2. BACKGROUND
2.1 Introduction
Food, beyond its fundamental role as sustenance, is a powerful agent that shapes the essence of human experience, fostering hospitality, encouraging dialogue, and eliciting sensory engagement. In the urban context, it is also a formidable activator of streets and city spaces. As theglobalpopulationgravitatestowardurbancentresatanunprecedentedpace,thesignificance of urban street food as an alternative to private kitchen endeavours is gaining remarkable attention (Moe & Shurance, 2018). The past decade has witnessed a surge in the popularity of street food, marking it as a cultural, social, and economic phenomenon in most urbanized areas, with an estimated 2.5 billion people worldwide partaking in street food daily (Fellows & Hilmi, 2012; Abrahale et al., 2019).
Embedded in the fabric of numerous cultural traditions, the phenomenon of street food stands as a sustained tradition, resonating particularly in cities such as Hyderabad and Bangalore. The many regular vendors of these urban landscape have built a reputation on the quality of their street food and tourists that travel globally to visit the stall-lined streets. Moreover, beyond the daily urban hustle, festivals, fairs, and events are increasingly characterized by the centrality of food Street food is increasingly significant as a cultural phenomenon that is changing urban practices through its complex, cultural, and social structures and thereby warranting further analysis As the landscape of street food continues to evolve, its intricacies reach beyond the simple act of buying and consuming food, expanding into multifaceted dimensions. Its role as a cultural phenomenon is dynamically altering urban landscapes, demanding a nuanced understanding of its contributions and implications. This research endeavours to unravel the intricate relationship between food culture and architectural identity in urban spaces, exploring how street food becomes a sculptor of the city's identity, contributing to the ever-evolving tapestry of urban life.
2.2 Research Objective
• To Examine the Symbiotic Relationship: Analyse the symbiotic relationship between food activities, architectural patterns, and the socio-cultural fabric of Hyderabad. This includes understanding how food practices influence architectural layouts and how architecture, in turn, shapes the dynamics of food related activities.
• Analyse the typologies of street food in Hyderabad, and how they contribute to the temporal dynamics of urban spaces.
2.3 Research Aim
• To analyse the diverse typologies of street food in Hyderabad and their role in shaping the identity of specific neighbourhoods.
• To Study Design Principles: Investigate the principles of designing spaces related to consumption, emphasizing the cultural, social, and symbiotic elements that influence architectural layouts. Understanding how architecture provides a framework for expressing culinary traditions and communal practices.
• To Analyse Architectural Responses: Examine diverse architectural responses to the energy and buzz generated by the food activities in different contexts. Investigate how architectural elements enhance the food experience, contribute to the city’s social fabric, influence the formation of its cultural identity.
2.4 Research Questions
• How does street food influence the identity of its respective urban environment?
Sub Questions
o What notions can be used to make sense of social and cultural practices that shape Indian street food experiences?
o Do the processes of consumption, production, distribution, and regulation contribute to the shaping of street food layouts and experiences. If yes, how?
2.5 Defining ‘Street Food’
The United Nations’ Food and Agriculture Organization defined ‘street food’ as “ready-to-eat foods and beverages prepared and/or sold by vendors and hawkers especially in streets and other similar places” (Food and Agriculture Organization, 1990), a definition reiterated by the World Health Organization in 1996 (Abrahale et al., 2019). The Cambridge Dictionary defines Street Food as “food that is cooked and sold in public places, usually outdoors, to be eaten immediately” (Dictionary, 2019).
Ultimately, the term typically includes three interrelated concepts; (1) social, (2) spatial, and (3) temporal. Where ‘street’ defines a physical place and a subjective experience, and ‘food’ is both a social activity and a tangible object. The inferred concept of ‘time’ by the moment when the action of eating occurs. In this way, the various definitions of street food typically relate to socio-spatial experiences temporarily located in place (Calloni, 2013; Newman & Burnett, 2013). That is, to consider the physical location, the human experience, the food object itself, and the temporal activity.
Charting typologies of street food provides a starting point for understanding this cultural phenomenon as an urban activity of historical, cultural, and social significance. Understanding the complexities of formal and informal practices of the street food phenomenon further sheds light on the resilience of this activity within the ever-changing political climate of heterogeneous contemporary global urban environments.
Street food is an essential component of our urban life, and several cities have built their reputation on their street food appeal. The prestigious Michelin Guide’s recent inclusion of street food vendors and hawkers in Singapore in the latest edition of the guides recognises how this kind of culinary experience can be quite extraordinary and valuable (Henderson, 2017). Theappealofstreetfoodinourcontemporarysociety,alwayssearchingforuniqueexperiences, is evident in the strategic role this phenomenon is gaining in the tourism industry (Handayani, Seraphin, Korstanje, & Pilato, 2019). Street markets, street festivals, and food carts are becoming common features of many cities and standard placemaking strategies to activate, revitalise and promote urban areas (Di Matteo & Cavuta, 2016).
2.6 Research Context: Hyderabad
Hyderabad, a city with 400 years of history, was recently awarded the title of Creative City of Gastronomy by UNESCO. Hyderabadi cuisine, also known as Deccani cuisine, is a beautiful patchwork of Mughal, Turkish and Arabic, along with the influence of native Telugu and Marathwada cuisines. It is responsible for 12 % of the city’s working population (Nomination Dossier, City of Gastronomy, Hyderabad, 2019). That itself demonstrates the importance of foodin the overall economyof the city. Thebustling social lifeofthecity convergesseamlessly with its vibrant street food culture, transforming its thoroughfares into lively hubs of gastronomic and social activity.
The streets of Hyderabad serve as dynamic stages where the city's history and contemporary social fabric converge. Iconic street food items, deeply rooted in the Nizam's era, coexist with innovative culinary creations, creating a palimpsest of flavours that define the city's identity. Beyond merely satisfying gastronomic cravings, street food acts as a powerful instrument for social gatherings and community engagement. Whether it's the aromatic Irani chai stalls reminiscent of the city's historical tea culture or the savoury kebabs grilled to perfection, each street food corner becomes a locus for social interaction, forging connections between diverse communities.
