Auktion 227 Kuenker by Fritz Rudolf Kuenker GmbH & Co. KG

Titelfoto (Nr. 2342) GROSSBRITANNIEN WESSEX Alfred, 871-899. Penny, London. 1,50 g. North 644; Seaby 1061.

AUKTION 227 Ausgewählte Münzen des Mittelalters von der Völkerwanderungszeit bis zum Hundertjährigen Krieg Die Sammlung Dr. Edoardo Curti ZEIT

Montag, 11. März 2013 16.30 Uhr - 19.00 Uhr

ORT

Steigenberger Hotel Remarque Osnabrück, Natruper-Tor-Wall 1

AUKTIONS-TELEFON

+49 (0)541 60 96 633

AUKTIONS-FAX

+49 (0)541 60 96 634

in Zusammenarbeit mit:/en collaboration avec:

OGN (Pierre Crinon)

64, Rue de Richelieu 75002 Paris, Frankreich Telefon +33 (0)1 42 97 47 50 - Fax +33 (0) 9 71 70 59 25 www.ogn-numismatique.com - contact@ogn-numismatique.com

Auktionen 226-231, 11. - 16. März 2013 11. MÄRZ 2013

12./13. MÄRZ 2013 13./14. MÄRZ 2013

14. MÄRZ 2013

15. MÄRZ 2013 16. MÄRZ 2013

Auktion 226 Münzen aus der Welt der Antike Die Sammlung Kochs, Bonn, u. a. Auktion 227 Ausgewählte Münzen des Mittelalters Die Sammlung Dr. Edoardo Curti Auktion 228 Münzen und Medaillen aus Mittelalter und Neuzeit Auktion 229 Köln, das Rheinland und Westfalen Nürnberg und Franken Zwei bedeutende Spezialsammlungen, u. a. Auktion 230 Goldprägungen Die Sammlung Vogel, Teil 5, u. a. Deutsche Münzen ab 1871 Russische Münzen und Medaillen Auktion 231 The Sultan Collection, Part 3 Münzen des Ottomanischen Reiches, Teil 3

Zeitplan/Timetable Auktion 226 Münzen aus der Welt der Antike Die Sammlung Kochs, Bonn, u. a.

Auktion 227 Ausgewählte Münzen des Mittelalters Die Sammlung Dr. Edoardo Curti

Montag, 11. März 2013 09.30 Uhr - 13.00 Uhr Nr. 1 bis Nr. 718 Kelten, Griechen, Römische Republik, Imperatorische Prägungen 14.00 Uhr - 16.30 Uhr Nr. 719 bis Nr. 1255 Römische Kaiserzeit, Völkerwanderung, Byzanz, Kreuzfahrer, Orientalen 16.30 Uhr - 19.00 Uhr Nr. 2001 bis Nr. 2462

Auktion 228

Dienstag, 12. März 2013

Münzen und Medaillen aus Mittelalter und Neuzeit

09.30 Uhr - 13.00 Uhr Nr. 2501 bis Nr. 3206 Europa: Albanien - Niederlande 14.00 Uhr - 19.00 Uhr Nr. 3207 bis Nr. 4128 Europa: Norwegen - Zypern, Übersee, Habsburgische Erblande, Deutschland: Anhalt - Bayern

Mittwoch, 13. März 2013 09.30 Uhr - 13.00 Uhr Nr. 4129 bis Nr. 4797 Deutschland: Brandenburg-Preußen - Rostock 14.00 Uhr - 16.30 Uhr Nr. 4798 bis Nr. 5220 Deutschland: Sachsen - Württemberg, Medaillen, Papiergeld, Münzwaagen, Lots

Auktion 229 Köln, das Rheinland und Westfalen Die Sammlung eines rheinischen Numismatikers, u. a.

16.30 Uhr - 18.30 Uhr Nr. 5501 bis Nr. 5837 Köln, Aachen - Speyer

Donnerstag, 14. März 2013 Nürnberg und Franken Eine bedeutende Spezialsammlung, u. a.

Auktion 230 Goldprägungen Die Sammlung Vogel, Hamburg, Teil 5, u. a.

09.30 Uhr - 13.00 Uhr Nr. 5838 bis Nr. 6332 Trier – Worms, Bentheim – Westphalen Sammlung Nürnberg und Franken 14.00 Uhr - 19.00 Uhr Nr. 6501 bis Nr. 7553

Freitag, 15. März 2013 Deutsche Münzen ab 1871 Russische Münzen und Medaillen

Auktion 231 The Sultan Collection, Part 3 Münzen des Ottomanischen Reiches, Teil 3

10.00 Uhr - 13.00 Uhr Nr. 7554 bis Nr. 8114 14.00 Uhr - 18.30 Uhr Nr. 8115 bis Nr. 8707

Samstag, 16. März 2013 10.00 Uhr - 13.00 Uhr Nr. 9001 bis Nr. 9663 Orhân ibn 'Utmân - Murâd III. ibn Selîm I. 14.00 Uhr - 15.30 Uhr Nr. 9664 bis Nr. 9956 Muhammad III. ibn Murâd III. - Muhammad IV. ibn Ibrâhîm, Kupfermünzen, Gegenstempel, Waagen

Sehr geehrte Münzfreunde, das Interesse für historische Münzen und Medaillen ist unverändert stark, wie unsere Auktionen am 31. Januar 2013 in Berlin gezeigt haben. Sie als unsere Kunden haben dazu beigetragen, dass zahlreiche Raritäten, u. a. aus der Sammlung Friedrich Popken und der Pommernsammlung von Prof. Helmut Hahn, erfolgreich versteigert werden konnten. Für Ihr Vertrauen danke ich Ihnen sehr und freue mich, dass Sie die Arbeit und das Engagement unserer Mitarbeiter schätzen. Es wurde in der Presse bereits angekündigt, dass die ermäßigte Mehrwertsteuer auf Münzen in Höhe von 7 % im Zuge der Harmonisierung innerhalb der Europäischen Union zukünftig wegfallen wird.

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Sie als Sammler muss das aber nicht beunruhigen, denn das Aufgeld einschließlich Mehrwertsteuer von bisher 23 % bleibt für Sie unverändert bestehen. Dies gilt für unsere Kunden in Deutschland und allen Ländern der Europäischen Union (Kunden in Drittländern wie z. B. Norwegen, Russland, Schweiz, USA zahlen ein Aufgeld von 20 %, wenn die Münzen durch uns exportiert werden). Die Beibehaltung des Aufgeldes ist möglich, weil zukünftig durch Anwendung der sogenannten Differenzbesteuerung nur unsere Marge (bestehend aus Aufgeld und Einlieferungsprovision) mit dem zur Zeit gültigen Mehrwertsteuer-Satz von 19 % besteuert wird. Für das Jahr 2013 gibt es allerdings neben der Differenzbesteuerung immer noch den ermäßigten Steuersatz von 7 %. Anlagegold-Münzen und Goldbarren sind wie bisher steuerfrei. Ich bedanke mich für Ihr Interesse und wünsche Ihnen viel Freude beim Studium unserer Auktionskataloge. Mit herzlichen Grüßen,

Dear Coin Enthusiasts, Interest in historical coins and medals is as strong as ever, as our auctions on January 31st, 2013 in Berlin showed. As our customers, we thank you sincerely: you helped make it possible to successfully auction countless rarities, including rarities from the collection of Friedrich Popken and the Pomerania collection of Prof. Helmut Hahn. I thank you sincerely for your trust, and I am very happy that you appreciate the work and commitment of our employees. It has been announced in the press that the reduced value-added tax on coins, currently at 7 %, will, in the future, be eliminated in line with the harmonization taking place in the European Union. As a collector, however, you should not be worried by this, because the current surcharge – including value-added tax – of 23 % will remain unchanged for you. This applies for our customers in Germany and all countries of the European Union (customers in other countries such as Norway, Russia, Switzerland and the USA will pay a surcharge of 20 % when we export the coins). The retention of the surcharge is possible because in the future, due to the application of the so-called “discrepancytaxing”, only our margin (consisting of surcharge and deposit commission) will be taxed at the current value-added tax rate of 19 %. For the year 2013, however, in addition to the discrepancy-taxing the reduced tax rate of 7 % will remain in effect. Investment gold coins and gold ingots will continue to be tax-free. I thank you for your interest, and wish you an enjoyable experience in perusing our auction catalog. Best Wishes,

TEL +49 (0)541 96 20 20, FAX +49 (0)541 96 20 222, SERVICE@KUENKER.DE, WWW.KUENKER.DE

Besichtigung/On View Die Besichtigung des Auktionsgutes kann nach vorheriger telefonischer Absprache erfolgen. Unser besonderer Service anlässlich der Numismata München 2013: Besichtigung am Freitag, 1. März 2013, und Samstag, 2. März 2013, jeweils von 9.30 – 18.00 Uhr in unseren Münchner Büroräumen am Maximiliansplatz 12a. Am Sonntag, 3. März 2013, kann die Besichtigung nur nach vorheriger Vereinbarung erfolgen.

KUENKER.DE

Auction lots may be viewed by appointment only. Special service for our customers participating in the Numismata Munich 2013: auction lot viewing is possible in our Munich office at Maximiliansplatz 12a on Friday, March 1st, and Saturday, March 2nd, from 9.30 AM to 6.00 PM. On Sunday, March 3rd, auction lot viewing is possible by appointment only.

Online-Katalog/Online Catalogue Betrachten Sie unsere Auktionskataloge im Internet! Unter www.kuenker.de und www.sixbid.com haben Sie die Möglichkeit, Abbildungen zu vergrößern, Ihre Gebote direkt abzugeben und die Ergebnisse der Auktionen abzurufen. Please browse our auction catalogues at www.kuenker.com or at www.sixbid.com! You will have the possibility to zoom all images, to place your bids and to view all auction results online.

Künker-Service Wir sind mittlerweile mit neun eigenen Standorten in Deutschland und Europa vertreten. So können wir Ihnen unseren beliebten Künker-Service auch in Ihrer Nähe anbieten. Unsere Leistungen vor Ort: • Persönliche Beratung und Betreuung in Ihrer Nähe. • Sie können Ihre Münzen direkt einliefern oder verkaufen, ersteigerte Münzen abholen und sich nach Vereinbarung Einlieferungen auszahlen lassen. • Sie können sich von unserem Kooperationspartner auf den Künker-Auktionen vertreten lassen. We are now represented with nine locations in Germany and Europe so that we can also provide you the best service in your vicinity. Our local services: • You always have a point of contact nearby. • You can directly consign or sell your coins, collect purchases and receive by appointment payment for consignments. • You can have our cooperation partner represent you at our auctions. OSNABRÜCK Fritz Rudolf Künker GmbH & Co. KG Gutenbergstraße 23, 49076 Osnabrück Tel. +49 (0)541 96 20 20, E-Mail: service@kuenker.de Haupptstsititz Ha ititz in in Osn s abbrüückk

USt-IdNr./VAT-No: DE256270181

TEL +49 (0)541 96 20 20, FAX +49 (0)541 96 20 222, SERVICE@KUENKER.DE, WWW.KUENKER.DE

Standorte/Locations

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MÜNCHEN Künker Numismatik AG Löwengrube 12, 80333 München Dr. Hubert Ruß Tel. +49 (0)89 242 198 38, service@kuenker-numismatik.de Fritz Rudolf Künker GmbH & Co. KG Maximiliansplatz 12a, 80333 München Frank Richardsen Tel. +49 (0)89 242 16 990, frank.richardsen@kuenker.de BERLIN Fritz Rudolf Künker GmbH & Co. KG Poststraße 22, 10178 Berlin-Mitte Wollankstraße 117, 13187 Berlin-Pankow Michael Otto Tel. +49 (0)30 247 248 91, michael.otto@kuenker.de

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HAMBURG Künker Hamburg, c/o Roland Trampe Roland Trampe Tel. +49 (0)541 96 20 20, roland.trampe@kuenker.de KONSTANZ Künker Konstanz, c/o Michael Autengruber Schulthaißstraße 10, 78462 Konstanz Michael Autengruber Tel. +49 (0)7531 28 44 69, michael.autengruber@kuenker.de

Michaeel Autengruubeer

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ZNOJMO Künker Znojmo, c/o Petr Kovaljov 17. Listopadu 18, 66902 Znojmo, Tschechische Republik Petr Kovaljov Tel. +42 (0)603 81 10 31, petr.kovaljov@kuenker.de ZÜRICH Künker Zürich, c/o Hess-Divo AG Löwenstraße 55, 8001 Zürich, Schweiz Ulf Künker Tel. +41 (0)44 225 40 90, zuerich@kuenker.de

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MOSKAU Künker Moskau, c/o Russian Coin Co. Ltd. Lyalin pereulok dom 9, str. 1, of. 3, 105062 Moskau, Russland Aleksey Onchukov Tel. +7 (495) 589 56 10, aleksey.onchukov@kuenker.de

TEL +49 (0)541 96 20 20, FAX +49 (0)541 96 20 222, SERVICE@KUENKER.DE, WWW.KUENKER.DE

Was ist für Ihre schriftliche Auktionsteilnahme besonders wichtig?

DEUTSCH

• Bitte senden Sie uns Ihre Aufträge möglichst frühzeitig zu. Wenn uns Ihr Auftrag erst kurz vor der Auktion erreicht, können sich bei der Bearbeitung Fehler einschleichen. Das beiliegende Formular erleichtert Ihnen die Abgabe eines schriftlichen Gebots. Gerne nehmen wir Ihre Gebote per Post, Fax oder Email entgegen. • Wenn Sie noch nicht bei uns gekauft haben, bitten wir Sie, uns als Referenz eine Münzhandlung anzugeben, mit der Sie bereits in Geschäftsverbindung stehen. • Wir gewährleisten die Echtheit aller verkauften Objekte auch über die gesetzliche Frist hinaus.

Sie möchten telefonisch an der Auktion teilnehmen? Die telefonische Teilnahme an der Auktion ist bei uns selbstverständlich möglich. Wir rufen Sie während der Auktion gerne an und helfen Ihnen, die gewünschten Stücke zu ersteigern. Aus organisatorischen Gründen bitten wir Sie, die folgenden Punkte zu beachten:

Ulrich Künker Leiter Kundenbetreuung

• Telefonisches Bieten ist nur bei Losen mit einer Taxe von mind. € 500,– möglich. • Bitte teilen Sie uns mindestens 48 Stunden vor der Auktion mit, zu welchen Stücken Sie angerufen werden möchten. • Bitte achten Sie darauf, dass Sie erreichbar sind, wenn Ihre Stücke versteigert werden. Der Zeitplan in diesem Katalog hilft Ihnen dabei, den Zeitpunkt der Versteigerung abzuschätzen. • Wir empfehlen, zusätzlich zu Ihrem Anrufwunsch auch ein Gebotslimit abzugeben, damit wir für Sie auch dann bieten können, falls die Verbindung nicht zustande kommt. • Bitte beachten Sie, dass telefonisches Bieten eine unsichere Variante der Auktionsteilnahme sein kann. Wir können keine Garantie für das Zustandekommen der telefonischen Verbindung übernehmen. Wenn Sie sicher gehen wollen, besuchen Sie bitte unsere Auktion persönlich oder geben Sie uns ein schriftliches Gebot.

Was passiert nach der Auktion? Barbara Westmeyer deutschsprachige Kundenbetreuung

Telefon: +49 (0)541 96 20 20 Fax: +49 (0)541 96 20 222 Gebührenfrei: 0800 58 36 537 E-Mail: service@kuenker.de Internet: www.kuenker.de Montag – Donnerstag 8.30 – 17.00 Uhr Freitag 8.00 – 15.30 Uhr

• Der Versand der Auktionsware startet sofort nach Beendigung der Auktion und dauert in der Regel 8 Tage. • Alle Kunden, die an unserer Auktion schriftlich teilgenommen haben, erhalten innerhalb von 2 Wochen nach der Auktion unsere Ergebnisliste gratis. • Alle Ergebnisse sind spätestens einen Tag nach Auktionsende auf unserer Internetseite verfügbar.

Sie möchten Ihre Münzen in unsere Auktion einliefern? Sollten Sie sich zum Verkauf Ihrer Münzen entschlossen haben, kommen Sie zu uns. Seit 1985 beweisen wir mit derzeit 4 Auktionsterminen und ca. 15 Katalogen pro Jahr unsere Kompetenz und Zuverlässigkeit. Wichtige Informationen für Sie im Überblick: • Ihre Münzen werden von unseren Experten nach neuestem numismatischem Standard bestimmt und in hochwertigen Farbkatalogen präsentiert. • Wir verfügen mit mehr als 10.000 Kunden über eine der besten Kundendateien weltweit. Im Durchschnitt verkaufen wir mehr als 95 % der Stücke einer Auktion, nicht selten erzielen wir dabei Rekordzuschläge. Für nicht verkaufte Objekte werden keine Gebühren erhoben. • Ab der Übergabe an uns sind Ihre Münzen mit dem doppelten Schätzwert versichert. Unsere Kundenbetreuung bespricht gerne mit Ihnen wie Ihre Stücke sicher zu uns gelangen können. • Ihre Einlieferung wird Ihnen sofort nach der Übernahme quittiert. Spätestens 5 Wochen vor der Auktion erhalten Sie eine Auflistung Ihrer Stücke inkl. Katalognummern und Schätzpreisen. • Unmittelbar nach der Auktion erhalten Sie die Ergebnisliste und können dann alle erzielten Preise feststellen. Den Auktionserlös erhalten Sie innerhalb von 45 Tagen nach der Auktion.

TEL +49 (0)541 96 20 20, FAX +49 (0)541 96 20 222, SERVICE@KUENKER.DE, WWW.KUENKER.DE

Important facts for a written participation in the auction • Please send us your instructions as early as possible. The likelihood of errors occurring increases if we receive your instructions only shortly before the auction. The enclosed form should make it simple for you to submit a written bid, you may send your bids by mail, fax or e-mail. • If you are a new customer who has not yet purchased from us, we do request references. Please name a coin dealer with whom you have already done business. • The genuineness of all objects sold is warranted beyond the statutory length of time.

ENGLISH

Do you wish to participate by telephone? You are welcome to participate in our auction by telephone. We are glad to call you during the auction and to assist you in bidding for your items. Please take notice of the following conditions: • Telephone bidding is accepted exclusively on lot numbers with estimates at 500 Euro or above. • Please inform us at least 48 hours in advance if you wish to register for telephone bidding, even for single lots. We do need 48 hours to schedule all incoming requests. • Please be available, when your lots will be sold. The time schedule in the catalogue will help you to estimate the approximate time when your items are going to be sold. • When you register for telephone bidding, we recommend to leave a written bid in addition. This bid will only be executed, should the telephone bidding be interrupted or not be achieved. • Please be aware that telephone bidding is a risky way of participation in our auction. We do not assume liability should the telephone line be interrupted or not be achieved. We advise you to attend the auction in person or to send written bids.

Nadine Zuber English, Deutsch

What occurs after the auction? • The shipment of all auction goods starts immediately after the completion of the entire auction week and it usually takes 8 days to be completed. • All auction results are available on our website one day after the end of the auction week. • All clients who submitted bids for the auction will automatically receive the list of auction results free of charge within two weeks after the end of auction.

Do you wish to consign your coins to our auction? Should you decide to sell your coins, we are ready to assist you. Since 1985 we have earned our bona fides in conducting over 4 auctions and in publishing 15 catalogues per year. In the following you will find the most important information on consigning: • We guarantee the professional handling of your consignment following the latest numismatic level of expertise including its presentation in colour catalogues of outstanding quality. • We possess one of the best customer lists worldwide. On average we sell more than 95 % of all items in our auction, and it is not unusual for us to achieve record hammer prices for lots submitted. Unsold items incur no fees. • Once the coins are consigned they are covered by our insurance at double the estimate. Upon consultation with our customer service we try to advise you on the safest way of shipping for your coins. • Your delivery will be confirmed in writing immediately on receipt. At least five weeks before the auction, you will receive an exact list of your objects with the relevant catalogue numbers and descriptions. • Within a week of the end of auction, you will receive a list of auction results in order to see what prices were reached for each individual lot. As a consignor, you will receive the auction proceeds within 45 days after the end of auction.

Marion Künker English, Deutsch

Phone: +49 (0)541 96 20 20 Fax: +49 (0)541 96 20 222 E-Mail: service@kuenker.de Website: www.kuenker.com Monday –Thursday 8.30 AM – 5 PM Friday 8 AM – 3.30 PM

TEL +49 (0)541 96 20 20, FAX +49 (0)541 96 20 222, SERVICE@KUENKER.DE, WWW.KUENKER.DE

Votre participation par écrit – Les points essentiels

FRANCAIS

• Veuillez nous faire parvenir vos ordres le plus tôt possible. Si vos ordres nous parviennent juste avant la vente aux enchères, des erreurs risquent d’être commises lors de leur traitement. Le formulaire ci-joint vous aidera à rédiger facilement votre offre. Vous pouvez nous envoyer vos ordres par la poste, par fax ou par e-mail. • Si vous n’avez encore fait aucune acquisition chez nous, nous vous prions de nous indiquer une ou deux références d’autres maisons numismatiques où vous avez déjà acheté. • L’authenticité des pièces vendues est garantie même au-delà des délais légaux.

Vous voulez participer par téléphone? La participation par téléphone est bien sûr possible. Nous vous appelons volontiers pour vous aider à acquérir les pièces voulues. Pour des raisons d´organisation veuillez noter les points suivants:

Alexandra Elflein, M. A. Français, Deutsch, English, Italiano

• La participation par téléphone est possible seulement pour les lots estimé à plus de 500 Euros chacun. • Veuillez nous informer au moins 48 heures avant la vente de la liste des pièces pour lesquelles vous voudriez être appelé. • Veuillez prendre soin d´être joignable quand vos pièces seront mises en vente. L’ordre de vente dans ce catalogue vous aidera à estimer l´heure de la vente. • Vue les risques de la participation téléphonique, nous vous recommandons néanmoins d’indiquer une limite maximale pour chaque lot, pour que nous puissions enchérir pour vous, même si la communication téléphonique serait interrompue ou ne pourrait pas être établie. • La participation par téléphone présente des risques, et nous déclinons toute responsabilité dans le cas où la communication téléphonique serait interrompue, ou bien ne pourrait être établie.

Ce qui se passe après la vente Kmar Chachoua Français, Deutsch, English, Arabic

Tél. +49 (0)541 96 20 20 Facs. +49 (0)541 96 20 222 E-Mail: service@kuenker.de Site: www.kuenker.de Lundi à Jeudi de 8h30 à 17h00 Vendredi de 8h00 à 15h30

• L´expédition des biens va commencer immédiatement après la fin de la vente complète, et prend généralement 8 jours. • Tous les clients qui ont participé à l’une de nos ventes aux enchères recevront gratuitement une liste de résultats dans les deux semaines qui suivent. • Les résultats seront disponibles sur notre site internet, au plus tard un jour après la fin de la vente.

Vous voulez confier vos monnaies pour nos ventes aux enchères? Contactez nous si vous envisagez de vendre vos pièces. Notre compétence et fiabilité est prouvée depuis 1985 par actuellement 4 ventes aux enchères et environ 15 catalogues par an. Le plus important pour vous est que: • Vos pièces seront décrites par notre équipe d’experts selon les standards numismatiques les plus récents, et elles seront présentées dans des catalogues de haute qualité en couleurs. • Nous avons un des meilleurs fichiers-clientèle du monde avec plus de 10.000 clients. Nous vendons en moyenne plus de 95% de la vente aux enchères, et obtenons souvent des prix records. Les monnaies invendues n’encourent aucun frais. • Notre service clientèle est disponible pour vous conseiller pour l’envoi de vos pièces, et dès leur réception vos pièces seront assurées pour le double de la valeur d´estimation. • Vous recevrez une liste détaillée des pièces fournies au moment de la prise en charge puis, au plus tard cinq semaines avant la vente aux enchères, vous recevrez leur liste exacte avec les numéros de catalogue correspondants. • Immédiatement après la vente aux enchères, vous recevrez la liste des résultats et pourrez prendre connaissance des prix obtenus. Vous recevrez le produit de la vente dans les 45 jours après les enchères.

TEL +49 (0)541 96 20 20, FAX +49 (0)541 96 20 222, SERVICE@KUENKER.DE, WWW.KUENKER.DE

I punti piú importanti per la Sua partecipazione per iscritto • La preghiamo di farci pervenire i Suoi ordini al piú presto possibile. Se i Suoi ordini ci arrivano poco prima dellínizio dellásta possono verificarsi errori. Il formulario allegato Le faciliterá línvio dei Suoi ordini per iscritto. Ci puó far pervenire i Suoi ordini per posta, per fax o per email. • Se non ha mai acquistato presso di noi, La preghiamo di volerci indicare a titolo di referenza il nome di uno o due commercianti numismatici presso i quali è giá cliente. • L’autenticità di tutti gli oggetti venduti viene garantita anche oltre i termini previsti dalla legge.

ITALIANO

Desidera partecipare telefonicamente alla nostra asta? La partecipazione telefonica è naturalmente da noi possibile. La chiameremo durante lásta e La assisteremo volentieri per ottenere lággiudicazione dei pezzi desiderati. Per motivi di organizzazione La preghiamo di voler tenere conto dei seguenti punti: • La partecipazione telefonica è possibile solo per lotti stimati con almeno 500,– € lúno. • La preghiamo di volerci comunicare almeno 48 ore prima dellínizio dellásta per quali pezzi desidera essere chiamato. • La preghiamo di aver cura di essere raggiungibile telefonicamente al momento in cui vengono messi allásta i pezzi che Le interessano. Lo schema orario in catalogo La aiuterá a stimare a che ora verranno messi allásta i pezzi che Le interessano. • Consigliamo di indicare sempre assieme alla richiesta di partecipazione telefonica anche un´ importo massimo, per permetterci di fare per Lei lófferta anche nel caso in cui la telefonata non fosse possibile. • La partecipazione telefonica è un modo incerto di partecipare alle aste. Non assumiamo nessuna responsabilità se per esempio la linea telefonica è occupata o interrotta o se Lei non sará raggiungibile per altri motivi.

Sonia Russo, M. A. Italiano, Deutsch, English, Español

Cosa succede dopo lásta? • La spedizione del materiale dásta comincia subito dopo la fine dellíntera asta e termina normalmente entro 8 giorni. • Tutti i clienti che hanno partecipato allásta ricevono entro 2 settimane dopo lásta la lista dei prezzi di realizzo. • I prezzi di realizzo sono visionabili sul nostro sito internet al piú tardi un giorno dopo la fine dellíntera asta.

Vuole consegnarci le Sue monete per una nostra asta? Ci contatti se ha deciso di vendere le Sue monete. Dal 1985 la nostra competenza ed affidabilità è dimostrata da attualmente 4 aste e circa 15 cataloghi all´anno. Quali sono i punti di maggior importanza per Lei:

Cristina Welzel Italiano, Deutsch, English, Français

Tel.: +49 (0)541 96 20 20 Fax: +49 (0)541 96 20 222 E-Mail: service@kuenker.de Internet: www.kuenker.de Lunedì a giovedì dalle 8.30 alle 17.00 Venerdì dalle 8.00 alle 15.30

• Le Sue monete vengono valutate dal nostro staff di esperti secondo i piú attuali standard numismatici e vengono presentati in cataloghi di alto valore a colori. • Con piú di 10.000 clienti disponiamo di una delle migliori banca dati clienti del mondo. In media vendiamo oltre il 95% del materiale dásta realizzando spesso prezzi da record. Per i pezzi invenduti non ci sono nessune spese da pagare. • Dal momento della consegna le Sue monete sono assicurate per il doppio del valore di stima. Il nostro servizio clientela Le consiglierá volentieri come farci avere le Sue monete nel modo piú sicuro. • La Sua consegna Le verrá immediatamente quietanzata al momento della resa dei pezzi. Al piú tardi 5 settimane prima dellásta riceverá una lista dettagliata dei Suoi pezzi con i numeri di catalogo ed i prezzi di stima. • Subito dopo lásta riceverá la lista con i risultati dásta dalla quale potrá subito controllare i prezzi realizzati. Riceverá límporto di realizzo entro 45 giorni dopo la fine dellásta.

TEL +49 (0)541 96 20 20, FAX +49 (0)541 96 20 222, SERVICE@KUENKER.DE, WWW.KUENKER.DE

Что особенно важно при заочном участии на аукционе?

RUSSKIJ

• Тщательно изучите наш каталог и запишите те лоты, которые Вас заинтересовали. Заполните приложенный формуляр и отправьте нам его заранее по почте, факсу или электронной почте. Мы обращаем внимание на то, что если Ваши ставки придут перед самым началом аукциона либо во время аукциона, то существует вероятность допуска ошибки в процессе обработки заказа. • Если Вы впервые принимаете участие в нашем аукционе, то мы рекомендуем Вам указать Ваш референц – аукционные дома, с которыми Вы уже сотрудничали. Или свяжитесь с нами по телефону +49(0)541 9620268. • Подлинность купленных на нашем аукционе лотов гарантируется нами на протяжении неограниченного времени.

Вы хотели бы принять участие на аукционе по телефону? У нас, конечно, есть возможность организовать Ваше телефонное участие на торгах, но мы бы хотели обратить внимание на следующие пункты: Anastasija Koepsell Russkij, Deutsch

Dzmitry Nikulin Russkij, Deutsch, English

Телефон: +49 (0)541 96 20 20 Факс: +49 (0)541 96 20 222 E-Mail: service@kuenker.de интернет: www.kuenker.de понедельник – четверг 8.30 – 17.00 пятница 8 – 15.30

• Участие в телефонных торгах возможно только для лотов со стартовой ценой свыше 500 евро. • Для участия в торгах по телефону просим Вас связаться с нами не позднее 48 часов до начала аукциона. • Мы хотим подчеркнуть, что телефонное участие на аукционе – не самый безопасный способ: в случае плохой связи, недоступности клиента во время торгов либо других технических проблем мы не несем ответственности. • Мы рекомендуем Вам при участии в торгах по телефону дополнительно сообщить нам о Вашем лимите на интересующие лоты в случае, если телефонная связь будет невозможна или по техническим причинам прервана.

Что происходит после окончания аукциона? • Результаты аукционов доступны на нашем сайте на следующий день после окончания торгов. • Вы можете лично забрать приобретенные лоты. По окончании торгов мы готовим все необходимые документы на вывоз из Евросоюза. • Почтовые отправки в Россию ( Беларусь, Украину ) осуществляются по предварительной договоренности. Для связи с нами звоните по телефону +49 (0)541 9620268.

Вы хотели бы выставить Ваши предметы на аукцион? Более 160-ти успешно проведенных аукционов, тысячи участников, 4 аукциона в год - эти и другие преимущества, которые говорят в пользу выставления Ваших коллекций на аукцион Кюнкер: • Ваши монеты будут оценены нашими экспертами по самым новым нумизматическим стандартам и представлены в высококачественном цветном каталоге. • Более 10000 клиентов со всего мира оказывают нам свое доверие. В среднем мы продаем более 95% всех выставляемых предметов, при этом зачастую достигая рекордных сумм. • Все Ваши предметы, после передачи их нам, хранятся у нас до начала аукциона застрахованными. Не позднее 5-ти недель до начала аукциона Вы получите по почте подробное описание Ваших лотов с указаннами номерами в каталоге, а также их оценочной стоимостью. • Результаты аукционов также будут высланы Вам по почте после окончания торгов. В течение 45 дней после аукциона Вам будет выплачено Ваше вознаграждение.

TEL +49 (0)541 96 20 20, FAX +49 (0)541 96 20 222, SERVICE@KUENKER.DE, WWW.KUENKER.DE

什么是书面竞价要注意的？ • 请尽早将您的竞价单寄给我们。如果我们在拍卖前很短时间内才收到您的竞价单，可能会产生工作上的失误。后面附加的竞价表会辅助您完成您的书面竞价。我们很愿意通过邮件，传真及电子邮件的方式接受您的竞价。

CHINESE

• 如果您以前从未参与过我们的拍卖，请将一个与您有过生意往来的钱币公司作为介绍人告知我们。 • 我们承诺所有拍品为真品，即使过了法律追诉期。

您想通过电话竞拍吗？您当然也可以参加电话竞价。我们会在拍卖进行时致电给您，并协助您拍得拍品。我们请您注意以下几点： • 电话竞价只针对估价为500欧元以上的拍品。 • 请在至少拍卖48小时前告知我们您要电话竞价的拍品。 • 请您注意，在您的拍品进行竞拍时，我们能够与您联系上。拍卖目录中所附的时间表能帮助您推测您的拍品竞拍时间。 • 如果我们不能与您联系上，我们会以您的名义出价到您书面竞价的最高价，最低不低于我们的起拍价。

Michael Otto Deutsch, English

• L请您注意，电话竞价是一种不保险的参拍方式。我们并不能保证电话线路的畅通无阻。如果您想确保参拍，请亲临现场或书面竞价。

拍卖售后服务 • 在拍卖结束后我们将立即开始寄出拍品，通常需要8个工作日。 • 所有参加书面竞价的顾客，将在拍卖结束的2周内免费收到我们的拍品成交价目单。

Phone: +49 (0)541 96 20 20 Fax: +49 (0)541 96 20 222 E-Mail: service@kuenker.de Website: www.kuenker.com Monday –Thursday 8.30 AM – 5 PM Friday 8 AM – 3.30 PM

• 所有拍品成交价目单最晚在拍卖结束一天后登载在我们的主页上。

您想送拍您所收藏的钱币到我们的拍卖会？如果您想出售您的钱币，请联系我们坤客拍卖公司。自1985年我们就通过一年四拍和大约每年15本拍卖目录来证明了我们的专业技能和可信度。请过目以下的重要信息： • 您的钱币将由我们的专家通过最新币识标准来鉴定并刊登到高品质的彩色目录上。 • 我们拥有全球超过10000个顾客，平均在每场拍卖会上有95%的拍品成交，并多次创造了新的成交记录。对于没有成交的拍品我们不收取任何费用。 • 从我们收到您的钱币开始，拍品会以双倍起拍价保险，我们的客户服务很愿意为您解说您的钱币如何能安全的递交于我们。 • 我们在收到您的钱币后会立即给您开具书面收据，最晚至拍卖开始前5星期您会收到所送拍品明细清单及其目录号和起拍价。 • 拍卖结束后您会收到成交价目录单并从中确认您的送交拍品成交价。45 天后您会收到您的拍品拍卖所得款项。

TEL +49 (0)541 96 20 20, FAX +49 (0)541 96 20 222, SERVICE@KUENKER.DE, WWW.KUENKER.DE

INHALT AUKTION 227 Nr. AUSGEWÄHLTE MÜNZEN DES MITTELALTERS DIE SAMMLUNG DR. EDOARDO CURTI Frühmittelalter (5.-10. Jahrhundert) Italien und Europa nach dem Zerfall des Römischen Imperiums Italia Ostgoten Sueben Westgoten Burgunder Merowinger Prägungen ohne merowingische Königsnamen nach 507 Anonym Prägungen mit merowingischen Königsnamen Prägungen mit merowingischen Monetarnamen Anonyme merowingerzeitliche Prägung aus dem Gebiet zwischen Rhein und Elbe Karolinger Prägungen Pippins des Kurzen Prägungen Karls I. des Großen Prägungen Ludwigs I. des Frommen Prägungen der Könige von Aquitanien aus der ersten Hälfte des 9. Jahrhunderts Prägungen Lothars I. Prägungen Ludwigs II. Prägungen Karls II. des Kahlen Eine Prägung Ludwig II. des Stammlers Eine Prägung Ludwigs III. Eine Prägung Boso(n)s von Vienne Prägungen Ludwigs II. des Deutschen Prägungen Karlmanns Prägungen Karls III. des Dicken Prägungen Arnulfs von Kärnten Prägungen Ludwigs IV. des Kindes Eine anonyme Prägung aus Venedig (Vacatio Imperii) Eine äußerst seltene Prägung des Kirchenstaates Prägungen Berengars I. aus der ersten Regierungszeit in Italien, 888-889. Prägungen Guidos Prägungen Lamberts I.

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85 87 89

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Nr. Prägungen Berengars I. aus der zweiten Regierungszeit in Italien, 896-901 Prägungen Ludwigs III. des Blinden Prägungen Berengars I. aus der dritten Regierungszeit in Italien, 905-924 Prägungen Odos Prägungen Karls III. des Einfältigen Prägungen aus der Zeit der Robertiner Robert I. und Raoul Prägungen Hugos des Großen Eine rätselhafte karolingische Prägung aus der Regierungszeit Hugos des Großen (936-956) Prägungen Ludwigs IV. des Überseeischen Prägungen aus der letzten Periode karolingischer Herrschaft in Italien (924-961) Prägungen Rudolfs II. Prägungen Hugos von der Provence Prägungen Lothars II. Gemeinschaftsprägung des Fürsten Alberich II. von Rom mit Papst Agapitus II. (945-955) Prägungen Berengars II. Prägungen Lothars Eine Prägung im Namen der Königin Emma Eine rätselhafte karolingische Prägung des 10./11. Jahrhunderts Lothringen unter den Ottonen Das Bistum Metz

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Frankreich unter den Kapetingern England von den Angelsachsen bis zum Haus Plantagenet (7.-13. Jahrhundert) Angelsachsen - Goldmünzen ca. 630-675 Northumbria Mercia East Anglia Wessex England Wikinger / Danelaw Angelsächsische Könige von England (978-1066) Normannische Könige von England (1066-1154) Englische Könige aus dem Hause Plantagenet (1154-1399)

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Nr. Das Königreich Dänemark im 10. und 11. Jahrhundert Prägungen der dänischen Statthalter in Norddeutschland Goldmünzen aus der Zeit des Hundertjährigen Krieges (1337-1453) England Deutsches Reich Brabant Hainaut (Hennegau) Flandern Frankreich Französische Feodalprägungen Provence Avignon Orange Viennois

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Anhang Stichwortverzeichnis/Index

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Literaturverzeichnis

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Leitfaden zur erfolgreichen schriftlichen Auktionsteilnahme/ Важная информация об участии на аукционе

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Versteigerungsbedingungen/Terms and Conditions of Auction

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Numismatische Ausdrücke/Numismatic Terms

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Impressum/Bankverbindungen

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Alle Münzen der Auktion 227 unterliegen der Differenzbesteuerung.

Alle Abbildungen vergrĂśĂ&#x;ert 1,5:1

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.CP\ )GPWC 6TKVQP #WUIGY·JNVG /ÒP\GP XQP 8GPGFKI 0#% WPF /KVVGNCNVGT OÒP\GP CWU &GWVUEJNCPF $ÌJOGP WPF /·JTGP 0#% &KG XQTNKGIGPFG 5COONWPI XQP /ÒP\GP FGU GWTQR·KUEJGP /KVVGNCNVGTU XQP FGT 8ÌNMGTYCPFGTWPI DKU \WO *WPFGTVL·JTKIGP -TKGI FQMWOGPVKGTV IGOGKPUCO OKV FGP \WXQT GTY·JPVGP 5COONWPIGP \W CPFGTGP PWOKUOCVKUEJGP 6JGOGP GKP CWGTIGYÌJPNKEJGU 5RGMVTWO CP 'THCJTWPIGP WPF -GPPVPKUUGP FGU 5COONGTU &T 'FQCTFQ %WTVK FGT UQ DGFGWVGPFG 2GTUÌPNKEJMGKVGP FGT PWOKUOCVKUEJGP (CEJYGNV YKG /CTKQ WPF /CTEQ 4CVVQ .KXKQ 5CPVCOCTKC WPF .GQ /KNFGPDGTI \W UGKPGP .GJTOGKUVGTP \·JNGP FWTHVG 'U GPVURTKEJV FGO GWTQR·KUEJGP <WUEJPKVV FGT XQTNKGIGPFGP 5COONWPI FC FKGUGT PWOKUOCVKUEJG $GUVCPF FGU KVCNKGPKUEJGP 5COONGTU XQP 2KGTTG %TKPQP 1)0 2CTKU WPF -ÒPMGT IGOGKPUCO XGTUVGKIGTV YKTF 9KT DGFCPMGP WPU DGK WPUGTGO -WPFGP &T %WTVK HÒT FCU 8GTVTCWGP WPF DGK WPUGTGO -QNNGIGP 2KGTTG %TKPQP HÒT FKG IWVG <WUCOOGPCTDGKV +JPGP NKGDGT -WPFG YÒPUEJGP YKT XKGN (TGWFG DGKO 5VWFKWO FGU -CVCNQIGU WPF XKGN 'THQNI DGKO $KGVGP 1UPCDTÒEM KO ,CPWCT &T #PFTGCU -CKUGT

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ŋGENGEVKEŌ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

0#% 6JG RTGUGPV EQNNGEVKQP QH 'WTQRGCP OGFKGXCN EQKPU HTQO VJG DCTDCTKCP KPXCUKQPU VQ VJG *WPFTGF ;GCTUŉ 9CT VQIGVJGT YKVJ VJG RTGXKQWUN[ OGPVKQPGF EQNNGEVKQPU QP QVJGT PWOKUOCVKE VJGOGU FQEWOGPVU CP GZVTCQTFKPCT[ URGEVTWO QH GZRGTKGPEG CPF MPQYNGFIG QH VJG EQNNGEVQT &T 'FQCTFQ %WTVK COQPI YJQUG OGPVQTU CTG PWODGTGF UWEJ KNNWUVTKQWU RGTUQPCIGU CU /CTKQ CPF /CTEQ 4CVVQ .KXKQ 5CPVCOCTKC CPF .GQ /KNFGPDGTI #U DGHKVU VJG 'WTQRGCP EJCTCEVGT QH VJKU EQNNGEVKQP VJKU PWOKUOCVKE RQTVHQNKQ QH VJG +VCNKCP EQNNGEVQT KU DGKPI CWEVKQPGF LQKPVN[ D[ 2KGTTG %TKPQP 1)0 2CTKU CPF -ÒPMGT 9G GZVGPF QWT VJCPMU VQ QWT EWUVQOGT &T %WTVK HQT JKU VTWUV CPF VQ QWT EQNNGCIWG 2KGTTG %TKPQP HQT JKU EQQRGTCVKQP 9G YKUJ [QW FGCT EWUVQOGT OWEJ RNGCUWTG KP [QWT RGTWUCN QH VJG ECVCNQI CPF UWEEGUU KP [QWT DKFFKPI 1UPCDTÒEM ,CPWCT[ &T #PFTGCU -CKUGT

&+' 5#//.70) &4 '&1#4&1 %746+ 07/+5/#6+5%*' 4#4+6 6'0 &'5 /+66'.#.6'45 810 &'4 8¤.-'49#0&'470)5<'+6 $+5 <7/ *70&'46, *4+)'0 -4+')

L·JTV UKEJ FGT 6QFGUVCI -CTNU FGU )TQGP \WO /CN 9QJN MCWO GKP *GTTUEJGT FGU /KVVGNCNVGTU KUV FGTCTV KO MQNNGMVKXGP GWTQR·KUEJGP )GF·EJVPKU J·PIGP IGDNKGDGP FCUU UGKP 0COG CWEJ JGWVG PQEJ PCJG\W LGFGO DGMCPPV KUV &KGU OCI PKEJV \WNGV\V FCTCP NKGIGP FCUU GT CNU #JPJGTT YGPKIUVGPU \YGKGT 0CVKQPGP FGU -QPVKPGPVU IKNV ņ (TCPMTGKEJ WPF &GWVUEJNCPF #NU ō8CVGT 'WTQRCUŋ

2CVGT 'WTQRCG YWTFG GT DGTGKVU IGIGP 'PFG FGU ,CJTJWPFGTVU KO 2CFGTDQTPGT 'RQU DG\GKEJPGV WPF FGT $GKPCOG ōFGT )TQGŋ %CTQNWU /CIPWU KUV UQ WPVTGPPDCT OKV FGO 0COGP XGTUEJOQN\GP FCUU GT KP GKPKIGP TQOCPKUEJGP 5RTCEJGP \WO 'KIGPPCOGP IGYQTFGP KUV HTCP\ÌUKUEJ %JCTNGOCIPG KVCNKGPKUEJ WPF URCPKUEJ %CTNQOCIPQ #WEJ FGO 0WOKUOCVKMGT IKNV -CTN FGT )TQG CNU $GITÒPFGT FGU OKVVGNCNVGTNKEJGP /ÒP\YGUGPU WPF UGKPG YQJN CO 'PFG FGU ,CJTJWPFGTVU FWTEJIGHÒJTVG /ÒP\TGHQTO JCVVG YGKV ÒDGT UGKPGP 6QF JKPCWU DKU KPU ,CJTJWPFGTV $GUVCPF 7OUQ OGJT HTGWGP YKT WPU +JPGP DGTGKVU GKP ,CJT XQT FGO ITQGP ōGWTQR·KUEJGP ,WDKN·WOULCJTŋ GKPG WOHCPITGKEJG 5COONWPI XQP OGJT CNU /ÒP\GP PKEJV PWT CWU FGT <GKV -CTNU FGU )TQGP UQPFGTP FGU (TCPMGPTGKEJGU FGT -CTQNKPIGT KPUIGUCOV RT·UGPVKGTGP \W MÌPPGP 'TI·P\V YKTF FKGUG GKP\KICTVKIG -QNNGMVKQP FWTEJ \CJNTGKEJG )GRT·IG FGT OKVVGNGWTQR·KUEJGP )CNNKC CWU FGT 8ÌNMGTYCPFGTWPIU\GKV WPF FGO /GTQYKPIGTTGKEJ *KP\W VTGVGP GPINKUEJG WPF F·PKUEJG /ÒP\GP CWU FGT <GKV FGT PQTFGWTQR·KUEJGP /CEJVM·ORHG \YKUEJGP #PIGNUCEJUGP 9KMKPIGTP WPF 0QTOCPPGP 0GDGP FGP UKNDGTPGP 2HGPPKI RT·IWPIGP FGU ,CJTJWPFGTVU YGUVNKEJ WPF ÌUVNKEJ FGT 0QTFUGG HKPFGP UKEJ CWGTFGO JQEJ KPVGTGUUCPVG WPF UGNVGPG )QNFOÒP\GP CWU FGT <GKV FGU *WPFGTVL·JTKIGP -TKGIGU KP JGTCWU TCIGPFGP 3WCNKV·VGP FKG WPU FKG JCPFGNPFGP 2GTUQPGP FKGUGU GPINKUEJ HTCP\ÌUKUEJGP &CWGTMQPHNKMVU KO WPF ,CJTJWPFGTV XQT #WIGP HÒJTGP 6CWEJGP 5KG GKP KP GKPG <GKV HGWFCNGT )GYCNV DGYCHHPGVGT 6JTQPUVTGKVKIMGKVGP WPF UMCPFKPCXKUEJGT +PXCUQTGP CDGT CWEJ KP GKPG 'RQEJG CWHUVTGDGPFGP -WPUVUEJCHHGPU YGKVTGKEJGPFGT *CPFGNUCMVKXKV·VGP WPF EJTKUVNKEJGT (TÌOOKIMGKV ņ MWT\WO +P GKPG <GKV DGFGWVGPFGT IGUGNNUEJCHVNKEJGT WPF RQNKVKUEJGT 7OY·N\WPIGP KP FGT FKG )TWPFNCIGP FGT GWTQR·KUEJGP /QFGTPG IGNGIV YWTFGP 9KT YÒPUEJGP +JPGP XKGN (TGWFG DGKO 5VWFKWO FGU -CVCNQIGU WPF XKGN 'THQNI OKV +JTGP )GDQVGP &T 5GDCUVKCP 5VGKPDCEJ ,GPU 7NTKEJ 6JQTOCPP

