Senior_Design_Booklet by Laila.O.Halabi

Greensboro Metro Village

Laila.O.Halabi

2015

This project is submitted in partial fulfillment of the requierments for the Bachelor of Landscape Architecture degree at the College of Architecture and Urban Studies at Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University. Fall 2014 - Spring 2015

Terry Clements Associate Professor + Project Advisor

C.L Bohannon PHD Assistant Professor + Senior Project Coordinator

Brian Katen Associate Professor + Landscape Architecture Program Chair

Table of Contents Acknowledgements

Introduction

Part I [Park Researh + Exploration]

Evolution of Cities

Park Theory

Case Study Matrix

Shift In Attitude

Site Selection

Part 2 [Backsground + Future Projection]

Location

History

Vision

Part 3 [Inventory + Analysis]

District Inventory

District Sysnthesis

Case Studies

Part 4 [Maser Plan Development]

Goals + Objectives

District Master Plan

Understanding the Master Plan

Street Section Drawings

Part 5 [Site Scale Development]

(a) Metro Plaza

(b) Residential Neighborhood

Conclusion

References

CONTENTS

The faculty at Virginia Tech have been instrumental in my development as a landscape architect and in

influencing my outlook towards the design world. I am very thankful for your assistance and expertise throughout the past 5 years. You’ve provided me with quite a fulfilling experience for the immense scope of this field.

I would like to sincerely acknowledge one particular faculty member, my senior year project advisor, Terry Clements. Without your knowledge and guidance this study project would not have been as enriching.

My first encounter with Terry was back in 2013 when I signed up for a travel abroad program in Europe which

she directs every summer. I can’t thank Terry enough for the opportunities and resources she has provided me with. Over the past two years, she’s challenged me to explore methods of representing ideas, assisted

me with developing my drawing skill, one I was never comfortable with, helped contour my sense of place making, and finally inspired my particular interest in urban design and the multiple scales of planning. Thank you for your kind and unfailing support which you continuously offered.

I would also like to give a special thank you to my close friends and family members for encouraging me to pursue this degree, and for your continued support through times that were tough on me.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

This project explores ways and reason to bring park-like qualities to the street component of everyday urban public life. In the past, parks were merely the solution in response to the industrialization and development

ponents and qualities from the past, particularly the notion of ‘relief’ from the rushed urban life. However, the

density in cities is on the rise, which subsequently comprises the availability of parkland space. Naturally,

this triggers a shift in attitude for both landscape architects and planners today. The direction of the design of modern day and future parks has to face a different set of issues than has been in the past.

The response to and usage of urban parks has changed over the course of time. Modern day expansion

has impacted the way of life of the urban resident, causing time to become an increasingly limited asset. We constantly will find ourselves and/or the people around us saying that we don’t have the time, energy or motivation to take advantage of our urban parks and open spaces; I’m late for work, I don’t have time to go

to the park, Who has the energy to go out again? It takes too long to get out to the park, I have to pick up my groceries, I have to pick up the kids, I’ve had a long day, I’m too tired, I have to do a few things around the house, etc.

In this very fast-pace lifestyle, the urban resident is obliged to a number of responsibilities. Individuals are continuously stressed; be it changes in the urban environment, or the cumulative social responsibilities, or the overwhelming demand for new technologies. Consequently it is becoming inconvenient for the individual to experience the benefits of a park as part of their daily or even weekly routine.

INTRODUCTION

PART 1

Parrk Research + Exploration

PART I

The Evolution of Cities

The 10 Dimensions of Modern Day Cities

In the past, parks were merely the solution in response to the industrialization and development

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.

of cities. This notion began to shift throughout the 20th century. The design approach was geared towards designing for function, more commonly to accommodate leisure and activities, different types of recreation, playgrounds and community services. Today, in the 21st century, parks still encompass some of the components and qualities from the past, particularly the notion of ‘relief’ from the rushed urban life. However, the density in cities is on the rise, which subsequently comprises the availability of parkland space. Naturally, this triggers a shift in attitude for both landscape architects and planners today. The direction of the design of modern day and future parks has to face a different set of issues than has been in the past.

Transportation Work Sustainability Health Recreation Social Interaction Information + Inspiration Democracy + Diversity Friendliness + Security Room for the unexpected

“A smart city is a city using technologies that anable it to employ solutions that help create a fertile environment for sustainable growth” -Enrique Peñalosa A selected chronology of events in the history of planning (with a focus on the U.S.)

Mid-18th Centurry

First emergence of public spaces primarily designed for recreational purposes in U.S.

Pleasure Ground F.L. Olmsted

Reform Park

Recreational Facility

Open Space

The Future Park

Park Movement - Galen Cranz divides urban parks into (4) models based on historical analysis of park use and physical form up to the early 1980s

PART I

Investigation Questions > Why do people need parks? > What are the successful qualities and characteristics of existing urban parks that continue to appeal to urban dwellers today? > Is the classic ‘green oasis’ still suited for the present day? > What could possibly be or become a contemporary park in today’s world? There are substantial benefits that parks deliver to both the urban environment and to the individual. Some of these benefits may have some degree of measure to them, and others are intangible. Parks have a positive impact on mental and physical health. While urban parks provide opportunity for a range of activity, they encourage social engagement (formal/informal), promote diversity of different sorts, allow the individual to connect with the natural environment and also increase the economic and cultural viability of certain locations in the city.

The Larger Investigation Problem

A disconnect between the urban dweller and the urban park Lack of use: “Fear” of other, distance, time, surveillence Overuse: Organized sports (compromise space) Misuse: Minority user groups, vandilism

Rise in Population

PART I

Time

Accessibility / Proximity

Financial Limitation

Rise of Health Issues

Environmental Shifts

PARK THEORY Why Urban Parks Matter? As the transformation of cities remains ongoing, the definition of urban parks may still be changing, implying that the design for them is continuously evolving. Urban parks such as squares and plazas are usually located as central nodes for public life, while other parks in a city perform more as appealing escapes from the stressed urban life. While there has already been an establishment for some urban parks on unforeseen grounds, there are still other indefinite conditions that can potentially serve as opportunities for urban park space development.

BENEFITS OF URBAN PARKS URBAN ENVIRONMENT

The Problem

The Solution: Restoration from mental stress/fatigue

A disconnect between the

THE INDIVIDUAL + COMMUNITY

urban dweller and the urban Tangible Economic Value

Increases property value

Viability + Quality of urban life

Mental well being

Intellectual Improves city’s air quality

The thick layers of urban

Recreation

Psychological

Park vegetation: Environmental Value

park.

