Academic Project: Aqua Architecture - Water the spirit of Architecture

AQUA ARCHITECTURE Heriot Watt University - Dubai

Declaration I Kundanika Adkuloo, confirm that this work is my own and is expressed in my own words. Any use of works of other authors, made within it, in any form (e.g. ideas, equations, figures, text, tables, plans, images) are properly acknowledged at the point of their use. A full list of the references used has been included.

TABLE OF CONTENTS Abstract Chapter 1 – Introduction Research Problem Research Hypothesis Aims / Objectives Research Questions Scope of Research Research Methodology Importance of Research Chapter 2 - Literature Review Aqua Architecture in History Aqua Architecture and Cultural Heritage Water sources and its Reflection on Architecture Water Usage in Contemporary Building Architecture Contemporary Water Features Aqua Architecture and Human Senses Recent Innovations in Aqua Architecture New Initiatives towards Sustainability Water Architecture in UAE Chapter 3 – Case Studies Comparative Analysis of International Case Studies Comparative Analysis of Local Case Studies Chapter 4 – Survey Survey Conclusion Chapter 5 – Conclusion and Recommendations Design Guidelines Chapter 6 – Present Day Issue Design Strategies to save Dal Lake References

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Abstract •Water has since the beginning of the civilization been a vital element of settlements and nature, which signifies continuity. At the beginning water served as a necessity for survival, but with urbanization the importance and applications of water grew rapidly.

Water is life; in bio-climatic architecture it is used to represent thermal comfort, since water can regulate the micro-climatic conditions of various interior spaces, help in controlling the solar radiation effects and beautifies the internal spaces. In some cases, water becomes one of the main building elements. •Architecture is an instrument which is used to express both the physical characteristics and the true beauty of water. Architecture can be viewed by anyone and at any given time. •This study focuses about how the presence of water as a function or feature enhances architecture, and how this relationship is perceived through sensory human experience. Some International and local case studies have also been discussed in this paper. In the case studies, various architectural features such as symmetry and balance, color, texture, materials, form and scale have been discussed. The case studies identify how water is employed in different spaces and how it affects the human behavior. Lastly design strategies have been proposed, to integrate water and Architecture sustainably, functionally and aesthetically.

Chapter 1: Introduction Preface In the modern times, architects and designers are designing in such a way in order to let the water in rather than keeping the water out of their projects.

round, curved walls symbolizing waves of water

Water can be used in architecture as a design element or simply as a concept (image). Water has various features, which will be discussed in this research, like movement, a sense of excitement in the built form. There are certain other qualities of water that can be used in designing such as its reflective nature, transparency, softness, and interaction with nature.

In towns and cities, water is usually used as a landmark feature (like fountains, canals etc.) whereas in the built environment, water is used as an architectural design element in the exteriors and interiors. At times water is used to signify religious beliefs and at other times to create pleasant aesthetics. Water can be employed at various scales (from an urban project scale to an interior design scale) Water is a type of instrument that can be used to promote the development of urban areas. The three main objectives of water oriented urban design are: improving the sustainability of recycling, maintaining the growth of urban built environment and offering an enhanced emotional experience to the users. First, water oriented urban design is sustainable which means that water serves as a tool to channel the growth of built forms, which as a result not only improves the quality of structures, but also facilitates the circulation of cultural beliefs and economy.

Second, water being a way of life and a kind of design tool, brings a transformation to the urban environment and community activities, and creates awareness towards a sustainable and sensitive environment. Thirdly, different places have different waterfront conditions, which can create a unique identity for that region. This combination of water and architecture is termed as Aqua Architecture.

Concept and design for the Atronic exhibition booth to the fair G2 in Las Vegas

Aqua Architecture is significant since it offers either pleasant short-term place to stay or a permanent dwelling, when all the land resources have been exhausted. Water is regarded as an extraordinary design element in the field of architecture since the prehistoric period, as it’s cheap, it’s an abundant source and versatile in nature. This simple element found in nature can transform any monotonous space into something magnificent. ‘Liquid design’ is a term used when water is employed as the primary architectural design element. Waterfalls, aquariums, pools, creeks and ponds are a few examples of liquid design. In liquid design, water is not just an innovative visual feature or a piece of art but can also be used as the main design concept of a space. It offers both – a soothing effect as well as visual stimulation.

Research Problem Aqua architecture has become a matter of concern because water in today’s world is not being used consciously and to its full potential, and therefore the value of water must be given high importance in order to conserve the resource.

The abundance of fossil fuels in the Middle East, has led to the increased dependence on artificial air-conditioning in the built environment, due to which the buildings fail to adjust to the local climatic conditions sustainably. In the past when water was used in playful fountains and streams, it resulted in the passive cooling of both the interiors and the exterior environment. These features appear to have disappeared in the modern world. During the ancient times, communities used water for enhancing the aesthetics (in gardens, houses) but in the contemporary society water as a piece of public art seems to be disappearing.

The main issue preventing the growth of aqua architecture is because of the attitude of the community building in the vicinity of water. Water conservation has also become of high priority, since many regions of the world are facing the issue of water scarcity. The sustainable potential of water needs to be explored further, so that no restriction can limit engineers and designers from integrating water and architecture.

Research hypothesis

‘Water is a lost component, and it can be brought back sustainably’

Water has disappeared from the lives of people. People no longer have the time to enjoy in the vicinity of water features. This research is an attempt to bring back the spirit of water in architecture and the lives of people.

People are not aware of the sustainable potential of water in architecture, and in order to change this concept, this study has been undertaken. In the past, every house had a courtyard pool, which was used for various purposes like aesthetics or religious practices, and it also enhanced the microclimate. But today that scenario has been lost and needs to be brought back.

Aims / Objectives The main goal of this research work is to further investigate the subject of Aqua Architecture, in order to develop efficient practices that will employ water resources effectively and sustainably. Several other important objectives will be explained like the significance of water in Architecture and design, and factors that help in proposing design strategies under different scales. Evaluating the usage of water in architecture is another aim of this study, so that water can be utilized to enhance the quality of projects and to conserve water as a resource. As a result of this more architects will be encouraged to realize the potential of this incredible resource.

The necessity of water and how it offers its values to enhance the aesthetic quality of designs will be discussed.

This research paper includes the design, functions and outcomes of water utilization in architecture. Hence the three main goals of this research work are: • Sustainability – Identifying sustainable systems that will help to conserve water • Functionality – Functional usage of water as the main climatic driver (passive and active) in the building and surrounding urban environment • Aesthetics – Employing water in architecture in various ways to improve the aesthetics Another goal of this research is to change the way people live and interact with water, by proposing waterfront development designs which would engage residents and invite them to be aware about the positive outcomes of aqua architecture.

One of the major objectives of this research is to offer design guidelines for urban planners and architects, which can be used when planning and designing aqua architecture, to promote sustainability. The first and most important step to do this is to develop an understanding of the connection between water infrastructure and the built environment.

Research Questions A few questions will be pondered upon in the research: • Why has water become such an essential design element in the creation of landscapes and public spaces?

• How do designers harmonize water with stationary materials to create structures with texture, color, pattern, movement and spatial dimension?

• What are the various ways in which water can be integrated with architecture?

• How relevant is aqua architecture for today’s environmental concerns?

• And the most important question is how can a single building implement the use of water sustainably, functionally and aesthetically to improve an existing urban setting?

For answering all these questions, water utilization in traditional as well as modern architecture is studied in this research.

Scope of Research Architecture + Water has extraordinary design potential brought out by combining these apparently contradictory entities. Usually considered as opposites – architecture is understood to be fixed and firm, while is seen as flowing and dynamic. This belief between architecture and water is the reason for limited growth in the field of aqua architecture. (Van Allen Institute, 2001) A lot of topics fall under aqua architecture namely, underwater architecture, floating architecture, waterfront architecture, landscape and interior architecture with water as a design element, water sensitive urban design, earth ships, architecture of bridges, aqueducts and the most argued issue of architecture responsive to rising sea levels. But due to personal interest in this topic and since the present course of study is more about sustainable and functional design, this research is inclined more towards the various ways in which water as a design element is used in collaboration with architecture, and further how their relationship enhances human senses. The other subject matters have just been explained in brief, for the knowledge and interest of the readers.

Research Methodology This study is an integration of the various Aqua Architecture design forms from the Renaissance to the present period, substantiated with numerous examples and case studies of famous projects all over the globe. The transition period between traditional architecture and modern architecture will be discussed, i.e. the shift from functionality to aesthetics.

The data for this study has been collected mainly from internet sources and books. For the final analysis and understanding of how different people see water architecture, a survey was undertaken. The first draft of questionnaire when prepared was given to a sample population of five. Due to the high difficulty level questions, another simpler questionnaire was designed which was again used to conduct a pilot study. After the pilot study, the final questionnaire was put together, with clearly explained multiple choice options. The basis of the questionnaire was to understand how the society visualizes the relationship between water and architecture. The sample population who undertook the survey includes people of the age 15 and above, and from all fields – homemakers, students and professionals from design/construction background, students from other streams as well as professionals with various occupations. The reason for choosing such a sample population was that water architecture projects can be exploited by diverse users, for example public spaces are visited by everyone.

Importance of Research Water has always been a vital element in choosing a location for settlement. Some people reside next to water resources to make their lives easier but at the same time are affected in negative ways due to natural disasters.