6*' %1..'%6+10 1( &4 '&1#4&1 %746+ 07/+5/#6% 4#4+6+'5 1( 6*' /+&&.' #)'5 (41/ 6*' $#4$#4+#0 +08#5+105 61 6*' *70&4'& ;'#4 5 9#4

YKNN OCTM VJG VJ CPPKXGTUCT[ QH VJG FGCVJ QH %JCTNGOCIPG 5ECTEGN[ CPQVJGT OGFKGXCN TWNGT TGOCKPU KP VJG EQNNGEVKXG 'WTQRGCP OGOQT[ KP VJG UCOG YC[ JKU PCOG KU UVKNN MPQYP VQFC[ VQ PGCTN[ GXGT[QPG 1PG RQUUKDNG GZRNCPCVKQP OC[ NKG YKVJ VJG HCEV VJCV JG KU EQPUKFGTGF CP ŋCRKECN CPEGUVQTŌ TWNGT QH CV NGCUV VYQ PCVKQPU QP VJG EQPVKPGPV ņ (TCPEG CPF )GTOCP[ *G YCU FGUETKDGF CU ŋ(CVJGT QH 'WTQRGŋ 2CVGT 'WTQRCG CU GCTN[ CU VJG GPF QH VJG VJ EGPVWT[ KP VJG 2CFGTDQTPGT 'RQU CPF VJG UWTPCOG ŋVJG )TGCVŌ %CTQNWU /CIPWU JCU DGEQOG UQ KPUGRCTCDNG HTQO JKU PCOG VJCV KP UQOG .CVKP FGUEGPFGF NCPIWCIGU KV JCU DGEQOG RCTV QH JKU PCOG (TGPEJ %JCTNGOCIPG +VCNKCP CPF 5RCPKUJ %CTNQOCIPQ 6Q PWOKUOCVKUVU CU YGNN %JCTNGOCIPG KU EQPUKFGTGF VJG HQWPFGT QH OGFKGXCN OKPVKPI CPF JKU EQKP TGHQTO ņRTQDCDN[ GZGEWVGF CV VJG GPF QH VJG VJ EGPVWT[ ņ JCF TCOKHKECVKQPU TGCEJKPI YGNN RCUV JKU FGCVJ CPF KPVQ VJG VJ EGPVWT[ 6JWU KV KU C URGEKCN RNGCUWTG HQT WU C HWNN [GCT DGHQTG VJG ITGCV ŋ'WTQRGCP ,WDKNGG ;GCTŋ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ŉ 9CT YJKEJ FKURNC[ VJG NGCFKPI HKIWTGU HTQO VJKU RTQNQPIGF 'PINKUJ (TGPEJ EQPHNKEV QH VJG VJ CPF VJ EGPVWTKGU +OOGTUG [QWTUGNH KP C VKOG QH HGWFCN XKQNGPEG CTOGF UVTWIING HQT VJTQPGU CPF 5ECPFKPCXKCP KPXCFGTU DWV CNUQ KP CP GRQEJ QH GOGTIGPV CTVKUVKE GPFGCXQT YKFG TGCEJKPI VTCFG CEVKXKVKGU CPF %JTKUVKCP RKGV[ ņ KP UJQTV KP C VKOG QH RTQHQWPF UQEKGVCN CPF RQNKVKECN VTCPUHQTOCVKQP FWTKPI YJKEJ VJG HQWPFCVKQPU QH OQFGTP 'WTQRG YGTG NCKF 9G YKUJ [QW OWEJ RNGCUWTG KP VJG RGTWUCN QH VJG ECVCNQI CPF OWEJ UWEEGUU YKVJ [QWT DKFU &T 5GDCUVKCP 5VGKPDCEJ ,GPU 7NTKEJ 6JQTOCPP

ITALIA

(4ª*/+66'.#.6'4 ,#*4*70&'46

+6#.+'0 70& '7412# 0#%* &'/ <'4(#.. &'5 4¤/+5%*'0 +/2'4+7/5 +6#.+# 25'7&1+/2'4+#.' 24 )70)'0 1FQCMGT 'T YCT FGT 5QJP 'FGMQPU GKPGU $GFKGPUVGVGP FGU *WPPGPMÌPKIU #VVKNC WPF GKPGT WPDGMCPPVGP (TCW XQO 5VCOOG FGT 5MKTGP +P FGO WO GPVUVCPFGPGP D[\CPVKPKUEJGP .GZKMQP 5WFC YKTF CWGTFGO GKP $TWFGT PCOGPU *WPWNH GTY·JPV 1FQCMGT CWEJ 1FQXCMCT YWEJU YQJN CO *QH FGU *WPPGPMÌPKIU CWH WPF FKGPVG UR·VGT KP FGT .GKDYCEJG FGU YGUVTÌOKUEJGP -CKUGTU #PVJGOKWU 0CEJFGO FGT *GGTOGKUVGT OCIKUVGT OKNKVWO 1TGUVGU FGP NGV\VGP NGIKVKOGP YGUVTÌOKUEJGP -CKUGT ,WNKWU 0GRQU \WT (NWEJV \YCPI GTJQD GT UGKPGP 5QJP 4QOWNWU IGPCPPV #WIWUVWNWU ōFCU -CKUGTNGKPŋ \WO PGWGP 5EJCVVGPMCKUGT &CTCWHJKP MCO GU \W GKPGO #WHUVCPF FGT DCTDCTKUEJGP (ÌFGTCVGP KP +VCNKGP XQP FGPGP GKP )TQVGKN 1FQCMGT CO #WIWUV \W KJTGO #PHÒJTGT Y·JNVGP 1FQCMGT VÌVGVG 1TGUVGU WPF UGV\VG 4QOWNWU CNU NGV\VGP YGUVTÌOKUEJGP -CKUGT CD &GP 1TPCV UCPFVG GT PCEJ $[\CP\ OKV FGO *KPYGKU FCUU KO 9GUVGP MGKP -CKUGT OGJT DGPÌVKIV YGTFG WPF OCP UKEJ PWP FKTGMV FGO QUVTÌOKUEJGP +ORGTCVQT WP VGTUVGNNGP YÒTFG &CTCWHJKP GTPCPPVG UKEJ 1FQCMGT \WO -ÌPKI XQP +VCNKGP 4GZ +VCNKCG WPF FCU 9GUVTÌ OKUEJG 4GKEJ JÌTVG HCMVKUEJ CWH \W GZKUVKGTGP QDYQJN ,WNKWU 0GRQU DKU PQEJ CO .GDGP YCT 'T NKG FCU TÌOKUEJG 8GTYCNVWPIU ,WUVK\ WPF 5VGWGTU[UVGO KPVCMV WPF DGNQJPVG UGKPG #PJ·PIGT OKV .CPFIG UEJGPMGP 5GKV MCO GU YKGFGTJQNV \W #WUGKPCPFGTUGV\WPIGP OKV FGP XQTTÒEMGPFGP 1UVIQVGP FKG 1FQCMGT HCUV \YGK ,CJTG NCPI KP 4CXGPPC DGNCIGTVGP 0CEJ \YGK IGUEJGKVGTVGP #WUDTWEJUXGT UWEJGP UEJNQUU 1FQCMGT OKV FGO QUVIQVKUEJGP -ÌPKI 6JGQFGTKEJ CO (GDTWCT GKPGP 9CHHGPUVKNN UVCPF 0WT YGPKIG 6CIG XGTOWVNKEJ CO /·T\ UR·VGT YWTFG GT LGFQEJ XQP FKGUGO KP 4CXGPPC GT OQTFGV 1FQCMGT HKPFGV CNU 1VCEJTG 'TY·JPWPI KO CNVJQEJFGWVUEJGP ō*KNFGDTCPFUNKGFŋ

2001

Ô 5QNKFWU KO 0COGP FGU <GPQ 4QO I & 0 <'01 2 ņ '42 ( #8) )GRCP\GTVG $ÒUVG X X OKV *GNO 5RGGT WPF 5EJKNF 8+%614+ ņ # #8))) # 8KEVQTKC UVGJV N OKV .CPIMTGW\ FCJKPVGT UGEJU UVTCJNKIGT 5VGTP KO #DUEJPKVV | %1/1$ | .CECO 2N 4+% )1.& 44 8QT\ÒINKEJ 'ZGORNCT FGT #WMVKQP #TVGOKFG #UVG 5CP /CTKPQ 0T

2002

Ô 6TGOKUUKU KO 0COGP FGU <GPQ 4QO I & 0 <'01 2 ņ '42 ( #8) &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG T OKV &KCFGO -TGW\ KP -TCP\ KO #DUEJPKVV %1/1$ .CECO 2N 4+% XGTIN )1.& 44 8QT\ÒINKEJ

'ZGORNCT FGT 5COONWPI $GTPCTF %JYCTV\ #WMVKQP %TKPQP 2CTKU ,WPK 0T FQTV CNU +OKVCVKQP XQP .CECO 2N DG\GKEJPGV

+O -CVCNQI FGT 5COONWPI %JYCTV\ YKTF FCU 5VÒEM GKPGT YGUVIQVKUEJGP /ÒP\UV·VVG KP )CNNKGP \WIGYKGUGP 9KT JCNVGP FGP 6TGOKUUKU JKPIGIGP HÒT GKPG TÌOKUEJG 2T·IWPI FGU 1FQCMGT

ŇŇŇŇŇŇ

+P VJG %JYCTV\ EQNNGEVKQP ECVCNQIWG VJG RKGEG KU CVVTKDWVGF VQ C 9GUV )QVJKE OKPV KP )CWN 9G QP VJG QVJGT JCPF LWFIG VJG 6TGOKUUKU VQ DG C 4QOCP EQKPCIG QH 1FQCMGT

ITALIA

2003

Ô 5QNKFWU KO 0COGP FGU <GPQ /GFKQNCPWO I & 0 <'01 ņ 2' ņ 4 ( #8) )GRCP\GTVG $ÒUVG X X OKV *GNO 5RGGT WPF 5EJKNF 8+%614+ ņ # #8))) 8KEVQTKC UVGJV N OKV .CPIMTGW\ FCXQT UVTCJNKIGT 5VGTP \YKUEJGP .CPIMTGW\ WPF 8KEVQTKC Q, KO (GNF / ņ & KO #DUEJPKVV %1/1$ .CECO 2N HH NGKEJV XCT FQTV WPVGT 6JGQFGTKEJ 4+% 2N #XGTU UVGORGNINGKEJ 4GXGTU OKV CEJVUVTCJNKIGO 5VGTP )1.& /KV UVTCJNKIGO 5VGTP XQP ITQGT 5GNVGPJGKV )WVGU XQT\ÒINKEJ 'ZGORNCT FGT 5COONWPI 'UVG /KNCPK #WMVKQP 8CTGUK 2CXKC 0T

2004

Ô 6TGOKUUKU KO 0COGP FGU <GPQ /GFKQNCPWO I & 0 <'01 ņ 2'42 0 % &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG T OKV 2GTNFKCFGO -TGW\ KP -TCP\ KO #DUEJPKVV %1/1$ .CECO 2N XGTIN HH FQTV WPVGT ,WNKWU 0GRQU 4+% )1.& 4 /KP IGYGNNV MNGKPGT -TCV\GT CWH FGO 4GXGTU HCUV XQT\ÒINKEJGU 'ZGORNCT OKV HGKPGT 6ÌPWPI 'ZGORNCT FGT #WMVKQP #TVGOKFG #UVG 5CP /CTKPQ 0T

2005

Ô 5QNKFWU KO 0COGP FGU <GPQ 5CTFKPKGP ! I & 0 <'0 2'42 #8) )GRCP\GTVG $ÒUVG X X OKV *GNO 5EJKNF WPF 5RGGT 8+%614+ # #8))) 5 8KEVQTKC UVGJV N OKV -TGW\ N 5VGTP )TKGT UQP $NCEMDWTP .CECO $[\CP\ 2N p $ + )1.& 0WT FTGK 'ZGORNCTG DGMCPPV 8QP ITÌVGT 5GNVGPJGKV -N -TCV\GT HGKPG 6ÌPWPI IWVGU UGJT UEJÌP 'ZGORNCT FGT 5COONWPI $GTPCTF %JYCTV\ #WMVKQP %TKPQP 2CTKU ,WPK 0T 'ZGORNCT FGT 5COONWPI 0CFKC -CRCOCFLK #WMVKQP $QWTIG[ 2CTKU 1MVQDGT 0T

<YGK FGT FTGK DGMCPPVGP 5VÒEMG UVCOOGP CWU UCTFKPKUEJGP (WPFGP FCU 5 CO 'PFG FGT 4GXGTUNGIGPFG MÌPPVG CNUQ GKP *KPYGKU UGKP FC FQTV CWEJ FKG /ÒP\UV·VVG \W UWEJGP KUV &QTV MÌPPVGP GU FKG 8CPFCNGP QFGT 1FQCMGT IGRT·IV JCDGP

ŇŇŇŇŇŇ

6YQ QH VJG VJTGG MPQYP RKGEGU EQOG HTQO 5CTFKPKC VJG 5 CV VJG GPF QH VJG DCEM KPUETKRVKQP EQWNF CNUQ KPFKECVG VJCV VJG OKPV OKIJV JCXG DGGP NQECVGF VJGTG 6JG 8CPFCNU QT 1FQCMGT EQWNF JCXG UVTWEM VJGO VJGTG

OSTGOTEN

156)16'0 25'7&1+/2'4+#.' 24 )70)'0 0CEJ FGO 6QF #VVKNCU KP FGUUGP *QEJ\GKVUPCEJV OKV FGT )QVKP +NFKMÉ WPF FGO FCOKV XGTDWPFGPGP 0KGFGTICPI FGT JWPPKUEJGP *GTTUEJCHV GTNCPIVGP CWEJ FKG OKV KJPGP CNNKKGTVGP 1UVIQVGP )TGWVWPIGP KJTG 7PCDJ·PIKIMGKV 5KG UEJNQUUGP GKPGP (ÌFGTCVGPXGTVTCI OKV FGO 4ÌOKUEJGP 4GKEJ WPF UKGFGNVGP KP FGT 2TQXKP\ 2CPPQPKGP YWTFG 6JGQFGTKEJ FGT )TQG FGT CNU )GKUGN CO D[\CPVKPK UEJGP *QH GT\QIGP YQTFGP YCT XQP GKPGO 6GKN FGT 1UVIQVGP \WO -ÌPKI IGY·JNV 5GKP )GIGPURKGNGT YCT FGT GDGPHCNNU QUVIQVKUEJG *GGTOGKUVGT OCIKUVGT OKNKVWO 6JGQFGTKEJ 5VTCDQ ōFGT 5EJKGNGPFGŋ FGT DGK GKPGO 4GKVWPHCNN WOU .GDGP MCO WPF FCOKV 6JGQFGTKEJ GPFIÒNVKI FGP 9GI HTGK OCEJVG \QI 6JGQFGTKEJ KO #WHVTCI FGU QUVTÌOKUEJGP -CKUGTU <GPQP PCEJ +VCNKGP WO IGIGP 1FQCMGT \W M·ORHGP YWTFG 1FQCMGT FWTEJ 6JGQFGTKEJ GTOQTFGV QDYQJN GU \YKUEJGP DGKFGP GKPGP 9CHHGP UVKNNUVCPF IGIGDGP JCVVG WPF 6JGQFGTKEJ JGTTUEJVG PWP WPCPIGHQEJVGP CNU RTKPEGRU 4QOCPWU ÒDGT +VCNKGP #WEJ 6JGQFGTKEJ YCT DGOÒJV FKG TÌOKUEJG 8GTYCNVWPIURTCZKU KPVCMV \W JCNVGP WPF FKG IQVKUEJG *GTT UEJCHV FWTEJ GKPG IGUEJKEMVG *GKTCVU WPF $ÒPFPKURQNKVKM \W MQPUQNKFKGTGP 'T MQPPVG LGFQEJ FKG #WU DTGKVWPI FGT HT·PMKUEJGP *GTTUEJCHV ÒDGT FKG 2TQXKP\ )CNNKC PKEJV XGTJKPFGTP 6JGQFGTKEJ UVCTD CO #WIWUV 5GKP PQEJ JGWVG \W DGUKEJVKIGPFGU KORQUCPVGU )TCDOCN KP 4CXGPPC KUV LGFQEJ NGGT 5GKP GTUV L·JTKIGT 0CEJHQNIGT #VJCNCTKEJ YWTFG XQP 6JGQFGTKEJU 6QEJVGT #OCNCUWKPVJC DGGKPHNWUUV FKG LGFQEJ FWTEJ KJTGP 8GVVGT 6JGQFCJCF GPVOCEJVGVG YWTFG &CTCWHJKP GTITKHH FGT QUVTÌOKUEJG -CKUGT ,WUVKPKCP + FKG UKEJ KJO DKGVGPFG )GNGIGPJGKV FGT WPIGMN·TVGP *GTTUEJCHVUXGTJ·NVPKUUG WPF NKG +VCNKGP FWTEJ UGKPGP (GNFJGTTP $GNKUCT \WTÒEMGTQDGTP &GT QUVIQVKUEJG -ÌPKI 9KVKIKU NGKUVGVG PQEJ DKU 9KFGTUVCPF YWTFG FCPP LGFQEJ XQP $GNKUCT KP 4CXGPPC IGHCPIGP IGPQOOGP 'U HQNIVGP ,CJTG FGU YGEJUGNPFGU -TKGIUINÒEMGU KP FGPGP +VCNKGP XQP *GGTGP DGKFGT 5GKVGP XGTYÒUVGV YWTFG DGXQT GU FGO QUVTÌOKUEJGP (GNFJGTTP 0CTUGU IGNCPI FGP 1UVIQVGPMÌPKI 6QVKNC KP FGT 5EJNCEJV XQP $WUVC )CNNQ TWO \W UEJNCIGP WPF \W VÌVGP &KG -·ORHG \QIGP UKEJ LGFQEJ PQEJ ,CJTG JKP DGXQT CWEJ FKG NGV\VGP IQVKUEJGP 8GTD·PFG UKEJ FGO -CKUGT WPVGTYCTHGP QFGT +VCNKGP XGTNKGGP

2006

6JGQFGTKEJ Ô 5QNKFWU KO 0COGP FGU #PCUVCUKWU + 4QO ! I & 0 #0#56# 5+85 2 ( #8) )GRCP\GTVG $ÒUVG X X OKV *GNO 2GTNFKCFGO 5EJKNF WPF 5RGGT 8+%614 ņ + ņ # #8))) # 8KEVQTKC UVGJV N OKV .CPIMTGW\ T CEJVUVTCJNKIGT 5VGTP KO #DUEJPKVV Q1p1$ )TKGTUQP $NCEMDWTP *CJP /+$ -TCWU /GVNKEJ 5NI 8GTYQTP FKGU 'ZGORNCT )1.& 8QP ITÌVGT 5GNVGPJGKV 8QT\ÒINKEJGU 2TCEJVGZGORNCT

'ZGORNCT FGT #WMVKQP .CP\ /ÒPEJGP 0T 'ZGORNCT FGT 5COONWPI /CZ 8GTYQTP #WMVKQP *GUU (TCPMHWTV CO /CKP 0T

&KG <WYGKUWPI KUV PKEJV IGUKEJGTV 'U MÌPPVG UKEJ CWEJ WO GKPG DWTIWPFKUEJG QFGT OGTQYKPIKUEJG 2T·IWPI JCPFGNP

ŇŇŇŇŇŇ

6JG CVVTKDWVKQP KU PQV HKTON[ GUVCDNKUJGF 6JG EQKP OC[ CNUQ JCXG DGGP UVTWEM D[ VJG $WTIWPFKCPU QT VJG /GTQXKPIKCPU

2007

Ô 5QNKFWU KO 0COGP FGU #PCUVCUKWU + 4QO I & 0 #0#56# ņ 5+85 2 ( #8) )GRCP\GTVG $ÒUVG X X OKV *GNO 2GTNFKCFGO 5EJKNF WPF 5RGGT 8+%614 ņ + # #8))) # 8KEVQTKC UVGJV N OKV .CPIMTGW\ T CEJVUVTCJNKIGT 5VGTP KO #DUEJPKVV %1/1$ )TKGTUQP $NCEMDWTP *CJP /+$ -TCWU /GVNKEJ )1.& 2TCEJVGZGORNCT XQP UEJÌPUVGT 'TJCNVWPI 4 (CUV 5VGORGNINCP\ 'ZGORNCT FGT #WMVKQP 4CWEJ 9KGP 0T

OSTGOTEN

2008

Ô 6TGOKUUKU KO 0COGP FGU #PCUVCUKWU + 4QO I & 0 056 ņ 5+85 2 G 8) &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG T OKV &KCFGO 8+%614+L ņ L8)856148L 8KEVQTKC IGJV T OKV -TCP\ WPF 2CNO\YGKI KO #DUEJPKVV |%1/1$| )TKGTUQP $NCEMDWTP p *CJP /+$ XGTIN -TCWU XGTIN /GVNKEJ C )1.& 8QT\ÒINKEJGU 2TCEJVGZGORNCT 'ZGORNCT FGT 5COONWPI $GTPCTF %JYCTV\ 2CTKU ,WPK 0T 'ZGORNCT FGT #WMVKQP &ÒTT /KEJGN )GPH 0QXGODGT 0T

2KGTTG %TKPQP \KVKGTV 6QOCUKPK WPF YGKUV FCU 5VÒEM FGP 9GUVIQVGP KP 6QWNQWUG QFGT 0CTDQPPG \W #NNGTFKPIU YGKUV FCU 5VÒEM ņ CPFGTU CNU 6QOCUKPK CWH FGO #XGTU FKG ō2GTRGVWWU (GNKZŋ .GIGPFG CWH &CU 5VÒEM YGKUV CNUQ JPNKEJMGKVGP \W 6QOCUKPK CWH 7PVGT FGO 1UVIQVGP 6JGQFGTKEJ KUV GKP 5VGORGNUEJPGKFGT DGNGIV FGT UVGVU YKG DGK FGO XQTNKGIGPFGP 5VÒEM FCU ō(ŋ FGT #XGTUNGIGPFG CNU ō)ŋ IGUEJTKGDGP JCV 1D GU UKEJ DGK FGO XQTNKGIGPFGP 5VÒEM WO GKPG QUVIQVKUEJG 2T·IWPI QFGT WO GKPG HTÒJG ICNNKUEJG 2T·IWPI PCEJ QUVIQVKUEJGO 8QTDKNF JCPFGNV N·V UKEJ PKEJV OKV CDUQNWVGT 5KEJGTJGKV UCIGP

ŇŇŇŇŇŇ

2KGTTG %TKPQP EKVGU 6QOCUKPK CPF CVVTKDWVGU VJKU EQKP VQ VJG 8KUKIQVJU KP 6QWNQWUG QT 0CTDQPPG $WV VJG EQKP UJQYU QP VJG QDXGTUG VJG ŋ2GTRGVWWU (GNKZŌ NGIGPF CPF PQV VJG ŋ22Ō NGIGPF CU 6QOCUKPK 6JG EQKP JCU UKOKNCTKVKGU VQ 6QOCUKPK 1PG FKG EWVVGT YJQ YQTMGF WPFGT VJG 1UVTQIQVJKE MKPI 6JGQFGTKEJ WUWCNN[ EWV VJG ŋ(Ō KP VJG QD XGTUG NGIGPF CU ŋ)ŋ CU QP VJKU EQKP +V KU PQV UWTG KH VJKU RKGEG YCU UVTWEM WPFGT VJG 1UVTQIQVJU QT KH KV KU QPG QH VJG GCTNKGUV )CNNKE KOKVCVKQPU

2009

Ô 6TGOKUUKU KO 0COGP FGU #PCUVCUKWU + 4QO I & 0 #0#56# ņ 5+85 2 ( #8) &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG T OKV &KCFGO 8+%614+# #8)856148/ 8KEVQTKC UVGJV X X OKV -TCP\ WPF -TGW\INQDWU T CEJVUVTCJNKIGT 5VGTP KO #DUEJPKVV %1/1$ )TKGTUQP $NCEMDWTP *CJP /+$ -TCWU XGTIN /GVNKEJ )1.& -NGKPGT (NGEM CWH FGO #XGTU XQT\ÒINKEJ 'ZGORNCT FGT 5COONWPI $GTPCTF %JYCTV\ #WMVKQP %TKPQP 2CTKU ,WPK 0T

2010

#VJCNCTKEJ Ô 6TGOKUUKU KO 0COGP FGU ,WUVKPWU + 4QO I & 0 +856+ ņ 085 2 ( #8) &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG T OKV &KCFGO 8+%614+# #8)856148/ 8KEVQTKC IGJV T OKV -TCP\ WPF -TGW\ N 5VGTP KO #DUEJPKVV %1/1$ )TKGTUQP $NCEMDWTP p *CJP /+$ -TCWU

FQTV WPVGT 4CXGPPC /GVNKEJ )1.& 44 )WVGU XQT\ÒINKEJ 'ZGORNCT FGT #WMVKQP 6JG 0GY ;QTM 5CNG 0GY ;QTM 0T 'ZGORNCT FGT #WMVKQP 0#% <ÒTKEJ 0T

SUEBEN

2011

Ô 5QNKFWU KO 0COGP FGU ,WUVKPKCPWU + 4CXGPPC I & 0 +856+0+ ņ #085 2 ) Ô) )GRCP\GTVG $ÒUVG X X OKV *GNO 2GTNFKCFGO 5RGGT WPF 5EJKNF 8+%614 + # #8))) # 8KEVQTKC UVGJV N OKV .CPIMTGW\ N UGEJUUVTCJNKIGT 5VGTP )TKGTUQP $NCEMDWTP XGTIN 4QO *CJP /+$

4QO -TCWU /GVNKEJ C )1.& 4 -N -TCV\GT CWH FGO #XGTU UQPUV XQT\ÒINKEJ 'ZGORNCT FGT #WMVKQP 0QOKUOC 5CP /CTKPQ 0T

9KG /KEJCGN #PFTGCU /GVNKEJ IG\GKIV JCV YWTFG FKG /ÒP\UV·VVG WPVGT #VJCNCTKEJ XQP 4QO PCEJ 4CXGPPC XGTNGIV

/GVNKEJ 5 H &KG \YGK /ÒPUV·VVGP MÌPPGP DGUQPFGTU FWTEJ FKG #WUTKEJVWPI FGT $·PFGT FGU 2GTNFKCFGOU WPVGTUEJKGFGP YGTFGP FC FKG ÒDTKIG &CTUVGNNWPI \ $ FGT UGEJUUVTCJNKIG 5VGTP YGKVGUVIGJGPF INGKEJ DNGKDV

ŇŇŇŇŇŇ

#U /KEJCGN #PFTGCU /GVNKEJ JCU UJQYP VJG OKPV JCU DGGP TGNQECVGF HTQO 4QOG VQ 4CXGPPC WPFGT VJG TGKIP QH #VJCNCTKEJ /GVNKEJ R H 6JG VYQ OKPVU ECP DG FKHHGTGPVKCVGF D[ VJG RQUKVKQP QH VJG FKCFGO VKGU YJKNG VJG TGUV QH VJG FTCYKPI G I VJG UKZ RQKPVGF UVCT QP VJG TGXGTUG TGOCKPGF WPEJCPIGF

2012

57'$'0

4GEJKCT Ô 5QNKFWU KO 0COGP FGU *QPQTKWU I & 0 *1014+ ņ 85 2 ( #8) &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG T OKV 2GTNFKCFGO 8+%614+ ņ # #8))) -CKUGT UVGJV X X OKV 5VCPFCTVG WPF 8KEVQTKC CWH )NQDWU (W CWH )GHCPIGPGO KO (GNF / & KO #DUEJPKVV %1/1$ 4+% 5 )1.& 8QP ITQGT 5GNVGPJGKV 8QT\ÒINKEJ 'ZGORNCT FGT #WMVKQP 4CWEJ 9KGP 0T

&KG <WYGKUWPI KUV PKEJV IGUKEJGTV

ŇŇŇŇŇŇ

6JG CVVTKDWVKQP KU PQV HKTON[ GUVCDNKUJGF

WESTGOTEN

9'56)16'0 25'7&1+/2'4+#.' 24 )70)'0 &KG 9GUVIQVGP 6GTYKPIGP ÒDGTUEJTKVVGP FKG &QPCW WPF UKGFGNVGP \WP·EJUV KP 6JTCMKGP #O #WIWUV XGTPKEJVGVGP UKG KP FGT 5EJNCEJV DGK #FTKCPQRGN GKP TÌOKUEJGU *GGT WPF VÌVGVGP FGP QUVTÌOK UEJGP -CKUGT 8CNGPU 7PVGT KJTGO -ÌPKI #NCTKEJ \QIGP FKG 9GUVIQVGP PCEJ +VCNKGP DGNCIGTVGP WPF GTQDGTVGP UEJNKGNKEJ 4QO CO #WIWUV FCUU UKG 6CIG NCPI RNÒPFGTVGP UKGFGNVGP UKG CNU TÌOKUEJG (ÌFGTCVGP KP )CNNKGP #SWKVCPKGP 7PVGT #WUPWV\WPI FGT 5EJY·EJG FGU 4ÌOKUEJGP 9GUV TGKEJGU MQPPVGP UKG KJT 6GTTKVQTKWO DKU XQP )CNNKGP CWU ÒDGT FKG 2[TGP·GPJCNDKPUGN OKV #WUPCJOG FGU 6GTTKVQTKWOU FGT 5WGDGP GTYGKVGTP UQIGP 4GIPWO 6QNQUCPWO ō6QNQUCPKUEJGU 4GKEJŋ HTÒJGU ,CJTJWPFGTV 9GPPINGKEJ UKG KJTG URTCEJNKEJG +FGPVKV·V DGYCJTGP MQPPVGP MPÒRHVGP FKG 9GUVIQVGP KP KJTGT 8GTYCNVWPIU WPF 1TICPKUCVKQPUUVTWMVWT FQEJ CP FKG PQEJ XQTJCPFGPGP TÌOKUEJGP 5VTWMVWTGP CP WPVGTNCIGP UKG WPVGT KJTGO -ÌPKI #NCTKEJ FGP OKV FGP $WTIWPFGTP XGTDÒPFGVGP (TCPMGP WPVGT KJTGO -ÌPKI %JNQFYKI KP FGT 5EJNCEJV XQP 8QWKNN¾ 'U HQNIVG FKG KPVGPUKXGTG WPF WO EC CDIGUEJNQUUGPG $GUKGFNWPI FGT KDGTKUEJGP *CNDKPUGN OKV FGT *CWRVUVCFV 6QNGFQ UQIGP 4GIPWO 6QNGVCPWO ō6QNGFCPK UEJGU 4GKEJŋ HTÒJGU ,CJTJWPFGTV +P FGT \YGKVGP *·NHVG FGU ,CJTJWPFGTVU MCO GU FWTEJ UV·P FKIG 6JTQPUVTGKVKIMGKVGP \W GKPGT KPPGPRQNKVKUEJGP -TKUG FKG FGT UKEJ UGKV CPDCJPGPFGP $GFTQ JWPI FWTEJ FKG #TCDGT MGKPGP IGGKPVGP 9KFGTUVCPF GPVIGIGPUVGNNGP MQPPVG #O ,WNK MCO GU \WT XGTJ·PIPKUXQNNGP 0KGFGTNCIG FGT YGUVIQVKUEJGP 6TWRRGP WPVGT KJTGO -ÌPKI 4QFGTKEJ KP FGT 5EJNCEJV CO )WCFCNGVG +P FGT (QNIG\GKV DKU YWTFG FKG 2[TGP·GPJCNDKPUGN XQP FGP #TCDGTP DKU CWH GKP MNGKPGU 6GTTKVQTKWO KO 0QTFYGUVGP GTQDGTV FCU \WT -GKO\GNNG FGT FKG P·EJUVGP ,CJTG CPFCWGTPFGP EJTKUVNK EJGP 4ÒEMGTQDGTWPI YWTFG ō4GEQPSWKUVCŋ #NNG YGUVIQVKUEJGP -ÌPKIG XQP DKU \WT CTCDKUEJGP 'TQDGTWPI UKPF KP ÒDGT XGTUEJKGFGPGP /ÒP\UV·VVGP FWTEJ )GRT·IG DGNGIV

2013

6JGQFGTKEJ Ô 5QNKFWU KO 0COGP FGU *QPQTKWU ICNNKUEJG /ÒP\UV·VVG I & 0 *1014+ ņ 85 2 ( #8) &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG T OKV 4QUGVVGPFKCFGO 8+%614+ ņ # #8))) -CKUGT UVGJV X X OKV 5VCPFCTVG WPF 8KEVQTKC CWH )NQDWU (W CWH )GHCPIGPGO KO (GNF 4 ņ 8 KO #DUEJPKVV %1/1$ 4GKPJCTV XGTIN 6H 4+% )1.& 4 9KP\ -TCV\GT IWVGU UGJT UEJÌP HCUV XQT\ÒINKEJ 'ZGORNCT FGT 5COONWPI $GTPCTF %JYCTV\ #WMVKQP %TKPQP 2CTKU ,WPK 0T

.CWV &T 'FQCTFQ %WTVK MCPP FCU 5VÒEM GZCMVGT CNU KO 4+% KP FKG <GKV FCVKGTV YGTFGP

ŇŇŇŇŇŇ

#EEQTFKPI VQ &T 'FQCTFQ %WTVK VJG RKGEG ECP DG OQTG GZCEVN[ FCVGF VJCP KP VJG 4+% CPF YCU UVTWEM DGVYGGP CPF

2014

Ô 5QNKFWU KO 0COGP FGU *QPQTKWU ICNNKUEJG /ÒP\UV·VVG I & 0 *1014+ ņ 85 2 ( #8) &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG T OKV 4QUGVVGPFKCFGO 8+%614+ # #8))) -CKUGT UVGJV X X OKV 5VCPFCTVG WPF 8KEVQTKC CWH )NQDWU (W CWH )GHCPIGPGO KO (GNF 4 ņ 8 KO #DUEJPKVV %1/1$ 4GKPJCTV XGTIN 6H 4+% )1.& 9KP\ -TCV\GT HCUV XQT\ÒINKEJ 'ZGORNCT FGT #WMVKQP (TKV\ 4WFQNH -ÒPMGT 1UPCDTÒEM 0T

.CWV &T 'FQCTFQ %WTVK MCPP FCU 5VÒEM GZCMVGT CNU KO 4+% KP FKG <GKV FCVKGTV YGTFGP

ŇŇŇŇŇŇ

#EEQTFKPI VQ &T 'FQCTFQ %WTVK VJG RKGEG ECP DG OQTG GZCEVN[ FCVGF VJCP KP VJG 4+% CPF YCU UVTWEM DGVYGGP CPF

WESTGOTEN

2015

Ô 5QNKFWU KO 0COGP FGU 8CNGPVKPKCPWU +++ ICNNKUEJG /ÒP\UV·VVG I & 0 2.# 8#.'06+ ņ 0+#085 2 ( #8) &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG T OKV 4QUGVVGPFKCFGO FCTÒDGT -TCP\ 8+%614+ ņ # #8))) -CKUGT UVGJV X X OKV -TGW\UVCD WPF 8KEVQTKC CWH )NQDWU (W CWH OGPUEJGPMÌRHKIGT 5EJNCPIG KO (GNF 4 ņ 8 KO #DUEJPKVV %101$ 4GKPJCTV XGTIN 6H HH 4+% XGTIN )1.& 8QP ITQGT 5GNVGPJGKV )WVGU UGJT UEJÌP 'ZGORNCT FGT #WMVKQP (TKV\ 4WFQNH -ÒPMGT 1UPCDTÒEM 0T

'KP ·JPNKEJGU ·WGTUV UGNVGPGU 'ZGORNCT KP FGT 5COONWPI $GTPCTF %JYCTV\ #WMVKQP %TKPQP 2CTKU ,WPK 0T \GKIV \WU·V\NKEJ \WO -TCP\ FKG *CPF )QVVGU

ŇŇŇŇŇŇ

# UKOKNCT GZVTGOGN[ TCTG EQKP KP VJG $GTPCTF %JYCTV\ EQNNGEVKQP PQ UJQYU KP CFFKVKQP VQ VJG YTGCVJ QP VJG QDXGTUG VJG JCPF QH IQF

2016

#PQP[O Ô 5QNKFWU KO 0COGP FGU .KDKWU 5GXGTWU ICNNKUEJG /ÒP\UV·VVG I & 0 ++$+85 5'8' ņ 485 2 ( #8) &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG T OKV 4QUGVVGPFKCFGO 8+%614+ ņ # #8))) 8KEVQTKC UVGJV N OKV .CPIMTGW\ KO (GNF 4 ņ # KO #DUEJPKVV %1/1$ )TKGTUQP $NCEMDWTP 4GKPJCTV XGTIN 6H HH 4+% )1.& 4 5GJT UEJÌP 'ZGORNCT FGT #WMVKQP 0#% <ÒTKEJ 0T

2017

Ô 5QNKFWU KO 0COGP FGU .KDKWU 5GXGTWU ICNNKUEJG /ÒP\UV·VVG #TGNCVG! I & 0 ++$+85 5'8' ņ 485 2 ( #8) &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG T OKV 4QUGVVGPFKCFGO 8+%614+ ņ# #8))) 8KEVQTKC UVGJV N OKV .CPIMTGW\ 4+% )1.& 5GJT UGNVGP DGUQPFGTU KP FKGUGT 'TJCNVWPI (CUV XQT\ÒINKEJ 'ZGORNCT FGT #WMVKQP 0#% <ÒTKEJ 0T

&KGU 'ZGORNCT KUV CDIGDKNFGV DGK )W[ .CECO .C HKP FG N 'ORKTG TQOCKP GV NG OQPPC[CIG QT GP +VCNKG .W\GTP 8QN ++ 2N

ŇŇŇŇŇŇ

6JKU KVGO KU FGRKEVGF KP )W[ .CECO .C HKP FG N 'ORKTG TQOCKP GV NG OQPPC[CIG QT GP +VCNKG .W\GTP 8QN ++ RR

WESTGOTEN

2018

Ô 6TGOKUUKU KO 0COGP FGU .KDKWU 5GXGTWU ICNNKUEJG /ÒP\UV·VVG I & 0 5'8'4 ņ 85 2 ( #8) &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG T OKV 4QUGVVGPFKCFGO 8+%614+ # #8))) 8KEVQTKC UVGJV N OKV .CPI MTGW\ KO #DUEJPKVV %1/1$ 4+% )1.& 4 .GKEJV IGYGNNV UGJT UEJÌP

'ZGORNCT FGT #WMVKQP (TKV\ 4WFQNH -ÒPMGT 1UPCDTÒEM 0T

2019

Ô 6TGOKUUKU KO 0COGP FGU <GPQ ICNNKUEJG /ÒP\UV·VVG I & 0 <'01 2'42 #8) &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG T OKV 2GTNFKCFGO 8+%614+ ņ + ņ # #8))) 8KEVQTKC UVGJV N OKV .CPIMTGW\ 4+% )1.& 44 -NGKPGT -TCV\GT CWH FGO #XGTU HCUV XQT\ÒINKEJ 'ZGORNCT FGT 5COONWPI $GTPCTF %JYCTV\ #WMVKQP %TKPQP 2CTKU ,WPK 0T 'ZGORNCT FGT #WMVKQP 8KPEJQP 2CTKU #RTKN 0T

.CWV 2KGTTG %TKPQP YWTFG FCU 5VÒEM OÌINKEJGTYGKUG PCEJ KP %NGTOQPV FWTEJ 5[CITKWU IGRT·IV

ŇŇŇŇŇŇ

#EEQTFKPI VQ 2KGTTG %TKPQP VJG RKGEG YCU RTQDCDN[ UVTWEM CHVGT KP %NGTOQPV WPFGT 5[CITKWU

'WTKEJ 7PVGT -ÌPKI 'WTKEJ GTTGKEJVG FCU YGUVIQVKUEJG 4GIPWO 6QNQUCPWO UGKPG ITÌVG #WUFGJPWPI 'T YWTFG WO CNU 5QJP FGU -ÌPKIU 6JGQFGTKEJ IGDQTGP FGT KP FGT 5EJNCEJV CWH FGP -CVCNWPKUEJGP (GNFGTP IGIGP FKG *WPPGP UGKP .GDGP XGTNQT UEJCHHVG GT UGKPGP $TWFGT 6JGQFGTKEJ ++ CWU FGO 9GI WPF YWTFG UGNDUV -ÌPKI FGT 9GUVIQVGP 0QEJ KO INGKEJGP ,CJT MÒPFKIVG GT FGP (ÌFGTCVGPXGTVTCI OKV 4QO CWH WPF GTQDGTVG CNNG PQEJ XGTDNKGDGPGP TÌOKUEJGP )GDKGVG KP )CNNKGP \YKUEJGP FGT .QKTG WPF FGP 2[TG P·GP <YKUEJGP WPF HKGN GT KP FKG +DGTKUEJG *CNDKPUGN GKP WPF GTQDGTVG CWEJ FQTV YGKVTGKEJGPFG )GDKGVG GPVNCPI FGT /KVVGNOGGTMÒUVG ÒDGTVTWI KJO FGT NGV\VG NGIKVKOG YGUVTÌOKUEJG -CKUGT ,WNKWU 0GRQU CNNG DKU FCJKP GTQDGTVGP )GDKGVG QHHK\KGNN <WO <GKVRWPMV UGKPGU 6QFGU YCT FCU YGUVIQVKUEJG -ÌPKITGKEJ FGT DGFGWVGPFUVG FGT DCTDCTKUEJGP 0CEJHQNIGUVCCVGP CWH FGO 6GTTKVQTKWO FGU GJGOCNKIGP 4ÌOKUEJGP 4GKEJGU 5GKP 5QJP WPF 0CEJHQNIGT #NCTKEJ ++ XGTURKGNVG FKG YGUVIQVKUEJG 8QT OCEJVUVGNNWPI WPF WPVGTNCI KP FGT 5EJNCEJV XQP 8QWKNN¾ FGO (TCPMGPMÌPKI %JNQFYKI +

2020

Ô 6TGOKUUKU KO 0COGP FGU #PVJGOKWU ICNNKUEJG /ÒP\UV·VVG I &*#6*' ņ *+85 2 G L8) &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG T OKV 2GTNFKCFGO %JTKUVQITCOO KP -TCP\ KO #DUEJPKVV %1p1$ 4+%

FKGU 'ZGORNCT GTY·JPV )1.& 8QP ITQGT 5GNVGPJGKV 9KP\KIGT 5EJTÌVNKPIUTK HCUV XQT\ÒINKEJ 'ZGORNCT FGT 5COONWPI $GTPCTF %JYCTV\ #WMVKQP %TKPQP 2CTKU ,WPK 0T 'ZGORNCT FGT #WMVKQP &ÒTT /KEJGN )GPH 0QXGODGT 0T

&KGU 'ZGORNCT KUV CDIGDKNFGV DGK )W[ .CECO .C HKP FG N 'ORKTG TQOCKP GV NG OQPPC[CIG QT GP +VCNKG .W\GTP 8QN ++ 2N

ŇŇŇŇŇŇ

6JKU KVGO KU FGRKEVGF KP )W[ .CECO .C HKP FG N 'ORKTG TQOCKP GV NG OQPPC[CIG QT GP +VCNKG .W\GTP 8QN ++ RR

WESTGOTEN

2021

Ô 6TGOKUUKU KO 0COGP FGU ,WNKWU 0GRQU ICNNKUEJG /ÒP\UV·VVG I e 0 +8+ 0' ņ 215 2 ( #8) &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG T OKV 2GTNFKCFGO FCTÒDGT Q %JTKUVQITCOO KP -TCP\ KO #DUEJPKVV %1/1$ 4GKPJCTV KP /$0) 6H FQTV CNU UWGDKUEJ 4+% FKGU 'ZGORNCT CDIGDKNFGV )1.& 8QP ITQGT 5GNVGPJGKV 9KP\KIGT 5EJTÌVNKPIUTK IWVGU XQT\ÒINKEJ 'ZGORNCT FGT 5COONWPI $GTPCTF %JYCTV\ #WMVKQP %TKPQP 2CTKU ,WPK 0T 'ZGORNCT FGT #WMVKQP &ÒTT /KEJGN )GPH 0QXGODGT 0T 'ZGORNCT FGT #WMVKQP $CPM .GW #) <ÒTKEJ 0T

&KGU 'ZGORNCT KUV CDIGDKNFGV DGK )W[ .CECO .C HKP FG N 'ORKTG TQOCKP GV NG OQPPC[CIG QT GP +VCNKG .W\GTP 8QN ++ 2N

ŇŇŇŇŇŇ

6JKU KVGO KU FGRKEVGF KP )W[ .CECO .C HKP FG N 'ORKTG TQOCKP GV NG OQPPC[CIG QT GP +VCNKG .W\GTP 8QN ++ RR

#OCNGTKEJ &GT WO IGDQTGPG #OCNCTKEJ YCT FGT 5QJP #NCTKEJU ++ WPF GKPGT 6QEJVGT 6JGQFGTKEJU FGU )TQGP 5GKP 8CVGT HKGN KP FGT 5EJNCEJV XQP 8QWKNN¾ IGIGP FKG (TCPMGP WPF UGKP )TQXCVGT 6JGQFGTKEJ ÒDGTPCJO FKG 8QTOWPFUEJCHVUTGIKGTWPI YWTFG GT HÒT OÒPFKI GTMN·TV WPF ÒDGTPCJO CNU -ÌPKI FKG 4GIKGTWPI KP 5GRVKOCPKGP 5ÒFHTCPMTGKEJ WPF CWH FGT +DGTKUEJGP *CNDKPUGN JGKTCVGVG GT OKV %JNQVJKNFG GKPG 6QEJVGT %JNQFYKIU + FKG GT LGFQEJ OKV )GYCNV XGTUWEJVG XQO MCVJQNK UEJGP )NCWDGP CD\WDTKPIGP &CTCWHJKP \QI %JKNFGDGTV + IGIGP #OCNGTKEJ WPF DGUKGIVG KJP KP FGT 5EJNCEJV XQP 0CTDQPPG #OCNGTKEJ YKEJ PCEJ $CTEGNQPC CWU YQ GT UEJNKGNKEJ XQP FGP GKIG PGP .GWVGP GTOQTFGV YWTFG