Physical well being

Reduces stormwater runoﬀ

Improves city’s water quality

Spiritual

Active

Emotional Cultural

cities cause mental stree and

Informal

fatigue for the urban resident

Individual Escape

Socio-cultural Value

Sense of community

Cultural Focus

“The ‘new view’ of urban parks calls attention to the broader contributions they can make to the vitality of communities and their residents.” - Chris Walker

(4) Informational Dynamics Identified by Kaplans Complexity

Legibility

Visual Interest, rich + diverse textures

Visual orientation, Landmarks

Coherence

Mystery

Repetition, Unity

Encourage exploration

Gathering Place

They highlight qualities and patterns for each that

Promote Diversity

aid/promote the recovery process for individuals from mental fatigue by undertanding, exploring, and connecting with the surrounding landscape.

Identifying patterns, elements, and factors that promote the recovery process for individuals from mental fatigue. These (4) attributes will be used to asses the qualities present in each of the chosen case studies that make it or prevent it from being a restorative environment.

SPATIAL

SENSORY

RESTORATIVE

ESSENTIAL

PART I

User Groups + Diversities It is important to identify the different types of users that generally occupy or use the space. The term diversity encompasses a wide range of subdivisions, and those too must be distinguished. Below is a list of common examples of diversity in the public domain. Age

Culture

Physical Abilities

Gender

Income

Religious Beliefs

Race & Ethnicity

Language

Economic Beliefs

sexual orientation

Education

Socio-Economic status

Urban design consultant Jan Gehl, who’s studied public spaces for more than 30 years, classifies users into 5 groups: (a) Everyday users: People who live and work in the area: office workers, neighborhood residents, homeless (b) Visitors and customers: People who visit the area from beyond: tourists, consumers (c) Passersby: People passing through the area, to and from other places: commuters, students, homeless (d) Recreational visitors: Those who visit for park’s beauty or for recreation space: cyclists, joggers, loiterers (e) Visitors to events: People who come for special programs: seasonal events

“Diversity means more than just acknowledging and/or tolerating difference. It includes not only ways of being but also ways of knowing.

A Diverse Environment is one that fosters a climate where equity and mutual respect are intrinsic.”

PART I

Case Study Summary Matrix

(8) public urban spaces I chose to study closely. Examples are classified into 3 urban park typologies; traditional parks, linear parks, public open space / plazas.

PROJECT NAME

Bryant Park

Monroe Park

Centennial Olympic Park

LOCATION

LA’s, ARCHITECTS, DESIGNERS, PLANNERS

NYC, NY

Hanna/Olin

Richmond, VA

maintained by a private park advocacy group “Friends of Monroe Park,”

Atlanta, GA

Sizemore Group

DATE COMPLETED

1934, 1996

1851

1996

TYPE

Public Park, Privately Owned

Public Park, Operated by the City of Richmond

Public Park, Owned + Operated by Georgia World Congress Center Authority

PARK HOURS

BACKGROUND + HISTORY TRADITIONAL PARKS

SIZE

CONTEXT

4.6 Acres

Urban, 1 block away from Time’s Square, behind NY public library, bounded by 3 heavily trafficked streets.

7.5 Acres

21 Acre

Adjacent to the ‘VCU Monroe Park’ Campus, proximity to a number of charitable churches and public feeding programs. Urban, dt Atlanta, surrounded by many major Landmarks such as the Phillips Arena, Georgia Dome

Winter 7:00 am - 7:00 pm Spring 7:00 am -10:00 pm Summer 7:00 am -12:00 am Fall 7:00 am -10:00 pm

Originally a potter’s field developed into park in 1847. In 1884, Reservoir Square was renamed Bryant Park, to honor recently deceased Romantic poet. 1920’s classical open-style design. Neglected + misused btwn 60s - 80s. Redesigned in 1990s - physical change. Richmond’s oldest park. Its long Depending on history includes use as the site of season: agricultural exhibitions and as a sunrise to sunset training and camp ground for Confederate troops. Also site of several historic statues, the Checkers House, and an historic marker. The park was built for the Olympic Games as part of the infrastructure 7:00 am -11:00 pm improvements for the Centennial 1996 Summer Olympics. A large portion was redesigned for daily public use.

DESIGN + PROGRAM ELEMENTS

USER(S)

SIGNIFICANT OR UNIQUE ATTRIBUTES

Multiple street level access Everyday users; points, expanded library office workers, grounds underneath great lawn, commuters, Tourconcerts, food vendors, cafe + ists, recreational grill, gathering, escaping, stroll- users, visitors to ing, people watching, commute events, visitors through, sunning, reading. & customers, passersby. Hosts many rallies and events, commute path, active + passive Heavily used by recreation, meeting point. VCU students, Current lighting is poor. homeless community,

Monuments (good for meeting points), Le Carrousel, Bryant Park Games (e.g. Chess, Backgammon, ping pong), reading room

Summer popular music concert series event, annual Independence Day concert + fireworks. Sponsors community-wide free events, festivals, fundraisers,

Everyday users, Visitors and customers, Passersby, Recreational visitors, Visitors to events

interactive Fountain of Rings, synchronized lighting + music, celebrates culture, lasting legacy of the Centennial Olympic Games.

Industrial Architecture, Infra- Everyday users; structure rehabilitation + retro- office workers, fitting, Active recreation (cycling, commuters, Tourwalking, jogging), strolling/loi- ists, recreational tering, sunning, people watch- users, visitors to ing, reading, escaping, gatherevents ing, food kiosks, events

Linear park experience relatively novel practice, views out to Manhattan and out to Hudson Riverside.

Skateboarding world capital, Major youth poplunch break, city’s top food ulation, tourists, trucks, photograph destination, everyday users, hosts Christmas Village of Philpassersby adelphia. People watching, lunch break, Everyday users, meeting place, farmers marpassersby, ket, playing chess / other board recreational visgames, loitering, music playing, itors, homeless, rallies location. commuters.

Famous “LOVE” sculpture, majestic fountain, curved granite steps.

Park restaurant, culinary delights Visitors, concerts, movies, dance perforcustomers, mances, fountain play, rental oprecreational portunities for other community visitors, visitors to events. events, children

one of a kind solar powered fountain, all glass state of the art restaurant, Unique lighting

Free Wifi, hosts some very old and large Magnolia and Oak trees (Remarkable Trees of Virginia program),

ACCESS TO PUBLIC TRANSP.