Among these, the area surrounding the historic Charminar and the bustling Laad Bazaar stand out as a sensory feast. Renowned for traditional bangles, this market is equally famed for its street food delights, including the irresistible Osmania biscuits and the aromatic Irani chai, creating a symphony of flavours against the backdrop of Charminar's architectural grandeur.
Further enhancing Hyderabad's culinary tapestry is the Golkonda Bazaar, adjacent to the historic Golkonda Fort. During Ramadan, the air is filled with the fragrant aroma of Haleem, turning the market into a festive culinary destination. Golkonda Bazaar is also celebrated for itsdelectablekebabs,withestablishmentslikeShahGhouseandShadabbecomingsynonymous with the rich flavours of Hyderabad.
Abids, a commercial hub, transforms into a street food haven as the sun sets. Numerous street vendors line the streets, offering an assortment of snacks and delicacies. The Kebabs and Chat stalls contribute to the lively atmosphere, creating a communal space where diverse flavours converge.
In these renowned food destinations, specific dishes take centre stage, becoming synonymous with Hyderabad's culinary identity. The aromatic Biryani, flavourful Haleem, succulent Kebabs, and the unique Osmania biscuits are not just dishes; they are cultural ambassadors that narrate the tale of Hyderabad's rich culinary heritage. As we explore these famous food
destinations, we unravel the threads of tradition, innovation, and community that collectively shape the distinctive food identity of this captivating city.
2.7 Street Food Typologies
Street food stands out as a significant cultural phenomenon, marked by its extensive variety and easy accessibility within urban landscapes. Perhaps one of the signifiers of street food is its wide variety and ready availability in most urban contexts. Hence, a tool for typological classification of this disparate, often temporary, complex socio-spatial civic activity is useful.
Tinker's comprehensive 1987 study on street food, drawing insights from seven different countries, laid the initial groundwork. Subsequent contributions by Tinker (1997, 1999, 2003) and others significantly expanded the growing body of knowledge surrounding street food, delving into various sub-topics and scholarly domains. Earlier research has meticulously documented the diverse array of street food varieties, categorizing them based on factors such as food type, activity patterns, geographic context, vendor demographics, food safety, and availability and consumption. Noteworthy studies by scholars like Draper (1996), Fellows and Hilmi (2012), Cohen (2018), Kraig and Sen (2013), Khairuzzaman et al. (2014), and Abrahale et al. (2019) have enriched our understanding of street food dynamics. Cardoso's comprehensive study in 2014 explored the social, cultural, and economic dimensions related to street food, while Stutter's 2017 work delved into the phenomenon's connection to social sustainability within a specific locale.
Nevertheless, a typological examination of the street food phenomenon proves invaluable for a comprehensive understanding of its spatial dimensions on a broader scale. Such an approach contributes significantly to unravelling the multifaceted nature of this dynamic civic activity.
Therefore, this section proposes a preliminary framework for the categorization of the street food phenomenon (Table 2.3.1). The framework revolves around three primary categories: spatial, social, and temporal. Additionally, six sub-categories are explored, focusing on aspectssuchasthe location, type of food, individuals involved, occasions, frequency,and timing of the street food activity.
Street food is delivered in a plethora of different ways In some cases, small establishments directly sell food on the street and cooking occurs in a kitchen, even if small and compact. Customers then eat the food standing or using publicly available furniture At the opposite end, food is prepared and assembled directly in the street. In-between there are temporary kitchens set-up under marquees, carts equipped with cooking facilities, vans with compact cooking facilities, or even makeshift kitchens organised with tables and camp-stoves at the side of the
road What unifies these modalities is that food is generally ready to eat or prepared quickly and, typically, there is a predominance for food that can be easily organised and assembled. Baked good are generally pre-prepared and reheated. The set-up depends on the urban
Spatial Social Temporal
Physical space
Tangible object Social activity Psychological experience Regularity Time of day
(Where?) (What?) (To who?) (At what occasion?) (How often?) (When?)
Markets Beverages Shoppers Place Identity Opportunistic Day
Grounds Prepared Food Tourists Special Events Event-Related Day/Night
Streets Snack Foods Residents Everyday Life Predetermined Day/Night
Fig. 2.7.1, Framework for street food analysis.
contextual conditions as well as the accessibility of the site and utilities. The way vendors appropriate the public space influences the overall perception of the public sphere of a city The reference of the regular vendors contributes to the overall sense of familiarity and understanding of a locale, where the perception of the street vendors informality is a central factor in the appeal of public space.
Street food is strongly spatially located; hence, the physical location is significant to understanding the phenomenon. The previous categorisations of street food provide frameworksfor understanding the event withinseveral foci. Forexample, KraigandSen(2013) considered geographic context and the globalisation of street food as a way of advertising of local place; Winarno and Allain (1991) and Rane (2011) discuss socioeconomical situatedness of local cultural traditions; related eating habits are explored by Draper (1996) and Ekanem and Control (1998); and Stutter (2017) explores the social life of street food.
These previous academic works provide categories to consider in conducting a typological analysis of the socio-spatial situatedness of street food. While these studies all provide useful frameworks within the particularities of their respective foci, these are in themselves types of streetfoodanalyses. Regions suchas Asia and Africa have a moreestablished cultural narrative of street food (Abrahale et al., 2019). What unites these practices appears to be the relationship between urban density, urban growth, and changing patterns of food consumptions, including street food.