The importance of water in architecture has been felt since the pre-industrial period, when technologies like Phyto-purification, passive water cooling, and permeable paving were used. (Sposito, 2011) Water has functional characteristics and abilities to serve as a means for generating thermal comfort, aid in elimination of boundaries between the interiors and exterior, and become a functional, sustainable and aesthetic component of design. When water and architecture coexist, water shapes and gets shaped by the form of structures. Integration of water in architecture becomes a revisit to vernacular buildings such as the Alhambra in Spain, wherein the water channels become the main aesthetic and climate controlling elements. Therefore to identify ways in which water can be incorporated into modern design to achieve all these functions, this research has been undertaken. (Anon., 2013) Therefore, the central idea of this research is to lay down design guidelines to re-integrate water effectively in the field of architecture. The primary objective of this study is to try creating something unusual which would transform the philosophy associated with water linked architecture. Staying in UAE since the past few years has further broadened my inquisitiveness on this subject. Water is a resource which offers infinite potential for developmental growth all over the world, and this is another reason to undertake this research. It has been realized through continuous research that not enough studies have been conducted in this field and therefore there is an urgent need to re-establish the value of aqua-architecture in the modern era.

Chapter 2: Literature Review Introduction People construct structures to save themselves from harsh environmental conditions. And this is the reason walls are the first thing to be built around them. Due to these conditions, humans separated themselves from nature.

Water is such an element that plays a sensual role in reconnecting us to the nature. Water integrated designs seem to be simple at first glance but in reality, are quite difficult to work with.

Water has always been an essential part of the natural environment and has an important place in the architectural and design field. Water is a natural material with an unchanging identity, regardless of it appearing in architecture or nature.

Aqua Architecture connects people with the nature by letting them see, hear, and touch water in innumerable ways. The growth in the field of aqua architecture will help to understand the effect of water elements on the users and environment and facilitate in the development of a better society. The relationship between water and different cultural groups has been discussed to better understand the history of aqua architecture. The different forms of aqua architecture will also be highlighted.

Aqua Architecture in History: Conventional Water Context – Dams, embankments and canals were the earliest forms of engineering. The Greek water technology offered a wide range of innovative applications, such as pressurized water, aqueducts, fountains to enhance public squares, and more playful devices such as water organs. The Roman aqueducts (image) provided immense supply of water to the public fountains, public baths and various private establishments. All aqueducts ended with either a massive fountain or water temples (image). The environmental advantages of water were also appreciated in the urban residential context. In both the small patio gardens of Pompeii and the large villa gardens of Rome, water was used as the main functional element to supply fountains and channels and provided a pleasant ambiance as well as leisure. Furthermore the Greek and Roman ports were closely connected to public areas and were bordered by significant public structures. Thus in the conventional period, water was mainly used for its physical and visual attributes.

Roman Aqueduct

Aqueduct Design

Aqueduct Architecture – An aqueduct (or Water Bridge) is a channel constructed to transport water. In terms of modern engineering, it is a system of pipes, drains, canals, tunnels, or other structures used for this function. Romans were the first ones to build aqueducts, which brought a continuous supply of water from distant sources into the cities and towns, supplying public baths, fountains and private houses. Water was transported through the aqueducts due to gravity only, as the water moved along a slight downward slope within conduits of stone, brick or concrete (image). (Crystalinks, n.d.)

Water Bridge

Islamic Water Context – In the Islamic context, water has been serving as a means of purity, health and worship and is considered to be the most important element used in ablution. In the Islamic view, a paradise is regarded as a garden with cool springs and fountains. The Persians used water in their traditional gardens for irrigation, display and sound effects. The classical form of the courtyard garden was an enclosed quadrangle, divided into four parts by water channels, portraying four rivers branching from one source and dividing the Earth. In the Islamic world, the integration of water in architecture offered both sacredness and amenity. Water was used in fountains, cascades, channels and pools, in order to cool, humidify and achieve lively and serene visual effects. (AY, 2000)

The Hanging Gardens of Babylon (image) were situated in the City State of Babylon (Modern Iraq), and were constructed around 600 BC. They were approximately 80 ft. high. The form consisted of vaulted terraces elevated one above the other and resting on cube-shaped pillars. These pillars were hollow and were filled with soil to allow trees to be planted. Stairs were made to reach the highest level of the garden, and at their side were water engines, which worked continuously to raise water from the Euphrates into the garden, which was perhaps the most innovative part of the construction. Babylon hardly received any rain, but the garden survived by irrigation using the water from the Euphrates River which was close to the garden. Water was first raised to the highest level, from where it flowed down watering the plants at each level. A chain pump was used for this purpose. Chain pump is made of two large wheels, one above the other, connected by a chain. Buckets hang on the chain. A water filled pool lies below the bottom wheel. As the wheel is turned, the buckets get immersed in the pool and get filled up with water. The buckets are then lifted by the chain up to the upper wheel, where the buckets are tilted emptied into an upper pool. The buckets are then transported down by the chain to be refilled. The gates release the upper pool water into channels, which function as artificial streams to irrigate the gardens. (Krystek, 1998)

Artificial mountain design with rooftop gardens

The Hanging Gardens of Babylon

The oldest known water complex of Istanbul is from the Roman Empire period. Romans gave special importance to their cities and their water resources. Romans were the ones who built complex water infrastructures in Istanbul. They constructed column structured and statue ornamented aqueducts, Roman baths (image), nymphaeum, and fountains. Islamic baths (Hammams) were used as hot rooms for relaxation. In Islamic culture, rejuvenation was a religious matter. Bathing was enjoyed in a peaceful environment. The Hammam came to be regarded as a public place in the Islamic world, reaching its peak of importance in the 15th century, and in Cordova - Spain, alone there were 900 hammams. The significance of hammams in the Islamic culture should be understood since water has a special place in the Islamic world, which is mostly symbolic.

Roman bath

Indian Water Context – In the Indian culture, water gained importance not as an architectural design element but in the performance of spiritual customs. During the fourth century, the architecture of Afghanistan and North India, with its tradition of gardens employing irrigation for pools, channels, fountains and lily ponds, was largely influenced by the design of Mogul Islamic Empire, and by the Persian-style garden design. In the lakeside gardens, descending terraces were built, and the garden was accessed from the lowest terrace. The heart of the garden was generally a central pavilion and water was directed around or beneath the pavilion to achieve a cooling effect. At Shalimar Bagh in Afghanistan, water flows through stepping-stones and underneath the seating platform before it falls over a cascade and into a pool. (AY, 2000)

Stepwells – Stepwells are water sources and have a deep construction. It is a significant architectural form which was long popular throughout India, mostly in the arid regions. For centuries, stepwells – which are cylindrical wells extending down to the water table – supplied water for drinking, washing, bathing, and irrigation of crops. Stepwells also served as cool resting spots for caravans, pilgrims, and other travelers during the scorching daytime or overnight. They were complex engineering structures and spectacular examples of both Hindu and Islamic architecture. Stepwells were dug several floors underground in order to reach the water table.

Stylistically diverse, they consisted of a flight of stairs leading from the ground level down to the water, and many stepwells functioned as Hindu temples that featured column-supported shaded pavilions and elaborate stone carvings. The Islamic version of stepwells had more composed ornamentation and often included arched side-niches. Of the thousands of stepwells thriving throughout India, many were abandoned as a result of modernization and diminishing water tables.

The local communities neglected their preservation and let garbage pile up in them and ruin the stepwells. Stepwells first appeared in India in the 3rd century, due to necessity in the unpredictable climatic regions which are at times completely dry, and at other times drenched with heavy rains. It was vital to provide a year-round supply of water for survival, mostly in the barren regions of northwestern India, where the water table was found to be below 10 stories underground. In the dry seasons, the steps which extended more than a hundred in number had to be taken to reach the base. Whereas during the monsoons, the stepwells turned into large water reservoirs, which at times submerged the steps till the surface of land. Most of the stepwells gradually narrowed down from the surface to the base, where the temperature used to be quite cool. (Lautman, 2015)

Water Context – Urban environment is a place where different cultures and societies live together. An important place where water is found abundantly in the urban areas is the city ports. In the Netherlands and Venice, the waterfront houses were initially trading establishments which combined trade and dwelling. The city of Venice is considered to be an engineering masterpiece, since it is built completely on water (image). Venice was built in the early 1500's A.D. on a group of 117 low islands at the center of a lagoon. This was an ideal site for a city since the numerous canals acted as natural barriers against foreign attacks.

The early designers proposed stable foundations that were sunk deep into the subsoil, in order to build the city above water. (Nakasako, 2008) The zoned form of Venice allowed it to develop constantly and adapt itself to the changing times, without losing its cultural identity of magnificent historic structures and the waterfront. In the nineteenth century, the seaside saw a shift from the industrial setting and social restraints. The seaside resorts offered people with a place for leisure and enjoyment. The waterfront promenade thus became a place for carnivals and entertainment.

Venice

Ancient Waterfront Towns of China (Tongli) – The canal in this town is bordered with a wonderful variety of traditional Kezhan guesthouses (image). It forms a mesmerizing cultural setting, wherein people live in harmony with the nature and the crisscrossing water channels. Tongli is a UNESCO World Heritage Site. (Paul, 2013) Ancient Waterfront Towns of China (Tongli)

Aqua-Architecture and Cultural Heritage: Water plays a different role in architecture from one culture to another. This explains the various ways in which water is utilized in modern architecture.

Water and engineering were significant in the Roman culture. Roman aqueducts conveyed water from the water sources to the towns, where ceremonial fountains were designed to exhibit the arrival of water. The roman baths with their large quantities of water represented the heart of social life. The well-off Romans usually had a nymphaeum designed in their houses: a fountain and basins for the Gods of water and springs (nymphs). In even the comparatively modest Roman houses, water played a significant role in the atrium; its main impluvium (rain-water pool) was the first space to be witnessed on arrival into the house. Beneath the compluvium (opening to let the rain in), the impluvium was not just a container; the image of the sky could be seen in it and light reflected upwards to the roof and surrounding spaces. (AY, 2000)

Taj Mahal is an integral part of the Indian architecture. Water was used at the entrance walkway of the tomb and served as a reflecting medium and space-directing element for Taj Mahal, in a spiritual manner (image). The tomb has a river on one side, and a design of reflective pools at the entrance. If instead of these pools, glass had been installed, there would have been no space-directing effect. And therefore there would be no reflection or mysticism. Since water was of great importance and religious significance to the Hindus, water wells were architecturally valuable. Deep wells (stepwells) included a simple pavilion leading to impressive stairs descending several storeys and reaching the water level. Each floor had individual chambers and galleries enclosed the central steps. The worth of water for the Hindus encouraged the location of temples close to rivers, streams and ponds. A site at an elevated level with a natural source of water was considered to be sacred. Pools for bathing were built within the Hindu temples such as the Great Temple at Madurai. The Golden temple at Amritsar is the chief place of worship for the Sikhs. The temple was constructed on an island in the holy lake Amrita Saras. The water around the island plays a major role in separating and purifying the temple.