Bus, Subway

Bus

Street Car

FEATURES

Fence and shrubbery rethink, many access points, fountain, great lawn, mature deciduous trees, border gardens, the promenades, Fountain surrounded by specimen plantings, renovation master plan has been proposed.

Andrew Young Intl blvd. runs through the southern portion, amphitheater, sculptures, personal pavers, Ferris wheel

LINEAR PARKS

The High Line

NYC, NY

James Corner, Poet Oudolf

2009 - part 1 2011 - part 2 2014 - part 3

30’ above st. level, btwn MeatpackPublic park place, 1.45 Mile Long ing district and Privately Owned 6.7 Acres Chelsea, West side, post industrial, warehouses, mixed-use area

Dec 1 - Mar 31: 7:00 am – 7:00 pm Apr 1 - May 31 7:00 am – 10:00 pm June 1 to Sept 30 7:00 AM – 11:00 PM Oct 1 to Nov 30 7:00 AM – 10:00 PM

Built on a former freight trail . Park’s site claimed/saved by non-profit ‘Friends of the High Line’ in the 1990s.

Bus, Subway (5 min walk)

Native plantings, meandering paths, variation of seating, viewing platforms, heightened natural habitats, ADA access, restrooms, sundecks

PUBLIC OPEN SPACE / SQUARES / PLAZAS Love Park (JFK Plaza)

Dupont Circle

Bicentennial Park

Rockefeller Plaza

Washington, DC

Columbus, OH

NYC, NY

MKSK Studios, John W. Galbreath, Design Collective, The Waterworx Company

Paul Manship Raymond Hood + Wallace K. Harrison

1880s

2011

1932 - 1940

Mixed-use open urban space

Traffic Circle, Maintained by NPS

Public open space part of a park system.

2.6 Acres

4.66 Acres

Across from City Hall, serves as grand entrance 24 Hours to the Benjamin Franklin Parkway. Urban, surrounding context; White House, George24 Hours town, Embassy Row. Busy metropolitan area. At Civic Center Drive, a prime downtown desti- 7:00 am -11:00 pm nation. Riverfront location.

6 block complex of Art Deco office Urban Public bldgs, retail space, Place, arcades,outdoor Privately owned 19 Bldgs cover public spaces. by Rockefeller 11 Acres Between 5th & 6th Center Properties Ave, from 48th to Inc. Managed by: 51st Streets, rising Tishman-Speyer 70 stories above Properties, Inc. Midtown Manhattan.

Late 1980s discovered as an ideal form for skateboarding. Originally constructed over an underground parking garage. One of the original traffic circles in the L’Enfant Plan for D.C. It anchors both social + commercial life where dt D.C. gives way to a more residential scale. Listed in national register for historic places. Part of the new Scioto Mile, a milelong promenade that the municipality undertook to reinvigorate dt Columbus and reconnect the city to the Scioto River.

Land beneath was originally pasRink tureland. The depression in 1929 8:30 am - 12:00 am didn’t stop Rockefeller Jr. from pursuing the project. Still the largest Summer Plaza privately owned bldg enterprise 8:30 am ever undertaken in the U.S. 1st private real estate project to include Outdoor area extensive garden landscaping at 24 Hours both street and rooftop levels. Declared a national historic landmark in 1988.

Skating rink + Rockefeller Center Christmas tree are the 2 most popular programs. Others Office Workers, include the Flower and Garden employees, Show, LV Classic, The sculpture Tourists, local show. Outdoor extension of consumers, street level cafes and restauyouth, rants. Concerts elderly, loiterers, event visitors

Convenient access, rich + diverse social life, cultural expression for a range of groups.

Striking public art exhibitions, plaza was an accident result. Observation deck atop The Rock, Famous Prometheus Statue water fountain

Subway, Train

Metro, Bus,

Bus,

Bus, Subway, Pedicab

Fountain play/ watch, skaters use natural urban features instead of manufactured ramps, seating Center fountain, edge seating, lawn, benches, mature trees provide shade, prime intersection for 4 main avenues Performace pavilion, event lawn, amphitheater, rose gardens, panoramic views, access to Scioto mile and greenway trail Public Space: Plaza Street, central plaza, esplanades around the rink, Channel Gardens (promenade links central plaza with 5th ave.), various connecting sidewalks, lobbies, and underground retail arcades.

PART I

Case Study Extractions Examples include, city parks both traditional and more contemporary. Though they all differ in time of establishment and style, they all had a design intention to serve as pleasure grounds for the urban community. An analysis of park qualities, identifying each and matching it to the corresponding category will allow me to extract the successful attributes that continue to attract users today.

Spatial . Long views out . Human scale propor- tions . Range of space; - intimate spaces - gathering areas - places of prospect + refuge - Open spaces, . Defined boundaries . Clear pedestrian routes . Moments of pause . Chronology of spaces . Linkage . Focal Points

Essential . Places to sit . Places to gather . Table-like surfaces . Topographic change . Lighting . Water . Vendors . Sun & shade . Variety of choice in routes + attention . Park Maintenance

Sensory

Restorative

. Seasonal changes for all senses. . Variety of scents of the soft landscape . Textural variation; color, sound, view . Edible vegetation . Variation of views. . Easing of surrounding urban noise pollution

. Sense of mystery . Element of surprise . Aesthetically rich com- bination of plants. . Visual + mental relief . Escape the stress of urban environment

Socializing

People Watching

Event Venue

Observing Nature Walking

Date Spot

Connecting with Nature

COMMON ACTIVITIES

Picknicking

Escaping Relaxing

Gathering Contemplating

COMMON ELMENTS FOUND IN URBN PARKS PERMANENT

DESIGNED

Seating Secondary Seating Tables or like surfaces Hardscape/Flooring Texture Variation Lighting Safety

Ambience

Rain Shelter Shade Structure

SEASONAL

Amphitheater Focal Point

Vegetation Snack Huts Vendors Art

Water Feature

Installations

Pavilion

Food Trucks

Playgrounds Promenade

PART I

Running

Lunch Break Catching some Rays

Laying Out

Cycling

NATURAL Trees Shrubs Creepers Flowers Vines Hedges

Topography Water Lawn Air Wildlife

Strolling

A Shift In Attitude > What could be changed to encourage people to go to the park? > How do we as Landscape Architects bring the park back to the people? What if individuals where provided access to parks or park-like qualities >

A New Concern For Pedestrians The desire to create pedestrian-dominant environments accessible to cars, but designed to suit the scale, pace and comfort of pedestrians. Environments facilitating use by a range of modes of travel.