To summarise, the research paper undertakes an investigation into four distinct typologies of street food contexts: Historic Relevance/Background, Seasonal Relevance/Festival Relevance, Contextual Relevance, and Ancestral Relevance. Each typology will be examined to discern its impact on human activity within the given space, thereby contributing to the overall identity of
the specific location. By scrutinizing these typologies, the paper aims to unravel the intricate ways in which street food practices, rooted in historical, seasonal, contextual, and ancestral dimensions, actively shape and define the unique character of the places where they unfold.
2.8 Street Food as Socio-Spatial Urban Environment and Place Activator
The cultural phenomenon and socio-spatial practices of street food have become increasingly popular, morphing into a cultural event that informs the identity development of both cities and citydwellers. Foodplaysacentral roleinpeople’sroutines;beyondjustaneedfornourishment, foodisaculturalrepresentationofasociety.Foodintrinsicallyconnectslocalpeople,traditions, produce, and the environment and has always played a central role in structuring the identity of a locale Food festivals in parks, where different sorts of food carts are invited to gather in specifically assigned areas and for a determined period, link such events to specific community groups and particular subculture events. The creation of an event is a common placemaking strategy to activate a location. More than an original bottom-up activity, street food used in this instance is an orchestrated strategy to attract people in a specific place and at a particular time and purpose, challenging the natural spontaneity of street food consumption.
IntheintricateurbanlandscapeofHyderabad,street foodemergesasavibranttapestryweaving together diverse socio-spatial elements, each influenced by the four distinct typologies:
1. Historic Relevance,
2. Ancestral Relevance,
3. Contextual Relevance, and
4. Seasonal Relevance/ Festival Relevance
2.8.1 Historic Relevance; Nimrah Cafe
Nimrah Cafe, positioned near the iconic Charminar, acts as a dynamic socio-spatial urban environment, immersing patrons in the historical narrative of Hyderabad. The cafe, with its aromatic Irani chai and traditional biscuits, transcends its gastronomic role, becoming a conduit to the city's rich past, specifically the Nizami heritage.
The historic relevance of Nimrah Cafe is deeply intertwined with the architectural and cultural legacy of Charminar, an iconic monument representing Hyderabad's grandeur. Historically, Irani cafes in Hyderabad have a lineage tracing back to the early 20th century when Persianimmigrantsintroducedthe Irani chai culture. Thesecafes became integral to the city's social fabric, serving as meeting places for intellectuals, artists, and the general public.
Nimrah Cafe, true to this ethos, acts as a melting pot where diverse segments of society converge. Locals, tourists, intellectuals, and casual visitors find themselves sharing space, conversations, and, importantly, a sip of the renowned Irani chai. This communal nature fosters a sense of unity and shared experiences, contributing to the cultural richness of Nimrah Cafe's socio-spatial environment.
Nimrah Cafe, with its vintage decor and traditional offerings, channels this historical continuity. It’s ability to transport patrons to an older Hyderabad aligns with the broader cultural impact of Irani cafes on shaping a city's identity. The old-world charm of the cafe's setting, reminiscent of the Nizam's era, fosters a sense of nostalgia and connection to Hyderabad's historical roots.
This socio-spatial environment plays a role in creating a unique identity for Nimrah Cafe. It attracts a diverse clientele, from locals seeking a familiar taste of history to tourists eager to experience the cultural richness of Hyderabad. As patrons gather in the cozy corners of Nimrah Cafe, the physical space becomes a cultural bridge, connecting the present with a bygone era.
2.8.2 Ancestral Relevance; Ram-ki-Bandi
Ram ki Bandi, nestled near MJ Market in Hyderabad, stands as a socio-spatial urban environment that transcends its role as a street food stall. Operating as a culinary time capsule, this establishment embodies the ancestral relevance of street food, offering a profound connection to Hyderabad's culinary heritage.
The historic context of Ram ki Bandi finds resonance in the culinary practices of South India, specifically Andhra Pradesh, where dosas and idlis are culinary staples with a rich cultural history.
One notable aspect of Ram-ki-Bandi's cultural impact is its role as a communal space that fosters social interactions. The aroma of dosas and idlis wafting through the air acts as an olfactory invitation, bringing people from diverse backgrounds together. As patrons gather to relish the iconic dishes, the stall transforms into a hub of social engagement, where conversations flow freely, and community bonds are forged over shared meals. Furthermore, the stall becomes a catalyst for movement and activity near MJ Market. Locals, visitors, and even those passing by are drawn to the vibrant energy emanating from Ram-ki-Bandi. The accessibility and affordability of the street food offered create an inclusive space where people from all walks of life converge. Social movements and gatherings often find resonance near Ram-ki-Bandi, with the stall
acting as animpromptu meetingpoint for various community events. The casual, openair setting of the stall promotes a sense of accessibility and egalitarianism, making it a melting pot forideas and discussions. This aligns with the idea that street food vendors, like Ram-ki-Bandi, contribute to the democratic and inclusive nature of public spaces
2.8.3 Contextual Relevance; Gokul Chat
Gokul Chat, situated in the bustling heart of the commercial hub near Abids in Hyderabad, transcends its role as a mere eatery to become a dynamic socio-spatial urban environment. This eatery exemplifies the contextual relevance of street food by seamlessly integrating with and reflecting the diversity and vibrancy of its surrounding context.
The historical context of Gokul Chat aligns with the broader cultural and commercial evolution of Abids. The area has been a central commercial district in Hyderabad, witnessing a confluence of various communities and lifestyles. Gokul Chat mirrors the diverse tapestry of the community it serves by offering a wide array of chaats and snacks. The menu, with its eclectic mix of flavors and textures, caters to varied tastes and preferences, becoming a microcosm of the cultural diversity of Hyderabad. The communal nature of the eatery is accentuated by the communal seating arrangements and the lively atmosphere, creating an environment where individuals from different walks of life come together over a shared love for street food.