2022

Ô 6TGOKUUKU KO 0COGP FGU #PCUVCUKWU + 0CTDQPC I & 0 L0L56L ņ L+85 2 2 #8) )GRCP\GTVG $ÒUVG X X OKV *GNO 5EJKNF WPF 5RGGT 8+%614+L ņ L8%61L8L 8KEVQTKC UVGJV N OKV -TGW\UVCD KO #DUEJPKVV %1++1e )TKGTUQP $NCEMDWTP XGTIN 4GKPJCTV XGTIN 6H 6QOCUKPK )TWRRG # )1.& 9KP\ -TCV\GT HCUV XQT\ÒINKEJ 'ZGORNCT FGT #WMVKQP (TKV\ 4WFQNH -ÒPMGT 1UPCDTÒEM 0T

9 4GKPJCTFV XIN 5 WPF 2 )TKGTUQP / $NCEMDWTP XIN 5 XGTOWVGP GKPG 2T·IWPI FGU XQTNKGIGP FGP 6[RU OKV M·PIWTWJ·JPNKEJ )TKGTUQP $NCEMDWTP 5 FGHQTOKGTVGT 8KEVQTKC FGO 0COGP #PCUVCUKWU + WPF MNGKPGO 5EJTÌVNKPI EC OO WO FCU ,CJT #NU 2T·IGQTV MQOOV GKPG /ÒP\UV·VVG KO DWTIWPFKUEJGP 4CWO OÌINKEJGTYGKUG 0CTDQPPG FC 6QWNQWUG DGTGKVU XQP FGO (TCPMGPMÌPKI %JNQFYKI GTQDGTV YWTFG KP (TCIG 1D FKGUGT 6[R XQP GKPGO YGUVIQVKUEJGP QFGT HT·PMKUEJGP 5VGORGNUEJPGKFGT IGHGTVKIV YWTFG YKTF UKEJ NGV\V NKEJ PKEJV \YGKHGNUHTGK MN·TGP NCUUGP

2023

Ô 5QNKFWU KO 0COGP FGU ,WUVKPWU + 0CTDQPC I & 0 +856+ ņ 085 2 Ô ņ 0 ņ85 2 0 )GRCP \GTVG $ÒUVG X X OKV *GNO 5RGGT WPF 5EJKNF 8+%614+ ņ L =L?L8)) < 8KEVQTKC UVGJV N OKV %JTKUVQ ITCOOUVCD FCXQT 5VGTP KO #DUEJPKVV |+0$1+ )TKGTUQP $NCEMDWTP p 4GKPJCTV 6H FKGU 'ZGORNCT )1.& 8QP ITQGT 5GNVGPJGKV -PCRRGT 5EJTÌVNKPI IWVGU XQT\ÒINKEJ 'ZGORNCT FGT #WMVKQP (TKV\ 4WFQNH -ÒPMGT 1UPCDTÒEM 0T WPF FGT 5COONWPI 9KNJGNO 4GKPJCTV

WESTGOTEN

2024

Ô 5QNKFWU KO 0COGP FGU ,WUVKPWU + 0CTDQPC I e 0 +856+0 ņ 8 ņ 5 2 2 #8) )GRCP\GTVG $ÒUVG X X OKV *GNO 5RGGT WPF 5EJKNF 8+%614 ņ + ņ # #8))) < 8KEVQTKC UVGJV N OKV %JTKUVQ ITCOOUVCD FCXQT 5VGTP KO #DUEJPKVV %101$ )TKGTUQP $NCEMDWTP p 4GKPJCTV 6H )1.& 44 .GKEJVG 2T·IGUEJY·EJG IWVGU XQT\ÒINKEJ 'ZGORNCT FGT 5COONWPI $GTPCTF %JYCTV\ #WMVKQP %TKPQP 2CTKU ,WPK 0T

.G )GPVKNJQOOG 40 5 DG\KGJV FCU 0 CO 'PFG FGT 4GXGTUNGIGPFG CWH FKG /ÒP\UV·VVG 0CTDQPPG

ŇŇŇŇŇŇ

.G )GPVKNJQOOG 40 R EQTTGNCVGU VJG 0 CV VJG GPF QH VJG DCEM KPUETKRVKQP VQ VJG 0CTDQPPG OKPV

2025

Ô 6TGOKUUKU KO 0COGP FGU ,WUVKPWU + 0CTDQPC I e 0 +85 URKGIGNXGTMGJTV 6+ ņ 085 2 ( #8) &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG T OKV 2GTNFKCFGO 8+%6148L 8%6148L 8KEVQTKC IGJV T OKV -TCP\ WPF 2CNO \YGKI KO #DUEJPKVV %1p1$ $GNHQTV XCT 6QOCUKPK XGTIN H )1.& .GKEJVG 2T·IGUEJY·EJGP HCUV XQT\ÒINKEJ 'ZGORNCT FGT 5COONWPI $GTPCTF %JYCTV\ #WMVKQP %TKPQP 2CTKU ,WPK 0T 'ZGORNCT FGT #WMVKQP &ÒTT /KEJGN )GPH 0QXGODGT 0T

2026

Ô 6TGOKUUKU KO 0COGP FGU ,WUVKPWU + #TNGU ! I e 0 +856+ ņ 085 2 2 L8) &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG T OKV 2GTNFKCFGO 8+%614+L ņ L8)856148L 8KEVQTKC IGJV T OKV -TCP\ WPF 2CNO\YGKI KO #D UEJPKVV %1/1$ 6QOCUKPK )1.& 44 (GKPG 6ÌPWPI HCUV 5VGORGNINCP\ HCUV XQT\ÒINKEJ 'ZGORNCT FGT #WMVKQP (TKV\ 4WFQNH -ÒPMGT 1UPCDTÒEM 0T

&KG <WYGKUWPI KUV PKEJV IGUKEJGTV GU MÌPPVG UKEJ CWEJ WO GKPG DWTIWPFKUEJG 2T·IWPI JCPFGNP

ŇŇŇŇŇŇ

6JG CVVTKDWVKQP KU PQV HKTON[ GUVCDNKUJGF C $WTIWPFKCP OKPVKPI KU CNUQ RQUUKDNG

2027

Ô 5QNKFWU KO 0COGP FGU ,WUVKPKCPWU + 0CTDQPC I +85 URKGIGNXGTMGJTV 6+ ņ 0 ņ 0#0+ )GRCP \GTVG $ÒUVG X X OKV *GNO 5RGGT WPF 5EJKNF 8+%614 ņ + ņ # #8)))* 8KEVQTKC UVGJV N OKV %JTKU VQITCOOUVCD FCXQT 5VGTP KO #DUEJPKVV %1!1+ )TKGTUQP $NCEMDWTP 4GKPJCTV 6H

UVGORGNINGKEJ )1.& 44 8QT\ÒINKEJ 'ZGORNCT FGT 5COONWPI $GTPCTF %JYCTV\ #WMVKQP %TKPQP 2CTKU ,WPK 0T 'ZGORNCT FGT 5COONWPI 0CFKC -CRCOCFLK $QWVKP

BURGUNDER

2028

#IKNC + DKU #VJCPCIKNF Ô 5QNKFWU KO 0COGP FGU ,WUVKPKCPWU + 0CTDQPC I 1 0 +L56+ ņ 0+ ņ L085 URKGIGNXGTMGJTV & )GRCP\GTVG $ÒUVG X X OKV *GNO 5RGGT WPF 5EJKNF 8+%614+ ņ# #8)))8 8KEVQTKC UVGJV N OKV %JTKUVQITCOOUVCD FCXQT 5VGTP KO #DUEJPKVV %101$ )TKGTUQP $NCEMDWTP p 4GKPJCTV 6H )1.& 44 (GKPG 2CVKPC HCUV XQT\ÒINKEJ XQT\ÒINKEJ 'ZGORNCT FGT 5COONWPI $GTPCTF %JYCTV\ #WMVKQP %TKPQP 2CTKU ,WPK 0T 'ZGORNCT FGT 5COONWPI 0CFKC -CRCOCFLK $QWVKP

&CU 5VÒEM YKTF XQP 4GKPJCTV KP FKG <GKV FGT -ÌPKIG #IKNC + DKU #VJCPCIKNF FCVKGTV

ŇŇŇŇŇŇ

4GKPJCTV FCVGU VJG RKGEG HTQO VJG VKOG QH VJG -KPIU #IKNC + CPF #VJCPCIKNF

$74)70&'4 25'7&1+/2'4+#.' 24 )70)'0 ō51.+&+ )#..+%+ŋ &KG GTUVG 'TY·JPWPI XQP YCPFGTPFGP )TWRRGP FKG CNU $WTIWPFGT DG\GKEJPGV YGTFGP FCVKGTV KP FCU ,CJT CNU UKG KP 8GTDKPFWPI OKV FGP 8CPFCNGP CO (NWUU .KI[U XQP FGP 4ÌOGTP IGUEJNCIGP YGTFGP +O ,CJTJWPFGTV VTGVGP FKG $WTIWPFGP XGTOGJTV CNU 8GTDÒPFGVG FGT 4ÌOGT IGIGP FKG #NCOCPPGP CWH FGTGP )GDKGVG CPUEJGKPGPF KP FKTGMVGT 0CEJDCTUEJCHV NCIGP ÒDGTUEJTGKVGP UKG FGP 4JGKP WPF UEJNKGGP YKG CWEJ FKG (TCPMGP WPF #NCOCPPGP GKPGP (ÌFGTCVGPXGTVTCI OKV FGP 4ÌOGTP &KG UR·TNKEJGP 5EJTKHVSWGNNGP GTNCWDGP LGFQEJ MGKPG IGPCWG +FGPVKHKMCVKQP FGU \WIGYKGUGPGP 5KGFNWPIUIGDKGVGU WPF CWEJ FKG 'TGKIPKUUG WO FGP FWTEJ FGP )GUEJKEJVUUEJTGKDGT 1N[ORKQFQTQU XQP 6JGDGP ÒDGTNKGHGTVGP $WTIWPFGTMÌPKI )WPFCJCT UKPF T·VUGNJCHV YWTFG GKP DWTIWPFKUEJGU *GGT FWTEJ FGP YGUVTÌOKUEJGP *GGTOGKUVGT OCIKUVGT OKNK VWO #ëVKWU IGUEJNCIGP WPF OWUUVG UKEJ QHHGPDCT KP FKG 2TQXKP\ )GTOCPKC + \WTÒEM\KGJGP &KGUGU 'TGKI PKU MÌPPVG FGP JKUVQTKUEJGP -GTP FGT WO UEJTKHVNKEJ HKZKGTVGP 0KDGNWPIGPUCIG OKV UGKPGP $WTIWPFGT MÌPKIGP )WPVJGT )GTPQV WPF )KUGNJGT FCTUVGNNGP &KG 0KGFGTNCIG HÒJTVG LGFGPHCNNU \WT 7OUKGFNWPI FGT $WTIWPFGT CNU TÌOKUEJG (ÌFGTCVGP KP FGP 9GUVGP FGT JGWVKIGP 5EJYGK\ WPF PCEJ 5CXQ[GP DG UKGIVGP UKG CP FGT 5GKVG FGT 4ÌOGT GKP JWPPKUEJ QUVIQVKUEJGU *GGT KP FGT 5EJNCEJV CWH FGP -CVCNCWPKUEJGP (GNFGTP 0CEJ GKPGT OKNKV·TKUEJGP 0KGFGTNCIG IGIGP FGP 1UVIQVGPMÌPKI 6JGQFGTKEJ FGO )TQGP IGNCPI GU FGO $WTIWPFGTMÌPKI )WPFQDCF PQEJ GKPOCN FCU 6GTTKVQTKWO CWU\WFGJPGP 0CEJ GTUVGP #PITKHHGP FGT (TCPMGP KP FGP ,CJTGP YWTFG FCU $WTIWPFGTTGKEJ UEJNKGNKEJ PCEJ FGT 5EJNCEJV XQP #WVWP MQORNGVV FGO (TCPMGPTGKEJ GKPXGTNGKDV WPF WPVGT UGKPGP -ÌPKIGP %JNQVJCT + %JKNFGDGTV + WPF 6JGWFGDGTV + CWHIGVGKNV +PPGTJCND FGU 4GIPWO (TCPEQTWO DNKGD FGT 0COG $WTIWPFKC CNU 4GKEJUVGKN GTJCNVGP WPF YWTFG UEJNKGNKEJ KO *QEJOKVVGNCNVGT \WO *GT\QIVWO $WTIWPF

2029

#PQP[O Ô 5QNKFWU KO 0COGP FGU 8CNGPVKPKCPWU +++ WO I & 0 2.L 8L.'06+ 0+L085 2( L8)&TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG T OKV &KCFGO FCJKPVGT MNGKPG -WIGN 8+%614+ ņ # #8))) -CKUGT UVGJV X X OKV .CPIMTGW\ WPF 8KEVQTKC CWH )NQDWU (W CWH OGPUEJGPMÌRHKIGT 5EJNCPIG N PGDGP FGO -QRH FGU -CKUGTU MNGKPG -WIGN KO (GNF 4 ņ 8 KO #DUEJPKVV %1/1$ 4+% )1.& 44 (CUV XQT\ÒINKEJ 'ZGORNCT FGT #WMVKQP (TKV\ 4WFQNH -ÒPMGT 1UPCDTÒEM 0T

&T 'FQCTFQ %WTVK KUV FGT ªDGT\GWIWPI FC GU UKEJ WO GKPG YGUVIQVKUEJG 2T·IWPI JCPFGNV FKG YCJTUEJGKPNKEJ KP FGT 4GIKQP FGT -CVCNCWPKUEJGP (GNFGT YQ #VVKNC FWTEJ #GVKWU 6JGQFGTKEJ ++ WPF /GTQXGEJ IGUEJNCIGP YWTFG QFGT KP FGT 7OIGDWPI XQP .[QP QFGT YGPKIGT YCJTUEJGKPNKEJ KP FGT %JCORCIPG GPVUVCPFGP KUV

ŇŇŇŇŇŇ

&T 'FQCTFQ %WTVK KU EQPXKPEGF VJCV VJKU KU C 8KUKIQVJKE EQKP CPF VJCV KV YCU RQUUKDN[ UVTWEM KP VJG TGIKQP QH VJG %JCORU %CVCNCWPKSWGU YJGTG #VVKNC YCU FGHGCVGF D[ #GVKWU 6JGQFGTKEJ ++ CPF /GTQXGEJ QT .[QPPCKU QT NGUU NKMGN[ TGIKQP QH %JCORCIPG

BURGUNDER

2030

Ô 5QNKFWU KO 0COGP FGU 8CNGPVKPKCPWU +++ PCEJ ICNNKUEJG /ÒP\UV·VVG I & 0 2.L 8L.'06+ ņ 0L085 2 ( #8) &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG T OKV 4QUGVVGPFKCFGO 8+%614+ ņ # #8))) < -CKUGT UVGJV X X OKV .CPIMTGW\ WPF 8KEVQTKC CWH )NQDWU (W CWH OGPUEJGPMÌRHKIGT 5EJNCPIG KO (GNF 4 ņ / KO #D UEJPKVV %1/1$ 4+% )1.& 8QP ITÌVGT 5GNVGPJGKV -NGKPGT (NGEM XQT\ÒINKEJ 'ZGORNCT FGT 5COONWPI $KUUKPIGT #WMVKQP .CP\ /ÒPEJGP 0T 'TYQTDGP CO /CK CWU FGO .CIGT FGT (TCPMHWTVGT /ÒP\JCPFNWPI (TCPMHWTV

9·JTGPF -GPV 4+% : 5 )TKGTUQP WPF $NCEMDWTP 5 WPF )GQTIGU &GRG[TQV 504 5 FKGUG 5VÒEMG FGP $WTIWPFGTP \WYGKUGP YWTFGP UKG XQP 9KNJGNO 4GKPJCTV 2KGTTG %TKPQP %QNN %JYCTV\ 0T WPF .CECO 2N FGP 9GUVIQVGP \WIGUEJTKGDGP

ŇŇŇŇŇŇ

9JKNG VJGUG EQKPU CTG CVVTKDWVGF VQ VJG $WTIWPFKCPU D[ -GPV 4+% : R )TKGTUQP CPF $NCEMDWTP R CPF )GQTIGU &GRG[TQV 504 R VJG[ YGTG CVVTKDWVGF VJQ VJG 8KUKIQVJU D[ 9KNJGNO 4GKPJCTV 2KGTTG %TKPQP %QNN %JYCTV\ PQ CPF .CECO 2N

2031

Ô 6TGOKUUKU KO 0COGP FGU 8CNGPVKPKCPWU +++ PCEJ I & 0 2. 8#.'06+0+#085 2( #8) &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG T OKV 2GTNFKCFGO -TGW\ KP -TCP\ KO #DUEJPKVV %1/1$ 4+% XCT )1.& 8QP ITÌVGT 5GNVGPJGKV (CUV XQT\ÒINKEJ 'ZGORNCT FGT #WMVKQP (TKV\ 4WFQNH -ÒPMGT 1UPCDTÒEM 0T &KG <WYGKUWPI KUV PKEJV IGUKEJGTV

ŇŇŇŇŇŇ

6JG CVVTKDWVKQP KU PQV HKTON[ GUVCDNKUJGF

2032

)WPFQDCF 2T·IWPIGP XQT Ô 5QNKFWU KO 0COGP FGU #PCUVCUKWU + .[QP I e 0 L0L56L ņ 5+85 2 2 L8) )GRCP\GTVG $ÒUVG X X OKV *GNO 5EJKNF WPF 5RGGT 8+%614+ L L8))) L 8KEVQTKC UVGJV N OKV .CPIMTGW\ WPVGT FGO (NÒIGN 2WPMV KO #DUEJPKVV %1*1$ $GNHQTV %TKPQP &GURTGVKGT %JYCTV\ KP $5(0 /CK 5 FKGUGU 'ZGORNCT )TKGTUQP $NCEMDWTP p )1.& 8QP ITQGT 5GNVGPJGKV 5VGORGNHTKUEJ HCUV XQT\ÒINKEJ 'ZGORNCT FGT 5COONWPI #OCVGWT $QWTIWKIPQP #WMVKQP %TKPQP 2CTKU ,WPK 0T

2KGTTG %TKPQP YGKUV FKG .QUPWOOGTP -ÌPKI )WPFQDCF \W WPF DGTWHV UKEJ JKGTDGK CWH .CHCWTKG %NQXKU 5

ŇŇŇŇŇŇ

2KGTTG %TKPQP CVVTKDWVGU VJG EQKPU VQ MKPI )WPFQDCF CPF SWQVGU .CHCWTKG %NQXKU R

BURGUNDER

2033

Ô 5QNKFWU KO 0COGP FGU #PCUVCUKWU + I e 0 L0L56L ņ 5+85 2 2 L8) )GRCP\GTVG $ÒUVG X X OKV *GNO 5EJKNF WPF 5RGGT 8+%614+ L L8))) L 8KEVQTKC UVGJV N OKV .CPIMTGW\ KO #DUEJPKVV %1/1$ $GNHQTV XCT )TKGTUQP $NCEMDWTP p XGTIN .CECO $[\CP\ 2N %8 HÒT GKP 5VÒEM XQP ·JPNKEJGO 5VKN

FQTV FGP 8CPFCNGP \WIGUEJTKGDGP )1.& 44 9KP\ -TCV\GT CWH FGO #XGTU UQPUV XQT\ÒINKEJ 'ZGORNCT FGT 5COONWPI $GTPCTF %JYCTV\ #WMVKQP %TKPQP 2CTKU ,WPK 0T 'ZGORNCT FGT #WMVKQP %T¾FKV FG NC $QWTUG 2CTKU #RTKN 0T

2034

Ô 6TGOKUUKU KO 0COGP FGU #PCUVCUKWU + .[QP I & 0 L0L56L5+85 2 4 ( L8 2 &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG T OKV &KCFGO 8+%614+L L)856148/ 8KEVQTKC IGJV T OKV -TCP\ WPF 2CNO\YGKI KO #DUEJPKVV %101$ 6QOCUKPK )1.& 8QT\ÒINKEJGU 2TCEJVGZGORNCT 'ZGORNCT FGT 5COONWPI $GTPCTF %JYCTV\ #WMVKQP %TKPQP 2CTKU ,WPK 0T

2035

Ô 6TGOKUUKU KO 0COGP FGU #PCUVCUKWU + .[QP I & 0 L0L56L5+85 2 4 ( 8 2 &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG T OKV &KCFGO 8+%614+L L8))6148/ + 8KEVQTKC IGJV T OKV -TCP\ WPF 2CNO\YGKI KO #DUEJPKVV %101$ 6QOCUKPK p XGTIN 4GXGTU UVGORGNINGKEJ )1.& 8QT\ÒINKEJ

'ZGORNCT FGT 5COONWPI $GTPCTF %JYCTV\ #WMVKQP %TKPQP 2CTKU ,WPK 0T

2036

)WPFQDCF 2T·IWPIGP PCEJ Ô 5QNKFWU KO 0COGP FGU #PCUVCUKWU + .[QP I & 0 #0#56# ņ 5+85 2 4 #8) )GRCP\GTVG $ÒUVG X X OKV *GNO 5EJKNF WPF 5RGGT 8+%614+ ņ # #8))) / 8KEVQTKC UVGJV N OKV .CPIMTGW\ WPVGT FGO (NÒIGN 2WPMV N )WPFQDCF /QPQITCOO T CEJVUVTCJNKIGT 5VGTP $GNHQTV #XGTU UVGORGNINGKEJ CWH FGO 4GXGTU OÌINKEJGTYGKUG KTTVÒONKEJ KO #DUEJPKVV FGU 4GXGTUGU %101& CPIGIGDGP )TKGTUQP $NCEMDWTP -NWIG UVGORGNINGKEJ .CHCWTKG .[QP

UVGORGNINGKEJ )1.& 4 )WVGU UGJT UEJÌP HCUV XQT\ÒINKEJ 'ZGORNCT FGT 5COONWPI $GTPCTF %JYCTV\ #WMVKQP %TKPQP 2CTKU ,WPK 0T

BURGUNDER

2037

Ô 6TGOKUUKU KO 0COGP FGU #PCUVCUKWU + .[QP I & 0 L0L56L ņ 5+85 2 4 0 & URKGIGNXGTMGJTV &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG T OKV 2GTNFKCFGO 8+%614+L L8)8618/ 8KEVQTKC IGJV T OKV -TCP\ WPF 2CNO\YGKI KO #DUEJPKVV %101$ $GNHQTV )TKGTUQP $NCEMDWTP -NWIG #XGTU UVGORGNINGKEJ .CHCWTKG .[QP )1.& 44 8QT\ÒINKEJ 'ZGORNCT FGT 5COONWPI $GTPCTF %JYCTV\ #WMVKQP %TKPQP 2CTKU ,WPK 0T

2038

5KIKUOWPF Ô 6TGOKUUKU KO 0COGP FGU #PCUVCUKWU + .[QP I & 0 L0L5 ņ 6L5+85 2 4 &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG T OKV 2GTNFKCFGO 8+%614+=# 41/?#0148/ 8KEVQTKC IGJV T OKV -TCP\ KO (GNF T 5 0& NKIKGTV % KO #DUEJPKVV %10 $GNHQTV p )TKGTUQP $NCEMDWTP p -NWIG XCT 6QOCUKPK p XGTIN HH )1.& 8QP ITÌVGT 5GNVGPJGKV 0WT UGJT YGPKIG 'ZGORNCTG DGMCPPV )GRT·IV OKV GKPGO NGKEJV TQUVKIGP #XGTUUVGORGN UQPUV XQT\ÒINKEJ 'ZGORNCT FGT #WMVKQP .CP\ /ÒPEJGP 0T 'ZGORNCT FGT 5COONWPI $KUUKPIGT GTYQTDGP DGK FGT (TCPMHWTVGT /ÒP\JCPFNWPI CO 5GRVGODGT

2039

Ô 5QNKFWU KO 0COGP FGU ,WUVKPWU + .[QP I & 0 +856+ ņ 085 2 2 #8) )GRCP\GTVG $ÒUVG X X OKV *GNO 5EJKNF WPF 5RGGT 8+%614 ņ + ņ # #8))) +5 8KEVQTKC UVGJV N OKV %JTKUVQITCOOUVCD FCXQT 5VGTP KO #DUEJPKVV %101$ $GNHQTV )TKGTUQP $NCEMDWTP UVGORGNINGKEJ .CECO $[\CP\ 2N %8++ ņ # D FKGU 'ZGORNCT 5VGORGNIN·P\GPFGU 2TCEJVGZGORNCT 'ZGORNCT FGT #WMVKQP 0QOQU #) <ÒTKEJ 0T 'ZGORNCT FGT #WMVKQP &ÒTT /KEJGN )GPH 0QXGODGT 0T 'ZGORNCT FGT 5COONWPI .CECO

2040

Ô 6TGOKUUKU KO 0COGP FGU ,WUVKPWU + .[QP I & 0 +L56+085 2 2 L8) &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG T OKV 2GTNFKCFGO 5 8+%614+# #8))) + 8KEVQTKC IGJV T OKV -TCP\ FCXQT 5VGTP KO #DUEJPKVV |%101$ $GNHQTV XCT )TKGTUQP $NCEMDWTP p XGTIN .CHCWTKG .[QP )1.& 8QP ITQGT 5GNVGPJGKV )WVGU XQT\ÒINKEJ 'ZGORNCT FGT 5COONWPI $GTPCTF %JYCTV\ #WMVKQP %TKPQP 2CTKU ,WPK 0T 'ZGORNCT FGT #WMVKQP 8KPEJQP 2CTKU 1MVQDGT 0T

MEROWINGER

2041

)WPFQOCT ++ Ô 6TGOKUUKU KO 0COGP FGU ,WUVKPKCPWU + .[QP I =& 0? +856+0+L085 2 ) &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG T OKV 2GTNFKCFGO 8+%14+L L85614/ 8KEVQTKC IGJV T OKV -TCP\ N KO (GNF ) KO (GNF T 5VGTP KO #DUEJPKVV %10' $GNHQTV p XGTIN )TKGTUQP $NCEMDWTP p 6QOCUKPK )TWRRG ,#0 C )1.& 44 #XGTU NGKEJV FG\GPVTKGTV NGKEJV TQUVKIGT 4GXGTUUVGORGN HCUV 5VGORGNINCP\

'ZGORNCT FGT #WMVKQP %TKPQP 2CTKU ,WPK 0T

2042

Ô 6TGOKUUKU KO 0COGP FGU ,WUVKPKCPWU + .[QP I & 0 +856+0+L085 2 2 Ô)) &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG T OKV 2GTNFKCFGO 8+%614+L L) ņ )) 8KEVQTKC IGJV T OKV -TCP\ T KO (GNF /QPQITCOO KO (GNF N 5VGTP KO #DUEJPKVV %101$ $GNHQTV )TKGTUQP $NCEMDWTP p 6QOCUKPK )TWRRG ,#0 )1.& 44 4GXGTU UEJYCEJ CWUIGRT·IV HCUV XQT\ÒINKEJ XQT\ÒINKEJ

/'419+0)'4

2043

24 )70)'0 1*0' /'419+0)+5%*' -¤0+)50#/'0 0#%*

Ô 5QNKFWU KO 0COGP #PCUVCUKWU + I e 0 L0L56L ņ 5+85 2 6 L8) )GRCP\GTVG $ÒUVG X X OKV *GNO 5EJKNF WPF 5RGGT 8+%614+ ņ L L8))) L 6 8KEVQTKC UVGJV N OKV %JTKUOQP FCXQT 5VGTP KO #DUEJPKVV %1/1$ $GNHQTV p )TKGTUQP $NCEMDWTP p XGTIN FQTV WPVGT 9GUVIQVGP .CHCWTKG %NQ XKU (KI G $0( XGTIN 4GKPJCTV 6H XGTIN 4GKPJCTV 6H )1.& 8QP ITQGT 5GNVGPJGKV (GKPG )QNFRCVKPC IWVGU XQT\ÒINKEJ 'ZGORNCT FGT 5COONWPI $GTPCTF %JYCTV\ #WMVKQP %TKPQP 2CTKU ,WPK 0T 'ZGORNCT FGT #WMVKQP &ÒTT /KEJGN )GPH 0QXGODGT 0T

8QTNCIG HÒT FCU XQTNKGIGPFG 5VÒEM DKNFGV GKP CD IGRT·IVGT 5QNKFWU FGU #PCUVCUKWU + *CJP /+$' \WT &CVKG TWPI UKGJG /+$' 5 &KG <WYGKUWPI FKGUGU 5VÒEMGU CP FCU 6QNQUCPKUEJG 4GKEJ FGT 9GUVIQVGP \ $ #WMVKQPGP &ÒTT /KEJGN WPF %TKPQP OW FCJGT MQTTKIKGTV YGTFGP &CU 5VÒEM KUV PCEJ FGO 5KGI FGT (TCPMGP ÒDGT FKG 9GUVIQ VGP KP FGT 5EJNCEJV XQP 8QWKNN¾ KO ,CJT IGRT·IV YQTFGP WPF MCPP UQOKV PWT GKPG ICNNKUEJG 2T·IWPI FGT (TCPMGP UGKP &KG (WPFGXKFGP\ URTKEJV GJGT HÒT GKP HT·PMKUEJGU )GRT·IG .CWV &T %WTVK DGHKPFGV UKEJ KO 8KXKGTU *QCTF GKP 5VÒEM OKV UVGORGNINGKEJGO 4GXGTU CDGT KO 0COGP FGU ,WUVKPWU FGT GDGPHCNNU CWH GKPG HT·PMKUEJG 2T·IWPI PCEJ FGO ,CJT JKPFGWVGV

ŇŇŇŇŇŇ

6JG VGORNCVG HQT VJG RKGEG CV JCPF KU C 5QNKFWU QH #PCUVCUKWU + OKPVGF DGIKPPKPI KP *CJP /+$' HQT FCVKPI UGG /+$' 5 6JG CVVTKDWVKQP QH VJKU RKGEG VQ VJG 8KUKIQVJKE -KPIFQO QH 6QWNQWUG G I CWEVKQPU &ÒTT /KEJGN CPF %TKPQP OWUV VJGTGHQTG DG EQTTGEVGF 6JG RKGEG YCU EQKPGF CHVGT VJG XKEVQT[ QH VJG (TCPMU QXGT VJG 8KUKIQVJU KP VJG DCVVNG QH 8QWKNN¾ KP VJG [GCT CPF ECP VJWU QPN[ DG C )CNNKE EQKPCIG QH VJG (TCPMU 6JG GXKFGPEG HTQO VJG HKPF VGPFU VQ KPFKECVG C (TCPMKUJ OKPVKPI #PF UQ VJG GZKUVGPEG KP VJG 8KXKGTU JQCTF QH C URGEKOGP HTQO VJG UCOG TGXGTUG FKG DWV KP VJG PCOG QH ,WUVKPWU UVTQPIN[ OGCPU CP EQKPCIG CHVGT VJG [GCT

MEROWINGER

2044

Ô 5QNKFWU KO 0COGP #PCUVCUKWU + I e 0 L0L56L ņ 5+8 ņ 5 2 2 L8) )GRCP\GTVG $ÒUVG X X OKV *GNO 5EJKNF WPF 5RGGT 8+%614+ ņ L L8))) L 8KEVQTKC UVGJV N OKV -TGW\UVCD KO #DUEJPKVV %1*1$ $GNHQTV XCT )TKGTUQP $NCEMDWTP )1.& 'KP CWGTIGYÌJPNKEJ IWV GTJCNVGPGU 5VÒEM 5GJT UGNVGP KP FKGUGT 'TJCNVWPI )WVGU XQT\ÒINKEJ 'ZGORNCT FGT #WMVKQP )GOKPK 0GY ;QTM 0T

5QNKFK KO 0COGP FGU #PCUVCUKWU YWTFGP KO 6QNQUCPKUEJGP 4GKEJ FGT 9GUVIQVGP WPVGT #NCTKEJ ++ IGRT·IV 0CEJ FGO 5KGI FGT (TCPMGP ÒDGT FKG 9GUVIQVGP KP FGT 5EJNCEJV XQP 8QWKNN¾ KO ,CJT WPF FGP CPUEJNKGGPFGP )GDKGVU XGTNWUVGP FGT 9GUVIQVGP IGNCPIVGP FKG YGUVIQVKUEJGP /ÒP\UV·VVGP KP FGP $GUKV\ FGT (TCPMGP FKG FKG 2T·IWPI XQP 5QNKFK KO 0COGP FGU #PCUVCUKWU HQTVUGV\VGP $GK FKGUGP 5QNKFK KUV FCJGT GKPG MNCTG 6TGPPWPI XQP YGUVIQVKUEJGP WPF HT·PMKUEJGP 2T·IWPIGP PKEJV OÌINKEJ UKGJG FC\W CWEJ 4GKPJCTV 5 WPF 6H 8++ &CU XQTNKGIGPFG 5VÒEM ·JPGNV UVCTM $GNHQTV GKPGO 5VÒEM CWU FGO 6T¾UQT FG %JKPQP FGT DKU CWH YGPKIG DWT IWPFKUEJG )GRT·IG PWT HT·PMKUEJG /ÒP\GP GPVJ·NV &CU XQTNKGIGPFG 5VÒEM KUV CNUQ UKEJGT HT·PMKUEJ

ŇŇŇŇŇŇ

5QNKFK KP VJG PCOG QH #PCUVCUKWU YGTG OKPVGF KP VJG -KPIFQO QH 6QWNQWUG QH VJG 9GUV )QVJU WPFGT #NCTKEJ ++ #HVGT VJG XKEVQT[ QH VJG (TCPMU QXGT VJG 8KUKIQVJU KP VJG DCVVNG QH 8QWKNN¾ KP VJG [GCT CPF VJG GPUWKPI NQUU QH VGTTKVQT[ D[ VJG 8KUKIQVJU VJG 8KUKIQVJKE OKPVU ECOG KPVQ VJG RQUUGUUKQP QH VJG (TCPMU YJQ EQPVKPWGF VQ OKPV 5QNKFK KP VJG PCOG QH #PCUVCUKWU +P VJG ECUG QH VJGUG 5QNKFK VJGTGHQTG PQ ENGCT FKUVKPEVKQP DGVYGGP 8KUKIQVJKE CPF (TCPMKUJ EQKPCIG KU RQUUKDNG UGG CNUQ 4GKPJCTV R CPF 6CDNG 8++ 6JKU EQKP KU XGT[ UKOKNCT VQ C EQKP KP VJG 6T¾UQT FG %JKPQP 6JKU JQCTF EQPVCKPGF GZEGRV C HGY DWTIWPFKCP EQKPU QPN[ HTCPMKUJ EQKPU 6JKU UQNKFWU KU UWTGN[ HTCPMKUJ

2045

Ô 5QNKFWU KO 0COGP #PCUVCUKWU + I e 0 L0L56L ņ 5+85 2 2 L8& URKGIGNXGTMGJTV )GRCP\GTVG $ÒUVG X X OKV *GNO 5EJKNF WPF 5RGGT 8+%614+ ņ L L8))) L 8KEVQTKC UVGJV N OKV -TGW\UVCD KO #DUEJPKVV %1/1$ $GNHQTV XCT )TKGTUQP $NCEMDWTP )1.& $TGKVGT 5EJTÌVNKPI UGJT CVVTCMVKXGU HCUV XQT\ÒINKEJGU 'ZGORNCT 'ZGORNCT FGT 5COONWPI $GTPCTF %JYCTV\ #WMVKQP %TKPQP 2CTKU ,WPK 0T 'ZGORNCT FGT #WMVKQP $QWTIG[ 2CTKU ,WPK 0T

2046

Ô 5QNKFWU KO 0COGP #PCUVCUKWU + I & 0 80L56Lņ 5+8 ņ & 2 2 L8) )GRCP\GTVG $ÒUVG X X OKV *GNO 5EJKNF WPF 5RGGT 8L&614+ ņ 68 L8))) L 8KEVQTKC UVGJV N OKV -TGW\UVCD N ) T 5VGTP KO #DUEJPKVV %1p1$ $GNHQTV )TKGTUQP $NCEMDWTP .GTQ[ 7P UQNKFWU HTCPE F¾EQWXGTV CWZ GPXKTQPU FG .CQP KP .GU /GOQKTGU FG NC (¾F¾TCVKQP FGU 5QEKGVGU F *KUVQKTG GV F #TEJ¾QNQIKG FG N #KUPG 6QOG .

5 HH FKGU 'ZGORNCT )1.& 8QP ITQGT 5GNVGPJGKV .GKEJV DGUEJPKVVGP MN -TCV\GT HCUV XQT\ÒINKEJ

'ZGORNCT FGT #WMVKQP (TKV\ 4WFQNH -ÒPMGT 1UPCDTÒEM 0T

MEROWINGER

2047

Ô 6TGOKUUKU KO 0COGP FGU #PCUVCUKWU + I e 0 L0L56L ņ 5+85 2 2 L8) &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG T OKV 2GTNFKCFGO 8+%614+# #8)8561*8 8KEVQTKC IGJV T OKV -TCP\ WPF 2CNO\YGKI N KO (GNF 0 KO #DUEJPKVV %101++ $GNHQTV p )TKGTUQP $NCEMDWTP p 6QOCUKPK p XGTIN #XGTU UVGORGNINGKEJ 44 (CUV XQT\ÒINKEJ 'ZGORNCT FGT 5COONWPI $GTPCTF %JYCTV\ #WMVKQP %TKPQP 2CTKU ,WPK 0T 'ZGORNCT FGT #WMVKQP &ÒTT /KEJGN )GPH 0QXGODGT 0T

,GCP .CHCWTKG %NQXKU (KI E XGTDKPFGV FGP $WEJUVCDGP 0 OKV FGP /ÒP\UV·VVGP 0CPVGU 0Q[QP QFGT 0CTDQPPG

ŇŇŇŇŇŇ

,GCP .CHCWTKG %NQXKU (KI E NKPMU VJG NGVVGT 0 VQ VJG OKPVU QH 0CPVGU QT 0Q[QP

2048

Ô 6TGOKUUKU KO 0COGP FGU #PCUVCUKWU + I & 0 L0L56L5+85 2 2 L8) &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG T OKV 2GTNFKCFGO 8+%614+ ņ L L ņ 8)856 8KEVQTKC IGJV T OKV -TCP\ WPF 2CNO\YGKI N KO (GNF 2 KO #DUEJPKVV %101$ $GNHQTV )TKGTUQP $NCEMDWTP p 6QOCUKPK p 8QP ITQGT 5GNVGPJGKV (GKPG 6ÌPWPI XQT\ÒINKEJ 'ZGORNCT FGT 5COONWPI $GTPCTF %JYCTV\ #WMVKQP %TKPQP 2CTKU ,WPK 0T 6KVGNUVÒEM

,GCP .CHCWTKG %NQXKU (KI F XGTDKPFGV FGP $WEJUVCDGP 2 OKV FGP /ÒP\UV·VVGP 2¾TKIWGWZ QFGT 2QKVKGTU

ŇŇŇŇŇŇ

,GCP .CHCWTKG %NQXKU (KI F NKPMU VJG NGVVGT 2 VQ VJG OKPVU QH 2¾TKIWGWZ QT 2QKVKGTU

2049

Ô 6TGOKUUKU KO 0COGP FGU ,WUVKPWU + QFGT ++ I +8+5#++ ņ +#6+ &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG T OKV 2GTNFKC FGO CWH FGT $ÒUVG -TGW\ 6TWIUEJTKHV CWU &TGKGEMGP 8KEVQTKC IGJV T OKV -TCP\ WPF 2CNO\YGKI $GNHQTV p )TKGTUQP $NCEMDWTP p CDGT UKGJG 5 6QOCUKPK XGTIN HH 8QP CNNGTITÌVGT 5GNVGPJGKV (CUV 5VGORGNINCP\ 'ZGORNCT FGT #WMVKQP 6TKVQP :++ 0GY ;QTM ,CPWCT 0T )GHWPFGP CO (GDTWCT KO YGUVNKEJGP 6GKN FGT +UNG QH 9KIJV 2QTVCDNG #PVKSWKVKGU 5EJGOG 4GHGTGPEG 9 9KIJV KUV GKP CWGTIGYÌJPNKEJGT (WPFQTV HÒT YGUVIQVKUEJG )GRT·IG CDGT PKEJV UQ UGNVGP HÒT OGTQYKP IKUEJG /ÒP\GP ŇŇŇŇŇŇ (QWPF KP VJG 9GUV RCTV QH VJG +UNG QH 9KIJV 9KIJV KU CP GZVTCQTFKPCT[ HKPF URQV HQT C 8KUKIQ VJKE EQKP DWV PQV UQ TCTG HQT C /GTQXKPIKCP EQKP

MEROWINGER

2050

Ô 5QNKFWU KO 0COGP ,WUVKPKCPWU + I & 0 +856+0+ ņ L085 2 2 L8) )GRCP\GTVG $ÒUVG X X OKV *GNO 5EJKNF WPF 5RGGT 8+%614 ņ L L8))) L 8KEVQTKC UVGJV N OKV -TGW\UVCD N 5VGTP KO #D UEJPKVV %101$ 8GTIN #WMVKQP %TKPQP 2CTKU ,WPK 0T #XGTU 6[R ¯ NC $QWENG RGTFWG $GNHQTV XCT )TKGTUQP $NCEMDWTP p )1.& 44 9KP\ 5EJTÌVNKPIUTKUUG HCUV XQT\ÒINKEJ 'ZGORNCT FGT #WMVKQP &KZ 0QQPCP 9GDD .QPFQP 5GRVGODGT 0T

&CU 5VÒEM KOKVKGTV QUVIQVKUEJG 5QNKFK KO 0COGP FGU ,WUVKPKCPWU + /GVNKEJ WPF \GKIV LGFQEJ UVCVV FGU HÒT QUVIQVKUEJG 2T·IWPIGP V[RKUEJGP 2 KWU ( GNKZ KP FGT #XGTUNGIGPFG 2 GT 2 GVWWU

ŇŇŇŇŇŇ

6JG RKGEG KOKVCVGU 1UVTQIQVJKE 5QNKFK KP VJG PCOG QH ,WUVKPKCPWU + /GVNKEJ CPF UJQYU JQYGXGT KPUVGCF QH VJG NGIGPF 2 KWU ( GNKZ V[RKECN HQT 1UVTQIQVJKE EQKPU KP VJG TGXGTUG KPUETKRVKQP ŋ2 GT 2 GVWWU Ō

2051

Ô 6TGOKUUKU KO 0COGP ,WUVKPKCPWU + DWTIWPFKUEJG /ÒP\UV·VVG ! I & 0 +85 URKGIGNXGT MGJTV 6+ ņ 0+L085 URKGIGNXGTMGJTV 2 &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG T OKV 2GTNFKCFGO 8+%614+L L8)85

URKGIGNXGTMGJTV 612 8KEVQTKC UVGJV T OKV -TCP\ N 5VGTP KO #DUEJPKVV %1++1 $GNHQTV p )TKGTUQP $NCEMDWTP p )1.& 8GTDTCWEJVG 5VGORGN HCUV UGJT UEJÌP

'ZGORNCT FGT *GUU &KXQ <ÒTKEJ 0T

2052

Ô 6TGOKUUKU KO 0COGP ,WUVKPKCPWU + #WVWP ! I 0 +856+0+#085 2 2 Z &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG T OKV 2GTNFKCFGO 8+%614+8 ņ #%85 URKGIGNXGTMGJTV 6148 8KEVQTKC IGJV T OKV -TCP\ WPF 2CNO \YGKI T L, KO #DUEJPKVV %1/$ $GNHQTV )TKGTUQP $NCEMDWTP p .CHCWTKG .[QP UVGORGN INGKEJ .CHCWTKG 40 UVGORGNINGKEJ )1.& 4 )WVGU XQT\ÒINKEJ 'ZGORNCT FGT 5COONWPI #OCVGWT $QWTIWKIPQP #WMVKQP %TKPQP 2CTKU ,WPK 0T 'ZGORNCT FGT 5COONWPI 6TCORKVUEJ #WMVKQP %TGFKV FG NC $QWTUG 2CTKU /CK 0T

2053

Ô 6TGOKUUKU KO 0COGP ,WUVKPKCPWU + .[QP ! I & 0 +856+L085 2 2 !% &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG T OKV 2GTNFKCFGO 8+%614+L L%8561480 8 % 8 8KEVQTKC IGJV T OKV -TCP\ WPF 2CNO\YGKI $GNHQTV )TKGTUQP $NCEMDWTP p .CHCWTKG 40 0T UVGORGNINGKEJ )1.& 4 2T·IGUEJY·EJG CO 4CPF XQT\ÒINKEJ 'ZGORNCT FGT 5COONWPI #OCVGWT $QWTIWKIPQP #WMVKQP %TKPQP 2CTKU ,WPK 0T

ANONYM

2054

Ô 6TGOKUUKU KO 0COGP FGU /CWTKEKWU 6KDGTKWU /CUUCNKC I &0 /L84+% ņ6D 2 2 L8 &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG T OKV 2GTNFKCFGO 8+%614+L L86147/+ -TGW\ CWH )NQDWU \YKUEJGP / ņ L 8 ņ ++ KO #DUEJPKVV %101 $GNHQTV )TKGTUQP $NCEMDWTP p )1.& 4 -N 5EJTÌVNKPIUTK NGKEJV IGYGNNV UGJT UEJÌP XQT\ÒINKEJ 'ZGORNCT FGT #WMVKQP %TKPQP 2CTKU ,WPK 0T 'ZGORNCT 5COONWPI 6JGQFQT 8QNV\ #WMVKQP /ÒP\GP WPF /GFCKNNGP #) $CUGN 0T

2055

Ô 6TGOKUUKU KO 0COGP FGU /CWTKEKWU 6KDGTKWU 7EGEKC 7\½U I L/L84+ ņ 88 2 2 8 &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG T OKV 2GTNFKCFGO 8+% L1L+ ņ L861 L 8 -TGW\ CWH )NQDWU \YKUEJGP 8 ņ % KO #DUEJPKVV %1++1 $GNHQTV XGTIN H )TKGTUQP $NCEMDWTP p )1.& 8QP CNNGTITÌVGT 5GNVGPJGKV -N 5EJTÌVNKPIUHGJNGT CO 4CPFG FGU 4GXGTUGU HCUV XQT\ÒINKEJ

