Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge
5) During the first two decades of the twentieth century, ________ was a vigorous proponent of continental drift.
Answer: Alfred Wegener
Diff: 1
LO/Section: 5.2
Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge
6) A(n) ________ is a long-lived, stationary, magma source deep in the mantle, well below the base of the lithosphere.
Answer: hot spot
Diff: 1
LO/Section: 5.8
Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge
7) The ________ today marks the location of the rift along which Africa separated from South America.
Answer: Mid-Atlantic Ridge
Diff: 1
LO/Section: 5.5
Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge
8) Alaska's Aleutian Islands formed as part of a(n) ________ along a(n) ________ boundary.
Answer: volcanic island arc; convergent
Diff: 2
LO/Section: 5.6
Bloom's Taxonomy: Application
9) Iceland sits on a(n) ________ plate boundary.
Answer: divergent
Diff: 1
LO/Section: 5.5
Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge
10) The San Andreas fault in California is a good example of a(n) ________ plate boundary.
Answer: transform
Diff: 1
LO/Section: 5.7
Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge
11) The North American plate is currently ________ in size.
Answer: growing
Diff: 2
LO/Section: 5.10
Bloom's Taxonomy: Application
12) ________ was a supercontinent that existed in the late Paleozoic era of geologic time.
Answer: Pangaea
Diff: 1
LO/Section: 5.2
Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge
Examine the image. It shows ________, a freshwater reptile whose fossils Alfred Wegener cited as evidence of continental drift.
Answer: Mesosaurus
Diff: 1
LO/Section: 5.2
Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge
14) The ________ is Earth's outermost rocky layer that is broken into plates.
Answer: lithosphere
Diff: 1
LO/Section: 5.4
Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge
15) Some kind of ________ (upward movement of less dense material and downward movement of more dense material) appears to drive the motion of plates.
Answer: convection
Diff: 1
LO/Section: 5.9
Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge
Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
5.4 Matching
Match the items in the first column with the correct descriptions in the second column.
A) rising of warm material due to lower density.
B) boundary where two plates slide past one another.
C) the condition of the magnetic field where the magnetic force flows out of Earth's south pole and back in at the north pole.
D) the crust and the stiff upper mantle combined; this is broken into plates.
E) boundary where two plates move away from one another.
F) the "weak layer" within the mantle. Motion here is thought to help drive plate tectonics.
G) the condition of the magnetic field where the magnetic force flows out of Earth's north pole and back in at the south pole.
H) boundary where two plates move towards one another.
1) lithosphere
Diff: 1
LO/Section: 5.3, 5.8, 5.9
Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge, Comprehension
2) asthenosphere
Diff: 1
LO/Section: 5.3, 5.8, 5.9
Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge, Comprehension
3) convergent Diff: 1
LO/Section: 5.3, 5.8, 5.9
Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge, Comprehension
4) divergent Diff: 1
LO/Section: 5.3, 5.8, 5.9
Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge, Comprehension
5) transform Diff: 1
LO/Section: 5.3, 5.8, 5.9
Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge, Comprehension
6) normal polarity
Diff: 1
LO/Section: 5.3, 5.8, 5.9
Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge, Comprehension
7) reversed polarity
Diff: 1
LO/Section: 5.3, 5.8, 5.9
Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge, Comprehension
8) convection
Diff: 1
LO/Section: 5.3, 5.8, 5.9
Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge, Comprehension
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5.5 Labeling
1) Label each of the features associated with this divergent plate boundary.
Answer:
Diff: 1
LO/Section: 5.4
Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge
5.6 Essay
Answer the questions in complete sentences. Be complete but concise.
1) What evidence did Alfred Wegener use to support his hypothesis of continental drift? What additional evidence was added later (post-World War II) that suggested seafloor spreading? How do these two ideas unite to form the theory of plate tectonics?
Answer: Wegener noted (a) the shape of the continents, (b) paleoclimatic evidence including glaciation of the southern portion of the Pangean supercontinent, (c) terrestrial fossil organisms that matched up across ocean basins, and mountain belts such as the Appalachians/Caledonians. After World War II, the shape of the seafloor was revealed, and it included both oceanic ridges and deep-ocean trenches. These observations gave rise to the idea of seafloor spreading.