One key cultural impact of Gokul Chat is its role in redefining the activity around the commercial area. As a hub for diverse chaats and snacks, Gokul Chat has become a focal point for individuals seeking a reprieve from their hectic work schedules. The communal nature of street food consumption fosters social interactions, creating a space where professionals, students, and locals converge to share a quick bite. The footfall traffic around Gokul Chat has experienced a noticeable shift as the eatery has gained popularity. Its eclectic menu and vibrant atmosphere attract a diverse audience, resulting in increased pedestrian movement in and around the commercial complex. This altered foot traffic aligns with the concept of "place-making" in urban studies, where certain spaces become significant not just for their utilitarian function but for the cultural experiences they afford.
The creation of a break-time or halt time bubble is perhaps one of the most distinctive cultural impacts of Gokul Chat. Amidst the fast-paced environment of the commercial complex, Gokul Chat serves as a haven where individuals can momentarily escape the
demands of work or daily routines. This resonates with the notion of "third places" introduced by sociologist Ray Oldenburg, highlighting the importance of informal, public spaces for community building.
The socio-spatial urban environment crafted by Gokul Chat is a testament to the symbiotic relationship between the eatery and its urban context. The culinary offerings are shaped by the surrounding diversity, adapting to the ever-evolving tastes of the community. This reciprocal relationship, where the urban context influences the culinary landscape and, in turn, is influenced by the preferences of its inhabitants, resonates with the concept of "place-making" in urban studies.
2.8.4 Seasonal Relevance/ Festival Relevance
Golkonda's Haleem stalls, particularly during the sacred month of Ramadan, undergo a remarkable transformation, evolving into dynamic socio-spatial urban environments that transcend the ordinary and mark the celebration of the season. This unique phenomenon, deeply rooted in tradition, alters the temporal dynamics of the urban space, creating a living, breathing manifestation of seasonal street food's impact on the socio-spatial fabric of Hyderabad.
The historical context of Haleem in Hyderabad can be traced through various cultural references and culinary histories. The dish itself has ancient roots, believed to have been introduced during the Nizam era. During Ramadan, Golkonda's Haleem stalls become more than just culinary destinations; they turn into temporal urban oases. The thick, aromatic fragrance of Haleem wafts through the air, enveloping the surroundings in a sensory experience unique to this festive season. This seasonal aroma serves as an olfactory invitation, drawing people from all walks of life to partake in the communal celebration of breaking fast with a bowl of Haleem.
The streets around Golkonda witness a transformation during the Haleem season, turning into vibrant thoroughfares filled with both vehicular and pedestrian traffic. The influx of people from various walks of life creates a lively atmosphere, reminiscent of the studies on street life and vibrancy in urban spaces
The popularity of Golkonda's Haleem is such that despite the tiny size of the stalls, Hyderabadis enthusiastically flock to them. The communal spirit and shared cultural identity associated with breaking fast with Haleem create a magnetic pull that transcends the limitations of space. This phenomenon resonates with the concept of
"place attachment," where certain spaces become emotionally significant to individuals.
2.9 The Circuit of Culture Framework
Embracing the Circuit of Culture framework (depicted in Figure 1), the research engages in an exploration of the intricate connections among the consumption, production, and distribution practices of street foods, both at local and transnational levels. This theoretical framework, initially proposed by Du Gay, Hall, Janes, Mackay, and Negus (1997), serves as a comprehensive lens to decipher meaning-making practices associated with cultural artifacts. The Circuit of Culture framework provides a systematic approach to unravel the complex web of cultural elements interlinked with a particular artifact, revealing insightful "maps of meaning" embedded in the artifact's cultural context. For instance, the framework was originally applied by the authors in their examination of the Sony Walkman, treating it as a cultural artifact. They demonstrated how this device was intricately associated with specific social groups and locations, possessed a unique social profile, and was enmeshed in distinct practices characteristic of a particular culture or way of life (Du Gay et al., 1997, p. 17).
The utilization of this framework in the current study aims to unveil similar "maps of meaning" within the cultural realm of street food, shedding light on the diverse cultural practices, identities, and social contexts woven into the tapestry of street food consumption, production, and distribution.
Figure 1. The Circuit of Culture framework from Doing cultural studies: The Story of the Sony Walkman (p. 3), by P. Du Gay, S. Hall, L. Janes, H. Mackay, and K. Negus, 1997.
Parallel to the consumption patterns observed with the Sony Walkman, street foods serve as exemplary edible culinary artifacts that encapsulate a distinctive cultural heritage derived from ancestral knowledge, skills, practices, senses, memories, and local food eating and making traditions.Thisisnotablyreflectedintheearliest formaldefinitionof"streetfood" that emerged during the FAO Regional Workshop on Street Foods in Asia, held in Jakarta, Indonesia, in 1986. The definition characterizes street foods as "ready-to-eat foods and beverages sold and sometimes prepared in local public places, notably streets" (Cardoso, Companion, & Marras, 2013). Consequently, street foods are intricately linked to their local origins, sourced, consumed, and distributed within specific community contexts.
In alignment with the perspective presented by Du Gay et al. (1997), akin to the Walkman, street foods exist within a network of meanings deeply rooted in socio-cultural, historical, economic, psychological, culinary, and symbolic contexts. This suggests that the significance of street foods extends beyond mere sustenance, intertwining with broader cultural narratives and societal dimensions. As both tangible and symbolic artifacts, street foods embody a wealth of meanings, connecting individuals to their cultural roots and reflecting the diverse layers of a community's identity.
3. METHODOLOGY
The methodology employed in investigating the intricate relationship between street food and the identity of urban spaces is rooted in a comprehensive review of relevant literature on research methodologies. This unit serves to justify the research design, elucidate the selection of methods, and delineate the development of instruments by drawing insights from existing scholarly work. The methodology is roughly divided into three parts.
Research Design
:
To unravel the multifaceted impact of street food on the identity of urban spaces, a qualitative research design has been chosen. Qualitative methods offer a nuanced understanding of the cultural, historical, and socio-economic dimensions inherent in street food practices. This design aligns with the exploratory nature of the study, allowing for an in-depth exploration of the diverse factors influencing the identity of the chosen urban spaces.