'ZGORNCT FGT 5COONWPI $GTPCTF %JYCTV\ #WMVKQP %TKPQP 2CTKU ,WPK 0T

2056

#010;/

Ô 5QNKFWU KO 0COGP FGU <GPQ I & 0 <'01 2'42 #8) )GRCP\GTVG $ÒUVG X X OKV *GNO 5RGGT WPF 5EJKNF 8+%614+ ņ # #8))) + 8KEVQTKC UVGJV N OKV -TGW\ T 5VGTP )TKGTUQP $NCEMDWTP p .CECO p 4+% p \W )1.& 44 8QT\ÒINKEJ 'ZGORNCT FGT #WMVKQP (TKV\ 4WFQNH -ÒPMGT 1UPCDTÒEM 0T

'U JCPFGNV UKEJ WO GKPGP YGUVNKEJGP $GKUEJNCI \W GKPGO 5QNKFWU FGU <GPQ FGT NGKFGT PKEJV IGPCW \W\WQTFPGP KUV 'U MÌPPVG UKEJ WO GKPG HT·PMKUEJG QFGT YGUVIQVKUEJG 2T·IWPI JCPFGNP

ŇŇŇŇŇŇ

9G CTG FGCNKPI YKVJ C 9GUVGTP TGUVTKMG QH C 5QNKFWU QH <GPQ YJKEJ WPHQTVWPCVGN[ ECPPQV DG FGHKPKVKXGN[ KFGPVKHKGF +V EQWNF DG C (TCPMKUJ QT 9GUV )QVJKE OKPVKPI

MEROWINGER

24 )70)'0 /+6 /'419+0)+5%*'0 -¤0+)50#/'0 &CU YQJN OCTMCPVGUVG /GTMOCN FGT OGTQYKPIKUEJGP /ÒP\RT·IWPI PCEJ FGT 2JCUG FGT RUGWFQKORGTKC NGP WPF PCVKQPCNGP 2T·IWPIGP EC KUV FGT KP FGT 7OUEJTKHV CP FKG 5VGNNG FGU -ÌPKIU VTGVGPFG 2GTUQPGPPCOG OKV FGO \WOGKUV CDIGMÒT\VGP <WUCV\ OQPGVCTKWU #WEJ YKTF HQTVCP GKP 1TVUPCOG OKV GKPGT NCVGKPKUEJGP ō1TVUSWCNKHKMCVKQPŋ DGKURKGNUYGKUG EKXKVCU ECUVTC FQOWU QFGT OCNNC IGPCPPV 5Q UKPF DKU JGWVG GVYC XGTUEJKGFGPG 2GTUQPGP WPF OGJT CNU 1TVUPCOGP ÒDGTNKGHGTV &CU 5[UVGO YGNEJGU UKEJ JKPVGT FKGUGT WOHCPITGKEJGP 2T·IWPI XQP 6TKGPVGP XGTDKTIV MQPPVG PQEJ PKEJV \YGKHGNUHTGK IGMN·TV YGTFGP \WOCN GKP FGTCTV FKEJVGU 0GV\ XQP /ÒP\UV·VVGP PKEJV TGEJV \WO $KNF GKPGT YGKVGUVIGJGPF CITCTKUEJ QTICPKUKGTVGP )GUGNNUEJCHV RCUUGP YKNN /CP FCTH JKPVGT FKGUGP /QPGVCTGP CDGT YQJN \W TGEJV ōGKPG UQ\KCN WPF HWPMVKQPCN JGTCWUIGJQDGPG 5EJKEJV XQP 8GTYCNVWPIUVT·IGTP CWH NQMCNGT 'DGPGŋ $ -NWIG 0WOKUOCVKM FGU /KVVGNCNVGTU 5 CPPGJOGP WPF CWEJ GKP <WUCOOGPJCPI OKV FGO 5VGWGT U[UVGO KUV YCJTUEJGKPNKEJ &KG <GKV FGT /QPGVCTOÒP\GP FCWGTVG YQJN XQP EC WPF KJT 'PFG H·NNV OKV FGT #DNÌUWPI FGT FGT )QNF FWTEJ GKPG 5KNDGTY·JTWPI KO (TCPMGPTGKEJ \WUCOOGP

2057

$#00#%+#%7/ $CPCUUCE .Q\½TG

%JCTKDGTV ++ 6TKGPU I %* #4+$'4685 4': $TWUVDKNF T OKV &KCFGO $#00#%+#%1 (++6 -GNEJ $GNHQTV )TKGTUQP $NCEMDWTP XIN 2TQW )1.& 44 8QT\ÒINKEJGU 'ZGORNCT OKV HGKPGT )QNFVÌPWPI 'ZGORNCT FGT 5COONWPI $GTPCTF %JYCTV\ #WMVKQP %TKPQP 2CTKU ,WPK 0T

2058

6TKGPU I %*#4+$'4685 4': $TWUVDKNF T OKV &KCFGO $#00#%+#%1 (++6 -GNEJ $GNHQTV %QPDTQWUG FKGU 'ZGORNCT )TKGTUQP $NCEMDWTP XIN 2TQW )1.& 8QP ITQGT 5GNVGPJGKV 8QTFGTUGKVG NGKEJV FG\GPVTKGTV XQT\ÒINKEJ

'ZGORNCT FGT 5COONWPI $GTPCTF %JYCTV\ #WMVKQP %TKPQP 2CTKU ,WPK 0T

2059

/#55#.+# /CTUGKNNG $QWEJGU FW 4JÊPG

%JNQVJCT ++ 6TKGPU I %.*16#4+85 4 $TWUVDKNF T OKV &KCFGO 8+%61+1+14

TÒEMN·WHKI -TGW\ CWH )NQDWU \W FGP 5GKVGP / # $GNHQTV 2TQW )1.& 8QP ITQGT 5GNVGPJGKV -N 2T·IGUEJY·EJG UQPUV XQT\ÒINKEJGU 'ZGORNCT 'ZGORNCT FGT #WMVKQP *GUU &KXQ #) <ÒTKEJ 0T

2060

%JKNFGDGTV +++ 6TKGPU I /#5+.+# $TWUVDKNF T OKV &KCFGO %*+.&'$'4685 4: -TGW\ CWH )NQDWU \W FGP 5GKVGP / # $GNHQTV 2TQW )1.& 44 -N 5EJTÌVNKPIUTK UQPUV CVVTCMVKXGU UGJT UEJÌPGU 'ZGORNCT 'ZGORNCT FGT 5COONWPI $GTPCTF %JYCTV\ #WMVKQP %TKPQP 2CTKU ,WPK 0T

MEROWINGER

2061

%JKNFGTKEJ ++ 5QNKFWU I %*+.&'4+%85 4': $TWUVDKNF T OKV &KCFGO =/#?5+.+' %+8+=6#6+5? -TGW\ CWH )NQDWU \W FGP 5GKVGP / # : Û Û 5KNKSWCG $GNHQTV )TKGT UQP $NCEMDWTP XIN #8 2TQW XIN )1.& 8QP ITQGT 5GNVGPJGKV 4ÒEMUGKVG NGKEJV FG\GPVTKGTV WPF MN 5EJTÌVNKPIUTK UGJT UEJÌP 'ZGORNCT FGT 5COONWPI $GTPCTF %JYCTV\ #WMVKQP %TKPQP 2CTKU ,WPK 0T 'ZGORNCT FGT #WMVKQP $WTICP 2CTKU ,WPK 0T

2062

24 )70)'0 /+6 /'419+0)+5%*'0 /10'6#40#/'0 #8)8561&808/ #WVWP 5CÊPG GV .QKTG

6TKGPU EC /ÒP\OGKUVGT 6GWFWNHQ I #8)856+&801 (+6 <YGK $TWUVDKNFGT PGDGP GKPCPFGT T 6'8& 8.(1/ %JTKUVQITCOO CWH )NQDWU \W FGP 5GKVGP # % $GNHQTV )1.& 8QP ITQGT 5GNVGPJGKV (GKPG )QNFVÌPWPI MN 4CPFHGJNGT XQT\ÒINKEJ 'ZGORNCT FGT 5COONWPI FG 9KV #WMVKQP (TKV\ 4WFQNH -ÒPMGT 1UPCDTÒEM 0T 'ZGORNCT FGT #WMVKQP 0WOKUOCVKEC )GPGXGPUKU )GPH 0T

2063

$#00#%+#%8/ $CPCUUCE .Q\½TG

6TKGPU WO /ÒP\OGKUVGT 'NCHKWU I -QRH T OKV &KCFGO WPVGP -WIGN FCXQT -TGW\ '.#(+85 /10'6#6 -GNEJ $GNHQTV )TKGTUQP $NCEMDWTP XIN HH )1.& 4 8QT\ÒINKEJ

'ZGORNCT FGT #WMVKQP 6TKVQP :++ 0GY ;QTM 0T

&GT XGTINGKEJUYGKUG UGNVGPG 0COG 'NCRJKWU IT *KTUEJ CDIGYCPFGNV CWEJ #.#(+85 MQOOV XQT CNNGO KO UÒFNKEJGP )CNNKGP XQT YQ WO KP 4QFG\ GKP 6T·IGT FKGUGU 0COGPU CNU )TÒPFGT GKPGU $CRVKUVGTKWOU DGNGIV KUV #NU /ÒP\OGKUVGT VCWEJV FGT 0COG PWT KP $CPPCEKCEWO CWH XIN (GNFGT &KG 2GTUQPGPPCOGP CWH FGP OGTQYKPIK UEJGP /ÒP\GP 5

ŇŇŇŇŇŇ

6JG TGNCVKXGN[ TCTG PCOG 'NCRJKWU IT *KTUEJ OQFKHKGF CNUQ #.#(+85 KU HQWPF CDQXG CNN KP UQWVJGTP )CWN YJGTG KP KP 4QFG\ C RGTUQP YKVJ VJKU PCOG KU TGEQTFGF CU HQWPFGT QH C $CRVKUVGT[ #U VJCV QH C OQPG[GT VJG PCOG KU QPN[ HQWPF KP $CPPCEKCEWO EH (GNFGT &KG 2GTUQPGPPCOGP CWH FGP OGTQYKPIKUEJGP /ÒP\GP R

2064

/#618#..1 $QPPGXGCW .QKT GV %JGT

6TKGPU /ÒP\OGKUVGT 8XCUGPFQUWU I /#618#.. -QRH T 88#5'0&151 #PMGTMTGW\ KP \YGK 9KPMGNP LG GKPG -WIGN $GNHQTV FKGU 'ZGORNCT )1.& 8QP ITQGT 5GNVGPJGKV 8GTOWVNKEJ 7PKMWO 8QT\ÒINKEJ 'ZGORNCT FGT 5COONWPI $GTPCTF %JYCTV\ #WMVKQP %TKPQP 2CTKU ,WPK 0T 'ZGORNCT FGT 5COONWPI (ÒTUVGPDGTI #WMVKQP %CJP (TCPMHWTV 0T 'ZGORNCT FGT 5COONWPI FG 5CWNE[ XIN 40 5 WPF 6H : 0T FQTV WPVGT 5CKPV %CNCKU 5CTVJG

MEROWINGER

2065

%#61/#4+1 %CUVGTOCT[ #XG[TQP

6TKGPU /ÒP\OGKUVGT +QEWPFWU I +1%8*&85 /10' %JTKUVQITCOO KO GTUVGP 9KPMGN GKP 3WCFTCV WPF KO FTKVVGP 9KPMGN GKP # %#61/#4+1 8+%1 %JTKUVQITCOO KO \YGKVGP WPF XKGTVGP 9KPMGN GKP 3WCFTCV $GNHQTV FKGU 'ZGORNCT )TKGTUQP $NCEMDWTP XIN HH )1.& 7PKMWO 8QT\ÒINKEJGU 'ZGORNCT 'ZGORNCT FGT 5COONWPI $KUUKPIGT #WMVKQP .CP\ /ÒPEJGP 0T 'ZGORNCT FGT 5COONWPI (ÒTUVGPDGTI #WMVKQP %CJP (TCPMHWTV 0T

2066

%.+/10' %N¾OQPV %JGT

6TKGPU /ÒP\OGKUVGT 8KPQXCNFWU I %.+/10' 8+%1' TÒEMN·WHKI $TWUVDKNF N FCXQT 5 \YKUEJGP \YGK -WIGNP 8+0168#1&+/1 TÒEMN·WHKI -TGW\ CWH )NQDWU $GNHQTV p XIN 2TQW p XIN HH )1.& 8QP ITQGT 5GNVGPJGKV JÌEJUVYCJTUEJGKPNKEJ 7PKMWO 5VGORGNINCP\ 'ZGORNCT FGT #WMVKQP &09 .QPFQP 0T

'KP /ÒP\OGKUVGT 8KPQXCNFWU IGTO YKPK (TGWPF MQOOV CWUUEJNKGNKEJ KP FGT 2T·IGUV·VVG %N¾OQPV XQT XIN (GNFGT &KG 2GTUQPGPPCOGP CWH FGP OGTQYKPIKUEJGP /ÒP\GP 5

ŇŇŇŇŇŇ

# OQPG[GT PCOGF 8KPQXCNFWU IGTO YKPK HTKGPF KU HQWPF QPN[ KP VJG %N¾OQPV OKPV EH (GNFGT &KG 2GTUQ PGPPCOGP CWH FGP OGTQYKPIKUEJGP /ÒP\GP R

2067

&+%'6+# &¾EK\G 0K½XTG

6TKGPU /ÒP\OGKUVGT /CWTWU I &+%'6+# (++6 %#5 -QRH T OKV &KCFGO /#8485 /106 -TGW\ CWH )NQDWU $GNHQTV )1.& 44 )TQDGT 5VKN YKP\ -TCV\GT CWH FGT 4ÒEMUGKVG XQT\ÒINKEJ 'ZGORNCT FGT #WMVKQP %JCRQPPK½TG *GUU &KXQ #) <ÒTKEJ 0T

8IN FGP -QOOGPVCT DGK (GNFGT &KG 2GTUQPGPPCOGP CWH FGP OGTQYKPIKUEJGP /ÒP\GP 5 .CV /CWTWU WPF FCU UGNVGPG /CWTGVCPWU UKPF \YGK MQPMWTTKGTGPFG $G\GKEJPWPIGP HÒT FKG <WIGJÌTKIMGKV \WT $GXÌNMGTWPI 0QTFYGUV CHTKMCU

ŇŇŇŇŇŇ

%H VJG EQOOGPVCT[ KP (GNFGT &KG 2GTUQPGPPCOGP CWH FGP OGTQYKPIKUEJGP /ÒP\GP R .CV /CWTWU WPF FCU UGNVGPG /CWTGVCPWU UKPF \YGK MQPMWTTKGTGPFG $G\GKEJPWPIGP HÒT FKG <WIGJÌTKIMGKV \WT $GXÌNMGTWPI 0QTFYGUVCHTK MCU .CV /CWTWU CPF VJG TCTG /CWTGVCPWU CTG VYQ EQORGVKPI NCDGNU HQT OGODGTU QH VJG RQRWNCVKQP QH PQTVJYGUV #HTKEC

2068

%'01/#00+5 .G /CPU 5CTVJG

6TKGPU /ÒP\OGKUVGT /CTEQXKWU I %'.'/#00+5 TÒEMN·WHKI -QRH T #4%18+ #PMGT MTGW\ $GNHQTV )1.& 44 9CJTUEJGKPNKEJ DGMCPPVGU 'ZGORNCT 8QT\ÒINKEJ 'ZGORNCT FGT #WMVKQP 0QOQU #) <ÒTKEJ 0T 'ZGORNCT FGT 5COONWPI $GTPCTF %JYCTV\ #WMVKQP %TKPQP 2CTKU ,WPK 0T

MEROWINGER

2069

/#45#..85 /CTUCN /QUGNNG

6TKGPU /ÒP\OGKUVGT 6JGWFGOWPFWU I /#45#..18# TÒEMN·WHKI $TWUVDKNF T OKV &KC FGO 6+'8&'/80&85 /10 TÒEMN·WHKI -TGW\ CWH 5VWHG QDGP -WIGN \W FGP 5GKVGP # % $GNHQTV FKGU 'ZGORNCT )1.& 7PKMWO 8QT\ÒINKEJ 'ZGORNCT FGT 5COONWPI $KUUKPIGT #WMVKQP .CP\ /ÒPEJGP 0T 'ZGORNCT FGT 5COONWPI (ÒTUVGPDGTI #WMVKQP %CJP (TCPMHWTV 0T CWU FGT 5COONWPI FG 5CWNE[

2070

/'&1.#5 /GNNG &GWZ 5½XTGU

6TKGPU I /ÒP\OGKUVGT (TKFQWCNF /'&1.#5 -TGW\ (4+&18#.& TÒEMN·WHKI -TGW\ KP -TGKU $GNHQTV p )1.& 8QP ITQGT 5GNVGPJGKV 7PGFKGTV -PCRRGT 5EJTÌVNKPI XQT\ÒINKEJ 'ZGORNCT FGT #WMVKQP (TKV\ 4WFQNH -ÒPMGT 1UPCDTÒEM 0T

(ÒT FGP 5VKN FKGUGU 6[RU OKV -TGW\ CWH 8QTFGT WPF 4ÒEMUGKVG XIN FGP (WPF XQP &TQPTKLR (TKGUNCPF WPYGKV XQP /GNNG WPF )TKGTUQP $NCEMDWTP (F 4QNNKP

ŇŇŇŇŇŇ

(QT VJG UV[NG QH VJKU V[RG YKVJ ETQUU QP QDXGTUG CPF TGXGTUG EQORCTG VJG HKPF QH &TQPTKLR (TKGUNCPF PQV HCT HTQO /GNNG CPF )TKGTUQP $NCEMDWTP (F 4QNNKP

2071

2#.#6+8/ 2CNCUVOÒP\UV·VVG 2CTKU!

6TKGPU 2CTKU! I /ÒP\OGKUVGT 4CIPQOCTGU /10+6# 2.#6+ $TWUVDKNF T OKV &KCFGO 4#)0+/#41 /1+ -TGW\ CWH FTGK 5VWHGP CP FGP 5GKVGPCTOGP LG GKPG IKTNCPFGPCTVKIG 8GT\KGTWPI $GNHQTV FKGU 'ZGORNCT )1.& 8QP ITQGT 5GNVGPJGKV 9CJTUEJGKPNKEJ 7PKMWO 8QT\ÒINKEJGU 'ZGORNCT FKGUGU DGFGWVUCOGP /ÒP\V[RU 'ZGORNCT FGT 5COONWPI $KUUKPIGT #WMVKQP .CP\ /ÒPEJGP 0T 'ZGORNCT FGT 5COONWPI (ÒTUVGPDGTI #WMVKQP %CJP (TCPMHWTV 0T CWU FGT 5COONWPI FG 5CWNE[

2072

6TKGPU XQT 2CTKU /ÒP\OGKUVGT 'NKIKWU I 2#4+5+ 5+5 %+8+ $TWUVDKNF T '.+)+8 5/80 -TGW\ ÒDGT 1OGIC $GNHQTV )1.& 8QP ITQGT 5GNVGPJGKV 9CJTUEJGKPNKEJ DGMCPPVGU 'ZGORNCT 8QT\ÒINKEJGU 'ZGORNCT OKV HGKPGT )QNFVÌPWPI 'ZGORNCT FGT #WMVKQP (TKV\ 4WFQNH -ÒPMGT 1UPCDTÒEM 0T

$GK FGO CWH FKGUGO 6[R IGPCPPVGP /QPGVCT '.+)+85 FÒTHVG GU UKEJ OKV \KGONKEJGT 5KEJGTJGKV WO FGP CO *QHG FGT -ÌPKIG %JNQVJCT ++ WPF &CIQDGTV V·VKIGP WPF UR·VGT JGKNKI IGURTQEJGPGP 'NKIKWU 5EJWV\RCVTQP FGT )QNFUEJOKGFG WPF /ÒP\OGKUVGT JCPFGNP &KG 2CTKUGT /ÒP\GP UKPF YQJN XQT UGKPGT 'TPGPPWPI \WO $KUEJQH XQP 0Q[QP KO ,CJTG IGRT·IV YQTFGP

ŇŇŇŇŇŇ

6JG /QPGVCT '.+)+85 PCOGF QP VJKU V[RG KU CNOQUV EGTVCKPN[ 'NKIKWU RCVTQP UCKPV QH VJG IQNFUOKVJU CPF OQPG[GTU CEVKXG CV VJG EQWTVU QH -KPIU %JNQVJCT ++ CPF &CIQDGTV CPF NCVGT UCKPVGF 6JG 2CTKU EQKPU YGTG RTQDCDN[ OKPVGF DGHQTG JKU CRRQKPVOGPV CU $KUJQR QH 0Q[QP KP VJG [GCT

MEROWINGER

2073

486'085 4QFG\ #XG[TQP

6TKGPU XQT /ÒP\OGKUVGT 8GPFGOKWU I -QRH T OKV &KCFGO FCXQT 4CWVG 8'0&/+85 /0' +O (GNF 486'0+5 /QPQITCOO $GNHQTV )TKGTUQP $NCEMDWTP XIN )1.& 4 8QT\ÒINKEJ 'ZGORNCT FGT #WMVKQP %0) .CPECUVGT 0T

2074

6TKGPU PCEJ /ÒP\OGKUVGT 4QUQNWU I -QRH T OKV &KCFGO FCXQT <YGKI 4151:+85 / 0 +O (GNF 486'0+5 /QPQITCOO $GNHQTV )1.& 44 #VVTCMVKXGU XQT\ÒINKEJGU 'ZGORNCT OKV CWUFTWEMUXQNNGO 2QTVT·V 'ZGORNCT FGT 5COONWPI $GTPCTF %JYCTV\ #WMVKQP %TKPQP 2CTKU ,WPK 0T

&GT 5EJTÌVNKPI DGUVGJV CWU GKPGT DNCUUIGNDGP )QNFNGIKGTWPI RCNG IQNF

2075

%#68..#%8/ 5CKPV &GPKU 5GKPG

6TKGPU /ÒP\OGKUVGT 'DTGIKUGNWU I +468. .#%1 $TWUVDKNF T OKV &KCFGO '$%')+5+41 #PMGTMTGW\ CWH )NQDWU $GNHQTV FKGU 'ZGORNCT )1.& 44 8QT\ÒINKEJ 'ZGORNCT FGT 5COONWPI $GTPCTF %JYCTV\ #WMVKQP %TKPQP 2CTKU ,WPK 0T 'ZGORNCT FGT #WMVKQP %T¾FKV FG NC $QWTUG 2CTKU 0T 'ZGORNCT FGT #WMVKQP /ÒP\GP WPF /GFCKNNGP 8+++ $CUGN 0T 'ZGORNCT FGT 5COONWPI 2QPVQP F #O¾EQWTV 4QNNKP GV (GWCTFGPV 0T 'ZGORNCT FGT 5COONWPI &CUU[ 4QNNKP GV (GWCTFGPV 0T

2076

&14+85 6TÉQ .QKT GV %JGT

6TKGPU /ÒP\OGKUVGT 8GTQNWU I &14+1 8+%1 $TWUVDKNF N OKV &KCFGO 8'41.1 /1 -TGW\ KP FGP 9KPMGNP -WIGN -WIGN 5VGTP 5VGTP $GNHQTV 2TQW FKGU 'ZGORNCT )1.& 8QP ITQGT 5GNVGPJGKV 9CJTUEJGKPNKEJ DGMCPPVGU 'ZGORNCT #WGTIGYÌJPNKEJ IWV GTJCNVGPGU 'ZGORNCT 5VGORGNINCP\ 'ZGORNCT 6JG $TW 5CNG $TÒUUGN 0T 'ZGORNCT FGT 5COONWPI 2QPVQP F #O¾EQWTV #WMVKQP 4QNNKP GV (GWCTFGPV 2CTKU 0T

KAROLINGER

2077

#010;/' /'419+0)'4<'+6.+%*' 24 )70) #75 &'/ )'$+'6 <9+5%*'0 4*'+0 70& '.$'

7PDGUVKOOVGT 4GIGPV Ô 5QNKFWU KO 0COGP FGU %QPUVCPVKPWU +8 I )GRCP\GTVG $ÒUVG X X OKV *GNO 5EJKNF WPF 5RGGT -TGW\ \YKUEJGP \YGK 2TKP\GP /+$ p XGTIN : HH )1.& )WVGU UGJT UEJÌP

'ZGORNCT FGT #WMVKQP %0) .CPECUVGT 0T

-#41.+0)'4

2078

24 )70)'0 2+22+05 &'5 -74<'0 #7%* 2+22+0 &'4 ,ª0)'4' )'0#006 *#75/'+'4 810 #7564+'0 -¤0+) &'5 (4#0-'04'+%*'5 2KRRKP FGT -WT\G 2T·IWPI CNU *CWUOGKGT XQP #WUVTKGP WPF 0GWUVTKGP

&GPCT WPDGUVKOOVG /ÒP\UV·VVG 2CNCUVOÒP\UV·VVG I .GKEJVGT OGTQYKPIKUEJGT )GYKEJVUUVCPFCTF 4+ WPVGT $CNMGP -#5 TGVTQITCF WPVGT -TGW\ )CTKGN ++ )TKGTUQP $NCEMDWTP XIN 5 / ) 2TQW p XIN 5 .::+++ 44 (GKPG 6ÌPWPI IWV \GPVTKGTVGU WPF XQNNUV·PFKI CWUIGRT·IVGU 'ZGORNCT XQT\ÒINKEJ 'ZGORNCT FGT #WMVKQP # 6MCNGE #) <ÒTKEJ 0T

$GK FGO XQTNKGIGPFGP 6[R MÌPPVG GU UKEJ CWHITWPF FGU 5VKNU WPF IGTKPIGP )GYKEJVU CWEJ WO GKPGP OGTQYKPIKUEJGP &GPCT JCPFGNP XIN FGP -QOOGPVCT KP FGT 5COONWPI %JYCTV\ #WMVKQP %TKPQP 2CTKU ,WPK 0T OKV YGKVGTHÒJTGPFGP .KVGTCVWTCPICDGP

ŇŇŇŇŇŇ

,WFIKPI HTQO KVU UV[NG CPF NKIJV YGKIJV VJG V[RG CV JCPF EQWNF DG C /GTQXKPIKCP FGPCT CU YGNN EH VJG EQOOGPVCT[ KP VJG %JYCTV\ %QNNGEVKQP #WEVKQP %TKPQP 2CTKU ,WPG VJ 0Q YKVJ UGEQPFCT[ NKVGTCT[ TGHGTGPEGU

2079

2KRRKP FGT -WT\G 2T·IWPI CNU -ÌPKI FGU (TCPMGPTGKEJGU

&GPCT WPDGUVKOOVG /ÒP\UV·VVG 2CNCUVOÒP\UV·VVG! I .GKEJVGT OGTQYKPIKUEJGT )GYKEJVUUVCP FCTF 42 WPVGT $CNMGP KO (GNF XKGT -WIGNP 4Z( WPVGT $CNMGP KO (GNF \YGK -WIGNP )CTKGN p )TKGTUQP $NCEMDWTP / ) XIN 2TQW p 8QP ITQGT 5GNVGPJGKV 8QT\ÒINKEJGU 'ZGORNCT 'ZGORNCT FGT 5COONWPI $GTPCTF %JYCTV\ #WMVKQP %TKPQP 2CTKU ,WPK 0T

KAROLINGER

2080

&GPCT WPDGUVKOOVG /ÒP\UV·VVG YCJTUEJGKPNKEJ #PVTCKP QFGT 5CKPV &GPKU I 4 2 FC\YKUEJGP \YGK -WIGNP WPVGT FGO 4 GKPG -WIGN T FTGK YGKVGTG -WIGNP QDGP GKP $CNMGP FGT KP \YGK -WIGNP GPFGV #86 64#/ 01 FC\YKUEJGP $CNMGP FKG KP \YGK -WIGNP GPFGP )CTKGN + p )TKGTUQP $NCEMDWTP / ) 2TQW p 4 8QT\ÒINKEJGU 'ZGORNCT OKV HGKPGT 6ÌPWPI 'ZGORNCT FGT 5COONWPI $KUUKPIGT #WMVKQP .CP\ /ÒPEJGP 0T 'ZGORNCT FGU (ÒTUVNKEJ (ÒTUVGPDGTIKUEJGP /ÒP\MCDKPGVVU #WMVKQP %CJP (TCPMHWTV CO /CKP 0T

&KG $GFGWVWPI FGU 5EJTKHV\WIGU #864#01 KUV KOOGT PQEJ T·VUGNJCHV .QPIR¾TKGT 5 XGTOWVGVG GKPGP /ÒP\OGKUVGT #8664#/085 YQJKPIGIGP )CTKGN ++ 5 FKG $WEJUVCDGP CNU FKG #PICDG FGT /ÒP\UV·VVG NCU WPF FKG 2T·IWPI KP FGP 1TV #PVTCKP KO HTCP\ÌUKUEJGP &¾RCTVGOGPV +NNG GV 8KNCKPG XGTNGIVG &KG XQP /GVECNH %WPQDGNKP 5 XQTIGUEJNCIGPG &GWVWPI CNU #DMÒT\WPI XQP #06 KUVKVKQ 4 GIKQ & KQ 0 WUKCE 1 WPF FCOKV GKPG 2T·IWPI KP 5CKPV &GPKU YKTF XQP )TKGTUQP $NCEMDWTP /'% 0T WPF 5 KP (TCIG IGUVGNNV

ŇŇŇŇŇŇ

6JG OGCPKPI QH VJG KPUETKRVKQP #864#01 KU UVKNN C O[UVGT[ .QPIR¾TKGT RR UWURGEVGF C OQPG[GT #8664#/085 )CTKGN ++ R QP VJG EQPVTCT[ TGCF VJG NGVVGTU CU VJG KFGPVKHKECVKQP QH VJG OKPV CPF NQECVGF VJG OKPVKPI CV #PVTCKP KP VJG (TGPEJ &¾RCTVGOGPV +NNG GV 8KNCKPG /GVECNHŉU %WPQDGNKP R VJGQT[ VJCV KV KU CP CDDTGXKCVKQP QH #06 KUVKVKQ 4 GIKQ & KQ 0 WUKCE 1 CPF VJWU C OKPVKPI HTQO 5CKPV &GPKU JCU DGGP SWGUVKQPGF D[ )TKGTUQP $NCEMDWTP /'% 0Q CPF R

2081

&GPCT 3WGPVQXKE 2CU FG %CNCKU I 4Z Ù ( WPVGT $CNMGP 38%%+ 88+ ) )CTKGN +++ p / ) 2TQW 44 &WPMNG 6ÌPWPI HCUV XQT\ÒINKEJ

'ZGORNCT FGT #WMVKQP %JCRQPPK½TG *GUU &KXQ #) <ÒTKEJ 0T

2082

&GPCT 4GKOU /CTPG I 42 WPVGT $CNMGP N FTGK -WIGN KP FGT /KVVG \YGK -WIGNP WPF T GKP YGKVGTGT $CNMGP 4 WPVGT FTGK -WIGNP WPVGP GKPG YGKVGTG -WIGN )CTKGN +++ )TKGTUQP $NCEMDWTP / ) 2TQW 44 )WVGU UGJT UEJÌP 'ZGORNCT FGT 5COONWPI $GTPCTF %JYCTV\ #WMVKQP %TKPQP 2CTKU ,WPK 0T 'ZGORNCT FGT 5COONWPI 2CWN $QTFGCWZ #WMVKQP (GWCTFGPV 2CTKU #RTKN 0T

2083

&GPCT 8GTFWP /GWUG I 4Z( WPVGT $CNMGP | |8+4 &#* )CTKGN +8 / ) 2TQW 8ÌNEMGTU + FQTV FCU 'ZGORNCT KO /ÒP\MCDKPGVV $GTNKP GDGPHCNNU CWU FGO (WPF XQP +ORJ[ 8QP ITQGT 5GNVGPJGKV (CUV XQT\ÒINKEJ 'ZGORNCT FGT 5COONWPI $GTPCTF %JYCTV\ #WMVKQP %TKPQP 2CTKU ,WPK 0T 'ZGORNCT FGT 5COONWPI *GTOCPP 8QIGN 6GKN #WMVKQP *GUU 0CEJH (TCPMHWTV /CKP 0T 'ZGORNCT FGT 5COONWPI )CTKGN #WMVKQP *QHHOCPP 2CTKU #RTKN 0T 'ZGORNCT FGU (WPFGU XQP +ORJ[ .QPIR¾TKGT 40 0T

KAROLINGER

2084

24 )70)'0 -#4.5 + &'5 )4155'0 51*0 2+22+05 &'5 -74<'0 -¤0+) &'5 (4#0-'04'+%*'5 -#+5'4 -CTN FGT )TQG /ÒP\RGTKQFG )TKGTUQP $NCEMDWTP %NCUU

&GPCT %JCTVTGU 'WTG GV .QKTG I %#4 .85 %#4016+5 WO FWTEJIGUVTKEJGPGU 5 )CTKGN 8+ )TKGTUQP $NCEMDWTP WPF 5 / ) 2TQW 8QP ITQGT 5GNVGPJGKV (CUV XQT\ÒINKEJGU 'ZGORNCT OKV HGKPGT 6ÌPWPI

'ZGORNCT FGT 5COONWPI $GTPCTF %JYCTV\ #WMVKQP %TKPQP 2CTKU ,WPK 0T

2085

-CTN FGT )TQG ªDGTICPI XQP FGT \WT /ÒP\RGTKQFG EC )TKGTUQP $NCEMDWTP %NCUU

&GPCT /CKP\ I %Õ .85 /#& %5) )CTKGN 8+++ / ) XCT 2TQW 8QP ITÌVGT 5GNVGPJGKV (CUV XQT\ÒINKEJ

'ZGORNCT FGT 6JG 0GY ;QTM 5CNG #WMVKQP ::+++ 0GY ;QTM 0T

2086

-CTN FGT )TQG /ÒP\RGTKQFG PCEJ )TKGTUQP $NCEMDWTP %NCUU

&GPCT WPDGUVKOOVG /ÒP\UV·VVG /CKNCPF! I %ÕQ Û .85 Û 4: Û ( ÙÛ WPVGT $CNMGP )CTKGN 8 p XCT FQTV WPVGT WPDGUVKOOVG /ÒP\UV·VVG )TKGTUQP $NCEMDWTP / ) XCT FQTV WPVGT WPDGUVKOOVG /ÒP\UV·VVG 2TQW p XCT FQTV WPVGT +VCNKGP 4 (CUV XQT\ÒINKEJ 'ZGORNCT FGT 5COONWPI $KUUKPIGT #WMVKQP .CP\ /ÒPEJGP 0T 'TYQTDGP CWU FGO .CIGT FGT (KTOC *CODWTIGT (TCPMHWTV CO /CKP

KAROLINGER

2087

&GPCT $QWTIGU 5V 'VKGPPG I %ÕQ .85 5%5 5 Û 6 Û ( IGVTGPPV FWTEJ $CNMGP )CTKGN p / ) p 2TQW p 5EJKGUUGT $5(0 ,WPK 0T 8QP ITÌVGT 5GNVGPJGKV 9KP\ 4CPFHGJNGT UQPUV CVVTCMVKXGU 'ZGORNCT UGJT UEJÌP 'ZGORNCT FGT #WMVKQP (TKV\ 4WFQNH -ÒPMGT 1UPCDTÒEM 0T

'KP &GPCT FKGUGU 6[RU KUV DGK - /QTTKUQP * )TWPVJCN PKEJV XGT\GKEJPGV 7PVGT 0T HKPFGV UKEJ FQTV CNNGTFKPIU GKP &GPCT 2KRRKPU FGU -WT\GP FGT KP UGKPGT 4ÒEMUGKVGPNGIGPFG FKG \YGK\GKNKIG 7OUEJTKHV 5%1 56'( RT·UGPVKGTV 'KPG 8GTQTVWPI FGU XQTNKGIGPFGP 'ZGORNCTU PCEJ 5V 'VKGPPG 5CP%VX5 56G(CPXU MCPP FGOPCEJ CNU IGUKEJGTV IGNVGP &KGUGT &GPCT CWU FGT \YGKVGP /ÒP\RGTKQFG -CTNU FGU )TQGP EC UEJNKGV UVKNKUVKUEJ CP FGP 8QTI·PIGTV[RWU OKV \YGK\GKNKIGO /ÒP\UV·VVGPPCOGP CP XIN 5VGKPDCEJ 5 5GNVGPG /KVVGNCNVGTOÒP\G KP FGT P·EJUVGP -ÒPMGT #WMVKQP ņ 'KP WPGFKGTVGT &GPCT -CTNU FGU )TQGP CWU $QWTIGU 8GTÌHHGPVNKEJWPI CWH YYY OWGP\GPYQEJG FG

ŇŇŇŇŇŇ

# FGPCT QH VJKU V[RG KU PQV NKUVGF D[ - /QTTKUQP * )TWPVJCN 7PFGT 0Q JQYGXGT KU C FGPCT QH 2KRRKP VJG 5JQTV YJKEJ FKURNC[U KP KVU TGXGTUG UKFG NGIGPF VJG VYQ NKPG VTCPUETKRVKQP 5%1 56'( # RNCEKPI QH VJKU KVGO CEEQTFKPI VQ 5V 'VKGPPG 5CP%VX5 56G(CPXU ECP VJGTGHQTG DG EQPUKFGTGF TGNKCDNG 6JKU FGPCT HTQO VJG UGEQPF EQKPCIG RGTKQF QH %JCTNGOCIPG EC KU UV[NKUVKECNN[ EQPUKUVGPV YKVJ VJG RTGFGEGUUQT V[RG HGCVWTKPI VYQ NKPG OKPV PCOGU EH 5VGKPDCEJ 5 5GNVGPG /KVVGNCNVGTOÒP\G KP FGT P·EJUVGP -ÒPMGT #WMVKQP ņ 'KP WPGFKGTVGT &GPCT -CTNU FGU )TQGP CWU $QWTIGU 8GTÌHHGPVNKEJWPI CWH YYY OWGP\GPYQEJG FG

2088

&GPCT WPDGUVKOOVG /ÒP\UV·VVG I %ÕQ .85 Û%.5Û WPVGT $CNMGP )CTKGN 8+ p XCT )TKGTUQP $NCEMDWTP WPF #PO 5 / ) XCT 2TQW XCT 4 -QTTQUKQPUURWTGP UQPUV HCUV XQT\ÒINKEJGU 'ZGORNCT 'ZGORNCT FGT 5COONWPI $GTPCTF %JYCTV\ #WMVKQP %TKPQP 2CTKU ,WPK 0T 'ZGORNCT FGT 5COONWPI %NCW¾ #WMVKQP %T¾FKV FG NC $QWTUG 2CTKU #RTKN 0T

<W FGO XQTNKGIGPFGP 6[R OKV FGO /ÒP\UV·VVGPMÒT\GN %.5 IKDV GU GKPG TGIG (QTUEJWPIUFKUMWUUKQP HÒT GKPG <WUCOOGP HCUUWPI XIN %QWRNCPF 5 %JCTNGOCIPG U EQKPCIG KFGQNQI[ CPF GEQPQO[ KP 5VQT[ , %JCTNGOCIPG 'ORKTG CPF 5QEKGV[ /CPEJGUVGT 5 #NU OÌINKEJG 2T·IGUV·VVGP UKPF -ÌNP %GTGZJG /QPU )CTKGN WPF .QPIR¾TKGT WPF GKPG <QNNUVGNNG 0COGPU %NWUCU QFGT %NWUKCG .QPIR¾TKGT KP FGT 0·JG XQP $TÒIIG JGWVG 5NW[U KPU (GNF IGHÒJTV YQTFGP -ÌNP UEJGKFGV OKV ITQGT 9CJTUEJGKPNKEJMGKV UEJQP YGIGP FGU WPRCUUGPFGP 5 KP %.5 CWU WPF FGT 1TV %NWUCU GTNCPIVG GTUV $GFGWVWPI PCEJFGO FKG 2T·IWPI FGT %.5 6[RGP UEJQP GKPIGUVGNNV YQTFGP YCT /QPU %CUVTK .QEWU YKGFGTWO GTUEJGKPV \W WPDGFGWVGPF HÒT FKGUGP QHHGPDCT KP ITÌGTGP /GPIGP WPF XKGNGP 8CTKCPVGP IGOÒP\VGP 6[R 0WT UQ XKGN GTUEJGKPV MNCT &KG (WPFG XGTYGKUGP CWH GKPG /ÒP\UV·VVG KO PÌTFNKEJGP QFGT PQTFÌUVNKEJGP (TCPMGPTGKEJ

ŇŇŇŇŇŇ

6JGTG KU CP CXKF TGUGCTEJ FKUEWUUKQP QP VJG RTGUGPV V[RG YKVJ VJG OKPV NCDGN %.5 HQT C UWOOCT[ EQORCTG %QWR NCPF 5 %JCTNGOCIPG U EQKPCIG KFGQNQI[ CPF GEQPQO[ KP 5VQT[ , %JCTNGOCIPG 'ORKTG CPF 5QEKGV[ /CP EJGUVGT R %QNQIPG %GTGZJG /QPU )CTKGN CPF .QPIR¾TKGT CPF C EWUVQOU RQKPV PCOGF %NWUCU QT %NWUKCG .QPIR¾TKGT PGCT $TÒ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

KAROLINGER

2089

&GPCT &QTGUVCF I %Õ1 .85 &145 6#F' WPVGT NKGIGPFGT #ZV QDGP WPF WPVGP LG FTGK -WIGNP )CTKGN p / ) p 2TQW p 8QP ITQGT 5GNVGPJGKV 8QT\ÒINKEJGU 'ZGORNCT OKV HGKPGT 6ÌPWPI 'ZGORNCT FGT #WMVKQP (TKV\ 4WFQNH -ÒPMGT 1UPCDTÒEM 0T

/QTTKUQP )TWPVJCN / ) XIN WPF )TKGTUQP $NCEMDWTP /'% XIN MGPPGP CWUUEJNKGNKEJ GKPGP 6[R OKV #ZV WPVGT FGO \YGK\GKNKIGP 5VCFVPCOGP &KG DGK 8ÌNEMGTU XGT\GKEJPGVGP 'ZGORNCTG OKV #ZV ÒDGT FGO 5VCFVPCOGP UKPF XQP CPFGTGT /CEJCTV XIN 8ÌNEMGTU -CTQNKPIKUEJG /ÒP\HWPFG FGT (TÒJ\GKV ++ WPF ::++

ŇŇŇŇŇŇ

/QTTKUQP )TWPVJCN / ) EH CPF )TKGTUQP $NCEMDWTP /'% EH MPQY QPN[ QPG V[RG YKVJ CP CZG COQPI VJG VYQ NKPG EKV[ PCOGU 6JG URGEKOGPU NKUVGF D[ 8ÌNEMGTU YKVJ CP CZG QXGT VJG EKV[ PCOG CTG QH C FKHHGTGPV UV[NKPI

EH 8ÌNEMGTU -CTQNKPIKUEJG /ÒP\HWPFG FGT (TÒJ\GKV ++ CPF ::++

2090

&GPCT &QTGUVCF I %Õ1 .85 .KGIGPFG #ZV FCTWPVGT \YGK\GKNKIG &Ő4 66 )CTKGN p \W 8+ WPF 8++ / ) p \W 2TQW p \W 8QP ITÌVGT 5GNVGPJGKV -N FWTEJIGJGPFGT 5EJTÌVNKPIUHGJNGT UQPUV CVVTCMVKXGU XQT\ÒINKEJGU 'ZGORNCT

2091

&GPCT /GNNG &GWZ 5½XTGU I %ÕQ Û .85 -TGKUHÌTOKI m'&1.85 KP FGT /KVVG 4QUGVVG )CTKGN 8+++ )TKGTUQP $NCEMDWTP / ) 2TQW 4 (GKPG 6ÌPWPI XQT\ÒINKEJ 'ZGORNCT FGT #WMVKQP 6JG 0GY ;QTM 5CNG #WMVKQP ::+++ 0GY ;QTM 0T

)TKGTUQP $NCEMDWTP NGIGP FGP DGK /QTTKUQP )TWPVJCN WPVGT +PFGVGTOKPCVG /KPVU XGT\GKEJPGVGP 6[R KP FKG /ÒP\ UV·VVG /GNNG KPFGO UKG FKG $WEJUVCDGPXGTDKPFWPIGP KP FGT 7OUEJTKHV \W /'61.1 CWHNÌUGP XIN /'%

ŇŇŇŇŇŇ

)TKGTUQP $NCEMDWTP CVVTKDWVG VJKU V[RG YJKEJ /QTTKUQP )TWPVJCN ECVGIQTK\G WPFGT +PFGVGTOKPCVG /KPVU VQ VJG OKPV CV /GNNG D[ FGEKRJGTKPI VJG TGHGTGPEG KP VJG NGVVGTU QH VJG KPUETKRVKQP CU /'61.1 EH /'%

2092

&GPCT 0CTDQPPG #WFG I %ÕQ .85 #PMGTMTGW\ KP FGP 9KPMGNP 0 4 # 4CWVGPMTGW\ )CTKGN +: / ) 2TQW p 8QP ITÌVGT 5GNVGPJGKV 'KPGU FGT DGUVGP 'ZGORNCTG KO *CPFGN 9GPKI \KTMWNKGTVGU 'ZGORNCT OKV CWGTIGYÌJPNKEJGT 2CVKPC XQT\ÒINKEJ 'ZGORNCT FGT 5COONWPI $GTPCTF %JYCTV\ #WMVKQP %TKPQP 2CTKU ,WPK 0T

KAROLINGER

2093

&GPCT 8GTFWP /GWUG I %ÕE .85 8+4&80 -WIGN KP 2GTNMTGKU &WRNGUU[ , .GU VT¾UQTU OQP¾VCKTGU O¾FK¾XCWZ GV OQFGTPGU F¾EQWXGTVU GP (TCPEG 2CTKU 0T FKGU 'ZGORNCT )CTKGN :+ XCT FQTV OKV .KPKGPMTGKU .CHCWTKG , 6T¾UQT OQP¾VCKTG ECTQNKPIKGP VTQWX¾ FCPU NG ,WTC KP #05 %GPVGPPKGN RWDNKECVKQP 0GY ;QTM 5 6H ::+8 0T FKGU 'ZGORNCT / ) 2TQW p 8ÌNEMGTU :: FKGU 'ZGORNCT 8QP ITQGT 5GNVGPJGKV 4GUVG XQP )TÒPURCP UQPUV IWV CWUIGRT·IVGU HCUV XQT\ÒINKEJGU 'ZGORNCT 'ZGORNCT FGT 5COONWPI $GTPCTF %JYCTV\ #WMVKQP %TKPQP 2CTKU ,WPK 0T 'ZGORNCT FGT 5COONWPI %NCW¾ #WMVKQP %T¾FKV FG NC $QWTUG 2CTKU #RTKN 0T 'ZGORNCT FGU (WPFGU KO &¾RCTVGOGPV FG ,WTC