Taj Mahal

The relationship between the interior and exterior spaces in Japan had a connection with the aquatic landscape. The original idea of the Japanese gardens was not only from the Chinese culture but also from the rocky image of the shore. By the eighth century, trips to and from the mainland drew interest to the coastal landscape, which became a central theme to be recreated in the Japanese gardens. The main elements which were replicated were artificial mountains surrounded by a lake or pool. Canals and streams were designed to flow through the gardens to lessen the summer heat and offer a cool atmosphere and revitalizing sound. Waterfalls were a significant landscape element too (image).

Japanese garden

During the Renaissance period, the use of sculpture as a fountain design developed. The conventional form of circular or polygonal basin on a vertical support was topped with a fountain figure from where the water emerged, like the Four Rivers fountain in Rome. The ornamental use of water expanded to complex compositions of basins, sculptures and water features, in the Baroque period. Water played the same role as mirrors did in the interiors.

French gardens have a special place in the garden designs that use water. Water is used differently, especially in the French gardens.

Water was used to create a visual perfectness. Water features like "jets d'eau", "berceaux", "nappes", "cascades", "grottes", "basins", "grebes", "arbres d' eau", "grilles", "champignons", "buffets", "fontaines", and "theatres" were used abundantly. "Jets d'eau" forcefully shoots up water vertically from the ground. They appear in nature as geysers (like in the Yellowstone National Park), which spray water into the air and delights the viewers. When a jets d'eau is tilted, a parabolic shape called "berceaux" is formed, whose stream trajectories can be changed by increasing or reducing the water force and direction. When water flows as thin sheets over flat ledges, the streams are called "nappes". A nappe can fall freely over an edge or can slide over a weir or a dam. "Cascades" are like splashy waterfalls. They are not smooth and glassy like nappes but are instead broken up into split streams, white froth and natural spurts. Niagara is one cascade where millions of gallons of water fall dangerously. Caves that contain mythical water sources are called “Grottes” (or grottoes). These are generally made underground with stone chambers. “Bassins" (or basins) are pools which accumulate and hold the water from jets, nappes, or cascades. Fountains are incredible water features since they are uneven. "Grebes", "arbres d' eau", "grilles", "champignons", "buffets", "fontaines" are different types of fountains, and occasionally they can all be used together to create a wonderful masterpiece called a “theatre d’eau”. Versailles (image) illustrates the variety of ways water was used in a traditional setting, both in massive water features and small amusement gardens of bosquets.

The main fountain, entitled “Bassin de Laoton” and designed by André Le Nôtre, can be seen here with the palace in the background. The 50 fountains of Versailles, when turned on, can consume up to 3,600 m³ of water.

In the Middle East, the oasis depicted an area where life prospered in the middle of a barren landscape. An oasis is a spot, in the midst of a dry and arid region, which is made fertile by a source of freshwater (image). For irrigating the oases, either natural springs or other underground water sources are used. Most of the oases are supplied by underground water sources called aquifers. At times, the underground water is brought to the surface by a natural spring. At some oases, manmade wells are used to tap the aquifers. The desert winds blow sand, which threatens the water wells and the farming areas in the oases. These sandy winds damage the crops and pollute the water. Local communities grow strong trees like palms, around the periphery of oases to prevent the sandstorms from reaching their delicate crops and water. Sahara desert has some of the world’s largest reserves of underground water, supplying around 90 major oases in that region. Oases have a key role in the desert routes of trade and transportation. Merchants and traders who traveled through deserts stopped at oases to restock their food and water supplies. Some deserts have flowing rivers through them, which provide a permanent source of freshwater for the large oases. River Nile supplied water to the fertile Nile River valley and the delta in Egypt. It is one of the largest oases in the world with an overall area of 22,000 square kilometers. (National Geographic, n.d.)

Oasis

Oman’s exceptional falaj water supply and irrigation system is considered to be an important water distribution method in many regions. Regardless of the most advanced irrigation systems of the modern era, this irrigation system is found to be an incredible solution, the origin of which goes way back. In this method, the water is conveyed from the source itself, to the villages or fields.

The water for this system is supplied by a spring, usually coming from mountains, or from an underground source or where the water table is sufficiently high. Surface water comes from natural or artificially created small reservoirs. The drinking water supplied to the villages is separate and lies apart from the irrigation system (image). A falaj tunnel is made by excavating soil in a straight row. Heaps of soil outline the streams to prevent possible flooding. The water is distributed through open streams in the villages.

Distribution of water is partly based on purity of water and partly on the user needs. The area where the water is usually distributed is near a mosque. The water is distributed according to priority i.e. first for drinking and domestic use, then to maintain personal hygiene, then for washing purposes and lastly for garden irrigation. Al Mulki is believed to be the oldest falaj in Oman, which is the main water source for Izki. It consists of 360 canals emerging from a source 20m below ground level. Only two of them are in use in the present day. Even during draughts the falaj hardly ever fails, although some springs dry up for no understandable reason. (Shehadeh, 2010)

Drinking water supplied by a Falaj

Water sources and its reflection on Architecture: Water sources are grouped into two categories; artificial and natural sources. This classification gives some idea about how water affects the settlements. The objective therefore is to explore the influence of water features at different scales (i.e. from a macro level to a micro level).

Still water forms like Rivers and canals, and boundary water forms like seas and islands, are grouped as natural water sources. Ponds, lakes, oceans, natural pools, shores and lagoons are some more examples of natural water sources.

Rivers can divide lands into half, like the Mississippi does when it flows between Minneapolis and Saint Paul, or the Danube when it passes through Budapest (image). Built over wide bodies of water or rivers, bridges have an important position in the river cities. The ones with incredible architecture become public symbols, like the Brooklyn Bridge in New York, the London Bridge, the Golden Gate Bridge in San Francisco, or the Rialto in Venice. Bridges are connecting elements. Rivers create a division between beliefs, lifestyles or economic classes, but bridges help to foster the association between different societies.

Danube River

Vondelpark - Holland The aims of canals, or the so-called man-made water channels, are enhancing the ambiance of the cities positively, offering a location where people live in association with nature, and bringing diverse communities together. As a result, people connect with water and so water (canal, stream or river) becomes a means of communication, union, and transportation. The canals in Venice play the role of a magnificent, magical and mysterious icon. The entire city is tiled together with a network of water channels instead of streets, which makes it more extraordinary.

The canals were a means of transportation for the city, and a means of washing out drainage by tidal action, in Suzhou, China and Amsterdam. Vondelpark, in Holland, was designed in 1860s and the water landscape extended beyond the park, using the water in sports and leisure facilities, including an Olympic rowing basin (image). Canal cities of Venice and Amsterdam have been established with multifaceted and strong relations with water from the very beginning. In Venice and Amsterdam, the streets, residences, buildings and walkways are parallel to the canals. In the river cities water acts as a barrier that divides the city into two parts.

In addition to linking large areas of land, small canals can be used to distribute water in gardens or to depict symbolic connections. In the mountain top castle of Alhambra in Granada, small water canals form the central element of the gardens and courts. At the prominent Court of the Lions, four water canals meet at the center, where a pride of lion's sculpture encloses a fountain. These narrow canals, only a few centimeters deep, are hidden under the patio's flat surface.

Water moves from the known to the unknown, and this concept has been used by Louis Kahn at his Salk Institute which is located in La Jolla, California, opened in 1965.

Water gets into the complex near a small orchard garden, where it pours from a large source to a smaller channel.

The water then travels through this channel in the smooth travertine pavement, dividing the courtyard constructed between the twin laboratory buildings. In the evening, the blue canal turns into a streak of molten gold, as the water catches the glow of the setting sun (image). At the end of the courtyard, the pavement seems to plunge into the ocean, and the water channel appears to merge with infinity. According to Kahn’s idea, Salk would be where a measurable place i.e. the laboratory, and an immeasurable place i.e. the ocean, would meet. (AY, 2000)

Salk Institute - California

Still waters are natural reflectors; their mirrored surfaces absorb, keep away, and refract their surroundings. Mirror Lake in Sierra offers an emotional experience due to the stillness of its water. In Costa Mesa, California, Peter Walker designed a pool which is divided by circular tracks of empty canals, making a perfect bright silver disk (image).

Still water acting as a natural reflector

A place where architecture meets the sea in a coastal setting is the rocky landscape of Tanah Lot in Bali. The temple is built on a massive rock which is connected to the larger island by a low-lying sandy path. The Tanah Lot temple sits perfectly on the island as if it is the conqueror of the entire ocean, and with this position it represents the god of the ocean (image).

Tanah Lot - Bali

Islands symbolize separation from the familiar surroundings around us.

The variety of islands all over the world is incredible, ranging from the tiny He de la Cite in Paris to massive Australia, from isolated islands deep in the Pacific to crowded Manhattan. Islands are not formed only in the oceans. The Barcaccia Fountain in Rome is an island which is in its own water basin and has bridges for people to reach the drinking fountains. Rome's Tiber Island was a temple for the god of healing; hospitals were made on the river island long ago to take advantage of the natural quarantine against contagious diseases. After seasonal rains, Lake Bratan in Bali surrounds a small island, which is completely carpeted in dark green moss (image). When the rains end, the lake dries up and the temple becomes accessible by foot. Small Islands can be formed by isolating land by a simple ring of water. The architect Victor Carrasco, in his renovated home in Bornos, Spain, planted a single lemon tree with a whitewashed trunk which stands on a square island at the center of a pool. The simple channel of water surrounding the trees detaches the island spatially from the rest of the house.