Urban streets: the everyday public urban space that people occupy most while not engaging in other responsibilities at work or at home. It can be considered ‘The third place’.

"God made us walking animals, pedestrians, as a fish needs to swim, a bird to fly, a deer to run, we need to walk, not in order to survive, but to be happy." - Enrique Penolosa

through their daily routine as opposed to having them find the time and a way to go seek a green destination?

Street as the Third Place

Also referred to as the “third spcaes”, they offer a neutral public space for a community to connect and establish bonds. They “host the regular, voluntary, informal, and happily anticipated gatherings of individuals beyond the realms of home and work.”

The Role of Streets

»» Streets are not just for moving vehicles, also for pedestrians + bikes »» Streets serve as “font door” to businesses »» Streets support the city’s urban forest; should have a diverse species and ample shade canopy »» Streets are a city’s “outdoor living space”; a reflection of community values. »» Streets contribute to a district’s unique character and sense of place.

First Place Home

Complete Streets:

STREETS FOR WALKING, BIKING, TRANSIT AND DRIVING

Why? »» »» »» »»

How can well-designed streets better serve residents? Improve overall walk-ability in the neighborhood. Make it easier for residents to walk fro home to shops rather than drive. Increase tree canopy - shade for the community. Include improved lighting at night - safer street-scapes. Project a sense of ownership and care for the public realm. Improve access for residents to/from their homes. Provide outdoor living space for residents with limited personal gardens.

Allows for safe travel by any mode with guaranteed benefits Supports increased physical activity, public health and safety. Provides options and access for non-drivers. Decreases vehicle trips and associated air pollution / emissions.

COMMERCIAL

RESIDENTIAL »» »» »» »» »» »» »»

Second Place Work

How can well-designed streets support businesses? »» »» »» »» »» »» »»

Provide curb appeal in a district. Add to the district’s marketability. Improve mobility for clientele + employees. Enhance shoppers experience. Integrate efficient parking with amenities. Encourage walking from one business to another. Provide space for outdoor dining / lunch break / employee break.

PART I

Streets serving residents

Walking/Jogging Path

Tree Canopy / St. Parking

Traffic Calming Curvy Streets

Pet-Friendly Streets

Obvious Crosswalks

Restaurant Extension on SW

Wide Sidewalks

Tree Canopy + St. Parking

Public Transit Stops

St. Furniture, Place to sit

Industrial St. -> Social Hub

People will sit anywhere

Need Safe Srosswalks

Bordering Elements

Incorporate Play

Streets serving businesses

Streets as living places for everyone

PART I

STREET TYPOLOGIES + HIERARCHIES The Traditional Functional Classification system (FCS) Principal Arterial

Shared Street Classification system (Human Scale)

“If you plan cities for cars and traffic, yo get cars and traffic. If you plan for people and places, you get people and places.” - Fred Kent

Through Traffic Movement + Speed

Minor Arterial

Requirements for great streets (adapted from the book of “Great Streets”):

Collector + Distributor Local

Access to Property

What these (4) classifications mean in an urban city?

Accessibility

Safety

Bringing People Together

Comfort

Publicness

Participation

Livability

Responsibility

Degree of Enclosure

Principal Arterial Roads local oads Bus Routes

Collector Road

Auto Dominant Road Transit Street Boulevard Connector Street

Bicycle Boulevard Pedestrian Street Local Street Industrial Street

Horizontal

Vertical

Minor Arterial Roads

Street Typologies and Functional Classification System

Street Typologies and Travel Mode Priorities / Possibilities

1. Bike routes (Class II + III) can be overlaid on this street type. 2. Truck routes can be overlaid on this street type. 3. Bicycles + pedestrians are typically prohibitted, accommodated on separate parallel facilities, or provided with minimal facilities.

PART I

Site Selection

Site Criteria

Selected Site

Below I have formulated my site criteria. There are a set of conditions that

Tysons Corner, Northern VA

must be present for me to be able to test my project intent in a specific

Greensboro Metro Station Quadrant

location. The idea of bridging between urban residents and restorative en-

After an assessment of a couple sites against the criteria, along with

vironments is intended to be an adaptable framework in the grander scale

the exploration of my intention, a 75-acre piece of underutilized land

of urban cities.

in Tysons corner allowed me to investigate my study. 3 crucial factors:

> Dense Office or Residential or Commercial Component > Diverse: Multi-Generational > Public Transportation: Rail > Walking distance to and from major public tansit stops > Thriving Economy: positive increase in economy. > Gap in the urban fabric

1. High concentration of offices and businesses 2. An extension of the DC metro rail runs through the Tysons urban boundary. 3. A new metro station exists on the selected site. Masses of underutilized land provide opportunity and flexibility with intervention

> Room for intervention > Within driving distance from Blacksburg (5 hr. max.)

M M

1/4 MILE RADIUS 1/2 MILE RADIUS 1 MILE RADIUS

Greensboro Metro Station

Silver Line extension of DC metro rail in Tysons Urban Boundary

PART I

PART 2

Background + Future Projection

PART 2

LOCATION STATE SCALE | VIRGINIA

METROPOLITAN SCALE | D.C Metropolitan Area MD

TYSONS

WV KY

TYSONS

VA TN

NC NORTHERN VIRGINIA

> A census-designated place (CDP) and unincorporated community in northeastern Fairfax County, Virginia. > Located in Northern VA, halfway between downtown Washington D.C. & Dulles International Airport, It encompasses approximately 2,100 acres of the Washington Metropolitan Area.

>Of those 15 super-elite counties (the top 1/2 of one percent), 10 are in the Washington metropolitan area. Identified with stars on the map below. > The residential communities surrounding Tysons, which include McLean, Vienna, Pimmit Hills and Falls Church, help to make Tysons a prime business location.

CITY SCALE | Tysons’ Corner Urban Development Area

SITE SCALE | Greensboro Metro Station Quadrant

Tysons Urban Development Boundary Railway (Silver Line Extension) Metro Station

Project Area Parks None FCPA Selection Parks FCPA Selection

> Framed by the Capital Beltway on the East and the Dulles Toll Road on the North. > Largest concentration of hotels in the county > 2 super-regional malls > 6 million Sq.ft 26.4 million Sq.ft of office space > Quintessential Example of a “Boomer Edge City”

Tysons Urban Development Area Project Area Boundary Railway (Silver Line Extension) Metro Station Parks None FCPA Selection Parks FCPA Selection

> Approximately 75 Acres > Framed by Route 7, Route 123 and a recent residential development to the West. > New Silver Line Extension to the D.C Metro. ‘Greensboro’ Metro Station > Home to a number of ‘big box’ stores / ‘strip malls.