2094

-CTN FGT )TQG 2T·IWPIGP CWH FKG -TÌPWPI UGKPGU 5QJPGU .WFYKI FGU (TQOOGP \WO -ÌPKI XQP #SWKVCPKGP

&GPCT $QWTIGU %JGT +O 0COGP .WFYKIU FGU (TQOOGP CNU -ÌPKI XQP #SWKVCPKGP I Û ÛJ.8Û &8+J Û Û $'6 $CNMGP \YKUEJGP \YGK -WIGNP Q4Z( )CTKGN p )TKGTUQP $NCEMDWTP

XIN FGP -QOOGPVCT 5 / ) XCT 2TQW p 8QP ITÌVGT 5GNVGPJGKV (GKPG 6ÌPWPI YKP\ 4CPFHGJNGT UGJT UEJÌP 'ZGORNCT FGT 5COONWPI &T $GTPJCTF 5EJWNVG #WMVKQP /ÒP\GP /GFCKNNGP )OD* 5VWVVICTV 0T )TKGTUQP $NCEMDWTP XIN /'% + 5 WPF UGJGP WPVGT $GTWHWPI CWH .CHCWTKG .CHCWTKG , &GPKGT FG $QWTIGU CW PQO FG .QWKU NG 2KGWZ KP $5(0 5 KP FKGUGO PWT KP YGPKIGP 'ZGORNCTGP CWU FGP /ÒP\UV·VVGP $QWTIGU 5CKPV 'VKGPPG $QWTIGU %NGTOQPV WPF .KOQIGU DGMCPPVGP /ÒP\V[R OKV FGO 0COGP *.8 &88=XKEXU? GKPG <GTGOQPKCNRT·IWPI CPN·UUNKEJ FGT -TÌPWPI FGU \YGKL·JTKIGP .WFYKI \WO -ÌPKI XQP #SWKVCPKGP KO ,CJTG

ŇŇŇŇŇŇ

)TKGTUQP $NCEMDWTP EH /'% + 5 CPF KPXQMKPI .CHCWTKG .CHCWTKG , &GPKGT FG $QWTIGU CW PQO FG .QWKU NG 2KGWZ KP $5(0 RR UGG KP VJKU EQKP V[RG YKVJ VJG PCOG *.8 &88=XKEXU? QPN[ UGGP KP C HGY GZCORNGU HTQO VJG $QWTIGU 5CKPV 'VKGPPG $QWTIGU %NGTOQPV CPF .KOQIGU OKPVU C EGTGOQPKCN EQKPCIG QP VJG QEECUKQP QH VJG EQTQPCVKQP QH VJG VYQ [GCT QNF .QWKU CU -KPI QH #SWKVCKPG KP

2095

&GPCT %NGTOQPV (GTTCPF 2W[ FG &ÊOG +O 0COGP .WFYKIU FGU (TQOOGP CNU -ÌPKI XQP #SWKVC PKGP I Û ÛJ.7Û &7J Û +O (GNF XKGT -WIGNP MTGW\HÌTOKI #48O 067 FC\YK UEJGP $CNMGP N \YGK -WIGNP T XKGT -WIGNP )CTKGN p :+8 / ) p XIN 2TQW p 8QP ITÌVGT 5GNVGPJGKV 8GTOWVNKEJ WPGFKGTV 5GJT UEJÌPpXQT\ÒINKEJ 'ZGORNCT FGT #WMVKQP (TKV\ 4WFQNH -ÒPMGT 1UPCDTÒEM 0T

KAROLINGER

2096

2T·IWPIGP -CTNU FGU )TQGP CWU +VCNKGP

&GPCT 6TGXKUQ 6#48+5+8/ I %ÕQ Ő .85 6#48+5+85 -TGW\ $KCIIK 4 %0+ 8 )CTKGN :++ / ) 2TQW 8QP ITÌVGT 5GNVGPJGKV )WVGU UGJT UEJÌP

'ZGORNCT FGT 5COONWPI )CXC\\K #WMVKQP 4 4CVVQ /CKNCPF #RTKN 0T

2097

&GPCT WO 6TGXKUQ 6#48+5+8/ I -CTQNWU /QPQITCOO KP FGP 9KPMGNP LG FTGK -WIGNP 6#48+5+1 -WIGN KP 2GTNMTGKU $KCIIK 4 )CTKGN :++ XCT / ) 2TQW 8QP ITQGT 5GNVGPJGKV (CUV XQT\ÒINKEJ 'ZGORNCT FGT 5COONWPI )CXC\\K #WMVKQP 4 4CVVQ /CKNCPF #RTKN 0T

&CU -CTQNWU /QPQITCOO KO /ÒP\DKNF YWTFG DGTGKVU XQT FGT /ÒP\TGHQTO XQP CWH 2T·IWPIGP XQP 6TGXKUQ XGTYGPFGV XIN )TKGTUQP $NCEMDWTP /'% + 5 WPF UVGNNV UQOKV FGP 2TQVQV[R FGT UR·VGTGP 5VCPFCTFRT·IWPI FCT

XIN CWEJ 2GTKPK 3 .G OQPGVG FK 6TGXKUQ 0T WPF %0+ 8+ 6H ::+

ŇŇŇŇŇŇ

6JG -CTQNWU OQPQITCO KP VJG EQKPŉU KOCIG YCU CNTGCF[ KP WUG DGHQTG VJG EQKP TGHQTO QH QP EQKPCIGU HTQO 6TGXKUQ EH )TKGTUQP $NCEMDWTP /'% + R CPF VJWU TGRTGUGPVU VJG RTQVQV[RG QH VJG NCVGT UVCPFCTF EQKPCIG

EH CNUQ 2GTKPK 3 .G OQPGVG FK 6TGXKUQ 0Q CPF %0+ 8+ 6H ::+

2098

&GPCT WPDGUVKOOVG KVCNKGPKUEJG /ÒP\UV·VVG 4QO QFGT 4CXGPPC! I %#4.85 4': (4 -CTQNWUOQPQITCOO '6 .#0) #% 2#6 4Q/ /QPQITCOO $KCIIK 4 )CTKGN :++ / ) 2TQW 8QP ITQGT 5GNVGPJGKV )WV CWUIGRT·IVGU XQT\ÒINKEJGU 'ZGORNCT FKGUGU JQEJKPVGTGUUCPVGP 6[RU 'ZGORNCT FGT #WMVKQP 0#% /CKNCPF 0T FQTV WPVGT 4CXGPPC 'ZGORNCT FGT #WMVKQP $WTICP 2CTKU ,WPK 0T

$GK FGO /QPQITCOO FGT 4ÒEMUGKVG FKGUGU &GPCTU OKV FGT WOHCPITGKEJGP 6KVWNCVWT %#4=Q?.85 4': (4=CPEQTWO? '6 .#0)=QDCTFQTWO? #% 2#6=KEKWU? 41/=CPQTWO? JCPFGNV GU UKEJ JÌEJUVYCJTUEJGKPNKEJ WO FGP 0COGP -#41.85 KP ITKGEJKUEJGP .GVVGTP XIN FGP -QOOGPVCT DGK )TKGTUQP $NCEMDWTP /'% + 5 WPF WPF /QTTKUQP )TWPVJCN 5

ŇŇŇŇŇŇ

6JG OQPQITCO QP VJG TGXGTUG UKFG QH VJKU FGPCT YKVJ VJG CORNG CRRGNNCVKQP %#4=Q?.85 4': (4=CPEQTWO? '6 .#0)=QDCTFQTWO? #% 2#6=KEKWU? 41/=CPQTWO? KU KP CNN RTQDCDKNKV[ VJG PCOG -#41.85 KP )TGGM EJCTCEVGTU EH 6JG EQOOGPVCT[ KP )TKGTUQP $NCEMDWTP /'% + R CPF CPF /QTTKUQP )TWPVJCN R

KAROLINGER

2099

-CTN FGT )TQG /ÒP\RGTKQFG )TKGTUQP $NCEMDWTP %NCUU

&GPCT WPDGUVKOOVG /ÒP\UV·VVG /GNNG! I 4. '45#'48% -CTQNWUOQPQITCOO /6'.. 10181 -TGW\ )CTKGN p XIN :+++ / ) p XIN 2TQW p 8QP ITQGT 5GNVGPJGKV 4CPFHGJNGT HCUV UGJT UEJÌP 'ZGORNCT FGT #WMVKQP (TKV\ 4WFQNH -ÒPMGT 1UPCDTÒEM 0T

&CU XQTNKGIGPFG 'ZGORNCT IGJÌTV \W GKPGT 4GKJG XQP /ÒP\GP FKG FGP 0COGP FGT 2T·IGUV·VVG OKV ': /'6#..1 0181 CPIGDGP / ) 2TQW 5KG IGJÌTGP \WO 6[RWU FGT UGKV IGRT·IVGP FGPCTKK PQXK 9·JTGPF / ) WPF 2TQW FKG 5VÒEMG WPVGT WPDGUVKOOVG /ÒP\UV·VVG GKPQTFPGP XGTOWVGV $ -NWIG XIN -NWIG $ 0WOKUOCVKM FGU /KVVGNCNVGTU $GTNKP 9KGP 0T /GNNG CNU OÌINKEJGP 2T·IGQTV

ŇŇŇŇŇŇ

6JG URGEKOGP KP SWGUVKQP DGNQPIU VQ C UGTKGU QH EQKPU YJKEJ IKXG VJG PCOG QH VJG OKPV CU ': /'6#..1 0181

/ ) 2TQW 6JG[ DGNQPI VQ VJG V[RG ŋFGPCTKK PQXKŌ OKPVGF DGIKPPKPI KP 9JKNG /QTTK UQP )TWPVJCN CPF 2TQW ECVGIQTK\G VJG RKGEGU WPFGT KPFGVGTOKPCVG OKPVU $ -NWIG EH -NWIG $ 0WOKUOCVKM FGU /KVVGNCNVGTU $GTNKP 9KGP 0Q UWURGEVU /GNNG CU VJG RQUUKDNG OKPVKPI UKVG

2100

&GPCT 6QWTU +PFTG GV .QKTG I %#4.85 4': (4 -TGW\ 68410+5 -CTQNWUOQPQITCOO )CTKGN :+++ / ) 2TQW 4 9KP\ 2T·IGUEJY·EJG UGJT UEJÌPpXQT\ÒINKEJ 'TYQTDGP DGK %TKPQP 2CTKU *GTDUV .KUVG 0T

2101

&GPCT /CKNCPF /'&+1.#08/ I %#4.85 4': (4 -TGW\ /'&+1. -CTQNWUOQPQ ITCOO $KCIIK 4 )CTKGN :++ / ) /'% + 2TQW 4 8QT\ÒINKEJGU 'ZGORNCT OKV HGKPGT 6ÌPWPI 'ZGORNCT FGT #WMVKQP 0#% /CKNCPF 0T

KAROLINGER

2102

&GPCT 2CXKC 2#2+# I %#4.85 4': (4 -TGW\ Ő2#2+# -CTQNWUOQPQITCOO $KCIIK 4 XCT )CTKGN XIN :++ / ) XIN 2TQW XIN 5GNVGPG 7OUEJTKHVXCTKCPVG *ÒDUEJG 2CVKPC MN 5EJTÌVNKPIUTK XQT\ÒINKEJ 'ZGORNCT FGT 5COONWPI 'UVG /KNCPK #WMVKQP 8CTGUK 2CXKC 0T

2103

&GPCT 2CXKC 2#2+# I %#4.85 4': (4 -TGW\ 2#2Ő+# -CTQNWUOQPQITCOO $KCIIK 4 )CTKGN XIN :++ / ) XIN 2TQW XIN 5GNVGPG 7OUEJTKHVXCTKCPVG )WV CWUIGRT·IVGU XQT\ÒINKEJGU 'ZGORNCT OKV HGKPGT 6ÌPWPI 'ZGORNCT FGT #WMVKQP 0#% /CKNCPF 0T

2104

&GPCT 6TGXKUQ 6#48+5+8/ I %#4.85 4': (4 -TGW\ Û6#Û48Û+ÛÛ5 -CTQNWUOQPQ ITCOO $KCIIK 4 )CTKGN :++ / ) 2TQW 8QP ITQGT 5GNVGPJGKV *ÒDUEJG 2CVKPC YKP\ 5EJTÌVNKPIUTK UGJT UEJÌP XQT\ÒINKEJ 'ZGORNCT FGT #WMVKQP (TKV\ 4WFQNH -ÒPMGT 1UPCDTÒEM 0T

2105

'KPG )GOGKPUEJCHVURT·IWPI -CTNU FGU )TQGP OKV FGP *GT\ÌIGP XQP $GPGXGPV

-CTN FGT )TQG WPF )TKOQCNF +++ #8 6TGOKUUKU I )4+/ 8#. &XZ &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG X X OKV -TQPG WPF -TGW\INQDWU &1/5 %#4 4Z 8+% -TGW\ \W FGP 5GKVGP ) 4 %0+ :8+++ 5 )TKGTUQP $NCEMDWTP )1.& 4 )WVGU UGJT UEJÌP 'ZGORNCT FGT #WMVKQP (TKV\ 4WFQNH -ÒPMGT 1UPCDTÒEM 0T

KAROLINGER

2106

2T·IWPIGP XQP &GUKFGTKWU FGO NGV\VGP -ÌPKI FGT .CPIQDCTFGP CWU FGT <GKV -CTNU FGU )TQGP

&GUKFGTKWU I #8 6TGOKUUKU %CUVGNUGRTKQ (.Ő#8+# 5'$4+1 5VGTP &0 &'5+&'+4+85 4Z -TGW\ $GTPCTGIIK 5 %0+ + )1.& 8QP ITQGT 5GNVGPJGKV -N 5EJTÌVNKPIUTK XQT\ÒINKEJ 'ZGORNCT FGT 5COONWPI 'UVG /KNCPK #WMVKQP 8CTGUK 2CXKC 0T

8IN ,GEMNKP ( &GT NCPIQDCTFKUEJ MCTQNKPIKUEJG /ÒP\HWPF DGK +NCP\ KP /KVVGKNWPIGP FGT $C[GTKUEJGP 0WOKU OCVKUEJGP )GUGNNUEJCHV ::8 5 0T INGKEJGT 8QTFGTUGKVGPUVGORGN WPF 0T C UQYKG / /KNCPQ ECV INGKEJGT 4ÒEMUGKVGPUVGORGN

2107

#8 6TGOKUUKU 2KCEGP\C I (.Ő#Ő 2.#%'06+#) 5VGTP &0 &'5+&'4+85 4Z -TGW\ $GTPCTGIIK 5 %0+ +: )1.& 8QP ITÌVGT 5GNVGPJGKV -N 4CPFHGJNGT XQT\ÒINKEJ 'ZGORNCT FGT #WMVKQP #UVCTVG :: .WICPQ 0T

'U JCPFGNV UKEJ WO GKPGU XQP HÒPH DGMCPPVGP 'ZGORNCTGP $TKVKUJ /WUGWO #WMVKQP 8GEEJK 0T

INGKEJGT 8QTFGTUGKVGPUVGORGN KVCNKGPKUEJG 2TKXCVUCOONWPI XIN ' #TUNCP KPXGPVQT[ (WPF XQP 0QXCNGUC 2TQXKP\ 6WTKP

2108

24 )70)'0 .7&9+)5 + &'5 (41//'0 51*0 -#4.5 + &'5 )4155'0 -¤0+) &'5 (4#0-'04'+%*'5 -#+5'4 .WFYKI + FGT (TQOOG 2QTVT·VV[R XGTOWVNKEJGT 2T·IG\GKVTCWO )TKGTUQP $NCEMDWTP %NCUU

&GPCT /GNNG &GWZ 5½XTGU I *.8&188+%85 +/2 #8% $TWUVDKNF T OKV .QTDGGT MTCP\ /'6#..8/ 2T·IGYGTM\GWIG )CTKGN :8++ p )TKGTUQP $NCEMDWTP / ) 2TQW p 44 (GKPG 6ÌPWPI MN 2T·IGUEJY·EJG HCUV XQT\ÒINKEJ 'ZGORNCT FGT #WMVKQP )GOKPK 8+ 0GY ;QTM 0T

KAROLINGER

2109

&GPCT 3WGPVQXKE 2CU FG %CNCKU I *.8&188+%85 +/2 #8) $TWUVDKNF T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\ WPF WOIGNGIVGO /CPVGN 38'061 88+%85 5EJKHH )CTKGN :8+++ )TKGTUQP $NCEMDWTP / ) 2TQW 8QP ITQGT 5GNVGPJGKV 8QT\ÒINKEJGU 2TCEJVGZGORNCT 'ZGORNCT FGT #WMVKQP (TKV\ 4WFQNH -ÒPMGT 1UPCDTÒEM 0T

&KG $GFGWVWPI FGU 2QTVT·V[RU HÒT FKG /ÒP\RT·IWPI WPVGT .WFYKI FGO (TQOOGP MQPPVG DKU JGWVG PQEJ PKEJV \YGKHGNHTGK IGMN·TV YGTFGP 'PVYGFGT UVGJV GT CO $GIKPP FGT 2T·IWPI \YKUEJGP WPF QFGT GU JCPFGNV UKEJ ·JPNKEJ YKG WPVGT -CTN FGO )TQGP =WO? GKPG DGUQPFGTG RCTCNNGN \W FGP IGYÌJPNKEJGP 4GKEJURT·IWP IGP NCWHGPFG 'OKUUKQP -NWIG $ 0WOKUOCVKM FGU /KVVGNCNVGTU 9KGP $GTNKP 5 #P FGT 2T·IWPI FGT 2QTVT·VFGPCTG YCTGP /ÒP\UV·VVGP DGVGKNKIV XQP FGPGP FTGK #TNGU &QTGUVCF WPF 3WGPVQXKE DGTGKVU WPVGT -CTN FGO )TQGP /ÒP\GP OKV *GTTUEJGTRQTVT·V IGRT·IV JCVVGP %QWRNCPF 5 /QPG[ CPF %QKPCIG WPFGT .QWKU VJG 2KQWU KP (TCPEKC 5KIOCTKPIGP 5

ŇŇŇŇŇŇ

6JG UKIPKHKECPEG QH VJG RQTVTCKV V[RG HQT VJG OKPVKPIU WPFGT .QWKU VJG 2KQWU JCXG PGXGT DGGP WPGSWKXQ ECNN[ GUVCDNKUJGF +V QTKIKPCVGU GKVJGT HTQO VJG DGIKPPKPI QH VJG EQKPCIG DGVYGGP CPF QT KV TGRTGUGPVU UKOKNCT VQ =YJCV VQQM RNCEG? WPFGT %JCTNGOCIPG C URGEKCN KUUWG ECTTKGF QWV RCTCNNGN VQ VJG KORGTKCN EQKPCIGU

-NWIG $ 0WOKUOCVKM FGU /KVVGNCNVGTU 9KGP $GTNKP R OKPVU YGTG KPXQNXGF KP VJG EQKPCIG QH VJG RQTVTCKV FGPCTU QH YJKEJ VJTGG ņ #TNGU &QTGUVCF CPF 3WGPVQXKE ņ JCF CNTGCF[ OKPVGF EQKPU YKVJ TWNGT RQTVTCKVU WPFGT %JCTNGOCIPG %QWRNCPF 5 /QPG[ CPF %QKPCIG WPFGT .QWKU VJG 2KQWU KP (TCPEKC 5KIOC TKPIGP R

2110

&GPCT 6QWNQWUG *CWVG )CTQPPG I *.8&188+%85 +/2 #8% $TWUVDKNF T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\ WPF WOIGNGIVGO /CPVGN 61.85# 5VCFVVQT )CTKGN :+: )TKGTUQP $NCEMDWTP / ) FQTV FKGUGU 'ZGORNCT GTY·JPV 2TQW 44 (GKPG 6ÌPWPI UGJT UEJÌP

'ZGORNCT FGT #WMVKQP 6JG 0GY ;QTM 5CNG ::+++ 0GY ;QTM 0T 'ZGORNCT FGT 5COONWPI )CTTGVV 6GKN #WMVKQP $CPM .GW #) 0WOKUOCVKE (KPG #TVU <ÒTKEJ 0T 'TYQTDGP CO #RTKN XQP 5EJWNOCP #OUVGTFCO 'ZGORNCT FGT 5COONWPI * /G[GT #WMVKQP 4QNNKP GV (GWCTFGPV /CK 0T

2111

.WFYKI + FGT (TQOOG 2T·IWPIGP OKV -TGW\ CWH 8QTFGT WPF 4ÒEMUGKVG

XGTOWVNKEJGT 2T·IG\GKVTCWO )TKGTUQP $NCEMDWTP %NCUU

&GPCT /GNNG &GWZ 5½XTGU I *.8&188+%85 +/2 -TGW\ /'6#..8/ -TGW\ )CTKGN :8+ )TKGTUQP $NCEMDWTP WPF 5 / ) 2TQW p )WVGU UGJT UEJÌP 'ZGORNCT FGT #WMVKQP (TKV\ 4WFQNH -ÒPMGT 1UPCDTÒEM 0T

KAROLINGER

2112

&GPCT /GNNG &GWZ 5½XTGU I *.8&188+%85 +/2 -TGW\ /'6#..8/ -TGW\ )CTKGN :8+ )TKGTUQP $NCEMDWTP WPF 5 / ) 2TQW p )WVGU UGJT UEJÌP

'ZGORNCT FGT #WMVKQP ,GCP 'NUGP $TÒUUGN 0T

2113

&GPCT 6QWNQWUG *CWVG )CTQPPG I *.8&188%85 +/2 -TGW\ 61.85# %+8+ -TGW\ )CTKGN :+: / ) 2TQW 44 #VVTCMVKXGU UGJT UEJÌPGU 'ZGORNCT OKV FWPMNGT 2CVKPC 'ZGORNCT FGT 5COONWPI $GTPCTF %JYCTV\ #WMVKQP %TKPQP 2CTKU ,WPK 0T 'ZGORNCT FGT #WMVKQP $WTICP 2CTKU #RTKN 0T

2114

&GPCT WPDGUVKOOVG /ÒP\UV·VVG I *.8&188%85 +/2 -TGW\ 2+56+#0 4'%1 -TGW\ )CTKGN p / ) p 2TQW p 8QP ITQGT 5GNVGPJGKV .GKEJV IGYGNNV UGJT UEJÌPpXQT\ÒINKEJ 'ZGORNCT FGT #WMVKQP 4CWEJ 07/+5/#6# 9KGP 0T

&CU /ÒP\DKNF FKGUGT OÌINKEJGTYGKUG PCEJ IGRT·IVGP 8CTKCPVG GKPGU CPQP[OGP %JTKUVKCPC 4GNKIKQ 2HGPPKIU

XIN / ) OKV LG GKPGO -TGW\ CWH 8QTFGT WPF 4ÒEMUGKVG GTKPPGTV CP FKG XQTCPIGICPIGPG GDGPHCNNU UGNVGPG 2T·IWPI CWU 6QWNQWUG / )

ŇŇŇŇŇŇ

6JG HCEG FGUKIP QP VJKU XCTKCVKQP RQUUKDN[ OKPVGF CHVGT QH VJG %JTKUVKCPC 4GNKIKQ 2GPPKGU EH / ) YKVJ C ETQUU QP DQVJ QDXGTUG CPF TGXGTUG UKFG KU TGOKPKUEGPV QH VJG RTGXKQWU GSWCNN[ TCTG OKPVKPI HTQO 6QWNQWUG

/ )

KAROLINGER

2115

.WFYKI + FGT (TQOOG 5VCFVPCOGPV[R XGTOWVNKEJGT 2T·IG\GKVTCWO )TKGTUQP $NCEMDWTP %NCUU

&GPCT 2CNCUVOÒP\UV·VVG I *.8&188+%85 +/2 -TGW\ 2#.# 6+0#/1 0'6# )CTKGN :8++ p )TKGTUQP $NCEMDWTP / ) 2TQW p 4 (GKPG 6ÌPWPI UGJT UEJÌP 'ZGORNCT FGT #WMVKQP (TKV\ 4WFQNH -ÒPMGT 1UPCDTÒEM 0T

9·JTGPF GKP )TQVGKN FGT MCTQNKPIKUEJGP )GRT·IG /ÒP\UV·VVGP PGPPV FKG \YGKHGNHTGK \W\WQTFPGP UKPF IKDV GU FTGK .GIGPFGP FGTGP <WYGKUWPI PQEJ KOOGT 4·VUGN CWHIKDV 0GDGP :2+56+#0# 4'.+)+1 WPF #38+6#0+# IGJÌTV CWEJ FCU DGK FGO XQTNKGIGPFGP 'ZGORNCT \W NGUGPFG 2#.#6+0# /10'6# FC\W 'U KUV XGTOWVGV YQTFGP FCUU UKEJ JKPVGT FGO $GITKHH GKPG OKV FGO MÌPKINKEJGP *QH TGKUGPFG /ÒP\UV·VVG XGTDKTIV FKG UQOKV CP OGJTGTGP 5VGNNGP FGU 4GKEJGU NQMCNKUKGTV YGTFGP MÌPPVG WPF LG PCEJ $GFCTH RT·IVG &CIGIGP URTKEJV LGFQEJ FCUU PKEJV XQP CNNGP MCTQNKPIKUEJGP *GTTUEJGTP GPVURTGEJGPFG /ÒP\GP DGMCPPV UKPF XIN )TKGTUQP 2 $NCEMDWTP / /GFKGXCN 'WTQ RGCP %QKPCIG + 6JG 'CTN[ /KFFNG #IGU VJ EGPVWTKGU %CODTKFIG 5 9·JTGPF - ( /QTTKUQP * )TWPVJCN 0T CWH GKPG IGPCWGTG <WYGKUWPI XGT\KEJVGP UEJN·IV $ -NWIG 0WOKUOCVKM FGU /KVVGNCNVGTU $GTNKP 9KGP 0T GKPG 8GTQTVWPI PCEJ #CEJGP XQT /ÌINKEJGTYGKUG UKPF CDGT CWEJ OGJTGTG YGEJUGNPFG 1TVG IGOGKPV FKG FGP 5VCVWU GKPGU 8GTYCNVWPIU\GPVTWOU FGU -CTQNKPIGTTGKEJGU KPPGJCVVGP (ÒT -CTN FGP )TQGP M·OG DGKURKGNUYGKUG FCU DGTGKVU GTY·JPVG #CEJGP KP (TCIG -CTN FGT -CJNG JKGNV UKEJ ÒDGTYKGIGPF KP 8GTDGTKG 3WKGT\[ WPF 2QPVJKQP CWH XIN )TKGTUQP $NCEMDWTP 5 .GFKINKEJ GKPG /ÒP\G -CTNU FGU -CJNGP PGPPV FKG 7OUEJTKHV 2#.#6+0# /10' KP 8GTDKPFWPI OKV 2CTKU 2#4+5++ %+8+6#5 ) &GRG[TQV 0T $

ŇŇŇŇŇŇ

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

2116

&GPCT 2CNCUVOÒP\UV·VVG I *.8&188+%85 +/2 -TGW\ 2#.# 6+0#/1 0'6# )CTKGN :8++ p )TKGTUQP $NCEMDWTP / ) 2TQW p 4 (GKPG 2CVKPC HCUV XQT\ÒINKEJ 'ZGORNCT FGT 5COONWPI $GTPCTF %JYCTV\ #WMVKQP %TKPQP 2CTKU ,WPK 0T

KAROLINGER

2117

&GPCT #SWKVCPKGP I *.8&188+%85 +/2 -TGW\ #38+ 6#0+# )CTKGN :+8 )TKGTUQP $NCEMDWTP / ) 2TQW 4 &WPMNG 2CVKPC MN 4CPFHGJNGT UGJT UEJÌPpXQT\ÒINKEJ

'ZGORNCT FGT 5COONWPI $GTPCTF %JYCTV\ #WMVKQP %TKPQP 2CTKU ,WPK 0T

2118

&GPCT #TNGU $QWEJGU FW 4JÊPG I *.8&188+%85 +/2 -TGW\ #4'. Û #68/ )CTKGN :+8 )TKGTUQP $NCEMDWTP XCT / ) 2TQW &WPMNG 2CVKPC IWVGU UGJT UEJÌP

'ZGORNCT FGT #WMVKQP (TKV\ 4WFQNH -ÒPMGT 1UPCDTÒEM 0T

2119

&GPCT $QWTIGU %JGT I *.8&188+%85 +/2 -TGW\ $+68 Û 4+)'5 )CTKGN :8 )TKGTUQP $NCEMDWTP / ) 2TQW (GKPG 6ÌPWPI XQT\ÒINKEJ 'ZGORNCT FGT #WMVKQP *GUU &KXQ #) <ÒTKEJ 0T

2120

&GPCT &QTGUVCF I *.8&188+%85 +/2 -TGW\ &14 Ù'56#Ù 685 )CTKGN XIN :8+ )TKGTUQP $NCEMDWTP XCT / ) XIN 2TQW XIN 5GJT UGNVGPG 8CTKCPVG 8QT\ÒINKEJGU 'ZGORNCT OKV JÒDUEJGT 2CVKPC

'ZGORNCT FGT 5COONWPI $GTPCTF %JYCTV\ #WMVKQP %TKPQP 2CTKU ,WPK 0T

KAROLINGER

2121

&GPCT /CTUGKNNG $QWEJGU FW 4JÊPG I *.8&188+%85 +/2 -TGW\ /#55 +.+# )CTKGN :8+ )TKGTUQP $NCEMDWTP / ) 2TQW 4 5GJT UEJÌPGU 'ZGORNCT OKV HGKPGT 6ÌPWPI 'ZGORNCT FGT 5COONWPI $GTPCTF %JYCTV\ #WMVKQP %TKPQP 2CTKU ,WPK 0T

2122

&GPCT /CKP\ I *.8&188+%85 +/2 -TGW\ /1 )10 6+# %85 )CTKGN :8++ )TKGTUQP $NCEMDWTP / ) 2TQW 44 *ÒDUEJG 2CVKPC MN 2T·IGUEJY·EJG UGJT UEJÌP 'ZGORNCT FGT 6JG 0GY ;QTM 5CNG #WMVKQP ::+++ 0GY ;QTM 0T

2123

&GPCT 2CTKU I *.8&188+%85 +/2 -TGW\ 2#4+5++ )CTKGN :8++ p )TKGTUQP $NCEMDWTP / ) 2TQW p 4 -N 2T·IGUEJY·EJG UQPUV CVVTCMVKXGU UGJT UEJÌPGU 'ZGORNCT OKV HGKPGT 2CVKPC 'ZGORNCT FGT 5COONWPI $GTPCTF %JYCTV\ #WMVKQP %TKPQP 2CTKU ,WPK 0T

2124

&GPCT 4QWGP 5GKPG /CTKVKOG I *.8&188+%85 +/2 -TGW\ 4168 /#%85 )CTKGN :8+++ )TKGTUQP $NCEMDWTP / ) 2TQW p 4 .GKEJV IGYGNNV HCUV XQT\ÒINKEJ 'ZGORNCT FGT 5COONWPI $GTPCTF %JYCTV\ #WMVKQP %TKPQP 2CTKU ,WPK 0T

KAROLINGER

2125

&GPCT 5GPU ;QPPG I *.8&188+%85 +/2 -TGW\ 5'01 Û 0'5 -GKN )CTKGN :8+++ )TKGTUQP $NCEMDWTP / ) 2TQW 4 -N -QTTQUKQPUURWT UQPUV HCUV XQT\ÒINKEJGU 'ZGORNCT OKV JÒDUEJGT 2CVKPC 'ZGORNCT FGT 5COONWPI $GTPCTF %JYCTV\ #WMVKQP %TKPQP 2CTKU ,WPK 0T 'ZGORNCT FGT #WMVKQP 8KPEJQP 2CTKU 0QXGODGT 0T 'ZGORNCT FGT 5COONWPI # 6TCORKVUEJ #WMVKQP %T¾FKV FG NC $QWTUG 2CTKU /CK 0T

2126

&GPCT 6QWTU +PFTG GV .QKTG I *.8&188+%85 +/2 -TGW\ 6841 0'5 )CTKGN :+: )TKGTUQP $NCEMDWTP XCT / ) 2TQW p 5GJT UEJÌPpXQT\ÒINKEJ 'ZGORNCT FGT 5COONWPI $GTPCTF %JYCTV\ #WMVKQP %TKPQP 2CTKU ,WPK 0T

2127

2T·IWPIGP .WFYKIU FGU (TQOOGP CWU +VCNKGP

&GPCT /CKNCPF /'&+1.#08/ I *Ő.8&188+%85 +/2 -TGW\ /'&+1 Ő .#08/ $KCIIK 4 %0+ 8 )CTKGN :8++ / ) 2TQW 4 9KP\ -QTTQUKQPUURWTGP CWH FGT 8QTFGTUGKVG UQPUV XQT\ÒINKEJGU 'ZGORNCT 'ZGORNCT FGT 5COONWPI 'UVG /KNCPK #WMVKQP 8CTGUK 2CXKC 0T

2128

&GPCT /CKNCPF /'&+1.#08/ I *.8&188+%85 +/2 -TGW\ KO FTKVVGP 9KPMGN GKP *CNDOQPF /'&+1 .#08/ $KCIIK 4 XCT )CTKGN :8++ XCT / ) XCT 2TQW XCT 5GJT UGNVGPG 8CTKCPVG (CUV XQT\ÒINKEJ 'ZGORNCT FGT #WMVKQP 0QOKUOC 5CP /CTKPQ 0T

KAROLINGER

2129

&GPCT 2CXKC 2#2+# I *.8&188+%85 +/2 -TGW\ 2#2+# $KCIIK 4 %0+ +8 )CTKGN :8++ / ) 2TQW 4 &WPMNG 6ÌPWPI XQT\ÒINKEJ

'ZGORNCT FGT #WMVKQP 8CTGUK 2CXKC 0T

2130

&GPCT 2CXKC 2#2+# I *.8&188+%85 +/2 -TGW\ 2#2Ő+# $KCIIK 4 )CTKGN :8++ XCT / ) XCT 2TQW XCT 4 &WPMNG 6ÌPWPI XQT\ÒINKEJ 'ZGORNCT FGT 5COONWPI &T $GTPJCTF 5EJWNVG #WMVKQP /ÒP\GP /GFCKNNGP )OD* 5VWVVICTV 0T

2131

&GPCT 6TGXKUQ 6#48+5+8/ I *.8&188+%85 +/2 -TGW\ 6#48+ Ő 5+8/ $KCIIK 4 )CTKGN :+: / ) 2TQW 8QP ITQGT 5GNVGPJGKV -QTTQUKQPUURWTGP HCUV UGJT UEJÌP 'ZGORNCT FGT 5COONWPI $GTPCTF %JYCTV\ #WMVKQP %TKPQP 2CTKU ,WPK 0T

2132

&GPCT 8GPGFKI 8'0'%+#5 WO I *.8&188+%85 +/2 -TGW\ 8'0 Ő '%+#5 $KCIIK 4 )CTKGN :+: XCT / ) 2TQW (GKPG 6ÌPWPI MN 2T·IGUEJY·EJG UGJT UEJÌP 'ZGORNCT FGT #WMVKQP (TKV\ 4WFQNH -ÒPMGT 1UPCDTÒEM 0T

/KV MNGKPGO -TGW\ CWH FGT 8QTFGTUGKVG CO . KO 0COGP FGU -CKUGTU DGHKPFGV UKEJ GKP MNGKPGT 2WPMV &KGUGU 5VÒEM TGRT·UGPVKGTV YQJN FKG GTUVG 'OKUUKQP .WFYKIU FGU (TQOOGP CWU 8GPGFKI WO

KAROLINGER

2133

&GPCT 8GPGFKI 8'0'%+#5 WO I *.8&188+%85 +/2 -TGW\ 8'0' %+#5/ 10'6# /KV MNGKPGP 2WPMVGP CO % FGU -CKUGTPCOGPU $KCIIK 4 )CODGTKPK 4 )CTKGN :+: / ) 2TQW 8QP ITQGT 5GNVGPJGKV .GKEJV IGTGKPKIV UGJT UEJÌP XQT\ÒINKEJ 'ZGORNCT FGT 5COONWPI FGT )TCHGP XQP <QRRQNC 0T 'ZGORNCT FGT FGT 5COONWPI 2KGTTG 5VGVVKPGT NKV

8IN CWEJ )CTKGN (WPF XQP 8GWKNNKP 6H 8+ 0T XCT JPNKEJMGKVGP DGK FGT )GUVCNVWPI FGU 4CPFGU WPF KPPGTGP 2GTNMTGKUGU \W / ) 6QWNQWUG 2CRCFQRQNK + 5 0T +/2 QJPG .KICVWT 6H + 0T ·JPNKEJG 4ÒEMUGKVGPNG IGPFG +/2 OKV .KICVWT &KGUGU WPF FKG HQNIGPFGP 5VÒEMG YGKUGP MNGKPG 2WPMVG KP FGT 8QTFGTUGKVGPNG IGPFG CWH WPF DKNFGP YQJN FKG \YGKVG 'OKUUKQP .WFYKIU FGU (TQOOGP CWU 8GPGFKI EC

ŇŇŇŇŇŇ

%H CNUQ )CTKGN (WPF XQP 8GWKNNKP 6H 8+ 0Q XCT UKOKNCTKVKGU KP VJG TKO FGUKIP CPF KPPGT FGPVKENGU VQ / ) 6QWNQWUG 2CRCFQRQNK + R 0Q +/2 YKVJQWV NKICVWTG RN + PQ UKOKNCT TGXGTUG NGIGPF +/2 YKVJ NKICVWTG

2134

&GPCT 8GPGFKI 8'0'%+#5 WO I *.8&188+%85 +/2 -TGW\ 8'0 Ő '%+#5 /KV MNGKPGP 2WPMVGP CO % FGU -CKUGTPCOGPU $KCIIK 4 )CTKGN :+: XCT / ) 2TQW *ÒDUEJG 6ÌPWPI XQT\ÒINKEJ 'ZGORNCT FGT 5COONWPI FG 9KV #WMVKQP (TKV\ 4WFQNH -ÒPMGT 1UPCDTÒEM 0T

2135

&GPCT 8GPGFKI 8'0'%+#5 WO I *.8&188+%85 +/2 -TGW\ 8'0 Ő '%+#5 /KV MNGKPGP 2WPMVGP CP FGO $WEJUVCDGP 8 FGU -CKUGTPCOGPU $KCIIK 4 )CTKGN :+: XCT / ) 2TQW 8QT\ÒINKEJ

'TYQTDGP XQP FGT (KTOC 5RKPM .QPFQP

KAROLINGER

2136

&GPCT 8GPGFKI 8'0'%+#5 WO I *.8&188+%85 +/2 -TGW\ 8'0 Ő '%+#5Ő $KCIIK 4 )CTKGN :+: XCT / ) XCT 2TQW XCT 5GNVGPG 8CTKCPVG 'KPGU FGT DGUVGP 'ZGORNCTG FGT /ÒP\UV·VVG 8GPGFKI KP FKGUGT 5COONWPI *GTTNKEJG 2CVKPC XQT\ÒINKEJ 'ZGORNCT FGT #WMVKQP 8CTGUK 2CXKC 0T

+PVGTGUUCPVG 8CTKCPVG OKV GKPGT -WIGN PCEJ FGO . KO GTUVGP 8 WPF KO % XQP *.8&188+%85 +/2 FGT 8QTFGTUGKVGPNGIGPFG WPF GKPGT YGKVGTGP -WIGN CO 'PFG FGT \YGK\GKNKIGP 4ÒEMUGKVGPKPUEJTKHV

ŇŇŇŇŇŇ

+PVGTGUVKPI XCTKCVKQP YKVJ C URJGTG CHVGT VJG . KP VJG HKTUV 8 CPF KP VJG % QH *.8&188+%85 +/2 KP VJG HCEG NGIGPF CPF C UGEQPF URJGTG CV VJG GPF QH VJG VYQ NKPG TGXGTUG KPUETKRVKQP

2137

&GPCT 8GPGFKI 8'0'%+#5 WO I *.8&188+%85 +/2 -TGW\ 8'0 Ő '%+#5 $KCIIK 4 )CTKGN :+: XCT / ) 2TQW 8QT\ÒINKEJGU 'ZGORNCT OKV HGKPGT 6ÌPWPI 'ZGORNCT FGT 5COONWPI &T $GTPJCTF 5EJWNVG #WMVKQP /ÒP\GP /GFCKNNGP )OD* 5VWVVICTV 0T

&KG $WEJUVCDGP /2 XQP +/2 FGT 8QTFGTUGKVGPNGIGPFG KP .KICVWT UQYKG GKPG MNGKPG -WIGN KO XKGTVGP 9KPMGN FGU 4ÒEMUGKVGPMTGW\GU

ŇŇŇŇŇŇ

6JG NGVVGTU /2 HTQO +/2 QH VJG HCEG NGIGPF KP NKICVWTG CPF C UOCNN URJGTG KP VJG HQWTVJ EQTPGT QH VJG TGXGTUG ETQUU

2138

&GPCT 8GPGFKI 8'0'%+#5 WO I *.8&188+%85 +/2 -TGW\ 8'0 Ő '%+#5 $KCIIK 4 )CTKGN :+: XCT / ) 2TQW 8QT\ÒINKEJ 'ZGORNCT FGT 5COONWPI %CXKEEJK #WMVKQP %GPVCWTQ /CEGTCVC 0T

KAROLINGER

2139

&GPCT 8GPGFKI 8'0'%+#5 WO I *.8&188+%85 +/2 -TGW\ 8'0 Ő '%+#5 $KCIIK 4 )CTKGN :+: XCT / ) 2TQW 8QT\ÒINKEJ 'ZGORNCT FGT #WMVKQP 6JG 0GY ;QTM 5CNG #WMVKQP ::+++ 0GY ;QTM 0T

2140

&GPCT 8GPGFKI 8'0'%+#5 WO I *.8&188+%85 +/2 -TGW\ 8'0 Ő '%+#5 $KCIIK 4 )CTKGN :+: XCT / ) 2TQW 8QT\ÒINKEJ 'ZGORNCT FGT #WMVKQP 4CWEJ 9KGP 0T

&GT 5VKN FGU XQTNKGIGPFGP 'ZGORNCTU URTKEJV HÒT GKPGP HTÒJGP 6[R FGT XGPG\KCPKUEJGP 5GTKG CWU GKPGT PÌTFNKEJGP /ÒP\UV·VVG 8IN FKG 'ZGORNCTG CWU FGO (WPF XQP 8GWKNNKP

ŇŇŇŇŇŇ

6JG UV[NG QH VJG RTGUGPV KVGO CTIWGU HQT CP GCTN[ V[RG QH VJG 8GPGVKCP UGTKGU HTQO C PQTVJGTP OKPV EH VJG URGEKOGPU HTQO VJG 8GWKNNKP HKPF

2141

&GPCT 8GPGFKI 8'0'%+#5 I *.8&188+%85 +/2 -TGW\ 8'0 Ő '%+#5 $KCIIK 4 )CTKGN :+: XCT / ) 2TQW 8QT\ÒINKEJ 'ZGORNCT FGT #WMVKQP 6MCNGE <ÒTKEJ 0T

/KV GKPGT MNGKPGP -WIGN WPVGT FGO & XQP *.8&188+%85 KP FGT 8QTFGTUGKVGPNGIGPFG &CU )GYKEJV FKGUGU WPF FGT DGKFGP HQNIGPFGP 5VÒEMG FGWVGV FCTCWH JKP FCUU UKG XGTOWVNKEJ GTUV WPVGT .QVJCT + IGRT·IV YQTFGP UKPF

ŇŇŇŇŇŇ

9KVJ C UOCNN URJGTG WPFGT VJG & KP *.8&188+%85 KP VJG HCEG NGIGPF

2142

&GPCT 8GPGFKI 8'0'%+#5 I *+8&188+%85 +/2 -TGW\ 8'0 '%+#5 $KCIIK

4 )CTKGN :+: / ) 2TQW 8QT\ÒINKEJ

'ZGORNCT FGT #WMVKQP #GU 4WFG .WICPQ 0T

KAROLINGER

2143

&GPCT 8GPGFKI 8'0'%+#5 I *.8&188+%85 +/2 -TGW\ 8'0 '%+#5 $KCIIK

4 )CTKGN :+: / ) 2TQW 8QT\ÒINKEJ

'ZGORNCT FGT #WMVKQP #TVGOKFG #UVG ::+++ 5CP /CTKPQ 0T 'KPG CWVQPQOG YQJN CWU FGT <GKV .WFYKIU FGU (TQOOGP UVCOOGPFG 2T·IWPI CWU 8GPGFKI HKPFGP 5KG WPVGT 0T

2144

.WFYKI + FGT (TQOOG %JTKUVKCPC 4GNKIKQ 6[R 2T·IWPI CD )TKGTUQP $NCEMDWTP %NCUU

&GPCT WPDGUVKOOVG /ÒP\UV·VVG YCJTUEJGKPNKEJ 1TN¾CPU I *.8&188+%85 +/2 -TGW\ KP FGP 9KPMGNP LG GKPG -WIGN :2+56+#0# 4'.+%+1 -KTEJGPIGD·WFG FCTWPVGT 8 %QWRNCPF %NCUU +++ )TQWR ' 0T 1TN¾CPU )CTKGN :.+8 / ) 2TQW 4 8QT\ÒINKEJ

'ZGORNCT FGT 5COONWPI $GTPCTF %JYCTV\ #WMVKQP %TKPQP 2CTKU ,WPK 0T

2145

&GPCT WPDGUVKOOVG /ÒP\UV·VVG YCJTUEJGKPNKEJ 3WGPVQXKE I *.8&188+%85 +/2 -TGW\ KP FGP 9KPMGNP LG GKPG -WIGN :2+56+Ú#Ú0# 4'.+%+1 -KTEJGPIGD·WFG FCTWPVGT FTGK MGKNHÌTOKI CPIG QTFPGVG -WIGNP %QWRNCPF %NCUU +++ )TQWR # 0T 3WGPVQXKE )CTKGN :.+++ / ) 2TQW p 4 *ÒDUEJG 2CVKPC XQT\ÒINKEJ 'ZGORNCT FGT #WMVKQP 6JG $47 5CNG $TÒUUGN 0T

8IN %QWRNCPF 5 2TKX[ OCTMU QP VJG %JTKUVKCPC TGNKIKQ EQKPCIG QH .QWKU VJG 2KQWU KP &GVJNGHU ) 2QN # 9KVVGPDTKPM 5 =*TUI ? 07//+ &1%'06 /ÒP\GP ņ 5EJ·V\G ņ (WPFG (GUVUEJTKHV HÒT 2GVGT +NKUEJ \WO )GDWTVUVCI CO #RTKN 5 #DD WPF