Selection of Methods:
Building on the foundation laid by prior research, the selection of methods integrates a mix of interviews, participant observations, and content analysis. Interviews with street food vendors, consumers, and local residents will provide valuable insights into perceptions, cultural nuances, and community dynamics. Participant observations, conducted in proximity to significant street food hubs, aim to capture the spatial and temporal dynamics associated with street food practices. Additionally, content analysis of historical records, social media, and cultural archives will complement the qualitative data, adding depth to the understanding of the historical and cultural dimensions shaping urban identity through street food.
Development of Instruments:
The development of instruments for data collection is informed by established methodologies discussed in the literature. Interview protocols are designed to elicit rich narratives from participants, exploring their experiences, perceptions, and interactions with street food. Observation checklists guide systematic observations, capturing the physical, social, and temporal aspects of street food spaces. Content analysis frameworks draw from existing models, ensuring a rigorous examination of textual and visual data sources. The subsequent sections delve into the application of these methods in the field, presenting a comprehensive analysis of the interplay between street food and the identity of urban spaces.
3.1 Primary Data Collection
Generative Research Generative research, positioned at the core of the design discipline, serves as apivotal aspect intheexplorationof howstreet foodinfluences the identity of urban spaces. This approach, extensively discussed by Hannington (2003) and Kumar (2013), holds substantial significance. Sanders and Stappers (2012), in their discourse on participatory research in design, underscore the efficacy of generative methods. They stress its remarkable ability to tap into participants' tacit knowledge thoughts known but not easily verbalized and latent knowledge ideas yet to be experienced, with the potential to shape future opportunities (pp. 52–53). In the context of this research, the primary objective is to foster the articulation of subtle and challenging-to-access experiences, perspectives, and emotions through collaborative and creative means.
Expanding on this foundation, the generative researchemployedin this study aimsto delveinto the nuanced interactions between street food and the identity of urban spaces. By engaging participants in a collaborative and creative process, the research seeks to unearth not only what is overtly expressed but also the underlying, often unspoken, influences of street food on the fabric of urban identity.
Generative techniques, as emphasized by Sanders and Stappers (2012), play a pivotal role in creating artifacts that encapsulate various dimensions such as recalling memories, expressing feelings, connecting dots, and envisioning the future. The toolkits, acting as vehicles for generating complex information, must be meticulously developed and designed, taking into account aspects of dimensionality (2D and 3D materials), content (cognitive, functional, emotional, and expressive), and the concept of time to unveil the unfolding of events (Sanders & Stappers, 2012). Examples of these toolkits include emotional toolkits comprising photos, images, and words to evoke memories, storyline toolkits optimized for narrative expression, and cognitive toolkits facilitating the understanding of connections between different points.
In the context of this research, the data collection process involves techniques such as say-domake, associated interviews, discussion sessions, and focus groups. The collected data is then subjected to qualitative analysis methods, particularly coding. Additionally, quantitative tools like multi-dimensional scaling are employed to identify relationships between the items used to construct the artifacts (Sanders & Stappers, 2012). The research embraces a mixed-methods approach, incorporating content analysis to identify clusters, patterns, and themes within the generated data. This multifaceted methodology ensures a comprehensive exploration of the complex interplay between street food and the identity of urban spaces.
Selection of Methods The selection of research methods for this study follows a systematic approach known as the questions-methods table. This method involves creating a structured table that aligns specific research questions with appropriate data collection and analysis tools. By systematically listing research questions and exploring corresponding methods,thisapproachensuresathoughtful andtailoredselectionoftoolsbest suitedtoaddress the specific inquiries posed by the study. This methodological framework facilitates a clear and strategic alignment between the research objectives and the chosen methods, enhancing the precision and effectiveness of the overall research design.
Sampling Strategy In this study, the selection of participants was strategic to obtain a comprehensive understanding of how street food influences the identity of urban spaces. The participants were carefully chosen from different stakeholder groups, each contributing a unique perspective to enrich the research findings.
Street Food Vendors: Street food vendors were a crucial segment of the sampled participants as their insights provided an intimate understanding of the challenges and opportunities within the urban space. By exploring their perspectives on how their culinary offerings contribute to the local identity, the study aimed to unravel the intricate relationship between street food businesses and the dynamic nature of the urban environment. Through targeted questions, the vendors' experiences and aspirations were tapped into, offering valuable insights into the complex socio-cultural landscape shaped by street food activities.
Local Residents: The inclusion of local residents was paramount to capturing the community's viewpoint on street food and its role in shaping the identity of the city. Through a series of questions,thestudydelvedintothelocal residents'perceptionsofstreet food,aimingtouncover whether specific street foods were deeply intertwined with local traditions and identity. This participant group provided an essential lens through which the impact of street food on the cultural fabric of the community could be assessed.
Business Owners: As an additional segment, business owners within the vicinity of street food hubs were included to gauge the broader economic implications and challenges associated with street food. Their perspectives were sought to understand how street food activities influenced the commercial landscape and whether any collaborative efforts existed between businesses and street food vendors in enhancing the overall identity of the area.
Tourists/Visitors: Tourists and visitors were integral participants in this study to explore how street food contributed to their overall experience of the city. The questions directed towards this group aimed to identify specific street foods that were considered iconic or representative of the city, offering insights into how street food acts as a cultural attractor. By understanding the perceptions of those encountering the city temporarily, the study aimed to highlight the role
of street food in creating a lasting impression and contributing to the city's identity in the eyes of external observers.
Question: How does street food influence the identity of its respective urban environment?
Interviews, generative research, participatory research, visual research
Narrative Analysis, Coding Frameworks for textual and interviewed data, Pattern Recognition
Sub-questions Data Collection Tools Data Analysis Tools Possible Findings What notions can be used to make sense of social and cultural practices that shape Indian street food experiences?