PART 2

HISTORY > Originally known as Peach Grove > Renamed after Maryland native, William Tyson purchased a tract of land from Lawrence Foster. > The area received the designation Tysons Crossroads after the Civil War. > As recently as the 1950s, Tysons Corner was a quiet rural intersection with a main general store.

> Big changes came in 1963 when the Tysons area moved from a country crossroads to a giant commercial/business hub after the approval of two super regional malls at the interchange of Route 7 and Route 123.

> Very commonly recognized as “The Highway Corridor” TYSONS TODAY > The economic engine of Northern Virginia > Considered the CBD of Fairfax County, 12th largest CBD in U.S. > One of the few malls that continue to prosper > Corporate headquarters of numerous companies > Population was 19,627 as of the 2010 census > Residential communities host a range of housing types in addition to a number of exceptioal amenities, such as excellent public schools and one of the best educated/highly trained labor pools in the nation.

> (4) Stops on the Silver Line are open within Tyson’s Boundary MAJOR PROBLEMS > Suburban office development built for the car, not for people. > With nine times as many parking spaces as inhabitants! > Poor jobs/housing balance; 105,000 jobs, 17,000 residents > Consitently conjested roadways

Daytime > 100,00

> Competition from Arlington and upcoming Dulles edge city > 167,000 Parking Spaces on 2100 Acres! (80 spots/acre) > Lack of parks, open space, public facilities > Poor green space network > Auto-oriented; Single-use pattern

PART 2

Nighttime < 20,000

VISION A long-lasting transformative change!

Transit Oriented Development [75% of growth focused at metro centers.] Including but not limitded to solely shopping and office space Increasing the residential component of the density mix. Providing a range of public amenities that can be experienced by both pedestrian and vehicular access Office Parks of tomorrow Adopting an urban zoning code that differs from the sububan one currently in practice Encouraging a healthy environment that allows for opportunity in everyday public life. Enhancing pedestrian connections throughout Tysons

LIVE

WORK

P L AY

Investigate an alternative / improvement to the street network: break the ‘super blocks’ into a human-scale.

The Larger Picture | Converting an auto-oriented edge city into a place for people Tysons Today

Projected Plan for 2050

100,000 Jobs 17,000 Residents

200,000 Jobs 100,000 Residents

50 Employees 50 Residents

“Underperforming Asphalt” must be replaced with a mix of uses, dwellings, and businesses organized on walkable streets and blocks.

PART 2

EDGE CITY TRANSFORMATION

Typical Characteristics of an ‘Edge City’

Typical Characteristics of an ‘Urban City’

> Automobile scale

> Human scale

> Automobile dependant

> Transit + pedestrian dependent / multimodal transportation options

> Sprawled development

> Dense development

> Predominantly low elongated buildings + Mid- Rise office towers

> Varies based on city, mid-rise - high-rise

> Meticulously manicured lawns usually serving as boundary strips

> Overlap of outdoor space. Inviting to the individual

> Masses of surface parking areas

> Integrated street parking (need for parking decreases)

> Shopping malls substitute for the lack of true public space.

> Network green open space, public squares, parks, plazas

> Hierarchical street network, commonly lacking sidewalks.

> Smaller scale retail

> Freeway intersections

> Traditional street grid with designed sidewalks

> Near major airports

> Growth focused around transit stops

> Usually governed as part of surrounding counties

> System of interaction

> High job density

> High job + residential density

PART 2

PART 3

Inventory + Analysis

PART 3

EXISTING CONDITIONS Building Inventory / Landuse

Low Rise Walk Up Apt.

Auto Dealership

Metro Station

Surface Parking

Town House

Retail

Forested Area

Abandoned Building

Hotel

Dining

Open Green Space

Metro Silver Line

Office Use

Tire / Gas Station

Parking Garage

Project Area (70 Acres)

PART 3

Building Height: Specific to existing conditions Building Garage 1-2 Story Town Homes 3-4 Story Walk-Ups 1 Story Comm/Retail 1-5 Low Rise Mixed-Use 6-20 Mid Rise Mixed-Use New Metro Stop

Building Age: Based on 7-yr avegrage depreciation

General Roadway Classification (FCS)

1, 1/2, 1/4, 1/8 Mile Radii

< 1 Years Old 1-7 Years Old 8-14 Years Old 15-22 Years Old 23-30 Years Old 30+ Years Old

Interchange Minor Arterial

Collector Road Local Road Metro Rail Above Ground

PART 3

DISTRICT ANALYSIS / SYNTHESIS

C ON S T R A I N TS

1. Route (7) & Route (123) - two major highways that frame the site. Both are auto-dominant + oriented roads. Very dangerous to cross due to high volumes of traffic. No appeal to the pedestrian at all. 2. Metrorail elevated tracks obstruct views across Route (7). Physical wall barrier causing a disconnect between two sides. 3. Lack of landuse diversity.

RESIDENTIAL DEVELOPMENT WILL EVENTUALLY BE REPLACED BY NEW DEV. THAT RESPONDS TO THE URBAN DEVELOPMENT. LATER PHASE OF THE PLAN.

FIC AF S TR GHT LI

GOSNELL RD. THROUGHWAY FOR A NUMBER OF BUS ROUTES

OFFICE USE

. EMPLOYESS HAVE NO PUBLIC / GREEN SPACE TO ENJOY ON THEIR LUNCH BREAK . VIEWS OUT OFFICE BUILDINGS ARE VERY DULL, NO STREET ACTIVITY

BUILDING FRONTAGE BECOMES ESSNETIAL TO BRINGING IN ACTIVITY (BILLBOARD)

“Point of Interest” Modern Apartment Towers Bus makes a turn into

OFFERS THE OPTION FOR EMPLOYEES TO LIVE, DINE, SHOP AFTER WORK.

UNDERUTILIZED LAND

AS S ETS 1. Greensborro metrorail station: encourages TOD development Makes area more accessible Land value higher because of metro access 2. 65% of the area consists of surface parking: underutalized land, which allows for flexibility with development / intervention 3. No major topographic concern.