Several tiny islands form a grid in the pool at the Oceanside Civic Center in California (image).

Lake Bratan - Bali

Civic Center Library

Fountains are one of the man-made water features. Man-made water features basically are those structures which reconnect built forms with the nature by the use of water. Fountains used to be a necessity and an aesthetical landmark. At times, they are designed to show off the wealth of a society to the other cultures. Formerly, fountains referred to a natural spring or source, but now they have become artificial water features, providing people rejuvenation and aesthetic pleasure. Fountains are considered to be the origins of modern water utilization in the field of architecture. Another key point is the difference in the fountains of the eastern and western cultures. In the eastern culture, like Turkish architecture fountains are generally used for providing drinking water. Whereas in the western culture, like Italian or French architecture they are mostly designed for their visual and symbolic meaning.

Fountains are of three different kinds: classical, expo and contemporary fountains.

Classical Fountains – Fresh, revitalizing and thirst-quenching water is not only a necessity, but also offers contentment. Throughout history, in numerous public spaces, fountains providing clean drinking water have been built, which taste and feel wonderful. Earlier water was not widely available within homes and workplaces for domestic or recreational use, thus people had to get water daily for drinking, cooking, bathing and washing purposes. Fountains were not only places to get water, but also places to meet and exchange information or gossip, thus creating a community space. All cultures relate water with sources of spiritual blessing. In the Bible, God is associated to the fountain of living waters and light. Thus, fountains are the source of existence, goodness and wisdom.

International Fountain Expo Fountains – Expos were the transition period when water started being included in interior designs. Among the most impressive monumental fountains was the glass fountain; The Springs and Rivers of France. Alexander Calders designed a huge indoor fountain which used mercury instead of water, for the Spanish pavilion at the Paris Exposition of 1937. The mercury rushed across several shallow dishes and then onto a waterfall. The bright droplets fell on the base creating a wiggling effect. If anyone questioned Calder’s design, the artist presented proof; tourists threw coins into the waterfall and to their delight, the coins always floated because of the mercury.

An international competition was held at Seattle, to design a permanent monumental fountain which would play the role of a showpiece, first beautifying the main square of the fair and later become a landmark. The winners were two young Japanese architects who designed the giant International Fountain (1962), with water emerging in a parabolic manner (image). (AY, 2000)

Contemporary Fountains – Fountains not only produce an aesthetic feeling, but also depict the technological advances in the field of hydraulics and engineering. Tree-like fountains, like the ones in Islamic gardens and Renaissance villas, are popular, and Dandelion fountain styles can be found in cities like Sydney, Minneapolis, New York, and Paris. The El Alamein Memorial Fountain (1959-61) in Sydney is a spherical composition of 211 bronze pipes which originate from the center. At the tips of the pipes are specially designed nozzles which radiate fine sprays of water, which makes the fountain look like a huge fuzzy dandelion (image). Water is also used in its non-aqueous states to design unique structures, apart from the conventional fountains. The artist Carl Nesjar designed the Butler Ice Fountain in 1983, which is a nine-armed stainless-steel sculpture, fifteen meters long and with nozzles projecting fan-shaped sprays, fixed in a reflecting pool with twenty-five jets. The fountain looks more beautiful in winter when it is covered in a mass of icicles (image). Fountain Place in Dallas was built in 1986, in a public square, where people had the opportunity to directly feel the water emerging from the holes in the pavement, and they had the choice to walk amidst the water since there is no pool wall to stop them (image). A similar water landscape can be found at the entrance of the Dubai World Trade and Convention Center. Transco Water Wall is another contemporary fountain, which was designed by John Burgee Architects with Philip Johnson, in 1985 (image). But the project is not remembered for its style, instead it is known for the height of the wall and the height of the waterfall. The idea of the water wall is quite unique, and it accomplishes it well; a free standing structure whose only function is to lift up a sheet of water.

Many times, in the absence of lakes or ponds, artificial pools are made to imitate the natural ones. These pools imitate nature closely and even beautify it. The defining elements of natural pools are smooth and variable banks which blend harmoniously with the immediate setting. The California acropolis at William Randolph Hearst's mountaintop retreat, is designed and built by the world's first renowned female architect, Julia Morgan, as a vast recreational area for Hearst and his social group, celebrities, and industrialists. Beneath the tennis courts, Hearst and Morgan designed an indoor swimming pool symbolic of the ancient Roman baths. Nearly every piece of the spacious space, including the basin of the pool, has been covered with millions of blue mosaic tiles and shiny golden coat. French windows and skylights have been used to let natural daylight in.

Water Usage in Contemporary Building Architecture: The Space-Directing Line – Spatially water flows in one direction, forming a line that orients the space. Water does not need to flow to show direction; a flat surface can also do so.

The Space-Supporting Plane – Water is the only element which can form an extremely flat surface at a city or architectural level. Example: Robson Square project designed

by Arthur Erickson in Vancouver, Canada (image) and Catalogne Plaza project designed by Shamai Haber in Paris.

Robson Square

The Space-Expanding Plane – A flat plane, which expands the angle of vision of the observer, is called a horizontal expanse. And a water surface, which expands the visual limits of the observer, acts as a spaceexpanding plane. Example: City Hall Project in Reykjavik, Iceland.

The Space-Contrasting Plane – Water is continuous, with no breaks. And it has no scale. A water plane designed between two spaces acts as a space-contrasting plane. Example: Hotel Camino Real project in Cancun, Mexico designed by Ricardo Legorreta.

The Space-Intensifying Mass – Water is considered to have a depth. Thus water becomes a spaceintensifying mass. In Groninger Museum project in the Netherlands designed by Philippe Starck and Coop Himmelblau and City Hall project in Reykjavik, Iceland, water has been used in the designs as spaceintensifying mass. Therefore, the reflective views of the buildings on the water surface show buildings larger than they actually are.

The Space-Restraining Mass – Water at times makes people wet and uncomfortable, so people think of it as an element which is hard to pass through. Water located on one side of a space becomes a spacerestraining mass. In Fountain Place project in Dallas, Texas, designed by Dan Kiley and Dade County Justice Center project in North Miami, Florida, designed by Elyn Zimmerman, water has been used in the designs for its restrictive quality.

The Space-Separating Mass – When water is difficult to move through, it cuts across a space, which becomes a space-separating mass.

The Space-Uniting Point – When a part of a spatial whole is occupied by water, and when that whole appears as one within the visual field, water is represented as space-uniting. In Navy Pier project also called Skyrockets, in Chicago, designed by WET Design (image), and Seattle Center in Washington also designed by WET Design, water has been used in the designs for its space-uniting quality.

Skyrockets

The Space-Uniting Line – An essential feature of water is that it flows, and people often benefit from this quality.

The various cities settled near the linear water sources have largely benefitted. These linear water sources unite spaces. A good example is Barcelona's Master Plan by Norman Foster.

The Space-Linking Line – Water acts as a space-linking line with its continuous characteristic. A strip of water connecting two spaces, when within the visual field, acts as a space-linking line. Example: Water in Plaza Las Fuentes Mexico project flows in different shaped pools.

Contemporary Water Features Water has been an element that can enhance structures, increasing their impact and importance, since the Roman times. In Emperor Nero’s Golden House water has been used as an architectural component. The house has a massive pool, more like a sea, and is surrounded by buildings to make it look like a city.

Water as an architectural design element was almost forgotten after the collapse of the Western Empire. It revived almost after 1000 years, during the Italian Renaissance. In the middle of the sixteenth century at the Villa d’Este, technological advancements in hydraulics were demonstrated - water jets, sprays, spurts, babbles and cascades, in both apparently natural and undoubtedly artificial manner (image).

(Admin, 2008)

Villa d’Este

The practice continued in the Islamic world where aqua architecture was developed and improved further to create grand gardens like Alhambra (image) and Taj Mahal.

Alhambra

In the modern era, and in the land of unusual architectural structures, a structure made from mist ranked amongst the best built forms. The only architects who won a MacArthur ‘genius’ award, Diller and Scofidio, proposed a remarkable approach of tacking a delicate matter: how to unite function and form effectively using water. ‘Blur’, the media pavilion which is located at the base of Lake Neuchatel in Switzerland, was designed to look like a cloud and float over the lake (image). The structure cantilevered out over the lake with the support of the heaps of stones, which were fixed in the lake. Ramps and walkways also balanced the structure. The form was inspired from the work of Buckminster Fuller. The pavilion was built out of filtered lake water, which shot as a fine mist through 13,000 fog nozzles forming an artificial cloud which measured 300 ft wide x 200 ft deep x 65 ft high. A built-in weather station controls the fog production in response to changing climatic conditions like temperature, humidity, wind direction, and wind speed. A 400 ft long ramp brings the visitors to the center of the pavilion onto a large open-air stage. A visual ‘white-out’ and the sound of squirting water nozzles are experienced by the visitors. In the dark, the fog functions as a dynamic and thick video screen.

Blur

The ambiance around Tadao Ando’s Modern Art Museum of Fort Worth is peaceful and elegant, decorated by the simple geometry and the still water of the reflecting pool (image). Ando visualized the museum as a swan floating on water. Furthermore, the interior floor of the structure is nearly the same height as the exterior surface of water, and therefore the glass walls create a connection between interiors and exterior.