Do the processes of consumption, production, distribution, and regulation contribute to the shaping of street food layouts and experiences. If yes, how?
Participant observation, ethnography, visual research, interviews
3.1.1, Questions-Methods Table
Coding for textual and video data, Visual Coding and Mapping, Pattern Recognition.
Insights into Indian street food experiences through diverse methodologies Nostalgic significance, tradition, authenticity.
Insights into behaviors, practices, interaction, and socio-cultural contexts
In a two-step process, the researcher conducted an in-depth study of selected sites over several days. From this study, participants were randomly chosen based on their interactions with the selected sites and vendors. Following identification, the researcher approached the participants to provide an overview of the research project and its procedures. Upon expressing interest, participants received a brief questionnaire (see Appendix A), either presented in person or emailed, to confirm background details. This included inquiries about the Hyderabad suburb they travelled from, the purpose of their site visit, and the context of their presence in the study site area. To ensure diversity, the researcher deliberately considered factors such as gender, race,areaofarrival, andagegroups duringparticipant selection. Recruitment efforts alsoaimed to include participants from various areas in Hyderabad, enhancing the richness and variety of experiences captured in the study.
Figure
3.1.2, Locations of four participant vendors (from Googlemaps.com)
Figure
Figure 3.1.3, Site- 1, Gokul Chat Site Context
Figure 3.1.4, Site-2, Ram-ki-Bandi Site Context
In the second phase, the researcher initiated contact with local street food vendors in Hyderabad, employing a street typologydivision and subsequent revisions. The sampling strategy aimed to enhance diversity, and four vendors were deliberately chosen based on specific criteria:
Type of Food: The selection process considered the variety of street food offered by the vendors. Detailed information on different street foods is provided in the dissertation's Appendix.
Street Typologies: Vendors were chosen based on the relevance of their street typology, encompassing categories such as festive relevance, historic relevance, ancestral relevance, and contextual relevance. This division allowed for a comprehensive exploration of different dimensions within the street food landscape.
Figure 3.1.5, Site- 3, Hotel Shadab, Site Context
Figure 3.1.6, Site-4, Nimrah Café, Site Context
3.2 Methods and Instruments
Method one: Interview Protocols
In the pursuit of comprehensively understanding the impact of street food on the identity of urban spaces, the research utilized a dual approach, employing both a questionnaire and focus group discussions. The semi-structured interview protocol applied during focus group discussions aimed to capture a diverse array of perspectives and experiences regarding eating practices among pedestrians and everyday civilians. The development of the interview protocol drew inspiration from the theory of triadic influence, which posits the contextual linkage of commercial specifics, social situations, and cultural environments. Participants for each focus group were chosen based on their cultural and place identities within the city, ensuring relevanceto the study. Thediscussions,conducted in languages such as Telugu, Hindi, English, and various Urdu dialects, were meticulously recorded and transcribed verbatim. To ensure accuracy,translationswerecross-verifiedbyresearchteammembersproficient inTelugu,Urdu dialects, Hindi, and English.
Method Two: Rapid Ethnographic Assessment
In the second phase of the study, a rapid ethnographic assessment unfolded, involving an extensive25-dayethnographicfieldworkstintinHyderabad.Duringthisimmersiveexperience, I dedicated approximately 6-8 hours at each of the selected stalls belonging to vendor 1, 2, 3, and 4 (refer to Figure 3.1.1 to 3.1.6). As part of participant observation, my focus encompassed activities such as food preparation, distribution, overall management, and diverse interactions unfolding at these street food stalls. Engaging in interviews with the vendors, I delved into their insights and perspectives. Additionally, brief on-site interviews were conducted with customers, gaining valuable insights into their reasons for being there, preferences for specific street foods, and more. Beyond the stalls, interviews were extended to customers and the general public in the vicinity, aiming to comprehend their perspectives on street food and the dynamics of the urban space. Furthermore, conversations with vendors covered aspects of managing a street food business, food production, hygiene management, regulatory challenges, and related facets.
Data Documentation
Thestudyheavilyreliedoncomprehensivefieldnotes,constitutingameticulousdocumentation process. Throughout the fieldwork, observations were diligently recorded, capturing the essence of each day's experiences. Analytical reflections, drawn from these field notes, were subsequently documented at the conclusion of each day's work. This process served as a rich
resource for textual data, offering a detailed and nuanced portrayal of the street food environments under study.
3.3 Analysis
The focus group transcripts underwent a comprehensive analysis employing both inductive and deductive approaches, utilizing thematic analysis techniques proposed by Braun and Clarke (2006). Thematic analysis, recognized for its flexibility and depth in interpreting socio-spatial identification, played a crucial role in uncovering the intricacies of identity within the discussions (Braun & Clarke, 2014). The transcripts were manually analysed and processed using OpenAi, a Ai data management software facilitating coding and segmentation based on common ideas. The study required independently coding the transcripts, establishing fundamental codes. Subsequently, connections between codes were established manually, and OpenAi was revisited to retrieve quotations and recode the data. A collaborative effort with the second author, who had previously analysed the data for the broader study, ensured a comprehensiveandreflexive process of codeandthemedevelopment (Braun, Clarke, Hayfield, & Terry, 2019). The iterative nature of the process allowed for the creation of a final thematic map collaboratively (Fig. 1).
In the inductive approach, themes crucial for understanding culture and food were identified, exemplified by the inductive basic theme of "Special events, differentiated by cultural events and social gatherings, dictate different eating practices." Conversely, the deductive approach employed theories and literature to identify themes, illustrated by the deductive basic theme of "Cultural eating practices are integral to participants' identities." This methodological synthesis ensured a nuanced exploration of the relationships between street food, culture, and identity.
The study identified three main themes in the final thematic map, and these themes will be expounded upon in the following section. They encompass
(1) Food enables construction and maintenance of different types of identities.