. DOMINATED BY SURFACE PARKING . OUT OF DATE STRUCTURES . APPROXIMATELY 50 ACRES . SUPERBLOCK CONDITION

.TOWNHOMES + APARTMENTS 2 - 4 STORIES . THE ONLY ‘GREEN’, WOODS ON THE WEST SIDE.

DIFUSE RESIDENTIAL COMPONENT INTO DEVELOPMENT

EXPAND / DEVELOP GREEN NETWORK

PART 3

. METRO ACCESS PROVIDES A LOT OF OPPORTUNITY . RAISED STRUCTURE ALSO RESTRICTS VIEW ACROSS ROUTE 7

GOSNELL ROAD POTENTIAL TO BECOME MAIN FEED INTO SITE.

KOONS CAR DEALERSHIP CAN BE RELOCATED. LAND VALUE INCREASED AFTER METRO EXTENSION

O CT NE ON ENT. C ” PM D. E R ELO US EV HO OF D T T UR CO IN/OU LD “O LINK

. UNDESIRABLE ROADWAYS FOR PEDESTRIANS . DANGEROUS . AUTO ORIENTED

FIC AF TR HTS LIG

. UNDERUTILIZED AREA . UNFAVORED RETAIL . POTENTIALLY BECOME PARK WITH SOME DINING AND RETAIL

POTENTIAL FOR WALKABLE CONNECTION FOR RESIDENTS

EXISTING

1. West side residential development; townhomes + apt. bldgs. 2. Major office buildings / area across Route (7). 3. Bus routes. 4. Major Koons Auto Dealership (can be relocated). 4. Outdated big lot buildings. 5. Only convenience dining. [Panera, Wendys, JJ...] 6. 4 Traffic lights along parameter (Potential entry ways)

FIC AF S TR GHT LI

. UNDERUTILIZED LAND . UNFAVORED RETAIL . POTENTIALLY BECOME RESIDENTIAL DEVELOPMENT . POTENTIAL ELEMENTARY SCHOOL CAMPUS

E X I S T I N G B U S ROU TE S

I N V E S TI G ATI O N Q U E S TI O N S

CITY SCALE

> How does an ‘Edge City’ come to be?

E UT RO

A Changing Place

A Stable Place

(7)

A Place that Lacks Deep Community

-L EE SB UR

A Frindly Place you call HOME

G KE PI

A Place with an Uncertain Future

Adapted from a source on Edge Cities: http://www.atributosurbanos.es/en/terms/edge-city/

GOSNELL RD. O

TH UR

A Place that Works

3) (12

-C

IDG

R INB

D.C Metro | Silver Line extension into the Tysons area Fairfax Connector [Branch Route], Limited hour service Fairfax Connector [Core Route], All day service 18P Metro Bus Commuter Route | Wkdy peak hr srvc, links residential area w/ metrorail station + Employment cntr S80 Metro Bus Local Route | Less frequent srvc w/ some wknd / evening service avilable

“Underperforming Asphalt” must be replaced with a mix of uses, dwellings, and businesses organized on walkable streets and blocks.

> What is the order of the development / transofrmation? [Phased development] > How do you design / plan to extend the day? > How do you enforce an urban zoning code to replace the current suburban zoning code? > How does the density mix need to change? > How to integrate the streetscape as part of the network of green/open space? > What is the life span of the existing buildings? Preserve the building? Repurpose the building? Add to the building? Tear the building down?

BLOCK SCALE

> How can we maximize our use of land for our living needs, rather than for our cars? > What is “20 minute living”? [inspired from Portland, OR.] > Where can one get a cup of coffee nearby? > How close is the dog park? > Where is the closest park? > How far is the nearest metro station? > “Lets go to that one Taco Hut around the block on our lunch break!” > “The sun is out, I’m going to bike to the office today!” > “It’s Friday, lets go for drinks across the street after work?” > “I love how I can just pick up my groceries on my walk back home from the metro!” PART 3

Precedent Studies: To gain a better understanding of what changes or components could potentially elevate this underuti-

1. Block Sizing + Building Massing

3. Basic Underground parking requirement

lized land into a dynamic livable urban center, I studied a num-

2. Complete streets as part of the open/green space network

4. Intermix of land â&#x20AC;&#x201C; uses.

ber of precedent studies. The conclusions I drew from these case studies regarded: MCHIGAN AVENUE

PART 3

DOWNTOWN KENDALL, FL

METROWEST | From 69 Houses to 2250 transit oriented residences

PART 3

ADDISON CIRCLE | Edge City Infill, Addison, Tx.

PART 3

CLARENDON, VA ADDISON CIRCLE | Edge City Infill, Addison, Tx.

PART 3

WASHINGTON D.C | What happens at the intersection?

PART 3

Where is the green space in dense cities?

WASHINGTON D.C - Underground parking in urban areas? - Sidewalk condition in a mixed residential neighborhood

PART 3

PART 4

Master Plan Development

PART 4

GOAL

DISTRICT CONCEPT PLAN DEVELOPMENT

The overall strategy for developing the district master plan was to challenge the contemporary suburban model. The goal is to design a livable urban center with a focus on the pedestri-

Proposed Traffic Light

an realm, which also features multimodal transportation options. RESIDENTIAL DISTRICT

OBJECTIVES

Increasing the residential component of the density mix.

Introducing a new street grid that reinforces the street-building rela-

M RETAIL MIXED-USE DISTRICT

tionship (human scale).

Establishing prominent pedestrian connections and/or places for people within the public environment.

Potential Park Proposal

OFFICE MIXED-USE DISTRICT

Providing a range of public amenities that can be experienced by both pedestrian and vehicular access.

Catalyst for Redevelopment + Expansion

Proposing enough space that allows for a mix of uses and opportunities that meet the needs of every day life. Destination

Business / Office Use

Convenience Comm. [Lifestyle]

. Diversity in Dining Options . Movie Theater . Skating Rink / Fountain . Library [Architectural Monument] . Church . Farmers Market . Retail [shopping] . Festival Events . Seasonal Decoration

. Large Office Buildings

. Drug Stores . Dry Cleaners . Convenience Stores . Nail/Hair Salon . Barber . Wine Cellar . Bookstore

[Across Route (7)]

. Small Size Firm Offices . Doctor Clinics . Law Offices . Flower Shop . Bakery

PART 4

DISTRICT MASTER PLAN 1

Metro Plaza [Bus / Taxi Drop Off]

Movie Theater

Metro Cafe

Metro Station

Social Spine [Main Retail Street]

Church

Library [Arch Monument / Destination]

Library Plaza

Hotel [St. Level Commercial]

Main Grocery Store [e.g. Whole Foods]

11 12

17 20 16

Gym

9 4

Bank 19

Drug Store

1 3

Bakery

‘Cafe Park’

‘The Green’

Cafe Park Diner

Residential Quad

Day Care

Elevated Metro Tracks [New Extension]

A N

100’

Scale 1”=100’

PART 4

200’

300’

UNDERSTANDING THE MASTER PLAN Breaking The ‘Super Block’

Open/Green Space Network Roads [pedestrian emphasis] .Pedestrian Destination - Retail .Collectors Office/Business [Linear Parks] .Shared Residential [weekends/evenings] Parks/Squares/Plazas .Restorative .Recreational .Communal Spaces .Transit Hubs .Courtyardsw

Framework adresses: - Buildings - Roads [Controlling the asphalt] - Green/Open Space Rules [Case Studies] - Block sizing - Interior of the lock - Complete Street Network - Destination Places - Zoning + Mix of LandUses.