(Admin, 2008)

Tadao Ando’s Modern Art Museum of Fort Worth

Aqua Architecture and human senses Aqua Architecture stimulates all human senses. Every environment has a soul due to the presence of various existing elements. Humans in the first seconds of entering a space, without inspecting each element individually, unconsciously, get a feeling of the most prominent effect produced in the environment. Overlooking the use of certain senses in a space, just because they are not used in that activity is wrong. So for an enhanced influence on our soul, all the factors that impact our senses such as light, sound, color, form, etc., should be controlled. A space is considered to be a combination of sensing signs which are used for orientation. In order to create a lasting impact, some elements should be repeated in the space, so that when they exist, we get used to them and when they are eliminated, we appreciate their existence and thus are compelled to return. The sense of taste is mostly appropriate in those spaces whose activities are directly related to tongue such as restaurants. The sense of taste recollects and forms an important part of the memories. Each region has its own taste and materials that simulate senses. Bright colored decorations or wood surfaces provide with taste sensation too. In the Taste Gallery of the Five Senses Museum visitors pass through channels filled with variety of liquids, of different density and color depending on the kind of taste they possess. If the visitors follow the clearer liquid, they find the right way which is closer to water.

Using more red colors evokes tangy taste, warm brown evokes sweetness such as the taste of chocolate, colors of yellow and orange recall the sense of tasting sour and green evokes bitterness and sourness. (Zaredar, 2015)

Sea Organ – A natural musical instrument played by the sea The melodious sea organ (morske orgulje) is located on the coast of Zadar, Croatia, and is the world’s first musical pipe organ that is played by the tides. Plain and elegant steps, made out of white stone, are designed on the waterfront.

Under the steps, there are 35 musically tuned tubes with whistle openings on the sidewalk. The movement of the waves pushes air through and depending on the size and velocity of the wave – musical chords are played. Random harmonic sounds are created by the waves. This masterpiece of acoustics and aqua architecture was designed by expert Dalmatian stone carvers and architect Nikola Basic in 2005.

Many tourists come to listen to this unique aerophone and enjoy incredible sunsets. This 75 meters long sea organ forms a relationship with nature and fosters harmony of architecture and environment. As forces and energy of the sea are unpredictable in terms of tides and winds, this instrument offers a never-ending concert of numerous musical tunes in which the performer is nature itself. The pipes’ musical tunes emanate into the surroundings through holes present in the steps of the uppermost stairs (fig. 35).

Air holes let the sea organ breathe in air to be transformed into musical sounds as the next wave plays its song. (oddmusic , n.d.)

Sea Organ

The Therme Vals by Peter Zumthor – Switzerland (1996) The Therme Vals is a hotel and spa, built over the only thermal springs in the Graubunden Canton in Switzerland (image). It offers a complete sensory experience. The main idea was to build a cave or quarry like structure. In the natural surroundings, the bathrooms are located below a glass roof structure half buried into the hillside.

The Therme Vals is built from layers of locally quarried Valser Quarzite slabs. This facility was proposed to let visitors enjoy and rediscover the ancient benefits of public baths. The combinations of light and shade, open and enclosed spaces, and linear elements produce a highly sensuous and invigorating experience. The informal layout of internal spaces has been designed carefully, to lead the bathers to certain predetermined points and lets them explore the other areas themselves (image). The view is always controlled. It either offers or restricts a view. Several concepts of human senses have been incorporated in the design – like attraction to the mystic qualities of a world of stone within the mountains, contrast between darkness and light, attraction to the light reflections on water or in the steam saturated air, pleasure in the unique acoustics of bubbling water, a feeling of warm stones on the naked skin and the ritual of bathing. (Zumthor, 2009)

The Therme Vals

Interior View

Recent Innovations Aqua Architecture

in

Floating Architecture: If land is threatened by water, the safest place to be is in fact on water. The effects of low intensity tsunami are quite less on open waters than close to the shore because the waves gain height as they hit the shore. The massive tremors are absorbed by the water, not affecting the floating structures. Some examples of floating structures are the floating apartment complexes in the Netherlands, a floating mosque in the UAE, an entire floating community of islands in the Maldives. The space on water is open, so buildings can be projected without any urban limitations of size and structure.

(Olthuis, 2014)

Creating an Urban Splash: Palm Island project - China

Palm Island Project – China One project where water has been used extensively is Australian architect Hassell’s, Palm Island project, in China (image). It is situated on the banks of the Qingnian Reservoir in Chongqing and Palm Spring Geological Park Lake. Palm Island comprises of five curved restaurant buildings that appear to float on the water like islands in an archipelago. The visitors enjoy views of the lagoons and a circular water courtyard with a vast pool-style border. During the day, the buildings which are made of a glass and white ceramic rods façade catch the sunlight as it dances on water (image). At night, the mesmerizing reflections of the buildings can be seen in the water, due to the lights integrated into the façade design.

Hassell hid the restaurants’ service areas below the waterline to ensure that views of the water are uninterrupted. Apart from the aesthetics, the water plays an environment friendly function i.e. the buildings’ reflective facades and cool winds blowing across the water surface reduce the temperatures and thus in turn the energy use, while harvested and recycled water replenishes the lakes (image).

Façade design

Underwater Architecture: There are various extraordinary possibilities for underwater architecture.

And not all aqua architecture projects have to be for disaster purposes.

Dubai is planning to build an underwater hotel (image), complete with tsunami-proof legs. Japan has proposed to make an underwater city 1000 feet under the sea, which would be encapsulated in a huge glass sphere.

(Shaw, 2015)

Waterfront Architecture:

Underwater Hotel Design

Waterfront is basically an area or areas located in the vicinity of water bodies where events and activities take place (image). There are various kinds of waterfront projects; Mixed-use waterfront, recreational waterfront and residential waterfront. (Farouk, et al., 2011) Waterfronts are closely associated with the identity and vitality of cities. They offer open spaces for urban development, retreat and self expression for the urban community. Unfortunately, these areas often become victims of excessive and hasty development and thus water edge sites are becoming scarce for public utilization. This denies public accessibility thus limiting the intimate relationship between humans and water. Several cities like Dubai and New York have relied on their waterfront development projects to boost their economy and image. Malaysia is also realizing this practice and has begun to enthusiastically explore and expand these areas. (Baharudin, 2011)

Waterfront Development

Waterfront Test Cricket Ground – Auckland, New Zealand This international test cricket ground will be built on Waitemata Harbor, Auckland. Its extensive form extends over the water like a giant sail and will function as a multi-purpose retreat for both visitors and players (image). It will not only include an incredible playing field, locker rooms, vendors and event spaces, but will also act as an outdoor concert and festival venue between professional games and during the off season (image). (Cotter, 2012)

Waterfront Cricket Ground

Ningbo Waterfront – Ningbo, China •Size: 10,000-15,000 square meters •Project Features: Performance venue

Riverfront

site,

Street

retail,

The Ningbo Waterfront is an adaptive reuse waterfront development (image). The master plan is an entertainment site for the city of Ningbo, China (image). An existing 4,770 sq. meter warehouse has been utilized within this structure. This warehouse will be transformed into an arts theatre. There are two dry docks on-site which will be incorporated as prominent elements to the master plan. (HKS, n.d.)

Ningbo Waterfront

Singapore Waterfront The Singapore waterfront is designed with the concept of a necklace i.e. one point is linked to another point (image). The main centers of attraction are the restaurants and pedestrian walk around it. (Farouk, 2011)

Water/Glass House, Atami Villa by Kengo Kuma – Japan Kuma used only two horizontal planes to frame space – a floor of water and the ceiling louvers – and created a transparent and fluid time-space between the planes (image).

Kengo Kuma & associates connected architecture with the sea by means of an engawa (veranda) of water, in their Water Glass House. The house is designed with the concept of transparency of glass and water. By placing a glass box on an overflowing surface of water, the water plane and the Pacific Ocean appear as a continuous surface (image). This guest house covers an area of 568.89m3 and has a great ocean view. The house is a three storey reinforced concrete and steel frame structure, consisting of two tatami rooms (Japanese style guest rooms) on second floor and two Western-style guest rooms on third floor. According to Kengo, “Architecture is a relationship with the nature rather than the form”. He used this concept in this project, by drowning architecture in the landscape. In this design, a sheet of water gently covers the edges of the house, while the stainless-steel louver casts the shadow of the roof onto the water. (MGS Architecture, 2010)

Importance and Drawbacks of Waterfront Development Waterfront architecture is important due to its contribution to the quality of life in all aspects – economic, social and cultural; •To make the city a major business and service hub with international-class facilities •To project the region with attractive investment opportunities, in order to boost the economic development and stability •To launch the city as one of the key tourism hubs of the country (image) Disadvantages of waterfront architecture are: •Affects the water quality •Decline of natural resources •Destruction of coastal communities and (Farouk, 2011)

Appealing leisure and entertainment function of a Waterfront Development flora

Water Boulevards – Water Sensitive Urban Design: Promoting green infrastructure, water sensitive urban design and sustainability, for the creation of healthy spaces in no longer a choice but it has become a necessity.

Water Boulevards are an answer to this challenge. A water boulevard is an integrated design approach combining land and water, and creating healthy spaces for communities in crowded cities, to live, work and visit (image). This design can be proposed as a network of sustainable green streets in a city, to prevent the potential risks of flooding and pollution. These areas promote the three pillars of sustainability: •Economic sustainability – Water Boulevards offer premium retail spaces, thus enhancing the economy.

The cost savings and efficiency of water recycling and productive gardens becomes an economic benefit (image) •Environmental Sustainability – The ponds and other water bodies passively lessen the risk of floods, provide temporary water storage and improve water quality (image) •Social sustainability – Water Boulevards bond communities together and also encourage engagement in water management and increase social responsibility. (Baharash Architecture, 2013)

Innovative Water Features in Cities Water in cities is usually connected to nature. Like green spaces, it offers urbanites a tranquil atmosphere to reduce the stress in their lives. Water is used to complement architecture with organic aesthetics. Japanese architect Tadao Ando blended architecture and nature, indoors and outdoors, with his glass-fronted design of the Modern Art Museum of Fort Worth, Texas. It creates the impression of a flawless whole with the 1.5-acre pond, it stands in. In this project, Andao has exploited glass’s visual similarity to water.