Paleomagnetic signatures in the oceanic crust, the thickness of seafloor strata (found out via oceanic drilling) and hot-spot tracks (from mantle plumes) helped to reinforce the idea of plate tectonics. The basic idea behind plate tectonics is that the lithosphere is broken into a series of slab-shaped fragments called plates, and these plates move due to the motions of the underlying mantle. They can move together, producing convergent boundaries (deep-ocean trenches, volcanic island arcs, continental volcanic arcs, or mountain ranges formed at the boundary); they can move apart (continental rifts and oceanic ridges form at the boundary); or they can slide laterally past their neighbors (earthquakes and offset features will occur at the boundary).
Diff: 3
LO/Section: 5.1 - 5.4, 5.8
Bloom's Taxonomy: Synthesis
Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Which of these two sets of apparent polar wander paths shows the "fixed continent" model and which shows the "plate tectonics" model? Explain.
Answer: The map on the left shows two different apparent polar wander paths, and so that must be the "fixed continent" model: If the continents aren't allowed to move, then the planet must have had two "North Poles" in the past, and they just recently converged. On the other hand, the map on the right shows that if the continents are allowed to shift position over time, then the two apparent polar wander paths can be reconciled with one another to produce a single, coherent, pole.
Diff: 2
LO/Section: 5.8
Bloom's Taxonomy: Analysis
5.7 Critical Thinking
Examine this map of the Lutgens Archipelago, a chain of hotspot-related islands atop the Tarbuck Plate in the Tasa Sea. Use the information given to determine the (a) direction and (b) rate of movement of the Tarbuck Plate.
Answer: Students will need to measure the distance from one island's volcanic center to the next, in kilometers, and use the dates for the lava flows in conjunction with the distance to calculate a rate. The plate must be moving toward the southeast over time, dragging the older islands off in that direction. The rate of motion is about 50 km/million years (or 5 cm/year). For instructors' reference, island #2 is 90 km from island #1 atop the hot spot (where the lava is erupting today), and islands #3 and 4 are 170 km and 220 km from island #1, respectively.
Diff: 3
LO/Section: 5.8
Bloom's Taxonomy: Evaluation
2) How wide would an ocean basin be if it formed due to the breakup of a supercontinent 200 million years ago and had an oceanic ridge in the middle that spread at a rate of 2.5 centimeters per year (25 kilometers per million years)?
Answer: 200 Ma × (25 km/Ma) = 5000 km. The ocean basin would be about 5000 kilometers wide.
Diff: 2
LO/Section: 5.5
Bloom's Taxonomy: Application
Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Examine this map showing the age of the crust in Africa and South America, and the position of ancient mountain belts (areas where mountain ranges used to exist, but have since been eroded down to their roots). This information was not available to Alfred Wegener. Would he find it consistent with the idea of continental drift, or would it prove his idea wrong? Explain.
Answer: Yes, this map provides evidence in support of continental drift (or plate tectonics). The big pink chunks of Archean aged rock very clearly run off the edge of one continent and "pick up again" on the other. Ditto for the mountain belts these are like images on separate puzzle pieces that make more sense once the two pieces are snapped together.
Diff: 3
LO/Section: 5.3, 5.4, 5.8
Bloom's Taxonomy: Evaluation
Examine the cross-section through a hypothetical ocean basin. Use the magnetic time scale at left to determine when continents A and B separated from one another. Justify your answer.
Answer: Each side of the oceanic ridge shows the same pattern, but the left side is a mirror image of the right. Crust closer to the ridge is younger. It shows a "normal" magnetic polarity, and then there is a thin red ("reversed" polarity) stripe, a thinner white stripe (the Jaramillo normal subchron, and then a thicker red stripe (middle of the Matuyama reversed chron, and then another thin white stripe next to the continental crust. This last one must be the Olduvai normal subchron, which is 2 million years old. Therefore, the continents separated, and seafloor spreading initiated, around 2 million years ago.
Diff: 3
LO/Section: 5.8
Bloom's Taxonomy: Evaluation