Proposed Building Inventory

Land-use / zoning concept

SERVICE

Circulation - On street parking available on all proposed local streets of the district

Proposed Traffic Light

RESIDENTIAL DISTRICT

- Longer term parking is tucked underground. M

- Providing a range of ‘alternative transportation’ options to the single use vehicle mode.

Potential Park Proposal

RETAIL MIXED-USE DISTRICT

OFFICE MIXED-USE DISTRICT

x Ta sL

Catalyst for Redevelopment + Expansion

Proposed Square Footage Residential 3.5 Million Sq.ft. Commercial 90,000 Sq.ft. Office Use 75,000 Sq.ft.

PART 4

Street Typologies These (4) street sections represent the 4 main proposed typologies within the district:

Residential

Office Use

Residential

Office Use

Residential

Office Use Existing Townhome + Backyard

20’ Sidewalk . Canopy . Jogging Path . SW Planting . Adequate / Safe Lighting

(3) 12’ Travel Lanes . Includes Bus Lane

Section A - Gosnell Road Section A proposal for Gosnell Road to transform into a parkway that serves both pedestrian and vehicular traffic.

PART 4

10’Plntd Median

(3) 12’ Travel Lanes

. Includes Bus Lane

20’ Sidewalk

10’ SW

. Canopy . Accomodates Residents + Office Users . Adequate Lighting . Bus Stops

Proposed Office/Res Bldg with Underground Parking

St. Prkng

1-way Travel Lane

Residential Quad with Edge pathway

[not to scale]

Residential Quad with Edge pathway

1-way Travel Lane

St. Prkng

15’ Sidwalk

10’ SW

10’ Plntd Bump Out

(2) 12’ Travel Lanes

10’ Plntd Bump Out

15’ Sidwalk

Proposed Office Building

Proposed Parking Garage Deck

Proposed Office/Res Bldg with Underground Parking

Section B - Vehicular Street Section

[not to scale]

A proposed vehicular entrance into the district from main access road (route 123).

PART 4

Residential Residential Residential

Residential

Residential Outdoor Dining Overlooks St. Activity

Residential

Bike Rack

Commercial/Retail

Commercial/Retail 30’ Sidewalk . Canopy . Seating . Planting . St Level Shopping . St Level Dining . Lighting . Wide Sidewalk

Proposed Mixed Use [comm/res] Bldg with Underground Parking

Section C - Retail / Martket Street Section A proposal for a prominent ‘social spine’. Room for ample street activity.

PART 4

Street Parking

(2) 12’ Travel Lanes . Includes Bike Lane . Includes Bus Lane

(2) 12’ Travel Lanes Street . Includes Bike Lane Parking . Includes Bus Lane

30’ Sidewalk

. Canopy . Dining Spill onto Sidewalk . Planting . St. Level Shopping . St. Level Dining . Lighting . Wide Sidewalk

Proposed Mixed Use [comm/res] Bldg with Underground Parking

[not to scale]

Residential

Residential Convenience commercial / Lifestyle

Commercial

Convenience commercial / Lifestyle

Commercial

Residential

Residential Private Residential Park

20’ Sidewalk

. Underground Prkng Entrance . Canopy . Lighting . Enough room allows residents to occupy the sidewalk

Prop. Residential Bldg. w/ Underground Prkng

St Prkng Bike Lane

(2) 12’ Travel Lanes

St Prkng Bike Lane

20’ Sidewalk

Dining/Shopping Spill out onto Inner Courtyard

. Canopy . Lighting . Residents enjoy walking their dogs, exercising around the block, and the proximity of day-to-day shopping + services

Prop. Mixed Use [Comm/Res] Bldg. w/ Underground Prkng

[not to scale]

Section D - Shared Residential Street Section A predominantly residential block that features convenience commercial + lifestyle service to accomodate the residents of the district.

PART 4

PART 5

Site Scale Development

PART 5

SITE SCALE (A) | METRO PLAZA

GOAL

SPATIAL / FUNCTIONAL DIAGRAM

To design a vibrant square that allows for a range of activities to take place while simultaneously being the prominent transit hub of the district.

OBJECTIVES

> By breaking up the larger space of the plaza of roughly 2.5 acres into smaller pockets where a number of activities may be taking place simultaneously.

> Utilizing the ground plane as a carpet to encourage visual + physical connections.

> Establishing the boundaries and edges using the physical design elements.

Besides the metro station, seasonal festivals, and/or weekly markets, the two buildings on the block in addition to others that frame the plaza offer shopping, dining and recreation that will continuously keep the space populated and busy.

PART 5 / METRO PLAZA

METRO PLAZA PLAN

Metro Station

Lawn Stretch

HOTEL

Bus Stop [Bus + Taxi Drop Off]

Seasonal / Art Display Corner

Tree Canopy [Intimate/Restorative]

Market / Food Truck Area [Temporary]

Seasonal Fountain / Skating Rink

Metro Cafe

Skate / Bike Rental Shop

OVERLOOKING BALCONY DINING

E PIK RG (7) BU E ES UT LE RO

3 10

Tree Planters w/ Bench Seating

Big Decorative Planter w/ Edge Seating

Open Stone Pavers [Traffic Calming]

Bike Rack

Stone Planter w/ Seating

Elevated Metro Rail Tracks

2 13

Sec. E

12 7 8

EATERS

MOVIE TH

20’

40’

60’

Scale 1”=20’

E PIK RG (7) BU E ES UT LE RO

PART 5 / METRO PLAZA

Commercial

Ledge Seating 15’ Sidewalk

60’ Wide Fountain

Proposed Commercial Bldg with Underground Parking

Commercial

Metro Cafe

Pub

Bike Rack

Plaza spills onto 25’ sidewalk

55’ Wide Lawn Stretch

Proposed Commercial Bldg with Underground Parking

Section E

[not to scale]

PART 5 / METRO PLAZA

SITE SCALE (B) | RESIDENTIAL PARKS

GOAL

SITE ANALYSIS DIAGRAM

To design shared residential quads that serve as both a visual and physical retreat for a diverse community [age + ethnicity].