Westpol’s unique observation deck in Vöcklabruck, Austria lets visitors literally wake through a lake via a ramp (image). The ramp which is edged by walls, leads to a circular space with a wraparound bench designed for enjoying the water and woodland (image).

(Lutyens, n.d.)

Vöcklabruck, Austria

New Initiatives towards Sustainability: Water conservation technologies and practices are often neglected in the design of a built form. However, the development of efficient techniques for water conservation is becoming increasingly popular. This is mainly due to the reason that water resources are becoming scarce. There are a few schemes which can facilitate reduced usage of water in built forms: •Optimization of building systems (efficient design of water systems, leak detection and repair) •Water management techniques – includes efficient plumbing fittings (Sinks that produce low-flow and have sensors, showerheads with low-flow, water efficient dishwashers and washing machines), and efficient irrigation and landscaping systems (low-flow sprinkler heads, Xeriscape, drip irrigation) •Water reuse/recycling methods – includes Gray water system and techniques to lessen the water usage in HVAC systems. (Bourg, 2010)

Sustainaquality – The most important objective of any development is to ensure that both during as well as after the lifespan of the functions ends, the built form does not leave behind any physical or carbon footprint.

Water offers several options for producing a sustainable design. For example, buildings can make use of sea wind for cooling purposes, floating solar farms for the local energy production, and some developments can be re-used by relocating them. ‘Sustainaquality’ is the search for new ways to increase sustainable developments.

Sustainaquality brings together sustainability, water and quality. (Olthuis, 2014)

Water House Hungarian architect Matyas Gutai is the first man who designed a house with water and proved that water is the perfect material for maintaining comfortable indoor temperatures. Gutai built a model of water house in his hometown of Kecskemet, south of Budapest (image). Panels of steel and glass have been used to make up the structure of the house and a sheet of water is trapped between the inner layers, which balances the temperature inside the house (image). The house is actually able to reheat itself by bringing its excess heat, which is stored either in the foundation or in the external storage, back to the walls when the temperature drops. The indoor temperature can also be modified (heated or cooled) using a monitoring system similar to a central heating system. This system is very efficient and sustainable; the house is able to produce its own energy and be independent of energy suppliers, which in turn reduces carbon emissions.

While studying sustainable architecture at the University of Tokyo, in 2003, Gutai got the idea for his water house from a visit to the open-air hot baths. Despite the snowfall outside the pool, Gutai remained comfortably warm inside it. It was then he realized the importance of water's surface temperature and its potential use in architecture.

It took almost six year to build the project. There were a lot of structural problems involved; like what would happen if it’s so cold outside that the water freezes or what would happen if one panel broke. The water is mixed with natural solvents, which do no cause pollution, instead lower the freezing point of water to an appropriate level. This means that even if the reheating technology fails, the water will not freeze. For cold regions, like Hungary, some external insulation is also added to the structure, to prevent freezing. Special joint elements were designed to allow slow flow but prevent faster flows. So even if one panel breaks, it will be sealed from the remaining ones instantly. This effect is based on fluid dynamics. Although the model house is a small area (eight square meters in total), it demonstrates the power of this new technology. (Parke, 2015)

Water House

A sheet of water is trapped between the inner layers of the house, to equalize the temperature across the building

Sustainable hotel by WOHA: ESD Alila Villas Uluwatu Alila Villas Uluwatu located in Bali, Indonesia, has been built by the Singapore-based architecture and design firm WOHA. It is an ecologically sustainable hotel and villa development. It is situated within the dry savannah landscape of the Bukit peninsular.

It includes 50 hotel suites and 35 residential villas.

The design concept of this project is based on the fusion of vernacular architecture with contemporary architectural elements. Traditional Balinese pavilion architecture has been combined with rural landscapes, with a more modern style of space and form (image). The design is based on uniting the pleasures inhabiting the site.

The buildings are made from local materials; like loosely piled limestone boulders have been used for the terraces so that the views of the landscape are not blocked. Balinese volcanic pumice rock has been used to design the terraced low-pitched roofs. This naturally insulating material can also sustain local plants. All the pavilions are connected by bridges which pass over water gardens.

This project makes the users conscious socially and environmentally (image). Alila villas uluwatu is the first hotel in Bali to be recognized with the highest level of certification for an environmentally sustainable design (ESD). The design is believed to exceed the green globe 21 requirements Certain environment friendly solutions have been incorporated: •Rainwater harvesting and water recycling in retention ponds •Aquifers are recharged through swales and rain gardens •Grey water system is used to collect the wastewater, which is then recycled for use in the gardens and toilet flushing •Natural cooling is provided by the large overhangs •Heat pumps have been installed to provide water heating •The pools utilize saltwater instead of chlorine (image) •The lighting consumes less energy •This project has created employment for the local villagers •Natural vegetation has been used for landscaping to encourage wildlife, and to conserve water dry-climate vegetation has been used. (Chin, 2010)

Water Architecture in UAE: •Sustainability Issues – UAE still faces the issue of water desalinization. Approximately 90 per cent of the farms located on the UAE’s east coast suffer from water supply deficiencies, in terms of quantity and quality of irrigation water. (Malek, 2015)

•Cooling effect of water – To maintain the thermal comfort in vernacular structures, during the hottest hours of the day, the occupants migrated to the basement of the houses until evening, when they came out to the courtyard and cooled it slightly by throwing water on the hot surfaces which kept cooling as night drew near.

Water as a piece of public art Al Barari Villas - Dubai Al Barari has been designed as per its founder’s vision of creating a unique botanic sanctuary, which is extraordinary in its ecological experience (image). The development is a new way of sustainable and luxurious living, which includes 217 villas, a gourmet restaurant, a modern fitness center, and the regions’ largest privately-owned plant nursery. Eighty percent of the 4.2 million square foot project consists of green spaces, beautiful themed gardens, naturally landscaped lakes and freshwater streams (image).

Several environment friendly strategies have been employed to incorporate sustainability throughout the entire community, from engineering design and construction, to waste management and water recycling. (Anon., n.d.)

The Beach at JBR – Dubai The Beach has been designed between Jumeirah Beach Residence and the open beach. It is a waterfront boulevard which connects various mixed-use sectors. Cracknell’s concept for this project was to create a lively urban environment (image).

Three different corridors link these mixed-use zones depicting the shoreline.

Several landscape elements have been used like an elaborate granite mosaic paving and reflective water pools, bordered with olive trees. These trees appear to emerge from the water which adds a soothing and cooling effect to the main courtyard, outdoor seating and the dining verandas. Other features include an interactive water play area, a running track, an amphitheater and an open-air cinema. (Cracknell, n.d.)

Chapter 3: Case studies International Case Studies: Fallingwater by Frank Lloyd Wright This famous American house hangs on top of a mountain waterfall, using cantilevers (image). It is located in a rocky hillside, deep in the forest of Southwestern Pennsylvania.

Frank Lloyd Wright didn’t choose a site that offered a usual view of the waterfall from this holiday home. He instead proposed to make the house a part of the waterfall (image). The south-southeast orientation gives the impression of the stream flowing through the house and not besides it.

The concept behind this famous work is organic architecture. A rock extension has been integrated into the design which projects over the living room floor into the massive central fireplace, bonding the house with nature (image).

Wright has formed a wonderful connection with nature by using glass moderately. The house keeps the people shielded inside as in a deep cave; the house does not have any walls facing the waterfall, only a central stone core for the fireplace and stone columns. This offers extended views of the exterior woods. The architect has creatively used corner turning windows without mullions which makes corners disappear. A bent trellis beam has been designed to accommodate a pre-existing tree (image). (Anon., n.d.)

Room with a fireplace and a large window

The circulation within the house i.e. the stairs and corridors have been designed without any formality and the house doesn’t have a proper main entrance since there are various access points.

Sociability and privacy both are available in this house. (Anon., 2013)

Pre-existing tree

Water Cooled house/Wallflower Architecture + Design – Singapore This house is far away from the road, located in a lush green landscape (image). It is a modern style home, which considers environmental coolness as a main priority.

In order to appreciate the natural outdoor environment and extend the potential for visual field, the main living room and study are positioned in a pavilion, on the second floor (image). The house is designed with minimum surrounding walls and supporting structure, to maximize incredible external view.

The pavilion on the second floor is surrounded by a dark reflecting pond, which improves the feeling of serene isolation and retreat (image). This pond thermally insulates the dining area, bedrooms and family spaces below, from solar heat gain. The water body above helps to normalize the temperature changes within the house.

The residential and service functions of the house are differentiated by a long continuous light and air well, on the first floor. A long and continuous koi pond has been designed parallel below the light and air well (image). A passage runs besides the pond, leading to the bedrooms (image). Like the pond on the second floor, the air well and koi pond has also been designed to provide micro-cooling of the rooms and family spaces on the first floor. The passage acts as a medium for the prevailing breezes; the thirty-meter-long and two-meter-wide koi pond offers a sixty square meter surface area within the house for evaporative cooling, by the cool breezes.

To highlight the main role that water plays in this house, an oculus has been designed within the pond to emphasize the main entrance. (Anon., 2010)

Pearl Academy of Fashion – Jaipur, India A high-tech solution is not the answer to every problem, and this has been rightly proved in the Pearl Academy of Fashion, which is a modern building in India (image). In this building low tech solutions have been employed which have proved to be successful, without consuming huge amounts of energy or wasting enormous amount of money on fancy technology.

Architect Mani Rastogi has made use of several old technologies to create a passive habitat which is environmentally responsive. The exterior cladding is made of a perforated screen, which shields the building from the environment (image). This technique comes from the conventional building element called Jaali, which is common in Rajasthani architecture. This double skin acts as a thermal barrier between the building and the environment. The screen is placed at a distance of 4 feet from the building walls, reducing the direct heat gain through the fenestrations, but permitting in diffused daylight.