(2) Commercial complexes carve its own social identity which is guided by cross cultural food practices.
(3) the exploration of Temporal Dynamics in Culinary Identity, delving into how culinary choices and identity construction are shaped by the passage of time.
4. RESULTS
“What we call culture takes its place where tradition and innovation intersect. Tradition is made up of knowledge, techniques, values, which were handed down to us. Innovation exists in so much as this knowledge, these techniques; these values modify the place of man in the environmental context, rendering him able to experience a new reality. A very successful innovation: that we could define tradition. Culture is the interface between these two perspectives.”
~Montanari (2006, p. 7)
4.1 Food enables construction and maintenance of different types of identities
In the analysis, it was observed that participants' cultural food practices played a crucial role in shaping their identities. Notably, social interactions related to food, encompassing both cultural events and communal dining, were foundational in the development of participants' cultural and ethnic identities. Participants exhibited distinct food practices during social eating compared to their routine daily meals. The differentiation between social eating and cultural events wasmade, as participantssharedinsights into both religious andcultural occasions, such as Numaayish (non-religious cultural celebration) or Hari Raya Puasa (religious festival celebration at the end of the fasting month Ramadan) as well as social gatherings (weekly or monthly meet ups with extended families). There is a difference between these two types of events where daily food practices are abandoned.
During the study, three significant issues emerged in participant interactions. Firstly, there was a noticeable shift not only in the quantities but also in the variety of dishes prepared, requiring more space for cooking and consumption areas in streets. Secondly, variations in food preparation methods were observed, such as the use of barbecues in "chalets" and shared meal preparation in "potlucks," leading to the occupation of large areas, including pedestrian pathways and internal roads, for communal dining.
Additionally, participants differentiated between social gatherings and those centered around religious events, drawing distinctions between "religious feasts" and "eating with family." Notably, the preparation of food for religious feasts, like Hari Raya Puasa, involved laborious and highlyskilledtraditional practices, highlightingthecontrast withregular cooking practices. Participants utilized specific food practices as representations of their ethnic identity, effectively communicating this identity within the focus group. Interestingly, ethnic
communities in Hyderabad, despite regularly dining out, emphasized changes in eating practices during reunion dinners.
The evolution of festival food practices among Hyderabadis over time was evident, reflecting similar changes among local participants. Within this theme, the significance of food as a crucial aspect of cultural and ethnic identity emerged, with participants distinguishing between food preferences within different ethnic groups, emphasizing the non-homogeneity of category food preferences. In the following quote from participants, the moderator strategically introduces her favourite cooking method as a means to stimulate conversation about food practices within the group. This approach serves to foster a sense of familiarity and immediate identification with the subject, encouraging participants to share their experiences and perspectives on cooking methods.
Extract 1
Moderator: It smells lovely. When I came back to Hyderabad after travels, the first thing I would crave is chai and biscuits. Ohmy God, thesmells, it really takes me back. And when the taste hits, a realization hits me, "Ah! I'm home."
Respondent: Oh, I get what you are trying to say! When I had a long day at work or busy working here and there, even in the hot sun or cold winters, Chai and Biscuits, especially Osmania, helps me break out of the exhaustion. Chai-Sutta ka mazaa hi alag hai! (Translates to - The fun of tea itself is different.)
4.2 Commercial complexes carve its own social identity which is guided by cross cultural food practices
In the second theme identified in our data, we found that that cultural food practices were prevalent amongst our participants and the decisions to carry out these practices were influenced by multiple factors. In the realm of bustling commercial complexes such as Abids and Koti, the research findings reveal a distinctive social identity carved by these business hubs, guided by cross-cultural food practices. These complexes, serving as central nodes for diverse communities, attract people from all corners of Hyderabad who converge for various purposes. Amid the hustle and bustle of busy roads and crowded shopping districts, individuals seek refreshments and rest areas to unwind from their hectic activities. Gokul Chat, situated in these commercial centres, emerges as a significant player, providing a unique space for individuals to take a break from the rigors of shopping and walking. The quick flow of food, efficient service, and small temporary seating areas create a bubble-like environment, offering a respite for those navigating the energetic city centre This research underscores how places like Gokul Chat contribute to shaping the social fabric of commercial complexes, becoming more than just eateries but integral components of the urban experience, where people from diverse backgrounds come together, fostering a shared sense of place and identity.
4.3 Temporal Dynamics in Culinary Identity, delving into how culinary choices and identity construction are shaped by the passage of time
The third and last theme identified for this paper was “Temporal Dynamics in Culinary Identity," the research unfolds a narrative of how culinary choices and identity construction have undergone a nuanced evolution, intricately shaped by the passage of time. Over the years, the commercial hub of Koti and Abids has witnessed a significant increase in population influx and the establishment of more settlements in the vicinity. This demographic shift has contributed to a surge in the number of customers frequenting the area, creating a bustling environment for street vendors.
The evolving dynamics of the place are reflected in the continuous adaptation of street vendors to accommodate the growing customer base. The once compact area around the stall has expanded over time to meet the increasing demand, with makeshift seating arrangements such as stools and stonesbeingstrategicallyplacedtoprovideatemporaryseatingexperience.Thisexpansionnot only caters to the evolving culinary preferences but also transforms the physical landscape of the space.
Furthermore, the temporal evolution has influenced broader aspects, such as traffic patterns. As the popularity of the area increased, drivers began to recognize it as a crowded zone, leading to traffic deviations and changes in the usual flow of vehicles. The footfall traffic in the vicinity has also
experienced alterations, with more people drawn to the area due to its reputation as a bustling culinary hub.
In essence, the findings underline the intricate interplay between temporal dynamics, culinary choices, and the broader transformation of the urban landscape, emphasizing how the passage of time shapes the identity of commercial spaces like Koti and Abids.