OBJECTIVES

> Designing smaller pockets within the larger quad that offer both an opportunity for interaction and/or community gatherings as well as for individual personal/observation spaces.

> Catering to the possible needs of the different age groups. (children, teenagers, adults and possibly elderly)

> Providing features that contribute or promote a healthy lifestyle.

These two residential are framed by 8-10 story buildings. Despite the variety of public destinations, as well as places for people to occupy on the streets within the district, the design intention is to ultimately provide the residents with a more private outdoor retreat; physical and/or visual.

Communal Space Restorative Flexible Hardscape Programmed Space

PART 5 / RESIDENTIAL PARK

RESIDENTIAL PARK PLAN

CAFE PARK

A circuit [path] that loops around the circumference of the space with narrower paths that connect across and break up the space into smaller

rooms. All ground floor apartments

Sec. G

facing in wards are provided with a

small outdoor private patio space as well.

c Se

CAFE PARK

A proposal for a small urban com-

Sloped Lawn [Communal]

Pavilion Structure w/ Patio

(Grill + Fire Pit + Stage)

munity garden, a pool clubhouse 4

with a patio area, a trellis promenade, that frames the great lawn

space. 1

Community Garden

Trellis Structure

Pond (stone wall back drop w/

Rock Climbing Wall

The Great Lawn

Tot Lot

Dog Park

Cafe Patio

Canopy Walk

Circuit [Connector]

Private Patio

Paul’s Cafe [St. Level]

rock garden framing)

3 8

Clubhouse / Pool Area

Viewing Gardens

Flexible Patio w/ Fire Pit

40’

80’

120’

Scale 1”=40’

PART 5 / RESIDENTIAL PARK

Residential

138’ From Patio Edge to Patio Edge

Residential

8.5’ St. Parking

Residential

Residential 2 (12’) Travel Lane

Underground Parking Entrance (20’)

Residential Private Patio

Vegetated Bed

Circuit Path

Vegetated Bed

Proposed High Rise Residential Bldg w/ Underground Parking

Section F

104’ Tallest Side

Residential

Dog Park

Canopy Walk

Circuit Path

60’ Wide Parkway

Private Patio

. Linear Park . Green Buffer Between Highway and Residence .Green Edge / Direct Route from Residence to Metro . Adequate / Safe Lighting

(4) 12’ Travel Lanes . Route (7) . Bus Route

Median [Elevated Metro Rail Tracks] . Route (7) . Maintained Planting

Prop. High Rise Res. Bldg w/ u.g prkng

[not to scale]

PART 5 / RESIDENTIAL PARK

Residential Residential

Residential

Pavillion Structure

Range of Activities + Diversity in Age Groups on the Lawn

Fire Pit Wooden Decking

Vegetated Edge/Buffer

Accomodates Bikes + Strollers Flexible Seating

Residential

Residential Private Patio

Prop. High Rise Res. Bldg w/ u.g prkng

Residential

Circuit Path 10-15’

Sloped Vegetated Bed

100’ Wide Lawn Stretch

Circuit Path

60’ wide Pavillion Area

Circuit Path

Private Patio

20’ SW

. Access to underground parking . Safe Lighting . Canopy

On St. Prkng

2 (12’) Travel Lane

Prop. High Rise Res. Bldg w/ u.g prkng

[not to scale]

Section G

PART 5 / RESIDENTIAL PARK

The intention of my senior design project is to explore ways and reason to bring park-like qualities to the street component of everyday urban public life. This was investigated through a design proposal for a mixed-use development with a focus on the pedestrian realm on an 85-acre site in Tysons Corner, VA. â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;Walkableâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; cities are a result of their mixed-use neighborhoods, active building fronts, lively streets, high residential density, and well-connected transportation system(s) that can accommodate transit users, cyclists, and pedestrians. The ability to easily walk about the city creates social benefits and a sense of community; it promotes interaction and healthful activity for workers, residents and visitors. The overall framework plan seeks to design urban destinations and connect them in a way that reinforces a welcoming, walkable character of a compact, transit-oriented, mixed-use district.

CONCLUSION

http://www.andrewalexanderprice.com/blog20130131.php#.VgQ_tXjNrwy

http://bettercities.net/article/walkable-tysons-corner-over-vdots-dead-streetscape-18865

http://buildabetterburb.org/office-parks-of-tomorrow/

http://www.cdctysons.com/images/TransformingTysons.pdf

http://ec.europa.eu/environment/pubs/pdf/streets_people.pdf

http://www.fairfaxcounty.gov

http://www.metwashairports.com/sites/default/files/archive/mwaa.com/file/DTR_2011_Tysons_Development.pdf

http://www.twinbrookstation.com/USBGC_Project_Profile.pdf

http://www.montgomeryplanning.org/community/twinbrook/pdfs/twinbrook_commons.pdf

http://www.twinbrookstation.com

http://www.wmata.com/rider_tools/tripplanner/tripplanner_form_solo.cfm

Clements, Terry L. Bringing the Park to the People.

Cranz, Galen. 1982. The politics of park design : a history of urban parks in America. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press.

Cresswell, Tim. Place: A Short Introduction. Malden, MA: Blackwell Pub., 2004. Print.

Harnik, Peter. 2010. Urban green : innovative parks for resurgent cities. Washington, DC: Island Press.

Gehl, Jan, and Birgitte Svarre. How to Study Public Life. Print.

Jacobs, Allan B. 1993. Great streets. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press.â&#x20AC;¨Kahn, Peter H., and Stephen R. Kellert. 2002.

Children and nature : psychological, sociocultural, and evolutionary investigations. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press.

Jones, Ellen, and June Williamson. Retrofitting Suburbia: Urban Design Solutions for Redesigning Suburbs. Hoboken, N.J.: John Wiley & Sons, 2009. Print.

Kaplan, Rachel, and Stephen Kaplan. 1989. The experience of nature : a psychological perspective. Cambridge; New York: Cambridge University Press.

REFERENCES