The screen thus acts as a filter for three functions – air, light and privacy.

Pearl Academy of Fashion

Exterior Cladding Design

The ancient technique of cooling using the concept of Indian stepwells (a pool dug into the ground and surrounded by walls above the ground, to cool the air by evaporating water in an enclosed, shaded area) , has been used in this building (image). Similarly the entire building is raised from the ground and hollowed out (image). This forms a natural thermal sink which is cooled by the water body (designed beneath the hollowed section) through evaporative cooling (image). The water bodies are supplied with recycled water from the sewage treatment plant and aid in enhancing the microclimate.

Local stone, steel, glass and concrete have been used for construction of this building, keeping in mind the climatic needs of the region, while maintaining the aesthetics. Energy is a prime concern in today’s world, and therefore this structure is 100% self sufficient in terms of captive power and water supply, and incorporates rainwater harvesting and wastewater recycling. (Alter, 2012)

Comparative Analysis of International Case Studies Factor

Fallingwater

Site

Situated in a rocky hillside, on top of a mountain waterfall

Lush green peaceful landscape

Located in a hot, dry, desert type climate, in a soulless industrial vicinity

Organic architecture

Modern style home, which considers environmental natural cooling

To create a passive habitat which is environmentally responsive

The circulation routes (corridors, stairs) don’t have a formal layout and no proper main entrance.

The plan is quite formal. To appreciate the natural outdoor environment and extend the potential for visual field, the main living room and study are positioned in a pavilion, on the second floor. The dining area, bedrooms and family spaces are located on the first floor.

Student spaces are placed in a formal geometry

Construction Materials

Glass and concrete

Glass facade, marble flooring, concrete frame and wooden roof

Local stone, steel, glass and concrete

Use of water

Water has been used quite innovatively in this project.

An exterior water feature forms part of the house, indoors as well as outdoors, for enhancing the aesthetics

The pavilion on the second floor is surrounded by a dark reflecting pond, which is used to enhance the emotional experience of the occupants. This pond also thermally insulates the dining area, bedrooms and family spaces below, from solar heat gain. A long and continuous koi pond has been designed on the first floor, parallel below the light and air well. The air well and koi pond have been designed to provide micro-cooling of the bedrooms and family spaces on the first floor, by using the technique of evaporative cooling by the cool breezes.

The water bodies help to normalize the temperature changes within the house.

The ancient technique of cooling using the concept of Indian stepwells has been used in this building. The entire building is raised from the ground and hollowed out. This forms a natural thermal sink which is cooled by the water body through evaporative cooling. The water bodies are supplied with recycled water from the sewage treatment plant and aid in enhancing the microclimate.

To highlight the main role that water plays in this house, an oculus has been designed within the pond to emphasize the main entrance.

The exterior cladding is made of a perforated screen (like a Jaali), which shields the building from the environment. This double skin acts as a thermal barrier, reducing the direct heat gain through the fenestrations, but permitting in diffused daylight. The screen thus acts as a filter for three functions – air, light and privacy.

Design Concept Layout

Other special features

The architect has creatively used corner turning windows without mullions which makes corners disappear. A bent trellis beam has been designed to accommodate a pre-existing tree.

Water Cooled House

Pearl Academy of Fashion

Incorporates rainwater harvesting and wastewater recycling.

Local Case Studies: Dubai Mall Waterfront Promenade •The Dubai Mall Waterfront is a charismatic water, music and light show. It is one of the region’s most scintillating tourist attractions (image).

•The Dubai Fountain, in Downtown Dubai, is the world’s tallest fountain. It is more than 90 ft in length and positioned on the Burj Lake, which extends up to 30-acre, and performs on various tunes.

•The fountain has been designed in a unique style, with five rings of different sizes and two arcs, and integrates powerful nozzles which shoot the water up to 500 ft in the air.

•More than 6,600 WET Superlights – the most advanced incandescent fountain lights available at present – and 25 color projectors, have been used to create a visual spectrum of 1000 different water expressions, while 50 color projectors offer a full color spectrum with an overall output of 1.5 million lumens.

•At a given point of time, the fountain has more than 22,000 gallons of water in the air, when it is in function.

•Visitors can enjoy the Dubai Fountain Lake Ride, experiencing the sights from different perspectives (Burj Khalifa , n.d.)

Dubai Fountain Lake

Al Habtoor City Al Habtoor city, which is under construction in Dubai, is a mixed-use development project integrating three five-star hotels (St. Regis, W hotel, Westin), three high-rise lavish residential buildings including 11 ultra-luxury penthouse apartments, several restaurants, bars, shops and a spectacular water-themed theatre by Franco Dragone Entertainment Group (image).

A District cooling plant has been installed in Al Habtoor City. The development is located on the banks of the Dubai Water Canal. The project also includes a tennis academy, a European style avenue bordered with shops and cafes leading to the Dubai Water Canal.

(News Editor, 2015)

Al Habtoor City

Comparative Analysis of Local Case Studies

Factor Site

Dubai Mall Waterfront

Al Habtoor City

Located in the master-planned Downtown Dubai

Located on Sheikh Zayed Road, and the banks of Dubai Water Canal

Leisure and entertainment

Providing luxury, elegance facilities under one roof

Layout

Waterfront promenade bordered by various retail outlets and entertainment activities

A city built with all amenities and water features, in the heart of a larger city Dubai

Use of water

Water has been used in the interiors of Dubai Mall to create a center of aesthetic attraction – The Waterfall, and on the exterior to create the Burj Lake and Musical Water Fountain.

Water has been integrated inside the mixed-use project for creating a waterthemed theatre and swimming pools, and on the outside the Dubai water canal is connected by a harbor to the Al Habtoor City. In this development water’s functional as well as aesthetic quality has been used.

Design Concept

and

all

Chapter 4: Survey Results and Analysis A survey was conducted on a group of people from various occupational backgrounds, vast range of age groups and different nationalities. From the survey, an understanding of what people feel about aqua architecture was gained. Certain figures which can be highlighted from the survey have been stated; Out of the total people surveyed, 73.9% were in the age group of 15-24, 8.7% were in the age group of 25-34, 6.5% were in the age group of 35-44, 8.7% were in the age group of 45-54 and 2.2% were 65 years or older. Out of the surveyed population, the majority were Indians, and only 4.3% Pakistani and 2.2% UK nationals. 4.3% of the people are out of work, 28.3% are from design background, 41.3% are non-design students, and 23.9% are from other professions like doctors, counselor, and software engineer.

Familiarity with Aqua Architecture 27.7% of the respondents were familiar with the term Aqua Architecture and 72.3% had not heard this term before. This shows that not even half of the population is aware of what Aqua Architecture is (image).

Understanding of Aqua Architecture According to 66% of the respondents Aqua Architecture meant ‘Water + Architecture’, 23.4% of the respondents think of it as ‘an architectural form wherein water is used as a concept’, 2.1% of the respondents define Aqua Architecture simply as a ‘water body’ like pools and canals, and for the remaining 8.5% of the surveyed people Aqua Architecture meant building in or around water, or using water as a design element to enhance modern architecture (image). These figures show that even if some people were not familiar with the term, but as the name suggests they could make out that Aqua Architecture is something to do with the integration of water and Architecture.

Importance of Aqua Architecture 97.9% of the respondents feel that water is important as a design element, and only 2.1% of the respondents feel that water as a design element is not important (image).

These figures show that there is potential for the growth of Aqua Architecture in the future, and people are willing to accept the co-existence of water and design.

Living with water 40.4% of the respondents either have no opportunity or at the most have the opportunity to be in the vicinity of water features two times a month. 29.8% of the respondents have the opportunity to be in the vicinity of water between 2-5 times a month and 29.8% of the respondents have confirmed that they spend time in the vicinity of water features more than five times a month (image). There are several reasons for these varied figures such as the accessibility of water features from where the respondents live, the country where the people reside may not have many aqua architectural forms, the amount of free time in the schedule of each individual, and likeness towards water features.

Historical Forms of Aqua Architecture This chart (image) depicts how respondents of different ages identify and revive aqua architectural forms from history. As can be seen from the graph, people between the ages of 15-24 are aware of hammams and water wells more than the people of ages of 65 or older. Another significant observation that can be made from the chart is that respondents between the ages of 15-24 know about all kinds of aqua architectural forms like ancient hammams to recent public squares and pools. This in turn means that aqua architecture has developed since historical periods and not diminished. Designers and architects have learnt a great deal from the historical techniques and continue to employ them as and when appropriate.

Cultural Significance of Aqua Architecture

As can be seen from the graph (image), aqua architecture is prevalent in India more than the other countries, and in all forms, let that be cultural practices like sacred rituals, public art like fountains, for leisure as in the case of holiday resorts, pools, lakes, as well as for functional purposes like water wells, canals in rural areas. Water and architecture can be found together in other parts of the world too, but the applications are not widely well-known. These days all designers and architects are building sustainable structures, but fail to utilize water, which is a natural and abundant resource, for its functional quality of cooling spaces.

Likeness towards various forms of Aqua Architecture

This graph (image) depicts the reasons that encourage/discourage the respondents to bond with their favorite water feature. As can be seen from the chart that availability of free time is the major factor that discourages people from connecting to nature. Some of the other factors which play a vital role in bonding the respondents to their favorite water features are: Ease of access The location where the respondents reside; this is a critical factor since the country of residence may not have many aqua architecture projects Attractive features of the water structure The graph also illustrates that the favorite water features of most of the people are beaches, fountains, cascades and parks (image). The reason for this might be that these forms offer people, of all ages, with unlimited enjoyment and leisure.

Qualities of Aqua Architecture

This chart (image) shows that most of the respondents feel that the importance of aqua architecture is due to its aesthetic qualities i.e. aqua architectural structures are visually pleasing. And one surprising observation which can be seen from the graph is that people from even the design background are not fully aware of the functional qualities of water integrated designs. Many respondents are not even aware of the fact that water can be employed to enhance the microclimate of different spaces. But people, although a small fraction, from all occupational backgrounds get a feeling of being close to nature when in contact with water structures.