4 3.1,
Unlike the Circuit of Culture framework (Du Gay et al., 1997), the elements of consumption, production, distribution, and representation couldn’t be separated to be distinct. The cultural model for Hyderabad showcased a balance and harmony through an intricate co-relation between the various practices. All parts together played a crucial role in producing a vibrant image of uniqueness.
Figure
Cultural models for Hyderabad street foods
5. CONCLUSION
This study employed a practice-based research approach to delve into the cultural intricacies surrounding an ethnic street food artifact. Emphasizing the importance of understanding the cultural networks of the artifact within a global context, the research aimed to address existing gaps highlighted by scholars in the design domain (Boradkar, 2011; Buchanan, 1992; Du Gay et al., 1997; Rittel, 1971).
As outlined in the Introduction, the study sought to contribute to the discourse on complex global and cultural facets in design. It focused on elucidating the design and development of multi-disciplinary research tools and methodologies, offering a step-by-step approach to operationalize concepts like tradition, authenticity, and identity through the practice of design, history, and research. The overarching goal was to bridge unexplored connections in research practice and propose innovative methodologies
The inquiry provided detailed insights into connecting rapid ethnographic approaches with traditional qualitativemethods, utilizing multi-citedfieldworkto scrutinize streetfood artifacts. This effort aimed to augment the current knowledge base in design research. Importantly, the research put forth new frameworks correlating various consumption and production practices, shedding light on how street food artifacts undergo transformations when moving across different cultures. The implications of such findings are valuable not only for similar food studies but also for the development of innovative research approaches and methodological tools in the future.
In conclusion, "Architectural Palate: Understanding How Food Culture Sculpts Identity" endeavours to contribute to a more comprehensive comprehension of street food practices in Hyderabad, shedding light on the intricate relationship between culinary experiences and urban identity. The study offers a detailed overview of how Hyderabad's rich food culture operates in daily life, elucidating its extraordinary significance in the lives of Hyderabadis. Recognizing the dearth of scholarly attention on Hyderabad's street foods and everyday practices, this research not only seeks to fill that void but also aims to unravel the ways in which this specific street food typology plays a pivotal role in shaping the relevance, context, and identity of the urban environment. By delving into the socio-cultural, historical, and contextual dimensions of street food, this study invites a nuanced understanding of the dynamic interplay between culinary experiences and the cultural tapestry of Hyderabad.
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ETHNOGRAPHY INTERVIEW QUESTIONNAIRE
Interview guide for food stall vendors in Mumbai
General (Ice-breaker)
Can you define what is a street food for you?
What is your educational background?
Can you please explain a typical day at your food stall (or restaurant)? How do you start a day, how it progresses, and how it ends?
When are you the busiest during the day? Why at that time?
Did you start the food stall or your parents, friends, or any other family member passed it down to you?
Asking about nostalgia and past business practices
1. Which year did you start the food stall? Why?
2. (If not started by the vendor) Was this a family business? How many generations of your family have been involved in this business? Is there any particular reason that your family started this business?
3. How small or big was the food stall when it first opened?
4. Did you hire anyone to work with you?
5. Which was the first location? Why? Is it still the same or has it changed? Why?
6. Would you please like to share stories, memories from the time when food stall first opened?
7. Do you have any photographs, pictures, newspaper cuttings or any other pictorial, textual, published or unpublished information about the food stall? (If yes) Will you please share and elaborate each of those pictures? Any special memories?
8. How was the initial response from the people and the customers when food stall first opened?
9. What kind of customers did you have?
10. Do you have any special past memories about specific customers, occasions, or anything else related to your food stall?
11. Approximately, how many customers did you serve each day?
12. Did you follow particular cooking styles and recipes? Which recipes? Why? How? Where did you get the recipes?
13. How did people order the food? Did you have the menu displayed anywhere? Where? How was it? Do you have any pictures to share?
14. Where did the customers sit/stand to eat the food when you first opened the stall? Do you have any pictures of it?
15. How was the interaction with the customers? Do you have any specific memories?
16. Do you think things changed over the period of time? How? Why?
Asking about current business practices
17. What is your current involvement in running the food stall?
18. Approximately how many customers do you serve everyday?
19. How many people have you hired to work at your food stall? What do they do?
20. Is this the same location where you (or the one who passed the business down to you) started the food stall?
21. How do you think it has changed in terms of looks, appearance etc.?
22. Has it changed in terms of any business practices? How? Why?
23. Has your menu changed over the period of time? (If yes) How? Why? (If not) Why not?
24. Which are the bestselling food items? Why do you think your customers like them the most? Have these been always the most favourite food items?
25. How do you serve the food? Do you use paper products, plastic products, or stainless steel products? (If plastic or stainless steel) How do you wash/clean them?
Figure above. Peak Hours, Figure below, Non Peak hours
Figure above, Public and vehicular interaction with respect to the site
INFERENCES
Closely packed spaces refer to compact layouts, influencing spatial flow, functionality, and the user experience. Design strategies must optimize efficiency and comfort within these constraints. Infrastructure, and maintenance accessibility enhance user experiences, sustainability, and overall functionality, contributing to well-designed and well-managed built environments. Good services and managing workers. Cooking and Biscuit Baking areas are clean and hygienic.
above, Ram-ki-Bandi Plan
Figure
Figure above, Circulation Layout
Figure above, Service Circuation
Figure above, Vehicular Circulation
Figures above, Peak and Non-Peak circulation and timings
INFERENCES
Closely packed spaces refer to compact layouts, influencing spatial flow, functionality, and the user experience. Design strategies must optimize efficiency and comfort within these constraints. Infrastructure, and maintenance accessibility enhance user experiences, sustainability, and overall functionality, contributing to well-designed and well-managed built environments. Good services and managing workers. Cooking and preparation areas are clean and hygienic.
7. ENCLOSURES
7.1.Copy of Proceedings
7.2.Utilization Certificate