ŇŇŇŇŇŇ

%H %QWRNCPF 5 2TKX[ OCTMU QP VJG %JTKUVKCPC TGNKIKQ EQKPCIG QH .QWKU VJG 2KQWU KP &GVJNGHU ) 2QN # 9KVVGPDTKPM 5 =*TUI ? 07//+ &1%'06 /ÒP\GP ņ 5EJ·V\G ņ (WPFG (GUVUEJTKHV HÒT 2GVGT +NKUEJ \WO )GDWTVUVCI CO #RTKN R +NNWU CPF

KAROLINGER

2146

1DQN WPDGUVKOOVG /ÒP\UV·VVG JÌEJUVYCJTUEJGKPNKEJ 0CTDQPPG I .&8%5+/2 -TGW\ 2#0#4'.+%+1 -KTEJGPIGD·WFG %QWRNCPF p )CTKGN p / ) p 2TQW p 8QP ITÌVGT 5GNVGPJGKV 5GJT UEJÌP 'ZGORNCT FGT #WMVKQP (TKV\ 4WFQNH -ÒPMGT 1UPCDTÒEM 0T

&CU XQTNKGIGPFG 'ZGORNCT IGY·JTV GKPGP KPVGTGUUCPVGP 'KPDNKEM KP FKG 2T·IWPI FGT %JTKUVKCPC 4GNKIKQ 2HGPPKIG FKG MGKPGP 0COGP GKPGT /ÒP\UV·VVG ÒDGTNKGHGTP 9·JTGPF FKG 4ÒEMUGKVG FKG CDIGMÒT\VG 7OUEJTKHV 2#0#4'.+%+1 RT·UGPVKGTV \GKIV FKG 8QTFGTUGKVG OKV .&8%5+/2 GKPG .GIGPFG FKG CPUQPUVGP PWT XQP &GPCTGP FGT /ÒP\UV·VVG 0CTDQPPG DGMCPPV KUV / ) OKV FGT 4ÒEMUGKVGPNGIGPFG 0#4 $10# /CP MÌPPVG CNUQ CPPGJOGP FCUU FKGUGU 'ZGORNCT FGP 0CEJHQNIGV[R FGU PCEJ FGO \YGK\GKNKIGP 5VCFVPCOGPV[R 2T·IWPI EC IGRT·IVGP %JTKUVKCPC 4GNKIKQ 6[RU 2T·IWPI EC CWU FGT /ÒP\UV·VVG 0CTDQPPG FCTUVGNNV XIN 5VGKPDCEJ 5 'KP HCU\KPKGTGPFGT 1DQN CWU FGT <GKV .WFYKIU FGU (TQOOGP KP 0WOKUOCVKUEJGU 0CEJTKEJVGPDNCVV 5

ŇŇŇŇŇŇ

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

2147

&GPCT WPDGUVKOOVG /ÒP\UV·VVG OÌINKEJGTYGKUG 5GPU I *.8&188+%85 +/2 -TGW\ KP FGP 9KPMGNP LG GKPG -WIGN :2+56+#0# 4'.%+1 -KTEJGPIGD·WFG FCTWPVGT 5 %QWRNCPF p )CTKGN :.+8 / ) 2TQW 4 -N 4CPFHGJNGT UGJT UEJÌPpXQT\ÒINKEJ 'ZGORNCT FGT #WMVKQP ,GCP 'NUGP $TÒUUGN 0T

ŇŇŇŇŇŇ

2148

&GPCT WPDGUVKOOVG /ÒP\UV·VVG I *.8&188+%85 +/2 -TGW\ KP FGP 9KPMGNP LG GKPG -WIGN :2+56+#0# 4'.+)+1 -KTEJGPIGD·WFG / ) 8QT\ÒINKEJGU 'ZGORNCT OKV HGKPGT 6ÌPWPI 'ZGORNCT FGT #WMVKQP 6JG 0GY ;QTM 5CNG ::+++ 0GY ;QTM 0T

KAROLINGER

2149

&GPCT WPDGUVKOOVG /ÒP\UV·VVG YCJTUEJGKPNKEJ /CKNCPF I *.8&188+%85 +/2 -TGW\ KP FGP 9KPMGNP LG GKPG -WIGN :2+56+#0# 4'++)+1 -KTEJGPIGD·WFG %QWRNCPF %NCUU +++ )TQWR ( /CKNCPF / ) 4 )WVGU UGJT UEJÌP

'ZGORNCT FGT #WMVKQP %0) .CPECUVGT 0T

2150

&GPCT WPDGUVKOOVG KVCNKGPKUEJG /ÒP\UV·VVG OÌINKEJGTYGKUG /CKNCPF I *.8&188+%85 +/2 -TGW\ KP FGP 9KPMGNP LG GKPG -WIGN :2+56+#0# 4'+.)+1 -KTEJGPIGD·WFG %QWRNCPF %NCUU +++ )TQWR ( /CKNCPF / ) 4 *ÒDUEJG 2CVKPC UGJT UEJÌPpXQT\ÒINKEJ 'ZGORNCT FGT 5COONWPI $KUUKPIGT #WMVKQP .CP\ /ÒPEJGP 0T 'TYQTDGP XQP .GQ *CODWTIGT (TCPMHWTV CO /CKP

/KV GKPGT -WIGN KO $WEJUVCDGP 2 XQP +/2 FGT 8QTFGTUGKVGPNGIGPFG

ŇŇŇŇŇŇ

9KVJ C RGNNGV KP VJG NGVVGT 2 QH +/2 KP VJG HCEG NGIGPF

2151

&GPCT WPDGUVKOOVG KVCNKGPKUEJG /ÒP\UV·VVG OÌINKEJGTYGKUG 2CXKC I *.8&188+%85 +/2 -TGW\ KP FGP 9KPMGNP LG GKPG -WIGN :2+56+#0# 4'.+)+1 -KTEJGPIGD·WFG / ) 8QT\ÒINKEJ

'ZGORNCT FGT #WMVKQP 8CTGUK 2CXKC 0T

2152

&GPCT WPDGUVKOOVG /ÒP\UV·VVG YCJTUEJGKPNKEJ 8GPGFKI I *.8&188+%85 +/2 -TGW\ KP FGP 9KPMGNP LG GKPG -WIGN :2+56+#0# 4'.+)+1 -KTEJGPIGD·WFG %QWRNCPF %NCUU +++ )TQWR ) 8GPGFKI / ) 5GJT UEJÌP 'ZGORNCT FGT #WMVKQP #TVGOKFG #UVG :8+++ 5CP /CTKPQ 0T

/KV GKPGT -WIGN KO 1 XQP 4'.+)+1 FGT 4ÒEMUGKVGPNGIGPFG

ŇŇŇŇŇŇ

9KVJ C RGNNGV KP VJG 1 QH 4'.+)+1 KP VJG TGXGTUG KPUETKRVKQP

KAROLINGER

2153

2·RUVNKEJ MCKUGTNKEJG )GOGKPUEJCHVURT·IWPIGP .WFYKIU FGU (TQOOGP

'WIGPKWU ++ WPF .WFYKI FGT (TQOOG &GPCTQ 4QO I .8&188+%85 +/2 +O (GNF 41/# /QPQITCOO 5%5 2'6485 +O (GNF '8)'0+85 /QPQITCOO $KCIIK

4 %0+ :8 )CTKGN :: /WPVQPK 8QN + 5 0T 8QP ITÌVGT 5GNVGPJGKV 4GRCTKGTVGT #DDTWEJ UGJT UEJÌP XQT\ÒINKEJ 'ZGORNCT FGT #WMVKQP 0GITKPK /CKNCPF ,WPK 0T

2154

)TGIQT +8 WPF .WFYKI FGT (TQOOG &GPCTQ 4QO I .8&188+%85 +/2 +O (GNF 2+85 /QPQITCOO 5%5 2'6485 +O (GNF )4')14 /QPQITCOO $KCIIK 4 %0+ :8 )CTKGN :: /WPVQPK 8QN 5 0T 8QP ITQGT 5GNVGPJGKV 5GJT UEJÌP 'ZGORNCT FGT /ÒP\GP WPF /GFCKNNGP )OD* 5VWVVICTV 0T

2155

&GPCTQ 4QO I .8&188+%85 +/2 +O (GNF 2+85 /QPQITCOO 5%5 2'6485 +O (GNF )4' ++ $KCIIK 4 %0+ :8 )CTKGN :: /WPVQPK 8QN 5 0T 4 8QT\ÒINKEJGU 'ZGORNCT OKV FWPMNGT 2CVKPC 'ZGORNCT FGT 5COONWPI $TQPP[ #WMVKQP /ÒP\GP /GFCKNNGP )OD* 5VWVVICTV 0T

2156

'KP 1DQN .WFYKIU FGU (TQOOGP CNU -ÌPKI XQP #SWKVCPKGP XQT )TKGTUQP $NCEMDWTP %NCUU

1DQN /GNNG I .8&1 Û 88+% /'6#..8/ -TGW\ )CTKGN :+8 p / ) 2TQW p 4 (CUV XQT\ÒINKEJ

'ZGORNCT FGT 5COONWPI $GTPCTF %JYCTV\ #WMVKQP %TKPQP 2CTKU ,WPK 0T

KAROLINGER

2157

24 )70)'0 &'4 -¤0+)' 810 #37+6#0+'0 #75 &'4 '456'0 * .(6' &'5 ,#*4*70&'465 2KRRKP ++ -ÌPKI XQP #SWKVCPKGP

1DQN I 2+22+085 4': -TGW\ +38+ 6#0+ 148/ )CTKGN :: / ) 2TQW p 8QP ITÌVGT 5GNVGPJGKV -N 2T·IGUEJY·EJG UQPUV UGJT UEJÌP 'ZGORNCT FGT #WMVKQP 6JG $TW 5CNG $TÒUUGN 0T

&KG FTGK\GKNKIG 4ÒEMUGKVGPIGUVCNVWPI YGKUV JPNKEJMGKVGP \W 'ZGORNCTGP CWU 8GPGFKI CWH XIN 2CRCFQRQNK 6H EC YGUJCND CWEJ GKPG 2T·IWPI WPVGT 2KRRKP + KP (TCIG MQOOV

ŇŇŇŇŇŇ

6JG VJTGG NKPG TGXGTUG FGUKIP DGCTU C TGUGODNCPEG VQ URGEKOGPU HTQO 8GPKEG EH 2CRCFQRQNK 6D EC (QT VJCV C UVTWEM WPFGT 2KRRKP + QH #SWKVCPKC KU CNUQ RQUUKDNG HQT VJKU V[RG

2158

&GPCT /GNNG &GWZ 5½XTGU I 2+2+085 4': '3 -TGW\ /'68..1 -CTQNWUOQPQITCOO )CTKGN :::8++ p )TKGTUQP $NCEMDWTP / ) 2TQW p 4 5GJT UEJÌP

'ZGORNCT FGT #WMVKQP (TKV\ 4WFQNH -ÒPMGT 1UPCDTÒEM 0T

2159

&GPCT 6QWNQWUG *CWVG )CTQPPG I 2+22*85 4': (Û -TGW\ 61.15# %+8+ 2KRRKPWU /QPQITCOO )CTKGN :::8++ )TKGTUQP $NCEMDWTP / ) 2TQW p -N 2T·IGUEJY·EJG WPF $GNCITGUVG UGJT UEJÌP

'ZGORNCT FGT 5COONWPI $GTPCTF %JYCTV\ #WMVKQP %TKPQP 2CTKU ,WPK 0T

2160

&GPCT 6QWNQWUG *CWVG )CTQPPG I 2+22+*85 4': ( -TGW\ 61.15# %+8+ 2KRRKPWU /QPQITCOO )CTKGN :::8++ )TKGTUQP $NCEMDWTP / ) 2TQW p 5GJT UEJÌPpXQT\ÒINKEJ 'ZGORNCT FGT #WMVKQP %0) .CPECUVGT 0T

KAROLINGER

2161

&GPCT &CZ .CPFGU I 2+2+0+85 4': '1 -TGW\ KP FGP 9KPMGNP LG GKPG -WIGNP #28+5 84$+ TÒEMN·WHKI 5·WNGPVGORGN )CTKGN :: / ) 2TQW p 4 &WPMNG 2CVKPC UGJT UEJÌP

'ZGORNCT FGT #WMVKQP (TKV\ 4WFQNH -ÒPMGT 1UPCDTÒEM 0T

2162

&GPCT WPDGUVKOOVG /ÒP\UV·VVG I 2*/+854' -TGW\ KP FGP 9KPMGNP LG GKPG -WIGNP :25+80882'++%1 5·WNGPVGORGN )CTKGN p / ) p 2TQW p 8QP ITQGT 5GNVGPJGKV 7PGFKGTV #VVTCMVKXGU UGJT UEJÌPGU 'ZGORNCT 'TYQTDGP DGK %TKPQP 2CTKU *GTDUV .KUVG 0T

2163

24 )70)'0 .16*#45 + /+64')'06 70& -¤0+) 810 +6#.+'0 -#+5'4 .QVJCT + 2QTVT·VV[R %NCUU #

&GPCT 2CNCUVOÒP\UV·VVG OÌINKEJGTYGKUG #CEJGP I .16#4+85 +/+ #8% $TWUVDKNF T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\ :2+56+#0# 2+.+%+1 5·WNGPVGORGN 8IN %QWRNCPF 5 6JG %QKPCIG QH .QVJCT + KP 6TKGTGT <GKVUEJTKHV 5 6H 0T %QWRNCPF 5 6JG 4QGTOQPF EQKPU TGEQPUKFGTGF KP /GFKGXCN CPF /QFGTP /CVVGTU 5 0T FCU CDIGDKNFGVG 'ZGORNCT XCP )GNFGT * ' &G MCTQNKPIKUEJG /WPVXQPFUV 4QGTOQPF KP ,CCTDQGM XQQT /WPV GP 2GPPKPIMWPFG 5 0T FCU CDIGDKNFGVG 'ZGORNCT )CTKGN .+: p XCT )TKGTUQP $NCEMDWTP / ) XCT 2TQW XCT 8QP ITQGT 5GNVGPJGKV 5GJT UEJÌPGU 'ZGORNCT OKV HGKPGT 6ÌPWPI 'ZGORNCT FGT 5COONWPI $GTPCTF %JYCTV\ #WMVKQP %TKPQP 2CTKU ,WPK 0T XGTOWVNKEJ #CEJGP 'ZGORNCT FGT #WMVKQP (TKV\ 4WFQNH -ÒPMGT 1UPCDTÒEM 0T 'ZGORNCT FGU /ÒP\HWPFGU XQP 4QGTOQPF XIN %QWRNCPF 5 6JG 4QGOQPF EQKPU TGEQPUKFGTGF KP /GFKGXCN CPF /QFGTP /CVVGTU XQN 5 (KI

KAROLINGER

2164

&GPCT WPDGUVKOOVG /ÒP\UV·VVG I *.16*#4+85 #)5 $TWUVDKNF T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\ :2+56+#0# 4'++%+1 5·WNGPVGORGN )CTKGN / ) 2TQW 8QP ITQGT 5GNVGPJGKV 5GJT UEJÌP 'ZGORNCT FGT #WMVKQP (TKV\ 4WFQNH -ÒPMGT 1UPCDTÒEM 0T

/QTTKUQP )TWPVJCN MCPPVGP XQP FKGUGO 6[R FGU $KNFPKUFGPCTU PWT \YGK 'ZGORNCTG GKPGU FCXQP CWU FGO (WPF XQP *QP U *QNUV * 1P VJG %QKPU QH VJG *QP (KPF KP /KPQT 2WDNKECVKQPU QH VJG 0QTYGIKCP 0WOKUOCVKE 5QEKGV[ 5 +O %QTRWU 0WOOQTWO +VCNKEQTWO YKTF GKP DKNF·JPNKEJGT &GPCT PCEJ /CKNCPF IGNGIV %0+ 8 5 0T WPF 6H UWRRN + &GRG[TQV .G PWOGTCKTG ECTQNKPKIKGP 0T /QTTKUQP )TWPVJCN WPF -NWIG

0WOKUOCVKM FGU /KVVGNCNVGTU 0T QTFPGP FGP 6[RWU WPVGT WPDGUVKOOVG /ÒP\UV·VVG GKP &C GKP )TQVGKN FGT DGMCPPVGP 'ZGORNCTG FKGUGU 6[RU WPF ·JPNKEJGT 2T·IWPIGP / ) CWU (WPFGP WPF 5COONWPIGP KP (TCPM TGKEJ WPF FGP 0KGFGTNCPFGP UVCOOV KUV GU YCJTUEJGKPNKEJGT GKPG 'PVUVGJWPI KO YGUVNKEJGP (TCPMGPTGKEJ CP\WPGJOGP CNU KP +VCNKGP

ŇŇŇŇŇŇ

/QTTKUQP )TWPVJCN MPGY QPN[ VYQ URGEKOGPU QH VJKU V[RG QH GHHKI[ FGPCT QPG QH VJGO HTQO VJG HKPF QH *QP U *QNUV * 1P VJG %QKPU QH VJG *QP (KPF KP /KPQT 2WDNKECVKQPU QH VJG 0QTYGIKCP 0WOKUOCVKE 5QEKGV[ R +P VJG %QTRWU 0WOOQTWO +VCNKEQTWO C FGPCT UKOKNCT KP CRRGCTCPEG KU KFGPVKHKGF CU /KNCPGUG %0+ 8 R 0Q CPF 6D UWRRN + &GRG[TQV .G PWOGTCKTG ECTQNKPKIKGP 0T /QTTKUQP )TWPVJCN CPF -NWIG

0WOKUOCVKM FGU /KVVGNCNVGTU 0Q TGNGICVG VJKU V[RG VQ VJG ŋKPFGVGTOKPCVG OKPVŌ ECVGIQT[ #U C OCLQT RQTVKQP QH VJG MPQYP URGEKOGPU QH VJKU V[RG CPF UKOKNCT EQKPCIGU / ) QTKIKPCVG HTQO HKPFU CPF EQNNGEVKQPU KP (TCPEG CPF VJG 0GVJGTNCPFU KV KU UCHGT VQ CUUWOG C UQWTEG KP YGUVGTP (TCPEG VJCP KP +VCN[

2165

.QVJCT + 2T·IWPI OKV /ÒP\UV·VVGPPCOG %NCUU $

&GPCT &QTGUVCF I +16#/85+2+'+4#6 -TGW\ KP FGP 9KPMGNP LG GKPG -WIGN &14'56#685 /10 5·WNGPMKTEJG FCTKP -TGW\ )CTKGN p / ) 2TQW &WPMNG 6ÌPWPI MN 2T·IGUEJY·EJG UGJT UEJÌPpXQT\ÒINKEJ

'ZGORNCT FGT #WMVKQP ,GCP 'NUGP $TÒUUGN 0T

2166

.QVJCT + %JTKUVKCPC 4GNKIKQ 6[R

&GPCT WPDGUVKOOVG /ÒP\UV·VVG OÌINKEJGTYGKUG .[QP I .860#4+85 +/2 -TGW\ KP FGP 9KPMGNP LG GKPG -WIGN :2+56+#0# 4'.%1 5·WNGPVGORGN \W FGP 5GKVGP FGU &CEJMTGW\GU LG GKPG -WIGN 8IN %QWRNCPF 5 6JG %QKPCIG QH .QVJCT + KP 6TKGTGT <GKVUEJTKHV 5 )TQWR # WPMPQYP .[QP! WPF 6H 0T )CTKGN p / ) 2TQW 8QT\ÒINKEJGU 'ZGORNCT OKV JGTTNKEJGT 2CVKPC 'ZGORNCT FGT #WMVKQP %JTKUVKGŉU /CKNCPF ,WPK 0T

KAROLINGER

2167

&GPCT WPDGUVKOOVG /ÒP\UV·VVG OÌINKEJGTYGKUG .[QP I .86*#4+85 +/4 -TGW\ KP FGP 9KPMGNP LG GKPG -WIGN :2+56+#0# 4'+%1 5·WNGPVGORGN \W FGP 5GKVGP FGU &CEJMTGW\GU LG GKPG -WIGN 8IN %QWRNCPF 5 6JG %QKPCIG QH .QVJCT + KP 6TKGTGT <GKVUEJTKHV 5 )TQWR # WPMPQYP .[QP! WPF 6H 0T )CTKGN p / ) 2TQW &WPMNG 6ÌPWPI UGJT UEJÌPpXQT\ÒINKEJ

'ZGORNCT FGT 5COONWPI 'UVG /KNCPK #WMVKQP 8CTGUK 2CXKC 0T

2168

2T·IWPIGP .QVJCTU + CWU +VCNKGP

&GPCT /CKNCPF I *.16*#4+85 +/2 -TGW\ /'&+1.# $KCIIK 4 )CTKGN .+: / ) 2TQW 5GNVGPG 8CTKCPVG (CUV XQT\ÒINKEJGU 'ZGORNCT 'ZGORNCT FGT 5COONWPI 'UVG /KNCPK #WMVKQP 8CTGUK 2CXKC 0T

+O * XQP *.16*#4+85 FGT 8QTFGTUGKVGPNGIGPFG GKPG -WIGN

ŇŇŇŇŇŇ

+P VJG * QH *.16*#4+85 KP VJG HCEG KPUETKRVKQP C RGNNGV

2169

&GPCT /CKNCPF I *.16*#4+85 +/2 #8 -TGW\ /'&+1. $KCIIK 4 )CTKGN .+: / ) 2TQW 5GNVGPG 8CTKCPVG (GKPG 6ÌPWPI YKP\ 5EJTÌVNKPIUTK UGJT UEJÌP 'ZGORNCT FGT #WMVKQP 8CTGUK 2CXKC 0T

+O * XQP *.16*#4+85 FGT 8QTFGTUGKVGPNGIGPFG GKPG -WIGN

ŇŇŇŇŇŇ

+P VJG * QH *.16*#4+85 KP VJG HCEG KPUETKRVKQP C RGNNGV

2170

&GPCT 2CXKC I *.16*#4+85 +/2 #8 -TGW\ 2#2+# $KCIIK 4 )CTKGN .+: / ) 2TQW &WPMNG 6ÌPWPI UGJT UEJÌP XQT\ÒINKEJ 'ZGORNCT FGT #WMVKQP 8CTGUK 2CXKC 0T

KAROLINGER

2171

&GPCT 2CXKC I *+16*#4+85 +/2 #8 -TGW\ 2#2+# $KCIIK 4 )CTKGN .+: / ) 2TQW 5GNVGPG 8CTKCPVG )WV CWUIGRT·IVGU HCUV XQT\ÒINKEJGU 'ZGORNCT 'ZGORNCT FGT 5COONWPI $KUUKPIGT #WMVKQP .CP\ /ÒPEJGP 0T 'ZGORNCT FGT #WMVKQP %CJP (TCPMHWTV C / 0T

2172

&GPCT 6TGXKUQ I *16+#4+85 +++2 #8 -TGW\ #48+5+1 $KCIIK 4 )CTKGN .: / ) 2TQW 8QP ITQGT 5GNVGPJGKV &WPMNG 2CVKPC HCUV XQT\ÒINKEJ 'ZGORNCT FGT 5COONWPI &T $GTPJCTF 5EJWNVG #WMVKQP /ÒP\GP /GFCKNNGP )OD* 5VWVVICTV 0T

2173

&GPCT 8GPGFKI I *.1*6#4+85 +/2 #8 -TGW\ 8'0'%+# $KCIIK 4 )CODGTKPK

4 )CTKGN .: / ) 2TQW 8QP ITÌVGT 5GNVGPJGKV &TWEMUVGNNG WPF *KV\GURWTGP UEJÌP UGJT UEJÌP 'ZGORNCT FGT 5COONWPI FGT )TCHGP XQP <QRRQNC 0T

2174

2·RUVNKEJ MCKUGTNKEJG )GOGKPUEJCHVURT·IWPIGP .QVJCTU +

)TGIQT +8 WPF .QVJCT + &GPCTQ 4QO I *.16*#4+85 +/2 +O (GNF 2+85 /QPQITCOO 5%5 2'6485 +O (GNF 22 )4' ++ $KCIIK 4 %0+ :8 XCT /2 KP .KICVWT )CTKGN .: /WPVQPK 44 &WPMNG 6ÌPWPI HCUV XQT\ÒINKEJ 'ZGORNCT FGT #WMVKQP 0GITKPK /CKNCPF ,WPK 0T 'ZGORNCT FGT #WMVKQP /QPVGPCRQNGQPG /CKNCPF 0T 'ZGORNCT FGT 5COONWPI /CIPCIWVK 6GKN #WMVKQP 5CPVCOCTKC 4QO 0T

KAROLINGER

2175

5GTIKWU ++ WPF .QVJCT + &GPCTQ 4QO I *.16*#4+85 +/2 +O (GNF 2+85 /QPQITCOO 5%5 2'6485 +O (GNF Ő Ő 5'4 Ő 2 Ő $KCIIK 4 %0+ :8 )CTKGN .: /WPVQPK 8QP ITQGT 5GNVGPJGKV 2CVKPC 4GUVG XQP )TÒPURCP XQT\ÒINKEJ 'ZGORNCT FGT #WMVKQP 0#% <ÒTKEJ 0T 'ZGORNCT FGT #WMVKQP /ÒP\GP WPF /GFCKNNGP #) $CUGN 0T

2176

.GQ +8 WPF .QVJCT + &GPCTQ 4QO I *.16*#4+85 +O (GNF +/2 /QPQ ITCOO WPF FTGK -WIGNP 5%5 2'6485 +O (GNF .'12# /QPQITCOO $KCIIK 4 %0+ :8 )CTKGN .: /WPVQPK 8CT + 4 5GJT UEJÌP XQT\ÒINKEJ

'ZGORNCT FGT #WMVKQP (TKV\ 4WFQNH -ÒPMGT 1UPCDTÒEM 0T

2177

&GPCTQ 4QO I *.16*#4+85 +/2 +O (GNF 2+85 /QPQITCOO 5%5 2'6485 +O (GNF .'12# /QPQITCOO WPF \YGK -WIGNP $KCIIK %0+ :8 )CTKGN .: /WPVQPK 44 (CUV XQT\ÒINKEJ 'ZGORNCT FGT #WMVKQP 0#% /CKNCPF 0T

2178

24 )70)'0 .7&9+)5 ++ -¤0+) 810 +6#.+'0 -#+5'4

&GPCT 2T·IWPI CWH MNGKPGO 5EJTÌVNKPI WPDGUVKOOVG /ÒP\UV·VVG I *.8&188+%85 +/2 -TGW\ KP FGP 9KPMGNP LG GKPG -WIGN :2+5 TGVTQITCF 6+#0# 4'.+%+1 5·WNGPVGORGN )CTKGN p / ) p 2TQW p (CUV XQT\ÒINKEJGU 'ZGORNCT OKV FWPMNGT 2CVKPC

'ZGORNCT FGT #WMVKQP 0QOKUOC 5CP /CTKPQ 0T

KAROLINGER

2179

&GPCT 2T·IWPI CWH MNGKPGO 5EJTÌVNKPI WPDGUVKOOVG /ÒP\UV·VVG I *.8&188+%85 +/2 -TGW\ KP FGP 9KPMGNP LG GKPG -WIGN :2+56+#0# 4'.+%+1 5·WNGPVGORGN )CTKGN p / ) p 2TQW p (GKPG 6ÌPWPI XQT\ÒINKEJ

'ZGORNCT FGT #WMVKQP 4CWEJ 07/+5/#6# 9KGP 0T

2180

&GPCT 2T·IWPI CWH MNGKPGO 5EJTÌVNKPI WPDGUVKOOVG /ÒP\UV·VVG 2T·IWPI QJPG 3WGTUVTKEJ KO # ņ 2CXKC! I *.8&188+%85 +/2 -TGW\ KP FGP 9KPMGNP LG GKPG -WIGN :2+56+#0# 4'.+%+1 5·WNGPVGORGN )CTKGN p )TKGTUQP $NCEMDWTP XIN / ) p 2TQW p &WPMNG 2CVKPC NGKEJV FG\GPVTKGTV HCUV XQT\ÒINKEJ

'ZGORNCT FGT #WMVKQP %JTKUVKGŉU /CKNCPF ,WPK 0T

2181

&GPCT 2T·IWPI CWH DTGKVGTGO 5EJTÌVNKPI WPDGUVKOOVG /ÒP\UV·VVG /CKNCPF! I *.8&1 88+%85 +/2 -TGW\ KP FGP 9KPMGNP LG GKPG -WIGN :2+56+#0# 4'.+%+1 5·WNGPVGORGN %0+ 8 XIN 6H + 0T WPF )CTKGN p )TKGTUQP $NCEMDWTP XIN WPF 5 / ) p 2TQW p 4 -N 2T·IGUEJY·EJG HCUV XQT\ÒINKEJ

'ZGORNCT FGT #WMVKQP 8CTGUK 2CXKC 0T

2182

&GPCT WPDGUVKOOVG /ÒP\UV·VVG /CKNCPF! I *.8&188+%85 +/2 -TGW\ KP FGP 9KPMGNP LG GKPG -WIGN :2+56+#0# 4'.+%+1 5·WNGPVGORGN %0+ 8 6H + 0T )CTKGN )TKGTUQP $NCEMDWTP XIN / ) 2TQW 44 5GJT UEJÌP XQT\ÒINKEJ 'ZGORNCT FGT #WMVKQP 0GITKPK /CKNCPF 0T

KAROLINGER

2183

&GPCT WPDGUVKOOVG /ÒP\UV·VVG 2CXKC! I *+8&188+%85 +*& -TGW\ KP FGP 9KPMGNP LG GKPG -WIGN :2+56+#0# 2+++%+1 5·WNGPVGORGN %0+ 8 6H + 0T )CTKGN )TKGTUQP $NCEMDWTP XIN / ) 2TQW 44 5GJT UEJÌP XQT\ÒINKEJ

'ZGORNCT FGT #WMVKQP 8CTGUK 2CXKC 0T

2184

2·RUVNKEJ MCKUGTNKEJG )GOGKPUEJCHVURT·IWPIGP .WFYKIU ++

0KMQNCWU + WPF .WFYKI ++ &GPCTQ 4QO I .8&188+%85 +/2 +O (GNF 41/# /QPQITCOO 5%5 2'6485 +O (GNF 0+%1.#85 /QPQITCOO $KCIIK 4 %0+ :8 )CTKGN .:+ )TKGTUQP $NCEMDWTP /WPVQPK 8QN + 5 0T 4 #VVTCMVKXGU UGJT UEJÌPGU 'ZGORNCT OKV HGKPGT 2CVKPC

'ZGORNCT FGT #WMVKQP /ÒP\GP /GFCKNNGP )OD* 5VWVVICTV 0T

2185

*CFTKCP ++ WPF .WFYKI ++ &GPCTQ 4QO I .8&188+%85 +/2 +O (GNF 41/# /QPQITCOO 5%5 2'6485 +O (GNF #&4+#0 /QPQITCOO $KCIIK 4 %0+ :8 )CTKGN )TKGTUQP $NCEMDWTP /WPVQPK 8QN + 5 0T 8QP ITQGT 5GNVGPJGKV )WVGU UGJT UEJÌP

'ZGORNCT FGT #WMVKQP #TVGOKFG #UVG :::+ 5CP /CTKPQ 0T

2186

,QJCPPGU 8+++ WPF .WFYKI ++ &GPCTQ 4QO I .8&188+%85 +/2 +O (GNF 41/# /QPQITCOO 5%5 2'6485 +O (GNF +1*#05 /QPQITCOO $KCIIK 4 %0+ :8 )CTKGN )TKGTUQP $NCEMDWTP /WPVQPK 8QN + 5 0T 44 -N 2T·IGUEJY·EJG WPF 4GUVG XQP )TÒPURCP UGJT UEJÌP 'ZGORNCT FGT 5COONWPI FG 9KV #WMVKQP (TKV\ 4WFQNH -ÒPMGT 1UPCDTÒEM 0T 'ZGORNCT FGT #WMVKQP 8GEEJK .QPFQP 0T

KAROLINGER

2187

2T·IWPIGP .WFYKIU ++ OKV UGKPGT )GOCJNKP #PIKNDGTIC

&GPCT I .8&188+%85 +02 -TGW\ CWH FTGK 5VWHGP #0)+.$'4)# 02 -TGW\ FCTCWH MNGKPGTGU #PFTGCUMTGW\ )CTKGN .:+ )TKGTUQP $NCEMDWTP / ) (CUV XQT\ÒINKEJGU 'ZGORNCT

'ZGORNCT FGT 5COONWPI $GTPCTF %JYCTV\ #WMVKQP %TKPQP 2CTKU ,WPK 0T

2188

&GPCT I .8&188+%85 +++2' +O (GNF #)85 /QPQITCOO #0)+.$'4)# +/2 +O (GNF \YGK\GKNKIG #)8 56# )CTKGN .:+ )TKGTUQP $NCEMDWTP / ) 44 &WPMNG 2CVKPC MN 4CPFCWUDTÒEJG UGJT UEJÌP

'ZGORNCT FGT #WMVKQP 0#% <ÒTKEJ 0T

2189

24 )70)'0 -#4.5 ++ &'5 -#*.'0 51*0 .7&9+)5 + &'5 (41//'0 70& 5'+0'4 <9'+6'0 )'/#*.+0 ,7&+6* /+64')'06 70& -¤0+) &'5 9'56(4 0-+5%*'0 4'+%*'5 -#+5'4 -CTN ++ FGT -CJNG 2T·IWPIGP OKV -TGW\ WPF 0COG FGT /ÒP\UV·VVG KO (GNF )TKGTUQP $NCEMDWTP %NCUU C

&GPCT /GCWZ 5GKPG GV /CTPG I %#4.85 4': -TGW\ Û Û /'. Û &+5 )CTKGN . XCT )TKGTUQP $NCEMDWTP XCT / ) XCT 2TQW p 8QP ITQGT 5GNVGPJGKV (GKPG 6ÌPWPI 4GUVG XQP )TÒPURCP XQT\ÒINKEJ

'ZGORNCT FGT #WMVKQP %TKPQP 2CTKU ,WPK 0T

2190

&GPCT /GNNG &GWZ 5½XTGU I %#4.85 4': (4 -TGW\ /'6# Û ..8/ )CTKGN ::+++ )TKGTUQP $NCEMDWTP / ) 2TQW p 5GJT UEJÌPpXQT\ÒINKEJ 'ZGORNCT FGT #WMVKQP (TKV\ 4WFQNH -ÒPMGT 1UPCDTÒEM 0T

KAROLINGER

2191

&GPCT 2CTKU I %#4Û.85 4Û': -GKN -TGW\ 2#4+ Û 5 -GKN ++ )CTKGN .+ FQTV WPVGT -CTN FGO 'KPH·NVKIGP p )TKGTUQP $NCEMDWTP XIN / ) p XCT 2TQW p XCT 4 8QT\ÒINKEJ

'ZGORNCT FGT #WMVKQP %TKPQP 2CTKU ,WPK 0T

2192

1DQN WPDGUVKOOVG /ÒP\UV·VVG I %#4.85 4': -TGW\ #38+ 6#0+# )CTKGN ::++ / ) 2TQW WPF 'VYCU RQTÌUGT 5EJTÌVNKPI UGJT UEJÌP

'TYQTDGP XQP 2KGTTG %TKPQP 2CTKU

2193

-CTN ++ FGT -CJNG 2T·IWPI OKV -TGW\ WPF 5VCFVVQT )TKGTUQP $NCEMDWTP %NCUU E

&GPCT 1TN¾CPU .QKTGV I %#4.85 4': (4 -TGW\ KP FGP 9KPMGNP LG GKPG -W IGN #84'.+#0+5 5VCFVVQT \W FGP 5GKVGP LG GKPG -WIGN )CTKGN ::+ )TKGTUQP $NCEMDWTP XCT / ) 2TQW 8QT\ÒINKEJ

'ZGORNCT FGT 5COONWPI $GTPCTF %JYCTV\ #WMVKQP %TKPQP 2CTKU ,WPK 0T

2194

-CTN ++ FGT -CJNG 2T·IWPIGP CNU -ÌPKI XQP #SWKVCPKGP WPF FGT 2TQ XGPEG )TKGTUQP $NCEMDWTP %NCUU F

&GPCT 6QWNQWUG *CWVG )CTQPPG I %#4.85 4': ( -TGW\ 61.85# %+8+ -CTQNWUOQPQ ITCOO )CTKGN p XIN ::+++ WPF FGP 1DQN ::+++ )TKGTUQP $NCEMDWTP / ) 2TQW 4GUVG XQP )TÒPURCP IWVGU UGJT UEJÌP 'ZGORNCT FGT 5COONWPI $GTPCTF %JYCTV\ #WMVKQP %TKPQP 2CTKU ,WPK 0T

&CU . KO -CTQNWU /QPQITCOO FGT 4ÒEMUGKVG FKGUGU WPF FGU HQNIGPFGP &GPCTU KUV TGVTQITCF IG\GKEJPGV GKP /GTM OCN FCU UKEJ CWH XKGNGP /ÒP\GP FGU (WPFGU XQP #W\GXKNNG *CWVG )CTQPPG HKPFGV XIN &WRNGUU[ , .GU VT¾UQTU OQP¾VCKTGU O¾FK¾XCWZ GV OQFGTPGU F¾EQWXGTVU GP (TCPEG 2CTKU 0T

ŇŇŇŇŇŇ

6JG . KP VJG -CTQNWU OQPQITCO QH VJG TGXGTUG QH VJKU CPF VJG HQNNQYKPI FGPKGT KU YTKVVGP DCEMYCTFU C EJCTCEVGTKU VKE HQWPF QP OCP[ EQKPU HTQO VJG HKPF CV #W\GXKNNG *CWVG )CTQPPG EH &WRNGUU[ , .GU VT¾UQTU OQP¾VCKTGU O¾FK¾XCWZ GV OQFGTPGU F¾EQWXGTVU GP (TCPEG 2CTKU 0Q

KAROLINGER

2195

&GPCT 6QWNQWUG *CWVG )CTQPPG I %#4.85 4': ( -TGW\ 61.5# %+8+ -CTQNWUOQPQ ITCOO )CTKGN ::+++ / ) 2TQW 4GUVG XQP )TÒPURCP XQT\ÒINKEJ

'ZGORNCT FGT 5COONWPI $GTPCTF %JYCTV\ #WMVKQP %TKPQP 2CTKU ,WPK 0T

2196

2T·IWPIGP -CTNU FGU -CJNGP CNU -ÌPKI FGU YGUVHT·PMKUEJGP 4GKEJGU

'KPG 2T·IWPI OKV -TGW\ CWH DGKFGP 5GKVGP &GPCT /GNNG &GWZ 5½XTGU I %#41.85 4': -TGW\ KP FGP 9KPMGNP LG GKPG -WIGN /'6#..8/ -TGW\ KP FGP 9KPMGNP LG GKPG -WIGN )CTKGN p / ) p XIN p .WFYKI FGT (TQOOG p 2TQW p 8QP ITÌVGT 5GNVGPJGKV 9CJTUEJGKPNKEJ WPRWDNK\KGTV (GKPG 6ÌPWPI UGJT UEJÌP 'ZGORNCT FGT #WMVKQP 6JG $47 5CNG $TÒUUGN 0T

2197

2T·IWPIGP OKV -TGW\ WPF /QPQITCOO &GPCT 2CNCUVOÒP\UV·VVG I %#41.85 4': -TGW\ 4#.#6+*# /10'# -CTQNWUOQPQITCOO )CTKGN p / ) 2TQW p 4 (CUV XQT\ÒINKEJ

'ZGORNCT FGT 5COONWPI $GTPCTF %JYCTV\ #WMVKQP %TKPQP 2CTKU ,WPK 0T 'ZGORNCT FGT #WMVKQP $WTICP #RTKN 0T

2198

&GPCT /GNNG &GWZ 5½XTGU I %#4.85 4': (4 -TGW\ /'68..1 -CTQNWUOQPQITCOO )CTKGN ::+++ )TKGTUQP $NCEMDWTP / ) 2TQW p 'VYCU MPCRRGT 5EJTÌVNKPI UQPUV XQT\ÒINKEJ 'ZGORNCT FGT #WMVKQP %0) .CPECUVGT 0T

KAROLINGER

2199

1DQN /GNNG &GWZ 5½XTGU I -CTQNWUOQPQITCOO N WPVGP KO (GNF w /'68..1 -TGW\ )CTKGN ::+8 p )TKGTUQP $NCEMDWTP / ) 2TQW p *ÒDUEJG 2CVKPC XQT\ÒINKEJp5VGORGNINCP\ 'ZGORNCT FGT #WMVKQP /ÒP\GP /GFCKNNGP )OD* 5VWVVICTV 0T

&KG CWUUEJNKGNKEJG <WYGKUWPI FGT /QPQITCOO 1DQNG CP -CTN FGP -CJNGP KUV XQT GKPKIGT <GKV XQP 5 %QWRNCPF KP (TCIG IGUVGNNV YQTFGP FGT CWEJ GKPG 2T·IWPI WPVGT -CTN FGO )TQGP HÒT OÌINKEJ J·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

ŇŇŇŇŇŇ

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

2200

2T·IWPIGP OKV -TGW\ WPF -KTEJGPIGD·WFG &GPCT #WZGTTG ;QPPG I %#41.85 4': (4 -TGW\ KP FGP 9KPMGNP LG GKPG -WIGN #86+5+1&'41 %+8+ TGVTQITCF -KTEJGPIGD·WFG )CTKGN ::+ )TKGTUQP $NCEMDWTP / ) 2TQW 44 (CUV XQT\ÒINKEJ

'ZGORNCT FGT 5COONWPI %JYCTV\ #WMVKQP %TKPQP 2CTKU 0T

2201

&GPCT 2CTKU I %#4.85 4': (4 -TGW\ 2#4+5++ %+8+6#5 -KTEJGPIGD·WFG )CTKGN ::+ )TKGTUQP $NCEMDWTP / ) 2TQW (GKPG 6ÌPWPI HCUV XQT\ÒINKEJ 'ZGORNCT FGT #WMVKQP (TKV\ 4WFQNH -ÒPMGT 1UPCDTÒEM 0T

KAROLINGER

2202

&GPCT 5GPU ;QPPG I %#4.85 4': (4 -TGW\ KP FGP 9KPMGNP LG GKPG -WIGN 5'010'5 %+8+6#5 -KTEJGPIGD·WFG )CTKGN ::+ )TKGTUQP $NCEMDWTP / ) 2TQW p 5GJT UEJÌPpXQT\ÒINKEJ 'ZGORNCT FGT #WMVKQP %0) .CPECUVGT 0T

2203

-CTN ++ FGT -CJNG %JTKUVKCPC 4GNKIKQ 6[R

&GPCT WPDGUVKOOVG /ÒP\UV·VVG I %#4.85 4': (4 -TGW\ KP FGP 9KPMGNP LG GKPG -WIGN :2+56+#0# 4'.%+1 -KTEJGPIGD·WFG )CTKGN p / ) 2TQW 8QT\ÒINKEJ

'ZGORNCT FGT 5COONWPI &T $GTPJCTF 5EJWNVG #WMVKQP /ÒP\GP /GFCKNNGP )OD* 5VWVVICTV 0T

2204

-CTN ++ FGT -CJNG )TCVKC &GK 4GZ 6[R )TKGTUQP $NCEMDWTP%NCUU

&GPCT 2CNCUVOÒP\UV·VVG I %4#6+# & + 4': -CTQNWUOQPQITCOO 2#.#6+0# /10'6 -TGW\ )CTKGN :::++ )TKGTUQP $NCEMDWTP XCT / ) 2TQW (CUV XQT\ÒINKEJ

'ZGORNCT FGT 5COONWPI $GTPCTF %JYCTV\ #WMVKQP %TKPQP 2CTKU ,WPK 0T

2205

&GPCT #PIGTU /CKPG GV .QKTG I )4#6+#& +4': -CTQNWUOQPQITCOO #0&')#8+5 %+8+6#5 -TGW\ )CTKGN ::8 )TKGTUQP $NCEMDWTP / ) 2TQW p 8QT\ÒINKEJ 'ZGORNCT FGT #WMVKQP (TKV\ 4WFQNH -ÒPMGT 1UPCDTÒEM 0T

KAROLINGER

2206

&GPCT #WZGTTG ;QPPG I )4#6+#& +4': -CTQNWUOQPQITCOO #6+5+1&'41 %+8+6#5 -TGW\ )CTKGN ::8 XCT )TKGTUQP $NCEMDWTP / ) XCT 2TQW XCT 4 5GJT UEJÌPpXQT\ÒINKEJ

'ZGORNCT FGT #WMVKQP 'NUGP $TÒUUGN 0T

2207

&GPCT $TÒIIG I )4#6+#& +4': -CTQNWUOQPQITCOO $4+8))#5 /10 -TGW\ (T½TG

FKGU 'ZGORNCT )CTKGN ::8++ XCT )TKGTUQP $NCEMDWTP / ) XCT 2TQW XCT 8QP ITQGT 5GNVGPJGKV 9KP\ 5EJTÌVNKPIUTK UGJT UEJÌP 'ZGORNCT FGT #WMVKQP 'NUGP $TÒUUGN 0T 'ZGORNCT FGT 5COONWPI *GPT[ )TWPVJCN #WMVKQP /ÒP\GP WPF /GFCKNNGP #) $CUGN 0T

2208

&GPCT .KUKGWZ %CNXCFQU I )4#6+# & + 4': -CTQNWUOQPQITCOO .+%518+85 %+8++ -TGW\ )CTKGN ::: XCT )TKGTUQP $NCEMDWTP / ) #PO 2TQW XCT 44 #VVTCMVKXGU UGJT UEJÌPGU 'ZGORNCT OKV HGKPGT 6ÌPWPI

'ZGORNCT FGT #WMVKQP (TKV\ 4WFQNH -ÒPMGT 1UPCDTÒEM 0T

2209

&GPCT /GV\ /QUGNNG I %&#6+# & +++: -CTQNWUOQPQITCOO /'66+5 %+8+6#5 -TGW\ KO GTUVGP 9KPMGN -WIGN )CTKGN . / ) 2TQW 8QP ITQGT 5GNVGPJGKV -N 2T·IGUEJY·EJG UGJT UEJÌP 'ZGORNCT FGT #WMVKQP (TKV\ 4WFQNH -ÒPMGT 1UPCDTÒEM 0T

- /QTTKUQP ( )TWPVJCN QTFPGP FKG /ÒP\GP FKGUGU 6[RU WPVGT -CTN FGO 'KPH·NVKIGP GKP YQJKPIGIGP ) &GRG[TQV GKPG 2T·IWPI DGTGKVU WPVGT -CTN FGO -CJNGP CPPKOOV $GKFGP 2WDNKMCVKQPGP YCTGP NGFKINKEJ \YGK 'ZGORNCTG CWU 2CTKU WPF 0GY ;QTM DGMCPPV FKG GKPG -WIGN KO XKGTVGP 9KPMGN FGU 4ÒEMUGKVGPMTGW\GU \GKIGP ŇŇŇŇŇŇ