Relationship between Water and Architecture

This graph (image) shows quite an interesting finding; most of the people in the age group of 15-24 envisage the relationship between water and architecture as being a harmonious bond. But at the same time none of the respondents above the age of 25 feels that the relationship between water and architecture is a sustainable initiative. Basically when water and architecture are connected what people usually think about is leisure. One good thing which will encourage architects and designers from integrating water and architecture is that only a very small proportion of people believe water as being an element of fear or separation.

This graph (image) shows that most of the people, who believe water is an element of harmony, prefer designing for social sustainability (like parks or habitat centers). Many people also prefer designing aqua architecture projects for environmental sustainability (like a wildlife sanctuary). Some respondents who feel water is for leisure suggest designing holiday houses, and restaurants/cafes in close vicinity of water.

Contemporary Aqua Architecture

The graph (image) shows that respondents between the ages of 15-24 prefer underwater architecture, floating architecture and waterfront architecture, more than aesthetics and landscape, or functional use in the field of contemporary aqua architecture. The reason for this could be that underwater, floating and waterfront architecture projects sound more exciting. Only around 2% of the respondents opted for functional use of water (e.g.: cooling effect) in architecture projects. This figure needs to be increased since water has a lot of potential other than aesthetics.

Water qualities and Human connection

This graph (image) shows that the qualities of water that most respondents are familiar with are movement and softness/coolness.

The other qualities of water i.e. reflection/transparency, sound and the visual form of water are some of the attributes which the designers should include in their designs, so that people are aware of the countless benefits of water. In contemporary architecture, there are a few projects which integrate these qualities of water and stimulate the human senses positively, but these projects have not gained much prominence.

Aqua Architecture and human senses

This graph (image) shows the significant elements which the people think can be integrated with Aqua Architecture, to form a sensual connection with individuals.

Elements like music, light/color, taste and aroma were included in the survey, but as can be seen from the graph that people feel that only music and light/color can be incorporated in aqua architecture projects to further enhance them.

Whereas taste and aroma are two such elements which if combined with aqua architecture can offer a soothing effect and facilitate in navigating people in different spaces; for example scented water features like streams and mist can guide a disabled person to their destination. The surprising reality is that even respondents from the design background are not aware of how a design can be enhanced by using sense of taste and smell.

Water Conservation

This graph (image) depicts that around 78% of the respondents feel that water conservation is important for environmental conservation. And water although is an abundant resource but needs to be conserved from immoral use. Aqua Architecture is not just about building in or with water, but it also deals with the topic of water conservation. And according to the graph, most of the respondents were found to be responsible of adopting certain water conservation practices such as turning to water-efficient irrigation and plantings, reusing water and water recycling. Rainwater harvesting is a practice which can typically be undertaken in regions which get high amount of rainfall (like India).

Degree of sustainability Architecture projects

of

Aqua

The table shows to what extent the respondents feel that aqua architecture projects are sustainable.

According to the figures none of the respondents strongly agree that aqua architecture is sustainable.

The major reason for this misconception could be lack of awareness. And half of the surveyed people were neutral on this topic. It can also be seen that around 24% of the respondents feel that aqua architecture is not sustainable. This issue is a major drawback which prevents designers from proposing water integrated designs, because if the community itself does not agree on such projects they are going to be a failure.

Number of respondents Strongly Disagree

Percent

3

6.5

Disagree

8

17.4

Neutral

25

54.3

Agree

10

21.7

Strongly Agree

0

0

Survey Conclusion A few concluding remarks can be made from these survey figures, which can help in better understanding the relationship between aqua architecture and the society and developing this association further. Aqua Architecture is a vast topic and has a different meaning for every person. Each individual understands the importance of water for survival. These people wish to spend their leisure time in the vicinity of water features, for relaxation, but don’t get opportunities to do so. Issues like availability of free time, accessibility prevent them from doing so, but this problem can be solved if water as a design element is integrated with architecture and thus the people can live in or around this incredible resource. The respondents were well aware of the various aqua architecture structures prevalent in the past. Water as a piece of public art and celebrated for its functional qualities, has not been utilized in most regions of the world. Several natural and artificial water features have been prevailing since the past, and people are attracted towards them due to their peaceful and astonishing nature. Water integrated architecture can offer diverse qualities other than the ordinary functions, but these multifaceted aspects need to be explored using highly developed skills. The relationship between water and architecture needs to be balanced so that the aim of building a sustainable and elegant structure can be accomplished. Everybody today relates well with contemporary underwater architecture, floating architecture and waterfront architecture, due to the hype created by large construction firms. But a very small population is aware of the fact that water can be employed to build sustainable projects with sustainable building services and help the nation in conserving precious fossil fuels. Water is a versatile resource which encompasses qualities like sound, taste, smell, movement, sense of touch, reflection/transparency, and exists in all the three forms (liquid, solid and gas). All these qualities if explored appropriately can augment the human senses in any kind of situation. From the case studies and examples included in Chapter 2, it is confirmed that aqua architecture projects are sustainable, but due to lack of knowledge the society still needs to appreciate this reality. Lastly, water conservation is an inevitable topic and designers should always aim to prevent exploitation of this resource, in their competition to build the best.

Chapter 5: Conclusion and Recommendations Although water is essential for survival, but it affects everybody in various ways depending on who the person is, where the person comes from and what the activities of the person are. Water can be made to exaggerate any human emotion, from wonder to pleasure and the comforts of homeliness. Water has been used in our built environment in every possible way; from peaceful green villas to vanished tea gardens to extravagant hotel-lobby fountains. Whenever architects or designers include water in their designs, they can gain skills and knowledge from the vast collection of prehistoric legends to enhance their work. Yet, many designers fail to go beyond merely the visual. (Admin, 2008) Since the beginning of the civilization, settlements that are situated close to water bodies expand faster than the other settlements. The main reason of this rapid urbanization is due to the vast opportunities that are available due to the existence of water (transportation, leisure, trade and irrigation). In the present day, most of the developed and prosperous cities are located close to a water body. New York, London, Tokyo, Paris, Istanbul and Amsterdam can be given as examples in many others.

This research discusses the right balance between water and architecture that will help to create a tranquil atmosphere for the society. Water is always required by us , but due to the growing population this resource is becoming scarce. This research paper illustrates the true beauty of aqua architecture and discusses the physical characteristics of water that are vital for health, happiness and survival.

The most important thing now is to use water the way it was used in the past and appreciate its qualities in a more simplified manner. It is the job of architects and designers to use this concept and introduce the design of waterscapes in the society. Aqua Architecture and the wonders of water-based architecture are rapidly growing. Our attraction towards the sea has led us to construct prospects for both temporary and permanent aquatic living.

Design Guidelines Water has infinite functional and aesthetic qualities, and great potential if used consciously. Some of the strategies have been proposed: •Water channels can be made in between every building, in even modest housing societies. This design can offer various benefits like create a cool breeze corridor between the buildings, which will therefore provide the users with space to take leisure walks. It will aesthetically enhance the development (image).

•The second image shows the master plan of a villa community with green and water spaces. In this manner all the houses can be connected with nature.

Water channels in a housing society

•Water can be used at the entrance of any structure in the form of fountains or miniature cascades. The smell of fresh and sweet water can create a refreshing ambiance and enhance emotional human experience.

•As was seen in the Water house, the potential of water for regulation of temperature must be explored further, so that in the future water forms a main part of the building façade.

•From the examples discussed, it is clear that water as a piece of public art in UAE is just in the form of lakes, or massive waterfront development projects. The simpler design structures like sculpture fountains, or city squares where people can come and experience aqua architecture by being a part of it should be proposed.

•Water curtains can be included in the interiors or exterior of a built form, to give the occupants a feeling of being inside a cliff with a flowing waterfall.

Master plan of a villa community

Chapter 6: Present Day Issue India - Jammu & Kashmir’s Dal Lake shrinking in size: The Jammu and Kashmir government is set to declare Srinagar’s famous Dal Lake and its surrounding areas as an eco-sensitive zone (ESZ), following concerns over its shrinking size; •

•

•

•

Pollution and encroachments have resulted in the Dal Lake shrinking from its original area of 22 square kilometers to about 10 square kilometers, according to an assessment by the Dredging Corporation of India (DCI) in 2017.

The DCI also found that the world-famous lake’s capacity has shrunk to about 40% and that its water quality has deteriorated.

The DCI assessment also found that intense pollution by untreated sewage and solid wastes that flow into the lake, encroachments of water channels and clogging has diminished the circulation and inflows into the lake, leading to extensive growth of the weed water hyacinth which has emerged as a health hazard.

Further, it established that the depth of the lake has reduced at many places due to siltation and encroachment, and that continuing night soil discharge from the 800 to 900 houseboats causes extreme pollution in the water body.

Design Strategies to save Dal Lake • The first and foremost step that should be taken to prevent water contamination in the lake is to create a beautiful and attractive linear park bordering the lake on all sides. This way all the houses and settlements around the Dal will be moved away and no longer contribute to domestic rubbish flowing into the lake.

• All the house boats and floating markets should be prohibited from the Dal. Only the shikara boats which are environment friendly should be allowed in restricted numbers for sightseeing purposes.

Water plays a major role in a sustainable design, since the ultimate intent is to lessen the overall usage of water by increasing the efficiency and re-use, and this can be done by: • Recycling water and by encouraging rainwater harvesting, to lessen the demand for potable fresh water • Using highly efficient and smart irrigation systems and storm water design • Low-water use landscaping

These design guidelines will encourage readers, designers and planners to include water in all sectors of development. Aqua architecture has a wide scope, but water which is a precious resource should be conserved for the future generations.

Sketch of the linear park

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