- /QTTKUQP ( )TWPVJCN NQECVG VJG EQKPU QH VJKU V[RG WPFGT %JCTNGU VJG 5KORNG YJGTGD[ ) &GRG[TQV CUUWOGU CP GCTNKGT EQKPCIG WPFGT %JCTNGU VJG $CNF $QVJ RWDNKECVKQPU MPGY QPN[ VYQ GZCORNGU KP 2CTKU CPF 0GY ;QTM YJKEJ JCXG C RGNNGV KP VJG HQWTVJ EQTPGT QH VJG TGXGTUG ETQUU

KAROLINGER

2210

&GPCT 5V &GPKU 5GKPG 5CKPV &GPKU I %4#6+# &+ 4': -CTQNWUOQPQITCOO 5%+D+10 85++/ -TGW\ )CTKGN :::+8 / ) 2TQW p 9KP\ -QTTQUKQPUURWTGP UQPUV HCUV XQT\ÒINKEJ 'ZGORNCT FGT #WMVKQP 4CWEJ 9KGP 0T

2211

2T·IWPIGP -CTNU FGU -CJNGP CNU -CKUGT

&GPCT %JCNQP UWT 5CÊPG 5CÊPG GV .QKTG I 0%#41.85 +/2'4 -TGW\ %#801*+5 %+8+ -CTQNWUOQPQITCOO )CTKGN p )TKGTUQP $NCEMDWTP / ) XCT 2TQW XCT 4 (CUV XQT\ÒINKEJ

'ZGORNCT FGT 5COONWPI ō#OCVGWT $QWTIWKIPQPŋ #WMVKQP %TKPQP 2CTKU ,WPK 0T

2212

&GPCT %JCNQP UWT 5CÊPG 5CÊPG GV .QKTG I &++#+1+85 +++2'2 -CTQNWUOQPQITCOO %#8++10 %+85 -TGW\ )CTKGN p )TKGTUQP $NCEMDWTP / ) 2TQW 44 -QTTQUKQPUURWTGP HCUV XQT\ÒINKEJ 'ZGORNCT FGT 5COONWPI $GTPCTF %JYCTV\ #WMVKQP %TKPQP 2CTKU ,WPK 0T

&KG <WYGKUWPI FGT 'ZGORNCTG FKGUGU WPF FGU P·EJUVGP 6[RU CP -CTN FGP -CJNGP QFGT -CTN FGP &KEMGP

KUV PKEJV \YGKHGNUHTGK OÌINKEJ

ŇŇŇŇŇŇ

6JG CVVTKDWVKQP YKVJ EGTVCKPV[ QH URGEKOGPU QH VJKU CPF VJG HQNNQYKPI V[RG VQ %JCTNGU VJG $CNF QT %JCTNGU VJG (CV KU PQV RQUUKDNG

2213

&GPCT 6QWNQWUG *CWVG )CTQPPG I %#4.85 +/24 -TGW\ 61.15# %+8+ +O (GNF \YGK\GKNKI %# 4. )CTKGN :.++ / ) 2TQW 4 .GKEJV IGYGNNV IWVGU UGJT UEJÌP 'ZGORNCT FGT #WMVKQP ,GCP 'NUGP $TÒUUGN 0T

&KG <WYGKUWPI FGT 'ZGORNCTG FKGUGU 6[RU CP -CTN FGP -CJNGP QFGT -CTN FGP &KEMGP KUV PKEJV \YGKHGNUHTGK OÌINKEJ

ŇŇŇŇŇŇ

6JG CVVTKDWVKQP YKVJ EGTVCKPV[ QH URGEKOGPU QH VJKU CPF VJG RTGXKQWU V[RG VQ %JCTNGU VJG $CNF QT %JCTNGU VJG (CV KU PQV RQUUKDNG

KAROLINGER

2214

2T·IWPIGP -CTNU FGU -CJNGP CWU +VCNKGP

&GPCT /CKNCPF )TQGT 5EJTÌVNKPI FKG (QTO FGT $WEJUVCDGP # + WPF 5 V[RKUEJ HÒT FKG /CKN·PFGT /ÒP\ UV·VVG XIN )TKGTUQP $NCEMDWTP 5 I *%#41.85 +/2'4 -TGW\ KP FGP 9KPMGNP LG GKPG -WIGN :2+56+#0# 4'.+)+1 -KTEJGPIGD·WFG %0+ 8 )CTKGN :.+ / ) 2TQW 44 -QTTQUKQPUURWTGP UGJT UEJÌP 'ZGORNCT FGT #WMVKQP %TQPQU %TKRRC 0WOKUOCVKEC /CKNCPF 0T

2215

&GPCT 2CXKC )TQGT 5EJTÌVNKPI FKG (QTO FGT $WEJUVCDGP # QJPG 3WGTUVTKEJ ' FKG 3WGTUVTKEJG URKV\ CWUNCWHGPF WPF 2 ·JPNKEJ GKPGO & V[RKUEJ HÒT FKG /ÒP\UV·VVG 2CXKC I *%#41.85 +/2'4# -TGW\ KP FGP 9KPMGNP LG GKPG -WIGN :2+56+#0# 4'.+%+1 -KTEJGPIGD·WFG %0+ 8 )CTKGN :.+ / ) 2TQW 44 *ÒDUEJG 2CVKPC -QTTQUKQPUURWTGP WPF -TCV\GT IWVGU UGJT UEJÌP

'ZGORNCT FGT #WMVKQP %JTKUVKGŉU /CKNCPF 0T

2216

'KPG R·RUVNKEJ MCKUGTNKEJG )GOGKPUEJCHVURT·IWPI -CTNU FGU -CJNGP

,QJCPPGU 8+++ WPF -CTN FGT -CJNG &GPCTQ 4QO I -#41.85 +/2 +O (GNF +1*#05 /QPQITCOO 5%5 2'6485 $TWUVDKNF FGU *GKNKIGP 2GVTWU JCNDN OKV -TGW\UVCD $KCIIK 4 %0+ :8 )CTKGN ::+8 /WPVQPK 8QN + 5 0T 4 -N 2T·IGUEJY·EJG IWVGU UGJT UEJÌP 'ZGORNCT FGT #WMVKQP /ÒP\GP WPF /GFCKNNGP &GWVUEJNCPF )OD* 5VWVVICTV 0T

&KG <WYGKUWPI FGT 'ZGORNCTG FKGUGU 6[RU CP -CTN FGP -CJNGP QFGT -CTN FGP &KEMGP KUV PKEJV \YGKHGNUHTGK OÌINKEJ

ŇŇŇŇŇŇ

6JG CVVTKDWVKQP YKVJ EGTVCKPV[ QH URGEKOGPU QH VJKU V[RG VQ %JCTNGU VJG $CNF QT %JCTNGU VJG (CV KU PQV RQUUKDNG

KAROLINGER

2217

'+0' 24 )70) .7&9+)5 ++ &'5 56#//.'45 51*0 -#4.5 ++ &'5 -#*.'0 -¤0+) 810 #37+6#0+'0 -¤0+) &'5 9'56(4 0-+5%*'0 4'+%*'5

&GPCT 8KU¾ .K½IG $GNIKGP I *.8&188+%85 4': -CTQNWUOQPQITCOO +0 8+%1 8+15#61 -TGW\ (T½TG FQTV WPVGT .WFYKI +++ p )CTKGN :::8+++ XCT )TKGTUQP $NCEMDWTP / ) 2TQW 8QP ITQGT 5GNVGPJGKV *ÒDUEJG 2CVKPC -PKEMURWT UGJT UEJÌPpXQT\ÒINKEJ

'ZGORNCT FGT 5COONWPI $GTPCTF %JYCTV\ #WMVKQP %TKPQP 2CTKU ,WPK 0T

2218

'+0' 24 )70) .7&9+)5 +++ 51*0 .7&9+)5 ++ &'5 56#//.'45 -¤0+) &'5 9'56(4 0-+5%*'0 4'+%*'5

.WFYKI +++ &GPCT 6QWTU +PFTG GV .QKTG I /+5'4+%14&+# & + 4': .WFQXKEWU OQPQITCOO 68410'5 %+8+6#5 -TGW\ )CTKGN :::8+++ / ) 2TQW p 4 (GKPG 2CVKPC GVYCU IGYGNNV UGJT UEJÌP

'ZGORNCT FGT 5COONWPI $GTPCTF %JYCTV\ #WMVKQP %TKPQP 2CTKU ,WPK 0T

8IN CWEJ %TKPQP 2 %CVCNQIWG FGU OQPPCKGU ECTQNKPIKGPPGU FG 6QWTU FW 8+++G U CW F¾DWV FG NC H¾QFCNKV¾ :G U KP QWTU ¾VWFGU PWOKUOCVKSWGU UWRRN¾OGPV CW $5(0 PQ 5 ņ 0T 5

ŇŇŇŇŇŇ

%H CNUQ %TKPQP 2 %CVCNQIWG FGU OQPPCKGU ECTQNKPIKGPPGU FG 6QWTU FW 8+++G U CW F¾DWV FG NC H¾QFCNKV¾ :G U KP QWTU ¾VWFGU PWOKUOCVKSWGU UWRRN¾OGPV CW $5(0 0Q R ņ 0Q R

2219

'+0' 24 )70) $151 0 5 810 8+'00' -¤0+) &'4 2418'0%' 70& 810 0+'&'4$74)70& 8'4*'+4#6'6 /+6 +4/+0)4#& '+0'4 61%*6'4 -¤0+) .7&9+)5 ++ 810 +6#.+'0 70& 5'+0'4 )'/#*.+0 #0)+.$'4)#

$QUQ P FG 8KGPPG -ÌPKI FGT 2TQXGPEG &GPCT 8KGPPG +U½TG I $151 %4#%+# &'+ +O (GNF 4': 8+'00# %+8+5 -TGW\ )CTKGN .:++ )TKGTUQP $NCEMDWTP / ) 2QG[ Fŉ#XCPV %8 XCT 2TQW 8QP ITÌVGT 5GNVGPJGKV 5GJT UEJÌP 'ZGORNCT FGT #WMVKQP 6TKVQP :+ 0GY ;QTM 0T

KAROLINGER

2220

24 )70)'0 .7&9+)5 ++ &'5 &'765%*'0 51*0 .7&9+)5 + &'5 (41//'0 -¤0+) &'5 156(4 0-+5%*'0 4'+%*'5

.WFYKI ++ FGT &GWVUEJG 2T·IWPI FGT GTUVGP 2GTKQFG OKV /QPQITCOO WPF -TGW\ &GPCT /CKP\ I .WFQXKEWUOQPQITCOO /1%106+# -TGW\ )CTKGN .:+ )TKGTUQP $NCEMDWTP / ) 2TQW 8QP CNNGTITÌVGT 5GNVGPJGKV 'VYCU RQTÌUGT 5EJTÌVNKPI IWVGU UGJT UEJÌP 'ZGORNCT FGT #WMVKQP 6JG 0GY ;QTM 5CNG ::+++ 0GY ;QTM 0T

2221

2T·IWPI FGT \YGKVGP 2GTKQFG PCEJ &GPCT /GV\ /QUGNNG I %4#6+# & 4': +O (GNF .8&188+%85 WO GKP -TGW\ /.66+5 %+8+6#5 -TGW\ KP FGP 9KPMGNP LG \YGK -WIGNP )CTKGN :::8+++ )TKGTUQP $NCEMDWTP XIN 5 / ) FQTV WPVGT .WFYKI ++ QFGT .WFYKI +++ 2TQW 8QP ITQGT 5GNVGPJGKV -N 5EJTÌVNKPIUHGJNGT UGJT UEJÌP 'ZGORNCT FGT 5COONWPI $GTPCTF %JYCTV\ #WMVKQP %TKPQP 2CTKU ,WPK 0T

2222

24 )70)'0 -#4./#005 51*0 .7&9+)5 ++ &'5 &'765%*'0 -¤0+) &'5 156(4 0-+5%*'0 4'+%*'5 -¤0+) &'4 $#;'40 -¤0+) 810 +6#.+'0

&GPCT #TNGU $QWEJGU FW 4JÊPG I %#4.'++#++85 2' -TGW\ #4'+# %+8+5 -CTQNWU OQPQITCOO OKV TGVTQITCFGO 5 )CTKGN :::+: / ) 2TQW p 4 (GKPG 6ÌPWPI NGKEJVG -QTTQUKQPUURWTGP IWVGU UGJT UEJÌP 'ZGORNCT FGT 5COONWPI $GTPCTF %JYCTV\ #WMVKQP %TKPQP 2CTKU ,WPK 0T

2223

&GPCT 5CKPV 0C\CKTG FG #WVWP 5CÊPG GV .QKTG I -#4.Û%6& +O (GNF 4Z /106 50 # < -TGW\ KO \YGKVGP 9KPMGN GKP -GKN )CTKGN :::+: )TKGTUQP $NCEMDWTP XCT FQTV WPVGT -CTN FGO -CJNGP / ) FQTV WPVGT -CTN FGO 'KPH·NVKIGP p 2TQW FQTV WPVGT -CTN FGO 'KPH·NVKIGP p 44 &WPMNG 2CVKPC MN 4CPFCWUDTWEJ UGJT UEJÌP

'ZGORNCT FGT 5COONWPI ō#OCVGWT $QWTIWKIPQPŋ #WMVKQP %TKPQP 2CTKU ,WPK 0T FQTV WPVGT -CTN FGO 'KPH·NVKIGP

KAROLINGER

2224

&GPCT #WZGTTG ;QPPG I + %#4.'/#085 4 -CTQNWUOQPQITCOO %+8+5 #86+5+&'2 -TGW\ )CTKGN :::+: / ) 2TQW p 44 'VYCU IGYGNNV WPF MN 2T·IGUEJY·EJG UGJT UEJÌP 'ZGORNCT FGT 5COONWPI ō#OCVGWT $QWTIWKIPQPŋ #WMVKQP %TKPQP 2CTKU ,WPK 0T

2225

&GPCT 6TQ[GU #WDG I %#4.'0#/ 4': -CTQNWUOQPQITCOO 64'%#5 %+8+6#5 -TGW\ )CTKGN ::+: / ) 2TQW 44 (GKPG 2CVKPC MN -TCV\GT KO (GNF FGT 4ÒEMUGKVG IWVGU UGJT UEJÌP 'ZGORNCT FGT 5COONWPI $GTPCTF %JYCTV\ #WMVKQP %TKPQP 2CTKU ,WPK 0T 'ZGORNCT FGT #WMVKQP %T¾FKV FG NC $QWTUG 2CTKU #RTKN 0T

2226

2T·IWPIGP -CTNOCPPU CWU +VCNKGP

&GPCT WPDGUVKOOVG /ÒP\UV·VVG /CKNCPF! I %#4.1/#0 4': -TGW\ KP FGP 9KPMGNP LG GKPG -WIGN :4+56+#0# 4'.+)+1 -KTEJGPIGD·WFG %0+ 8 FQTV WPVGT /CKNCPF )CTKGN .:++ )TKGTUQP $NCEMDWTP FQTV WPVGT /CKNCPF 44 (GKPG 6ÌPWPI HCUV XQT\ÒINKEJ 'ZGORNCT FGT #WMVKQP 6JG 0GY ;QTM 5CNG ::+++ 0GY ;QTM 0T

KAROLINGER

2227

&GPCT WPDGUVKOOVG /ÒP\UV·VVG 2CXKC! I *%#4.'/#0085 4' -TGW\ KP FGP 9KPMGNP LG GKPG -WIGN :2+56+#0# 4'.+)+1 -KTEJGPIGD·WFG %0+ 8 FQTV WPVGT /CKNCPF )CTKGN )TKGTUQP $NCEMDWTP FQTV WPVGT 2CXKC 44 (CUV XQT\ÒINKEJ 'ZGORNCT FGT #WMVKQP 8CTGUK 2CXKC 0T

2228

24 )70)'0 -#4.5 +++ &'5 &+%-'0 51*0 .7&9+)5 ++ &'5 &'765%*'0 -¤0+) &'5 156(4 0-+5%*'0 4'+%*'5 -¤0+) 810 +6#.+'0 -¤0+) &'5 9'56(4 0-+5%*'0 4'+%*'5 -#+5'4

&GPCT $QWTIGU %JGT I %#4.85 +/2 #8% -TGW\ $+684+%'5 %+8+6 -CTQNWUOQPQ ITCOO 8IN .CHCWTKG 40 5 )CTKGN p )TKGTUQP $NCEMDWTP )TKGTUQP $NCEMDWTP / ) 2TQW *ÒDUEJG 2CVKPC UGJT UEJÌPpXQT\ÒINKEJ

'ZGORNCT FGT #WMVKQP (TKV\ 4WFQNH -ÒPMGT 1UPCDTÒEM 0T

2229

1DQN $QWTIGU %JGT I %#4.85 +/2 #8% -TGW\ $+684+%'5 %+8+6 -CTQNWUOQPQ ITCOO )CTKGN ::+8 )TKGTUQP $NCEMDWTP / ) 2TQW p 44 &WPMNG 2CVKPC CVVTCMVKXGU UGJT UEJÌPGU 'ZGORNCT 'ZGORNCT FGT #WMVKQP (TKV\ 4WFQNH -ÒPMGT 1UPCDTÒEM 0T

2230

&GPCT 0GXGTU 0K½XTG I %#4.85 +/2 #8% -TGW\ 0'8'40+5 %+8+6 -CTQNWUOQPQ ITCOO )CTKGN ::+8 / ) 2TQW &WPMNG 2CVKPC UGJT UEJÌPpXQT\ÒINKEJ

'ZGORNCT FGT 5COONWPI $GTPCTF %JYCTV\ #WMVKQP %TKPQP 2CTKU ,WPK 0T

KAROLINGER

2231

&GPCT 0GXGTU 0K½XTG I %#4.85 +/2 #8% -TGW\ 0'8'40+5 %+8+6 -CTQNWUOQPQ ITCOO )CTKGN ::+8 / ) 2TQW 5GJT UEJÌP

'ZGORNCT FGT #WMVKQP (TKV\ 4WFQNH -ÒPMGT 1UPCDTÒEM 0T

2232

&GPCT 0CTDQPPG #WFG I %#4.85 +/2 4 -TGW\ 0#4$1.1 +O (GNF \YGK\GKNKI %# 4. 8IN %TKPQP $5(0 ,WPK 5 FKGU 'ZGORNCT )CTKGN p / ) p 2TQW p 7PKMWO &WPMNG 2CVKPC HCUV XQT\ÒINKEJ 'ZGORNCT FGT 5COONWPI $GTPCTF %JYCTV\ #WMVKQP %TKPQP 2CTKU ,WPK 0T

$GK FGO XQTNKGIGPFGP 'ZGORNCT YWTFG \WT 2T·IWPI CPUEJGKPGPF GKP WOIGUEJPKVVGPGT 5VGORGN XQP 6QWNQWUG CWU FGT 4GIKGTWPIU\GKV -CTNU FGU -CJNGP XGTYGPFGV XIN / )

ŇŇŇŇŇŇ

+P VJG RTGUGPV KVGO C TG EWV FKG HTQO 6QWNQWUG QTKIKPCVKPI WPFGT VJG TWNG QH %JCTNGU VJG $CNF YCU CRRC TGPVN[ WUGF EH / )

2233

2T·IWPIGP -CTNU FGU &KEMGP CWU +VCNKGP

&GPCT WPDGUVKOOVG /ÒP\UV·VVG /CKNCPF! I *%#41.85 +/2 -TGW\ KP FGP 9KPMGNP LG GKPG -WIGN :2+56+#0# 4'++%+1 -KTEJGPIGD·WFG %0+ 8 XCT )TKGTUQP $NCEMDWTP XCT 44 *ÒDUEJG 2CVKPC HCUV XQT\ÒINKEJ 'ZGORNCT FGT 5COONWPI 'UVG /KNCPK #WMVKQP 8CTGUK 2CXKC 0T

KAROLINGER

2234

&GPCT WPDGUVKOOVG /ÒP\UV·VVG 2CXKC! I *%#41.85 +/2'4# -TGW\ KP FGP 9KPMGNP LG GKPG -WIGN :&+56+#0# 4'+++%+1 -KTEJGPIGD·WFG %0+ 8 /CKNCPF )TKGTUQP $NCEMDWTP XCT 44 (CUV XQT\ÒINKEJ

'ZGORNCT FGT #WMVKQP %TQPQU %TKRRC 0WOKUOCVKEC /CKNCPF 0T

2235

'KPG R·RUVNKEJ MCKUGTNKEJG )GOGKPUEJCHVURT·IWPI -CTN FGU &KEMGP

5VGRJCP 8+ WPF -CTN FGT &KEMG &GPCTQ 4QO I %#41.85 /2 +O (GNF 41/# 5%5 2'6485 +O (GNF 56'2*#085 /QPQITCOO $KCIIK 4 %0+ :8 )CTKGN :.+ /WPVQPK 8QN + 5 0T 4 )WVGU UGJT UEJÌP

'ZGORNCT FGT #WMVKQP /ÒP\GP WPF /GFCKNNGP )OD* 5VWVVICTV 0T

2236

24 )70)'0 #407.(5 810 - 406'0 70'*'.+%*'4 51*0 &'5 156 (4 0-+5%*'0 -¤0+)5 -#4./#00 /#4-)4#( 810 - 406'0 -¤0+) &'5 156(4 0-+5%*'0 4'+%*'5 -¤0+) 810 +6#.+'0 -#+5'4

&GPCT /CKP\ I #401.&85 4' -TGW\ KP FGP 9KPMGNP LG GKPG -WIGN /1%10%+8' %+8+6 -KTEJGPIGD·WFG )CTKGN p )TKGTUQP $NCEMDWTP XCT / ) XCT 2TQW XCT ªDNKEJG 2T·IGUEJY·EJG UEJÌPpUGJT UEJÌP 'ZGORNCT FGT 5COONWPI $KUUKPIGT #WMVKQP .CP\ /ÒPEJGP 0T 'ZGORNCT FGT #WMVKQP 4KGEJOCPP *CNNG 5CCNG 0T

KAROLINGER

2237

'KPG R·RUVNKEJ MCKUGTNKEJG )GOGKPUEJCHVURT·IWPI FGU -CKUGTU #TPWNH

5VGRJCP 8++ WPF #TPWNH &GPCTQ 4QO I #401.(85 +/2 +O (GNF 41/# /QPQITCOO 5%5 2'6485 +O (GNF 56'2*#085 /QPQITCOO $KCIIK 4 %0+ :8 )CTKGN .:++ /WPVQPK 8QN + 5 0T 4 -N 2T·IGUEJY·EJG HCUV XQT\ÒINKEJ

'ZGORNCT FGT #WMVKQP 0#% /CKNCPF 0T

2238

24 )70)'0 .7&9+)5 +8 &'5 -+0&'5 51*0 #407.(5 810 - 406'0 -¤0+) &'5 156(4 0-+5%*'0 4'+%*'5 56#4$ +/ #.6'4 810 ,#*4'0

&GPCT -ÌNP I .8&188%85 4': -TGW\ KP FGP 9KPMGNP LG GKPG -WIGN 5 %1.10+# # )CTKGN .:+8 )TKGTUQP $NCEMDWTP XIN / ) 2TQW 44 *ÒDUEJG 2CVKPC MN 2T·IGUEJY·EJG CO 4CPF HCUV XQT\ÒINKEJ 'ZGORNCT FGT #WMVKQP 6JG 0GY ;QTM 5CNG ::+++ 0GY ;QTM 0T 'ZGORNCT FGT #WMVKQP -ÌNPGT /ÒP\MCDKPGVV -ÌNP 0T

2239

&GPCT 5VTCDWTI $CU 4JKP I *.8&188+%85 2+85 -TGW\ #4%'06+ Û 0#%80#5 )CTKGN p )TKGTUQP $NCEMDWTP / ) 2TQW )WVGU UGJT UEJÌP 'ZGORNCT FGT 5COONWPI &T $GTPJCTF 5EJWNVG #WMVKQP /ÒP\GP /GFCKNNGP )OD* 5VWVVICTV 0T

KAROLINGER

2240

'+0' #010;/' 24 )70) #75 8'0'&+) 8#%#6+1 +/2'4++

&GPCTQ I &5%805'48# 4Q/#0Q +/2 -TGW\ KP FGP 9KPMGNP LG GKPG -WIGN :2' 5#.8# 8+0'%+#5 -KTEJGPIGD·WFG $KCIIK 4 FQTV WPVGT #PQP[O &GRG[TQV ) FQTV WPVGT .WFYKI ++ )CODGTKPK 4 FQTV WPVGT #PQP[O 2CRCFQRQNK %0+ 8++ 8QP ITQGT 5GNVGPJGKV *ÒDUEJG 2CVKPC UGJT UEJÌP XQT\ÒINKEJ 'TYQTDGP XQP 4CHHCGNG 2CQNWEEK 2CFQXC 'ZGORNCT FGT 5COONWPI &QNKXQ #WMVKQP /ÒP\GP WPF /GFCKNNGP #) $CUGN 0T

&KG <WYGKUWPI FKGUGU JÌEJUVUGNVGPGP 6[RU GVYC DGMCPPVG 'ZGORNCTG IGUVCNVGV UKEJ UEJYKGTKI +P FGT ·NVGTGP .KVGTCVWT YKTF FKG #PUKEJV XGTVTGVGP FKGUG CPQP[OG 2T·IWPI UGK XGTOWVNKEJ PCEJ FGO 6QF -CKUGT .WFYKIU ++ GPVUVCPFGP .WFYKI YCT FGT ·NVGUVG 5QJP -CKUGT .QVJCTU + WPF UGKV -ÌPKI XQP +VCNKGP 0CEJ FGT #DFCPMWPI UGKPGU 8CVGTU GPVYKEMGNVG UKEJ UGKPG *GTTUEJCHV ÒDGT +VCNKGP KOOGT OGJT \W GKPGO 6KVWNCTMÌPKIVWO FC GU KJO PKEJV IGNCPI UKEJ IGIGP FKG CPFGTGP HT·PMKUEJGP -ÌPKITGKEJG FWTEJ\WUGV\GP WPF 5ÒFKVCNKGP IGIGP FKG #TCDGT \W XGTVGKFKIGP 0CEJ UGKPGO MKPFGTNQUGP 6QF IKPIGP FCU -CKUGTVWO WPF +VCNKGP CP -CTN FGP -CJNGP ÒDGT 8GPGFKI JCDG FGOPCEJ FKG WPIGMN·TVG 6JTQPHQNIG WPF FKG 5EJY·EJG FGU -ÌPKIVWOU CWUIGPWV\V WO \YKUEJGP WPF FKGUG GKIGPG /ÒP\G \W RT·IGP WPF UKEJ FCOKV GTUVOCNU MWT\HTKUVKI XQP FGT MCKUGTNKEJGP #WVQTKV·V \W DGHTGKGP &GOGPVURTGEJGPF PGPPV FKG 7OUEJTKHV CWEJ MGKPGP *GTTUEJGTPCOGP UQPFGTP 5GIGPUHQTOGNP HÒT FCU 4GKEJ &05 %105'48# 41/#01 +/2 WPF FKG 5VCFV :2% 5#.8# 8'0'%+#5 &CIGIGP YÒTFG CNNGTFKPIU FKG CWIGPUEJGKPNKEJG 6CVUCEJG URTGEJGP FCUU FKGUGT 6[R KO /ÒP\DKNF FGP %JTKUVKCPC 4GNKIKQ 2HGPPKIGP IGRT·IV CD EC .WFYKIU FGU (TQOOGP HQNIV WPF DGTGKVU KP FGT <GKV FGU 5VCFV PCOGPV[RU IGRT·IV EC /ÒP\GP OKV FGT \YGK\GKNKIGP 4ÒEMUGKVGPKPUEJTKHV 8'0 '%+#5 XQT 1TV GOKVVKGTV YQTFGP UKPF #WGTFGO GPVJKGNV FGT GPVFGEMVG (WPF XQP *GTOGPEJGU 'ZGORNCTG FKGUGU 6[RU #PUQPUVGP DGUVCPF GT CWUUEJNKGNKEJ CWU %JTKUVKCPC 4GNKIKQ 2HGPPKIGP XQP 5VÒEMGP XQO 6[R / ) +P #PDGVTCEJV FKGUGT 6CVUCEJGP UEJGKPV GU IGTGEJVHGTVKIV GKPG CWVQPQOG XGPG\KCPKUEJG 2T·IWPI FKGUGU 6[RU \YKUEJGP WPF KP FGT <GKV .WFYKIU FGU (TQOOGP CP\WPGJOGP \WOCN FKG XGPG\KCPKUEJGP 6[RGP CD .QVJCT + YKGFGT FGP 5VCFVPCOGP 8'0'%+# GKP\GKNKI CWH FGT 4ÒEMUGKVG PGPPGP / ) WPF MGKP -KTEJGPIGD·WFG OGJT \GKIGP

ŇŇŇŇŇŇ

#VVTKDWVKQP QH VJKU GZVTGOGN[ TCTG V[RG RQUUKDN[ MPQYP URGEKOGP KU XGT[ FKHHKEWNV +P VJG QNFGT NKVGTCVWTG VJG XKGY KU EQOOQP VJCV VJKU CPQP[OQWU OKPVKPI RTQDCDN[ QTKIKPCVGF CHVGT VJG FGCVJ QH 'ORGTQT .QWKU ++ .WFYKI YCU VJG QNFGUV UQP QH 'ORGTQT .QVJCT + CPF CHVGT -KPI QH +VCN[ #HVGT JKU HCVJGTŉU CDFK ECVKQP JKU TGKIP KP +VCN[ FGXGNQRGF KPETGCUKPIN[ KPVQ C VKVWNCT TGIGPE[ CU JG YCU WPCDNG VQ CUUGTV JKOUGNH CICKPUV VJG QVJGT (TCPMKUJ MKPIFQOU CPF VQ FGHGPF UQWVJGTP +VCN[ CICKPUV VJG #TCDU (QNNQYKPI JKU EJKNFNGUU FGCVJ JKU KORGTKWO CPF +VCN[ RCUUGF VQ %JCTNGU VJG $CNF 6JGTGCHVGT 8GPKEG GZRNQKVGF VJG WPFGENCTGF UWEEGUUKQP CPF VJG YGCMPGUU QH VJG MKPIFQO VQ OKPV VJGUG EQKPU QH KVU QYP DGVYGGP CPF CPF VJGTGD[ VQ HTGG KVUGNH HQT VJG HKTUV VKOG SWKEMN[ HTQO VJG KORGTKCN [QMG 6JWU VJG KPUETKRVKQP IKXGU PQ TWNGTŉ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

Ő %QWRNCPF 5 /QPG[ CPF %QKPCIG WPFGT .QWKU VJG 2KQWU KP (TCPEKC 5KIOCTKPIGP 5 Ő 'PIGN # 5GTTWTG 4 6TCKV¾ FG 0WOKUOCVKSWG FW /Q[GP #IG 6QOG 2TGOKGT 2CTKU 5 Ő /QTTKUQP - ( )TWPVJCN * %CTQNKPIKCP %QKPCIG 0GY ;QTM 5 Ő 2CRCFQRQNK 0 .G /QPGVG FK 8GPG\KC 2CTVG 2TKOC 8GPGFKI 5 WPF

KAROLINGER

2241

'+0' 755'456 5'.6'0' 24 )70) &'5 -+4%*'056##6'5

#PCUVCUKWU +++ &GPCTQ 4QO I 41/# +O (GNF #0#56#5+85 /QPQITCOO $TWUVDKNF FGU *GKNKIGP 2GVTWU JCNDN OKV -TGW\UVCD KO (GNF 5%5 2'6485 $GTIOCP $KCIIK

4 %0+ :8 /WPVQPK 8QN + 5 0T 8QP ITÌVGT 5GNVGPJGKV 4GRCTKGTVGT 4CPFCDDTWEJ UGJT UEJÌP 'ZGORNCT FGT #WMVKQP 0#% <ÒTKEJ 0T 'ZGORNCT FGT #WMVKQP /ÒP\GP WPF /GFCKNNGP )OD* 5VWVVICTV 0T

2242

24 )70)'0 $'4'0)#45 + 51*0 )+5'.#5 '+0'4 61%*6'4 .7&9+)5 + &'5 (41//'0 70& &'5 /#4-)4#('0 '$'4*#4& /#4-)4#( 810 (4+#7. -¤0+) 810 +6#.+'0 70& -#+5'4 #75 &'4 '456'0 4')+'470)5<'+6 +0 +6#.+'0

&GPCTQ WPDGUVKOOVG /ÒP\UV·VVG YQJN 2CXKC 2T·IGRGTKQFG I $'4'0%#4+85 4': -TGW\ KP FGP 9KPMGNP LG GKPG -WIGN :&++#0# 4'.+)+1 -KTEJGPIGD·WFG $KCIIK 4 %0+ 8 FQTV WPVGT /CKNCPF )TKGTUQP $NCEMDWTP FQTV WPVGT 2CXKC 44 #VVTCMVKXG 2CVKPC TGRCTKGTVG $TWEJUVGNNG UGJT UEJÌP 'ZGORNCT FGT #WMVKQP %JTKUVKGŉU /CKNCPF 0T

2243

&GPCTQ WPDGUVKOOVG /ÒP\UV·VVG YQJN 2CXKC 2T·IGRGTKQFG $'4'0%#4+85 4': -TGW\ KP FGP 9KPMGNP LG GKPG -WIGN :2++6+#0# 4'.+)+1 -KTEJGPIGD·WFG $KCIIK 4 %0+ 8 FQTV WPVGT /CKNCPF )TKGTUQP $NCEMDWTP FQTV WPVGT 2CXKC 44 4GUVG XQP )TÒPURCP WPF -QTTQUKQPUURWTGP TGRCTKGTVG $TWEJUVGNNG UGJT UEJÌP XQT\ÒINKEJ 'ZGORNCT FGT #WMVKQP 8CTGUK 2CXKC 0T

KAROLINGER

2244

24 )70)'0 )7+&15 51*0 &'5 /#4-)4#('0 9+&1 + 810 521.'61 *'4<1) 810 521.'61 70& %#/'4+01 -¤0+) 810 +6#.+'0 -#+5'4

&GPCTQ WPDGUVKOOVG /ÒP\UV·VVG YQJN 2CXKC I 88+&1 +/2'4#614 -TGW\ KP FGP 9KPMGNP LG GKPG -WIGN :2++6#0# 4'.+%+1 -KTEJGPIGD·WFG $KCIIK 4 %0+ 8 )TKGTUQP $NCEMDWTP FQTV WPVGT 2CXKC 44 4GRCTKGTVGT 4CPFCDDTWEJ UGJT UEJÌP 'ZGORNCT FGT #WMVKQP %JTKUVKGŉU /CKNCPF 0T

2245

'ZGORNCT FGT #WMVKQP 4CPKGTK $QNQIPC 0T

2246

'KPG R·RUVNKEJ MCKUGTNKEJG )GOGKPUEJCHVURT·IWPI FGU -CKUGTU )WKFQ

(QTOQUWU WPF )WKFQ XQP 5RQNGVQ &GPCTQ 4QO I 88+&1 +/2 +O (GNF 41/# /QPQITCOO (14/15+ 2 $TWUVDKNF FGU *GKNKIGP 2GVTWU JCNDN \W FGP 5GKVGP 5 2 $KCIIK 4 %0+ :8 )CTKGN .:++ /WPVQPK 8QN + 5 0T 4 -QTTQUKQPUURWTGP HCUV XQT\ÒINKEJ

'ZGORNCT FGT #WMVKQP /ÒP\GP /GFCKNNGP )OD* 5VWVVICTV 0T

KAROLINGER

2247

24 )70)'0 .#/$'465 + 51*0 *'4<1) )7+&15 810 521.'61 -¤0+) 810 +6#.+'0 -#+5'4

&GPCTQ WPDGUVKOOVG /ÒP\UV·VVG YQJN 2CXKC 2T·IGRGTKQFG I .#/$'4685 +/2' -TGW\ KP FGP 9KPMGNP LG GKPG -WIGN :2+56+#0# 4'.+)+1 -KTEJGPIGD·WFG $KCIIK 4 %0+ 8 )TKGTUQP $NCEMDWTP FQTV WPVGT 2CXKC 8QP ITÌVGT 5GNVGPJGKV 5EJTÌVNKPIUTK UGJT UEJÌP

'TYQTDGP XQP )WKNKQ $GTPCTFK 6TKGUV

2248

&GPCTQ WPDGUVKOOVG /ÒP\UV·VVG YQJN 2CXKC 2T·IGRGTKQFG /GTMOCNG FGT /ÒP\UV·VVG /CKNCPF KP FGT 7OUEJTKHV I .#/$'4685 +/2 -TGW\ KP FGP 9KPMGNP LG GKPG -WIGN 2+56+#0# 4'++%+1 -KTEJGPIGD·WFG $KCIIK 4 %0+ 8 )TKGTUQP $NCEMDWTP 44 -N 4CPFCDDTWEJ UGJT UEJÌP 'ZGORNCT FGT #WMVKQP 8CTGUK 2CXKC 0T

2249

&GPCTQ WPDGUVKOOVG /ÒP\UV·VVG YQJN 2CXKC 2T·IGRGTKQFG /GTMOCNG FGT /ÒP\UV·VVG 2CXKC KP FGT 7OUEJTKHV I .#/$'4685 +/2'4 -TGW\ KP FGP 9KPMGNP LG GKPG -WIGN 2++6+#0# 4'++)+1 -KTEJGPIGD·WFG $KCIIK 4 %0+ 8 XCT )TKGTUQP $NCEMDWTP 44 *ÒDUEJG 2CVKPC MN 4CPFCDDTWEJ HCUV XQT\ÒINKEJ 'ZGORNCT FGT 5COONWPI 'UVG /KNCPK #WMVKQP 8CTGUK 2CXKC 0T

KAROLINGER

2250

2·RUVNKEJ MCKUGTNKEJG )GOGKPUEJCHVURT·IWPIGP FGU -CKUGTU .CORGTV

5VGRJCP 8++ WPF .CORGTV XQP 5RQNGVQ &GPCTQ 4QO I .#/9'461 +/2 +O (GNF 41/# /QPQITCOO 5%5 2'6495 +O (GNF 56'2*#085 /QPQITCOO $KCIIK

4 %0+ :8 )CTKGN .:+++ /WPVQPK 8QN + 5 0T 8QP ITÌVGT 5GNVGPJGKV -N 5EJTÌVNKPIUTK UGJT UEJÌP XQT\ÒINKEJ 'ZGORNCT FGT #WMVKQP 0GITKPK /CKNCPF 0T 'ZGORNCT FGT #WMVKQP ō&WRNKECVK FK WP /WUGQ UVTCPKGTQŋ 4CVVQ .WICPQ 0T 'ZGORNCT FGT 5COONWPI /G[GT #WMVKQP 4QNNKP GV (GWCTFGPV 2CTKU 0T

2251

,QJCPPGU +: WPF .CORGTV &GPCTQ 4QO I .#069'46 +/2 +O (GNF +1*#05 /QPQITCOO $TWUVDKNF FGU *GKNKIGP 2GVTWU JCNDN KO (GNF 5%5 2'6485 $KCIIK 4 %0+ :8 )CTKGN .:+++ /WPVQPK 8QN + 5 0T 44 (CUV XQT\ÒINKEJGU 'ZGORNCT OKV ITÒPNKEJGT 2CVKPC

'ZGORNCT FGT #WMVKQP /ÒP\GP /GFCKNNGP )OD* 5VWVVICTV 0T

2252

24 )70)'0 $'4'0)#45 + #75 &'4 <9'+6'0 4')+'470)5<'+6 +0 +6#.+'0

&GPCTQ /CKNCPF 2T·IGRGTKQFG I $'4'0%#4+85 4': -TGW\ KP FGP 9KPMGNP LG GKPG -WIGN :2++6+#0# 4+++%+1 -KTEJGPIGD·WFG $KCIIK 4 %0+ 8 )TKGTUQP $NCEMDWTP 4 8QT\ÒINKEJ 'ZGORNCT FGT 5COONWPI &T $GTPJCTF 5EJWNVG #WMVKQP /ÒP\GP /GFCKNNGP )OD* 5VWVVICTV 0T

2253

&GPCTQ YQJN 2CXKC 2T·IGRGTKQFG /GTMOCNG FGT /ÒP\UV·VVG 2CXKC KP FGT 7OUEJTKHV I $'4'0%#4+85 -TGW\ KP FGP 9KPMGNP LG GKPG -WIGN :2+6+#0# 2'%+1 -KTEJGPIGD·WFG $KCIIK 4 %0+ 8 )TKGTUQP $NCEMDWTP p 4 4GUVG XQP )TÒPURCP CWH FGT 4ÒEMUGKVG XQT\ÒINKEJ 'ZGORNCT FGT #WMVKQP %TQPQU %TKRRC 0WOKUOCVKEC /CKNCPF 0T

KAROLINGER

2254

24 )70)'0 .7&9+)5 +++ &'5 $.+0&'0 51*0 $151 0 5 &' 8+'00' -¤0+) &'4 2418'0%' 810 0+'&'4$74)70& -¤0+) 810 +6#.+'0 -#+5'4 )'5614$'0 2T·IWPIGP .WFYKIU FGU $NKPFGP CNU -ÌPKI FGT 2TQXGPEG

&GPCT #TNGU $QWEJGU FW 4JÊPG 2T·IWPI CNU -ÌPKI FGT 2TQXGPEG I .8&18+%85 -TGW\ #4'.# %+8+5 -CTQNWUOQPQITCOO &WRNGUU[ )CTKGN :::8++ / ) FQTV WPVGT .WFYKI +8 QFGT .WFYKI 8 2TQW &WPMNG 2CVKPC UGJT UEJÌP

'ZGORNCT FGT #WMVKQP (TKV\ 4WFQNH -ÒPMGT 1UPCDTÒEM 0T

2255

&GPCT PCEJ 8KGPPG +U½TG I .8&88+%85 +/24 /QPQITCOO 8+'00# %+8+5 -TGW\ 8IN FCU 'ZGORNCT FGT 5COONWPI %JYCTV\ #WMVKQP %TKPQP 2CTKU 0T )CTKGN .:+++ / ) 2TQW 8QP ITQGT 5GNVGPJGKV (GKPG 2CVKPC UGJT UEJÌP 'ZGORNCT FGT G #WMVKQP 4CWEJ 9KGP 0T

2256

2T·IWPIGP .WFYKIU FGU $NKPFGP CNU -ÌPKI XQP +VCNKGP QFGT -CKUGT

&GPCT /CKNCPF /GTMOCNG XQP /CKNCPF KP FGT 7OUEJTKHV I *.8&188+%85 +/2 -TGW\ KP FGP 9KPMGNP LG GKPG -WIGN :2+56+#0# 2+++)+1 -KTEJGPIGD·WFG %0+ 8 )CTKGN XIN .:+++ )TKGTUQP $NCEMDWTP XIN .CHHTCPEJK 5 WPF 6H + / ) XIN C 2TQW p 4 -QTTQUKQPUURWTGP UGJT UEJÌPpXQT\ÒINKEJ

'ZGORNCT FGT #WMVKQP /ÒP\GP /GFCKNNGP )OD* 5VWVVICTV 0T

2257

&GPCT 2CXKC /GTMOCNG XQP 2CXKC KP FGT 7OUEJTKHV I *+8&188+%85 +/2 -TGW\ KP FGP 9KPMGNP LG GKPG -WIGN :2++56+#0# 4'%+1 -KTEJGPIGD·WFG %0+ 8 )CTKGN XIN .:+++ )TKGTUQP $NCEMDWTP XIN .CHHTCPEJK 5 / ) XIN C 2TQW p 44 (CUV XQT\ÒINKEJ 'ZGORNCT FGT #WMVKQP 8CTGUK 2CXKC 0T

KAROLINGER

2258

2·RUVNKEJ MCKUGTNKEJG )GOGKPUEJCHVURT·IWPIGP FGU -CKUGTU .WFYKI +++

$GPGFKMV +8 WPF .WFYKI +++ &GPCTQ 4QO I .99&1+%95 +/2 +O (GNF 41/# /QPQITCOO 5%5 2'6495 +O (GNF $'0&6 /QPQITCOO QDGP WPF WPVGP GKPG -WIGN $KCIIK 4 %0+ :8 )CTKGN .:+++ )TKGTUQP $NCEMDWTP /WPVQPK 8QN + 5 0T 44 (GKPG 6ÌPWPI MN 2T·IGUEJY·EJG IWVGU UGJT UEJÌP

'ZGORNCT FGT #WMVKQP 0GITKPK /CKNCPF 0T

2259

&GPCTQ 4QO I .1&188+%85 +/2 *CPF \W FGP 5GKVGP 4 1 $'0'&+%6 2 $TWUVDKNF FGU *GKNKIGP 2GVTWU JCNDN \W FGP 5GKVGP 5 2 $KCIIK 4 %0+ :8 )CTKGN .:+++ )TKGTUQP $NCEMDWTP /WPVQPK 8QN + 5 0T 8QP ITÌVGT 5GNVGPJGKV (CUV XQT\ÒINKEJ 'ZGORNCT FGT #WMVKQP 0#% /CKNCPF 0T

2260

24 )70)'0 $'4'0)#45 + #75 &'4 &4+66'0 4')+'470)5<'+6 +0 +6#.+'0

&GPCTQ UEQFGNNCVQ /CKNCPF 2T·IGRGTKQFG I $'4'0%#4+85 4': +O (GNF %JTKUVWU OQPQITCOO :2+56+#0# 4'++%+1 +O (GNF FTGK\GKNKI /'&+ % 1.# $KCIIK 4 %0+ 8 )TKGTUQP $NCEMDWTP 4 8QT\ÒINKEJGU 'ZGORNCT OKV JGTTNKEJGT 2CVKPC

'ZGORNCT FGT #WMVKQP %JTKUVKGŉU /CKNCPF 0T

2261

&GPCTQ 2CXKC 2T·IGRGTKQFG I $'4'0)#4+85 4 +O (GNF %JTKUVWUOQPQITCOO KP FGP 9KPMGNP LG GKPG -WIGN :2++6+#0# 4'.+) +O (GNF FTGK\GKNKI 2# 2+# %+ $KCIIK 4 %0+ +8 )TKGTUQP $NCEMDWTP 8QP ITQGT 5GNVGPJGKV (CUV XQT\ÒINKEJ

'ZGORNCT FGT #WMVKQP 0#% /CKNCPF 0T

KAROLINGER

2262

&GPCTQ UEQFGNNCVQ OÌINKEJGTYGKUG /ÒP\UV·VVG 8GPGFKI 2T·IGRGTKQFG I $'4'0 %#4+85 4+ -TGW\ KP FGP 9KPMGNP LG GKPG -WIGN :2+6+#0# 4%+1 -KTEJGPIGD·WFG $KCIIK 4 %0+ 8 )TKGTUQP $NCEMDWTP FQTV WPVGT 8GPGFKI 4 (CUV XQT\ÒINKEJ 'ZGORNCT FGT #WMVKQP %TQPQU %TKRRC 0WOKUOCVKEC /CKNCPF 0T

2263

2264

&GPCTQ UEQFGNNCVQ /CKNCPF 2T·IGRGTKQFG I $'4'0%#4+85 +/2 %JTKUVWUOQPQ ITCOO :2+56+#0# 2++%+1 +O (GNF FTGK\GKNKI /&+ % 1.# $KCIIK %0+ 8 )TKGTUQP $NCEMDWTP 4 9KP\ 5EJTÌVNKPIUTK HCUV XQT\ÒINKEJ

'ZGORNCT FGT #WMVKQP %JTKUVKGŉU /CKNCPF 0T

2265

&GPCTQ 2CXKC 2T·IGRGTKQFG I $'4'0)#4+85 +/2 +O (GNF %JTKUVWUOQPQITCOO KP FGP 9KPMGNP LG GKPG -WIGN :2++6+#0# 2'.+) +O (GNF FTGK\GKNKI 2# 2+# %+ $KCIIK 4 %0+ +8 )TKGTUQP $NCEMDWTP 44 8QT\ÒINKEJ 'ZGORNCT FGT #WMVKQP 8CTGUK 2CXKC 0T

KAROLINGER

2266

'KPG R·RUVNKEJ MCKUGTNKEJG )GOGKPUEJCHVURT·IWPI FGU -CKUGTU $GTGPICT +

,QJCPPGU : WPF $GTGPICT + &GPCTQ 4QO I $'4'0)#4+9 +/2 +O (GNF +1*#05 2# /QPQITCOO 5%5 2'6495 +O (GNF 41/# /QPQITCOO KP 3WCFTCV $KCIIK 4 %0+ :8 )CTKGN /WPVQPK 8QN + 5 0T 44 (GKPG 2CVKPC MN 2T·IGUEJY·EJG UGJT UEJÌP

'ZGORNCT FGT #WMVKQP 6MCNGE <ÒTKEJ 0T

2267

24 )70)'0 1&15 (4< '7&'5 51*0 &'5 )4#('0 41$'46 &'5 6#2(' 4'0 810 61745 70& #0,17 -¤0+) &'5 9'56(4 0-+5%*'0 4'+%*'5 '456'4 -¤0+) #75 &'/ )'5%*.'%*6 &'4 41$'46+0'4

&GPCT #PIGTU /CKPG GV .QKTG I )4#6+# & + 4': +O (GNF 1&1 /QPQITCOO #0&'%#8+5 %+8+6#5 -TGW\ )CTKGN :.8+ )TKGTUQP $NCEMDWTP / ) 2TQW #WGTIGYÌJPNKEJ MQTTGMV CWUIGHÒJTVG .GIGPFGP HCUV XQT\ÒINKEJ

'ZGORNCT FGT #WMVKQP .CP\ /ÒPEJGP 0T

2268

&GPCT $NQKU .QKT GV %JGT I /+5'4+%14&+# & + +O (GNF 1&1 4': /QPQITCOO $.'5+#0+5 %#5 641 -TGW\ )CTKGN :.8+ p / ) XCT 2TQW p XCT 9KP\ 2T·IGUEJY·EJG HCUV XQT\ÒINKEJ 'ZGORNCT FGT #WMVKQP 4CWEJ 9KGP 0T

2269

&GPCT $QWTIGU %JGT I )4#6+# &'+ 4': +O (GNF 1&1 4': /QPQITCOO $+684+%'5 %+8+6# -TGW\ )CTKGN :.8+ / ) 2TQW 44 9KP\ 4CPFCDDTWEJ IWVGU UGJT UEJÌP

'ZGORNCT FGT #WMVKQP (TKV\ 4WFQNH -ÒPMGT 1UPCDTÒEM 0T

KAROLINGER

2270

&GPCT .KOQIGU *CWVG 8KGPPG I )4#6+# & + 4': +O (GNF FTGK\GKNKI 1&1 .+/18+%#5 %+8+5 -TGW\ )CTKGN :.8++ )TKGTUQP $NCEMDWTP / ) 2TQW p *ÒDUEJG 2CVKPC HCUV XQT\ÒINKEJ

'ZGORNCT FGT #WMVKQP (TKV\ 4WFQNH -ÒPMGT 1UPCDTÒEM 0T

2271

24 )70)'0 -#4.5 +++ &'5 '+0( .6+)'0 51*0 .7&9+)5 ++ &'5 56#// .'45 -¤0+) &'5 9'56(4 0-+5%*'0 4'+%*'5 )'5614$'0 #75 &'4 .+0+' &'4 -#41.+0)'4

&GPCT %JKPQP GV 6QWTU +PFTG GV .QKTG I 68410 $TWUVDKNF T %#+010+ %#5641 -TGW\ )CTKGN :.+: / ) p 8QP ITQGT 5GNVGPJGKV -N 2T·IGUEJY·EJG HCUV XQT\ÒINKEJ 'ZGORNCT FGT #WMVKQP (TKV\ 4WFQNH -ÒPMGT 1UPCDTÒEM 0T FQTV WPVGT #PQP[O EC XIN &WRNGUU[ .GITQU

2272

&GPCT $TÒIIG I %++4#6+ + 2': /QPQITCOO 248%%+# /1 -TGW\ KP FGP 9KPMGNP LG GKP -GKN (T½TG )CTKGN :.+: XCT / ) XCT 2TQW p 44 *ÒDUEJG 2CVKPC XQT\ÒINKEJ

'ZGORNCT FGT #WMVKQP 4CWEJ 07/+5/#6# 9KGP 0T

2273

&GPCT -ÌNP I -841.85 4': -TGW\ KP FGP 9KPMGNP LG GKPG -WIGN 5 %1.10+# # )CTKGN .: )TKGTUQP $NCEMDWTP *·XGTPKEM D XCT / ) 2TQW 4 (GKPG 6ÌPWPI NGKEJVG 2T·IGUEJY·EJG XQT\ÒINKEJ 'ZGORNCT FGT 5COONWPI $KUUKPIGT #WMVKQP .CP\ /ÒPEJGP 0T 'TYQTDGP XQO .CIGT FGT (KTOC 4KGEJOCPP *CNNG 5CCNG

100

KAROLINGER

2274

&GPCT 2CTKU I )4#6+# & + 4': -CTQNWUOQPQITCOO 2#4+5 5+8+6 &WRNGUU[ .+ )CTKGN .+ )TKGTUQP $NCEMDWTP / ) 2TQW p 44 (GKPG 6ÌPWPI MN 2T·IGUEJY·EJG IWVGU UGJT UEJÌP 'ZGORNCT FGT #WMVKQP (TKV\ 4WFQNH -ÒPMGT 1UPCDTÒEM 0T

2275

&GPCT %JCNQP UWT 5CÊPG 5CÊPG GV .QKTG I %#4.85 4': -TGW\ %#8+.10+5 /QPQ ITCOO )CTKGN p )TKGTUQP $NCEMDWTP / ) FQTV WPVGT -CTN FGO -CJNGP p 2TQW p 8QP ITÌVGT 5GNVGPJGKV *ÌEJUVYCJTUEJGKPNKEJ FCU \YGKVG DGMCPPVG 'ZGORNCT .GKEJV IGYGNNV MN 4CPFHGJNGT IWVGU UGJT UEJÌP 'ZGORNCT FGT 5COONWPI ō#OCVGWT $QWTIWKIPQPŋ #WMVKQP %TKPQP 2CTKU ,WPK 0T

2276

&GPCT 5VTCDWTI $CU 4JKP I -#41.85 2+85 4': -TGW\ #4)'06+ Û 0# %+8+65 )CTKGN .+ )TKGTUQP $NCEMDWTP / ) 2TQW 2T·IGUEJY·EJGP UGJT UEJÌP 'ZGORNCT FGT 5COONWPI $GTPCTF %JYCTV\ #WMVKQP %TKPQP 2CTKU ,WPK 0T

2277

&GPCT 8GTFWP /GWUG I %#41.85 +O (GNF 4': 8+4&8+++%86# -TGW\ )CTKGN .++ XCT )TKGTUQP $NCEMDWTP / ) XCT 2TQW p 4 &WPMNG 2CVKPC MN 2T·IGUEJY·EJGP UGJT UEJÌP

'ZGORNCT FGT 5COONWPI &T $GTPJCTF 5EJWNVG #WMVKQP /ÒP\GP /GFCKNNGP )OD* 5VWVVICTV 0T 'ZGORNCT FGT #WMVKQP /ÒP\GP WPF /GFCKNNGP #) $CUGN 0T

101

KAROLINGER

2278

&GPCT WPDGUVKOOVG /ÒP\UV·VVG I %#4.85 4': -TGW\ : 2+#++#++++%+1 -CTQNWUOQPQ ITCOO )CTKGN :.8 / ) 2TQW 44 )WVGU UGJT UEJÌP

'ZGORNCT FGT #WMVKQP %0) .CPECUVGT 0T

2279

'KPG 2T·IWPI -CTNU FGU 'KPH·NVKIGP Y·JTGPF UGKPGT )GHCPIGPUEJCHV DGK )TCH *GTKDGTV ++ XQP 8GTOCPFQKU

&GPCT 6QWNQWUG *CWVG )CTQPPG /ÌINKEJGTYGKUG RQUVJWOG 2T·IWPI $KUEJQH *WIQU XQP 6QWNQWUG EC I %#4.85 4' -TGW\ 61.15# %+8+ +O (GNF 8)1 &WRNGUU[ )CTKGN .++ )TKGTUQP $NCEMDWTP / ) FQTV WPVGT -CTN FGO -CJNGP p 2QG[ F #XCPV .::+: 2TQW p 8QP ITQGT 5GNVGPJGKV 4GUVG XQP )TÒPURCP WPF YKP\ 2T·IGUEJY·EJG UGJT UEJÌP 'ZGORNCT FGT 5COONWPI $GTPCTF %JYCTV\ #WMVKQP %TKPQP 2CTKU ,WPK 0T 'ZGORNCT FGT #WMVKQP $WTICP 2CTKU #RTKN 0T

2280

24 )70)'0 #75 &'4 <'+6 &'4 41$'46+0'4 41$'46 + 51*0 &'5 )4#('0 41$'46 &'5 6#2('4'0 810 61745 70& #0,17 -¤0+) &'5 9'56(4 0-+5%*'0 4'+%*'5 $<9 (4#0-4'+%*5 70& 4#17.

51*0 &'5 *'4<1)5 4+%*#4& .' ,756+%+'4 810 $74)70& -¤0+) &'5 9'56(4 0-+5%*'0 4'+%*'5 $<9 (4#0-4'+%*5 4QDGTV + QFGT 4CQWN

&GPCT 6QWTU +PFTG GV .QKTG I /+5'4+%14&+# &* +O (GNF 1&1 4': /QPQITCOO *68410'5 %+8+6#5 -TGW\ 8IN .CHCWTKG , &GWZ VT¾UQTU OQP¾VCKTGU ECTQNKPIKGPU 5CWOGTC[

'WTG GV .QKTG 4GPPGU +NNG GV 8KNCKPG KP 40 5 FQTV 4CQWN WPF %TKPQP 2 %CVCNQIWG FGU OQPPCKGU ECTQNKPIKGPPGU FG 6QWTU FW 8+++G U CW F¾DWV FG NC H¾QFCNKV¾ :G U KP 6QWTU ¾VWFGU PWOKUOCVKSWG UWRRN¾OGPV CW $5(0 PQ 5 0T 1&1 /QPQITCOO )CTKGN :.8+++ FQTV 4QDGTV + p / ) p 2TQW 4 (CUV XQT\ÒINKEJ 'ZGORNCT FGT 5COONWPI $GTPCTF %JYCTV\ #WMVKQP %TKPQP 2CTKU ,WPK 0T 'ZGORNCT FGT #WMVKQP $WTICP 2CTKU #RTKN 0T

102

KAROLINGER

2281

4CQWN

&GPCT $TKQWFG *CWVG .QKTG I 4#&8.(85 4': -TGW\ KP FGP 9KPMGNP LG GKP &TGK GEM $4+8+6'5 -CTQNWUOQPQITCOO )CTKGN p / ) p 2TQW p 8QP ITÌVGT 5GNVGPJGKV 8GTOWVNKEJ GKP\KIGU DGMCPPVGU 'ZGORNCT 8QT\ÒINKEJ 'ZGORNCT FGT #WMVKQP (TKV\ 4WFQNH -ÒPMGT 1UPCDTÒEM 0T

4CQWN YCT UGKV OKV 'OOC GKPGT 6QEJVGT -ÌPKI 4QDGTVU + XGTJGKTCVGV 0CEJFGO 4QDGTV DGK GKPGO &WGNN KP FGT 0·JG XQP 5QKUUQPU WOU .GDGP MCO YWTFG 4CQWN \WO -ÌPKI FGU YGUVHT·PMKUEJGP 4GKEJGU IGY·JNV 5GKPG 4GIKGTWPIU\GKV YCT IGRT·IV FWTEJ CPJCNVGPFG -QPHNKMVG OKV FGP )TQGP FGU 4GKEJGU WPF FWTEJ FGP #DHCNN .QVJTKPIGPU FGUUGP *GT\QI )KUGNDGTV UKEJ FGO QUVHT·PMKUEJGP -ÌPKI *GKPTKEJ + WPVGTYCTH &GT XQTNKGIGPFG 6[R QTKGPVKGTV UKEJ CP FGP 2T·IWPIGP FGU )TCHGP )WKNNCWOG ++ XQP FGT #WXGTIPG

CWU $TKQWFG XIN &WRNGUU[ KOOQDKNKUKGTV &WRNGUU[ .GFKINKEJ FGT 0COG FGU /ÒP\JGTTGP KUV XQP 8.'./1 %1/5 KP 4#&8.(85 4': IG·PFGTV YQTFGP 5ÒFNKEJ FGT .QKTG UKPF XQP 4CQWN CPUQPUVGP PWT PQEJ /ÒP\GP CWU $QWTIGU / ) #PIQWN¿OG / ) WPF .G 2W[ / ) DGMCPPV

ŇŇŇŇŇŇ

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¿OG / ) CPF .G 2W[ / ) CTG MPQYP UQWVJ QH VJG .QKTG

2282

&GPCT %JCTVTGU 'WTG GV .QKT I )4#6+# & + 4': +O (GNF 4.(51 /QPQITCOO %#46+5 %+8+6#5 -TGW\ &WRNGUU[ 4CQWN &WOCU 4CQWN )CTKGN p )TKGTUQP $NCEMDWTP / ) 2QG[ F #XCPV :::+++ 2TQW p 4 )WVGU UGJT UEJÌP

'ZGORNCT FGT 5COONWPI $GTPCTF %JYCTV\ #WMVKQP %TKPQP 2CTKU ,WPK 0T

2283

&GPCT %J³VGCWFWP 'WTG GV .QKT I )4#6+# & + 4': +O (GNF 4.(51 /QPQ ITCOO &80+5 %#56..+ -TGW\ &WRNGUU[ 4CQWN &WOCU 4CQWN )CTKGN .+++ / ) 2QG[ F #XCPV :::8++ 2TQW 4 5GJT UEJÌP

'ZGORNCT FGT #WMVKQP 'NUGP $TÒUUGN 0T

103

KAROLINGER

2284

&GPCT %J³VGCW .CPFQP 5GKPG GV /CTPG I )4#6+# & + +O (GNF 4.(51 /QPQITCOO %#56+5 .#0&0+ -TGW\ &WRNGUU[ 4CQWN &WOCU 4CQWN )CTKGN p / ) XIN p 2TQW p 44 )WVGU UGJT UEJÌP

2285

&GPCT &KLQP %ÊVG F 1T I 3#+. 8++54+ -TGW\ &+8+5++%#56+ +O (GNF +: &WOCU

4CQWN :: XCT )CTKGN p / ) p 2QG[ F #XCPV %::: FQTV WPVGT *GT\QI 4QDGTVpNGp8KGWZ 2TQW p 5GJT UGNVGPG /ÒP\UV·VVG )WVGU UGJT UEJÌP 'ZGORNCT FGT 5COONWPI ō#OCVGWT $QWTIWKIPQPŋ #WMVKQP %TKPQP 2CTKU ,WPK 0T

2286

&GPCT 8GTFWP /GWUG I 41&8.(85 64+ +O (GNF 4': 8+4&80+ %5 -TGW\ KO \YGKVGP 9KPMGN GKPG -WIGN &GT\[RQNUM[ &J¾PKP *QWTNKGT 40 5 )CTKGN p / ) p 2TQW p 8QP ITÌVGT 5GNVGPJGKV (GKPG 6ÌPWPI MN 2T·IGUEJY·EJG UGJT UEJÌP 'ZGORNCT FGT #WMVKQP %TKPQP 2CTKU ,WPK 0T

8QP FGP /ÒP\GP OKV FGT .GIGPFG 4#&8.(85 QFGT 41&8.(85 UKPF MCWO OGJT CNU 5VÒEMG CWU GKPKIGP YGPKIGP 2T·IGUV·VVGP DGMCPPV

ŇŇŇŇŇŇ

*CTFN[ OQTG VJCP RKGEGU HTQO C HGY OKPVU CTG MPQYP YKVJ VJG NGIGPF 4#&8.(85 QT 41&8.(85

104

KAROLINGER

2287

24 )70)'0 *7)15 &'5 )4155'0 51*0 41$'465 + *'4<1) &'4 (4#0-'0

&GPCT %JKPQP GV 6QWTU +PFTG GV .QKTG I 68410 $TWUVDKNF T %#+010+ %#5641 -TGW\ %TKPQP 2 %CVCNQIWG FGU OQPPCKGU ECTQNKPIKGPPGU FG 6QWTU FW 8+++G U CW F¾DWV FG NC H¾QFCNKV¾ :G U KP 6QWTU ¾VWFGU PWOKUOCVKSWG UWRRN¾OGPV CW $5(0 PQ 5 WPF 6H 5 )TWRRG 0T &WOCU ( .G VT¾UQT FG (¾ECOR GV NG OQPPC[CIG GP (TCPEKG QEEKFGPVCNG RGPFCPV NC UGEQPFG OQKVK¾ FW FKZK½OG UK½ENG 2CTKU 5 WPF 6H :+8 &WRNGUU[ )CTKGN :.+: .GITQU 44 -N -TCV\GT HCUV XQT\ÒINKEJ 'ZGORNCT FGT #WMVKQP (TKV\ 4WFQNH -ÒPMGT 1UPCDTÒEM 0T

&KG <WYGKUWPI FKGUGU WPF FGU HQNIGPFGP 'ZGORNCTU KUV PKEJV \YGKHGNUHTGK IGUKEJGTV

ŇŇŇŇŇŇ

#VVTKDWVKQP QH VJKU CPF VJG HQNNQYKPI KVGOU ECPPQV DG RQUKVKXGN[ GUVCDNKUJGF

2288

&GPCT %JKPQP GV 6QWTU +PFTG GV .QKTG /ÌINKEJGTYGKUG GKPG CWVQPQOG 2T·IWPI OKV FGO $TWUVDKNF FGU *GKNKIGP /CTVKP I 68410 $TWUVDKNF T %#+010+ %#5641 -TGW\ %TKPQP 2 %CVCNQIWG FGU OQPPCKGU ECTQNKPIKGPPGU FG 6QWTU FW 8+++G U CW F¾DWV FG NC H¾QFCNKV¾ :G U KP 6QWTU ¾VWFGU PW OKUOCVKSWG UWRRN¾OGPV CW $5(0 PQ 6H 5 )TWRRG 0T &WRNGUU[ )CTKGN :.+: .GITQU 4 -N 2T·IGUEJY·EJG IWVGU UGJT UEJÌP

'ZGORNCT FGT #WMVKQP (TKV\ 4WFQNH -ÒPMGT 1UPCDTÒEM 0T

2289

'+0' 4 65'.*#(6' -#41.+0)+5%*' 24 )70) #75 &'4 4')+'470)5 <'+6 *7)15 &'5 )4155'0

&GPCT /GNNG &GWZ 5½XTGU +OOQDKNKUKGTVG 2T·IWPI KO 0COGP XQP -CTN FGO 'KPH·NVKIGP OÌINKEJGTYGKUG KP 2QKVQW WO I %#4.85 4': ( -TGW\ KO GTUVGP WPF FTKVVGP 9KPMGN LG GKP -GKN /'6 #.1 8IN )TKGTUQP $NCEMDWTP -QOOGPVCT 5 &WOCU ( .G VT¾UQT FG (¾ECOR GV NG OQPPC[CIG GP (TCPEG QEEKFGPVCNG RGPFCPV NC UGEQPFG OQKVK¾ FW FKZK½OG UK½ENG 2CTKU 5 WPF 0T / ) p 7PRWNK\KGTVG 8CTKCPVG OKV -GKNGP KO GTUVGP WPF FTKVVGP 9KPMGN 44 )WVGU UGJT UEJÌP

'ZGORNCT FGT #WMVKQP (TKV\ 4WFQNH -ÒPMGT 1UPCDTÒEM 0T

105

KAROLINGER

2290

24 )70)'0 .7&9+)5 +8 &'5 ª$'45''+5%*'0 .#6 64#05/#4+075 (4< &ŉ1764' /'4 51*0 -#4.5 +++ &'5 '+0( .6+)'0 -¤0+) &'5 9'56(4 0-+5%*'0 4'+%*'5 #75 &'/ )'5%*.'%*6 &'4 -#41.+0)'4

&GPKGT EC %JKPQP +PFTG GV .QKTG I .8&18+%854': )GMTÌPVGU $TWUVDKNF T %#+010+%#5641 -TGW\ &WRNGUU[ p )CTKGN .8 .GITQU / ) 2QG[ F #XCPV :::++ 2TQW 44 2T·IGUEJY·EJG UGJT UEJÌP 'ZGORNCT FGT #WMVKQP (TKV\ 4WFQNH -ÒPMGT 1UPCDTÒEM 0T

$GK FGO CWH FGT 8QTFGTUGKVG IGPCPPVGP .8&18+%85 4': JCPFGNV GU UKEJ OKV ITQGT 9CJTUEJGKPNKEJMGKV WO -ÌPKI .QWKU +8 F 1WVTGOGT &KG XQTNKGIGPFG 2T·IWPI OÒUUVG FGOGPVURTGEJGPF Y·JTGPF UGKPGT 4GIKGTWPIU\GKV \YKUEJGP WPF GPVUVCPFGP UGKP XIN .GITQU & /QPPCKGU (¾QFCNGU HTCPECKUGU 2TGOKGT 8QNWOG 5 WPF UQYKG &WOCU ( .G 6T¾UQT FG (¾ECOR GV NG OQPPC[CIG GP (TCPEKG QEEKFGPVCNG RGPFCPV NC UGEQPFG OQKVK¾ FW :½ UK½ENG 2CTKU 0T - ( /QTTKUQP * )TWPVJCN MCVCNQIKUKGTGP FGP 6[R WPVGT .QWKU +8 QT .QWKU 8 WPF XGTQTVGP KJP KP FGT /ÒP\UV·VVG %JKPQP 0GWUVTKGP / )

ŇŇŇŇŇŇ

4GICTFKPI VJG .8&18+%85 4': PCOGF QP VJG HCEG YG CTG FGCNKPI KP CNN RTQDCDNKV[ YKVJ -KPI .QWKU +8 F 1WVTG OGT #EEQTFKPIN[ VJG RTGUGPV EQKPCIG YQWNF QTKIKPCVG KP VJG VKOG QH JKU TGKIP DGVYGGP CPF EH .GITQU & /QPPCKGU (¾QFCNGU HTCPECKUGU 2TGOKGT 8QNWOG R CPF CNUQ &WOCU ( .G 6T¾UQT FG (¾ECOR GV NG OQPPC[CIG GP (TCPEKG QEEKFGPVCNG RGPFCPV NC UGEQPFG OQKVK¾ FW :½ UK½ENG 2CTKU 0Q - ( /QTTKUQP * )TWPVJCN ECVCNQI VJKU V[RG WPFGT .QWKU +8 QT .QWKU 8 CPF NQECVG KV KP VJG OKPV %JKPQP 0GWUVTKGP / )

2291

&GPCT .CPITGU *CWVG /CTPG I *.8&188+%85 +O (GNF 4Z .+0%10+5 %865 -TGW\ )CTKGN .8 / ) 2TQW 5GNVGPG 8CTKCPVG OKV TCWVGPHÌTOKIGO 1 KP FGT 8QTFGTUGKVGPWOUEJTKHV -N 2T·IGUEJY·EJG UGJT UEJÌP 'ZGORNCT FGT #WMVKQP %0) .CPECUVGT 0T

&KG <WYGKUWPI KUV PKEJV \YGKHGNUHTGK IGUKEJGTV GU MQOOV CWEJ GKPG 2T·IWPI WPVGT .WFYKI 8 KP (TCIG

ŇŇŇŇŇŇ

#VVTKDWVKQP QH VJKU CPF VJG HQNNQYKPI KVGOU ECPPQV DG RQUKVKXGN[ GUVCDNKUJGF

2292

&GPCT 2CTKU I )4#6+# &'+ 4': +O (GNF .1&18+% WO GKPG -WIGN 2#4+5+ %+8+6# )CTKGN .8 / ) 2TQW 8QP ITQGT 5GNVGPJGKV -N 2T·IGUEJY·EJG UGJT UEJÌP 'ZGORNCT FGT #WMVKQP (TKV\ 4WFQNH -ÒPMGT 1UPCDTÒEM 0T

106

KAROLINGER

2293

&GPCT 4QWGP 5GKPG /CTKVKOG I 8.1&8+%+ 4': -TGW\ 4161/ %+8+6# +O (GNF 5 WPVGT $CNMGP )CTKGN .8+ XCT / ) 2TQW XCT 4 &WPMNG 2CVKPC XQT\ÒINKEJ 'ZGORNCT FGT 5COONWPI $GTPCTF %JYCTV\ #WMVKQP %TKPQP 2CTKU ,WPK 0T 'ZGORNCT FGT #WMVKQP $WTICP 2CTKU #RTKN 0T 'ZGORNCT FGT 5COONWPI 6J¾T[ #WMVKQP 8KPEJQP 2CTKU 1MVQDGT 0T

2294

&GPCT 4QWGP 5GKPG /CTKVKOG I 8.168+%+ 4': -TGW\ 4161/ %+8+6 +O (GNF 15 WPVGT $CNMGP )CTKGN .8+ XCT / ) XCT 2TQW p 4 .GKEJV IGYGNNV UGJT UEJÌPpXQT\ÒINKEJ 'ZGORNCT FGT #WMVKQP ,GCP 'NUGP $TÒUUGN 0T

&KG <WYGKUWPI KUV PKEJV \YGKHGNUHTGK IGUKEJGTV GU MQOOV CWEJ GKPG 2T·IWPI WPVGT .WFYKI 8 KP (TCIG

ŇŇŇŇŇŇ

#VVTKDWVKQP KU PQV RQUKVKXGN[ GUVCDNKUJGF C OKPVKPI WPFGT .QWKU 8 KU RQUUKDNG

2295

24 )70)'0 #75 &'4 .'6<6'0 2'4+1&' -#41.+0)+5%*'4 *'445%*#(6 +0 +6#.+'0 24 )70)'0 47&1.(5 ++ 51*0 47&1.( + 810 *1%*$74)70& 70& 5'+0'4 )'/#*.+0 9+..# 61%*6'4 -¤0+) $1515 810 8+'00' *'4<1) -¤0+) 810 *1%*$74)70& -¤0+) 810 +6#.+'0

&GPCTQ UEQFGNNCVQ /CKNCPF I 41&8.(1 2+85 4': %JTKUVWUOQPQITCOO :2++6+#0 4'+1 +O (GNF \YGK\GKNKI /&+ 1.# $KCIIK 4 %0+ 8 )CTKGN .:8++ )TKGTUQP $NCEMDWTP 8QP ITQGT 5GNVGPJGKV (GKPG 6ÌPWPI XQT\ÒINKEJ

'ZGORNCT FGT #WMVKQP 0#% /CKNCPF 0T

107

KAROLINGER

2296

&GPCTQ UEQFGNNCVQ 2CXKC I 41&8.(8 /4 %JTKUVWUOQPQITCOO KP FGP 9KPMGNP LG GKPG -WIGN :2++6+#0# 4' +O (GNF \YGK\GKNKI 2# 2+# $KCIIK 4 %0+ +8 )CTKGN .:8++ )TKGTUQP $NCEMDWTP 44 )WVGU UGJT UEJÌP 'ZGORNCT FGT #WMVKQP 8CTGUK 2CXKC 0T

2297

&GPCTQ UEQFGNNCVQ 2CXKC 2T·IWPI OKV DTGKVGTGO 4CPF I 41&8.(8 /4 %JTKUVWUOQPQITCOO KP FGP 9KPMGNP LG GKPG -WIGN :2++6+#0# 4' +O (GNF \YGK\GKNKI 2# 2+# $KCIIK 4 %0+ +8 )CTKGN .:8++ )TKGTUQP $NCEMDWTP 8QP ITQGT 5GNVGPJGKV *ÒDUEJG 2CVKPC XQT\ÒINKEJ

'ZGORNCT FGT 5COONWPI 'UVG /KNCPK #WMVKQP 8CTGUK 2CXKC 0T

2298

24 )70)'0 *7)15 810 &'4 2418'0%' 51*0 &'5 )4#('0 6*'16 $#.& 810 #4.'5 70& 5'+0'4 )'/#*.+0 $'46*# 810 .16*4+0)'0 '+0'4 61%*6'4 .16*#45 ++ -¤0+) 810 0+'&'4$74)70& -¤0+) 810 +6#.+'0

&GPCTQ /CKNCPF I *8)1 2+85 +/ 4': +O (GNF +;:+ /QPQITCOO :2+56+#0# 4)+1 +O (GNF \YGK\GKNKI /&+ 1.# $KCIIK 4 %0+ 8 XCT 8QP ITQGT 5GNVGPJGKV 8QT\ÒINKEJ

'ZGORNCT FGT #WMVKQP 8CTGUK 2CXKC 0T

2299

&GPCTQ 2CXKC I *8)1 2++85 /4 +O (GNF +;:+ /QPQITCOO :2+56+#0# 4' +O (GNF \YGK\GKNKI 2# 2+# $KCIIK 4 %0+ +8 XCT 44 )GNQEJV UGJT UEJÌP 'TYQTDGP KO (GDTWCT XQP #NDGTVQ 8CTGUK 2CXKC

108

KAROLINGER

2300

&GPCTQ 8GPGFKI I 8+8+ 2+8+ 4': -TGW\ KP FGP 9KPMGNP LG GKPG -WIGN :2++#0# +++1 -KTEJGPIGD·WFG $KCIIK %0+ 8 XCT FQTV WPVGT /CKNCPF )TKGTUQP $NCEMDWTP 44 #WGTIGYÌJPNKEJ IWV GTJCNVGPGU XQT\ÒINKEJGU 'ZGORNCT 'TYQTDGP KO 5GRVGODGT XQP #PFTGC 2CQNWEEK 2CFQXC

8IN FGP -QOOGPVCT DGK )TKGTUQP $NCEMDWTP %QKPU QH VJKU OKPV CTG PQV UEQFGNNCVK DWV JCXG C DTQCFGT QWVGT DQTFGT 6JG[ RTQDCDN[ EQPVKPWGF VQ DG UVTWEM VJTQWIJQWV VJG TGKIP

2301

&GPCTQ WPDGUVKOOVG KVCNKGPKUEJG /ÒP\UV·VVG OÌINKEJGTYGKUG 8GPGFKI I 8+8+ 2+8+ 4': -TGW\ KP FGP 9KPMGNP LG GKPG -WIGN :2++#0# +++1 -KTEJGPIGD·WFG $KCIIK %0+ 8 XCT FQTV WPVGT /CKNCPF )TKGTUQP $NCEMDWTP XIN 5CODQP FQTV WPVGT 8GTQPC QFGT 2CXKC! 44 5GJT UEJÌP 'TYQTDGP DGK 'WIGPKQ (QTPQPK 8GTQPC 1MVQDGT 'ZGORNCT FGT #WMVKQP .GW <ÒTKEJ 0T FQTV WPVGT 8GPGFKI

2302

)GOGKPUEJCHVURT·IWPIGP *WIQU OKV UGKPGO 5QJP .QVJCT ++

&GPCTQ /CKNCPF I 8%1 .16#4+1 4' +O (GNF +;:+ /QPQITCOO /'&+ 1.#0 $KCIIK 4 %0+ 8 )CTKGN .:8 44 -N 5EJTÌVNKPIUTK UEJÌP

2303

&GPCTQ /CKNCPF I 8%1 .16#4+1 4')+5 +O (GNF +;:+ /QPQITCOO :2++6+#0#01 +O (GNF \YGK\GKNKI /&+ 1.# $KCIIK 4 %0+ 8 )PGEEJK UWRRNGOGPVQ 0T )CTKGN 5GJT UGNVGP DGUQPFGTU KP FKGUGT 'TJCNVWPI 8QT\ÒINKEJ

'ZGORNCT FGT #WMVKQP 8CTGUK 2CXKC 0T

109

KAROLINGER

2304

&GPCTQ 2CXKC I 8)1 .1*6#4+8 +O (GNF +;:+ /QPQITCOO 2++6+#0# 4'. +O (GNF \YGK \GKNKIG 2# 2+# $KCIIK 4 %0+ +8 )CTKGN .:8 )TKGTUQP $NCEMDWTP 4 (CUV XQT\ÒINKEJ

'ZGORNCT FGT #WMVKQP /ÒP\GP /GFCKNNGP )OD* 5VWVVICTV 0T

2305

24 )70)'0 .16*#45 ++ 51*0 -¤0+) *7)15 + 810 +6#.+'0 70& 5'+0'4 )'/#*.+0 #.&# -¤0+) 810 +6#.+'0

&GPCTQ 2CXKC I *.1*6#4+8 4 +O (GNF +;:+ /QPQITCOO :2++6+#0# 4' +O (GNF \YGK \GKNKI 2# 2+# 4 -N 2T·IGUEJY·EJG WPF NGKEJV FG\GPVTKGTV UGJT UEJÌP

'ZGORNCT FGT #WMVKQP #TVGOKFG #UVG ::+8 5CP /CTKPQ 0T

2306

)'/'+05%*#(6524 )70) &'5 (ª456'0 #.$'4+%* ++ 810 41/

24+0%'25 #% 5'0#614 1/0+7/ 41/#0147/ /+6 2#256 #)#2+675 ++

&GPCTQ UEQFGNNCVQ 4QO I #.$'4+%95 24 +O (GNF #)285 /QPQITCOO 5%5 2'6485 $TWUVDKNF FGU *GKNKIGP 2GVTWU JCNDN OKV -TGW\UVCD $GTOCP $KCIIK 4 %0+ :8 )TKGTUQP $NCEMDWTP /WPVQPK 8QN + 5 0T 44 -N 2T·IGUEJY·EJG WPF YKP\ 5EJTÌVNKPIUTK IWVGU UGJT UEJÌP 'ZGORNCT FGT #WMVKQP /ÒP\GP /GFCKNNGP )OD* 5VWVVICTV 0T

2307

24 )70)'0 $'4'0)#45 ++ 51*0 &'5 /#4-)4#('0 #&#.$'46 + 810 +84'# 70& 5'+0'4 )'/#*.+0 )+5'.# /#4-)4#( 810 +84'# -¤0+) 810 +6#.+'0

$GTGPICTKQ ++ WPF #FCNDGTVQ &GPCTQ 2CXKC I $'4'0%#4+8 +O (GNF 4': #.$'468 4' +O (GNF \YGK\GKNKI 2# 2+# $KCIIK 4 %0+ +8 XCT 4 (GKPG 6ÌPWPI MN 5EJTÌVNKPIUTK UGJT UEJÌP 'ZGORNCT FGT #WMVKQP /ÒP\GP WPF /GFCKNNGP )OD* 5VWVVICTV 0T

110

KAROLINGER

2308

$GTGPICTKQ ++ &GPCTQ 8GTQPC I $'4'0%#4+85 4' -TGW\ 8'#140 -TGW\ $KCIIK 4 %0+ 8+ )TKGTUQP $NCEMDWTP 4 (CUV XQT\ÒINKEJ

'ZGORNCT FGT #WMVKQP /ÒP\GP WPF /GFCKNNGP )OD* 5VWVVICTV 0T

2309

24 )70)'0 .16*#45 51*0 .7&9+)5 +8 &'5 ª$'45''+5%*'0 -¤0+) &'5 9'56(4 0-+5%*'0 4'+%*'5 #75 &'/ )'5%*.'%*6 &'4 -#41.+0)'4

&GPCT 2CNCUVOÒP\UV·VVG XKGNNGKEJV 6TQ[GU #WDG I .1*#2++2': -QRH N %4#%+#&' 4'+ -TGW\ KP FGP 9KPMGNP LG GKPG -WIGN / ) p 8QP ITQGT 5GNVGPJGKV *ÌEJUVYCJTUEJGKPNKEJ WPGFKGTV .GKEJVG -QTTQUKQPUURWTGP UGJT UEJÌP 'ZGORNCT FGT #WMVKQP (TKV\ 4WFQNH -ÒPMGT 1UPCDTÒEM 0T

&GT XQTNKGIGPFG 6[R KUV YGFGT DGK - /QTTKUQP * )TWPVJCN PQEJ DGK ) &GRG[TQV XGT\GKEJPGV &KG 8QTFGTUGKVG GTKPPGTV CP FKG &GPCTG *GTDGTVU ++ FG 8GTOCPFQKU )TCH FGT %JCORCIPG OKV UVKNKUKGTVGO -QRH WPF FGO 0COGP .QVJCTU ++ ) &GRG[TQV .G PWO¾TCKTG ECTQNKPIKGP 9GVVGTGP 0T YQJKPIGIGP FKG 4ÒEM UGKVG OKV FGT XGTDCNNJQTPVGP )4#%+# &'+ 4': .GIGPFG JPNKEJMGKVGP \W FGP 2T·IWPIGP -CTNU FGU 'KPH·NVKIGP

CWU FGT /ÒP\UV·VVG 6TQ[GU CWHYGKUV / ) 'U MÌPPVG UKEJ UQOKV WO GKPGP DKUNCPI WPDGMCPPVGP 6[R .QVJCTU ++ CWU FGT /ÒP\UV·VVG 6TQ[GU JCPFGNP &KG DGMCPPVGP )GRT·IG .QVJCTU \GKIGP CWH FGT 8QTFGTUGKVG GKP -CTQNWUOQPQITCOO WPF CWH FGT 4ÒEMUGKVG GKP -TGW\ OKV FGP LGYGKNU XGTDCNNJQTPVGP 7OUEJTKHVGP *++8+*88+8++ : WPF 6+'+%#5%+8+6#5 / ) <W FGP 2T·IWPIGP *GTDGTVU ++ XIN &J¾PKP / 1DQNG KP¾FKVG FG .QVJCKTG GV *GTXGTV ++ EQOVG FG 6TQ[GU KP $WNNGVKP FG NC 5QEK¾V¾ (TCPECKUG FG PWOKUOCVKSWG 5

ŇŇŇŇŇŇ

0GKVJGT - /QTTKUQP * )TWPVJCN PQT ) &GRG[TQV NKUV VJG HQNNQYKPI V[RG 6JG QDXGTUG KU TGOKPKUEGPV QH VJG FGPCTU QH *GTDGTV ++ FG 8GTOCPFQKU %QWPV QH %JCORCIPG YKVJ C UV[NK\GF JGCF CPF VJG PCOG .QVJCT ++

) &GRG[TQV .G PWO¾TCKTG ECTQNKPIKGP 9GVVGTGP 0Q YJGTGD[ VJG TGXGTUG UKFG YKVJ VJG EQT TWRVGF NGIGPF )4#%+# &'+ 4': DGCTU UKOKNCTKVGU VQ VJG EQKPCIGU QH %JCTNGU VJG 5KORNG HTQO VJG OKPV CV 6TQ[GU / ) 6JWU KV KU RQUUKDNG YG CTG FGCNKPI YKVJ C RTGXKQWUN[ WPMPQYP V[RG QH .QVJCT ++ HTQO 6TQ[GU .QVJCTŉU MPQYP EQKPCIGU UJQY QP VJG QDXGTUG C -CTQNWU OQPQITCO CPF QP VJG TGXGTUG C ETQUU YKVJ VJG TGURGEVKXG EQTTWRVGF KPUETKRVKQPU *++8+*88+8++ : CPF 6+'+%#5%+8+6#5 / ) 1P VJG EQKPCIGU QH *GTDGTV ++ EH &J¾PKP / 1DQNG KP¾FKVG FG .QVJCKTG GV *GTXGTV ++ EQOVG FG 6TQ[GU KP $WNNGVKP FG NC 5QEK¾V¾ (TCPECKUG FG PWOKUOCVKSWG R

2310

&GPCT $QWTIGU %JGT I .16'4+85 4': -TGW\ : $+684+%'5 %+8+6 -CTQNWUOQPQ ITCOO (¾ECOR )CTKGN .8+ / ) 2TQW *ÒDUEJG 2CVKPC MN 2T·IGUEJY·EJG UGJT UEJÌP

'TYQTDGP DGK %TKPQP 2CTKU *GTDUV .KUVG 0T

111

KAROLINGER

2311

&GPCT $QWTIGU %JGT I .16'4+85 4': -TGW\ $+684+%'5 %+8+6#5 -KTEJGPIGD·WFG )CTKGN .8++ )TKGTUQP $NCEMDWTP XIN 5 / ) 2TQW -N 2T·IGUEJY·EJG WPF 4GUVG XQP )TÒPURCP IWVGU UGJT UEJÌP 'ZGORNCT FGT 5COONWPI $GTPCTF %JYCTV\ #WMVKQP %TKPQP 2CTKU ,WPK 0T

2312

&GPCT $QWTIGU %JGT I .16'4+85 4': -TGW\ $+684+%'5 %+8+6#5 -KTEJGPIGD·WFG )CTKGN .8++ / ) 2TQW /KV YGKGT 6WUEJG\KHHGT CWH FGT 4ÒEMUGKVG HCUV XQT\ÒINKEJ 'ZGORNCT FGT #WMVKQP 4CWEJ 07/+5/#6# 9KGP 0T

2313

&GPCT %JKPQP +PFTG GV .QKTG I .16*#4+85 4': $TWUVDKNF N OKV &KCFGO %#+010+ %#5641 -TGW\ 8IN &WOCU ( .C 2GTTK½TG 2 FG 7P FGPKGT KP¾FKV FW TQK .QVJCKTG RQWT %JKPQP KP 4GXWG PWOKUOCVKSWG 5 6H :+8 0T )CTKGN p / ) p 2TQW p 8QP ITÌVGT 5GNVGPJGKV 2T·IGUEJY·EJG UEJÌP HCUV XQT\ÒINKEJ 'ZGORNCT FGT 5COONWPI $GTPCTF %JYCTV\ #WMVKQP %TKPQP 2CTKU ,WPK 0T

2314

&GPCT %JCNQP UWT 5CÊPG 5CÊPG GV .QKTG I .16#485 4': +O (GNF $ %#8+.10 Û %+86 -TGW\ )CTKGN .8+++ XCT )TKGTUQP $NCEMDWTP XCT / ) XCT 2TQW p XCT 4 5GJT UEJÌP

'ZGORNCT FGT 5COONWPI ō#OCVGWT $QWTIWKIPQPŋ #WMVKQP %TKPQP 2CTKU ,WPK 0T

112

KAROLINGER

2315

&GPCT ¯ NC ETQKZ OCEQPPCKUG /³EQP 5CÊPG GV .QKTG I .1604+85 (: 3WCFTCV OKV GKPGO 4KPI CP LGFGT 5GKVG KP FGP 9KPMGNP WPF KO <GPVTWO LG GKPG -WIGN /#6+5'05'+8 -TGW\ CP FGP 'PFGP FGT #TOG LG GKP 4KPI )CTKGN .8++ XCT )TKGTUQP $NCEMDWTP XCT / ) XCT 2TQW XCT 8QP ITQGT 5GNVGPJGKV 5GJT UEJÌPpXQT\ÒINKEJ

2316

'+0' 24 )70) +/ 0#/'0 &'4 -¤0+)+0 '//#

&GPCT WPDGUVKOOVG /ÒP\UV·VVG &KLQP! I .16*#4+85 4' -TGW\ '//# 4')+0# +O (GNF # WPF 9 FC\YKUEJGP \YGK $CNMGP 8IN &WOCU ( .G VT¾UQT FG (¾ECOR GV NG OQPPC[CIG GP (TCPEKG QEEKFGPVCNG RGPFCPV NC UGEQPFG OQKVK¾ FW FKZK½OG UK½ENG 2CTKU 0T FQTV DGMCPPVG 'ZGORNCTG XGT\GKEJPGV &WOCU ( '//# 4')+0# KP #EVGU FW G EQPIT½U KPVGTPCVKQ PCN FG PWOKUOCVKSWG 0GY ;QTM 9CUJKPIVQP 5GRVGODGT 5 6H 0T FQTV WPVGT &KLQP CNU OÌINKEJG /QTIGPICDG .QVJCTU CP 'OOC 8QP ITÌVGT 5GNVGPJGKV ªDNKEJG 2T·IGUEJY·EJG UGJT UEJÌP 'TYQTDGP DGK %TKPQP 2CTKU *GTDUV .KUVG 0T 'OOC IGDQTGP WO YCT FKG 6QEJVGT FGT UGKV OKV 1VVQ + FGO )TQGP XGTJGKTCVGVGP -CKUGTKP #FGNJGKF IGUVQTDGP CWU FGTGP GTUVGT 'JG OKV -ÌPKI .QVJCT XQP +VCNKGP JGKTCVGVG 'OOC FGP -CTQNKPIGT .QVJCT -ÌPKI FGU YGUVHT·PMKUEJGP 4GKEJGU GKPGP 5QJP .WFYKIU +8 CWU FGUUGP 'JG OKV )GTDGTIC IGUVQTDGP GKPGT 5EJYGUVGT 1VVQU + &KGUG MQORNK\KGTVGP XGTYCPFVUEJCHVNKEJGP $G\KGJWPIGP YCTGP XQP RQNKVKUEJGT $GFGWVWPI KP FGP #WUGKPCPFGTUGV\WPIGP FGU FGWVUEJGP -ÌPKIVWOU OKV FGO YGUVHT·PMKUEJGP 4GKEJ WO FGP $GUKV\ XQP .QVJTKPIGP &KG XQTNKGIGPFG 2T·IWPI IGJÌTV \W FGP ·WGTUV UGNVGPGP OKVVGNCNVGTNKEJGP /ÒP\GP KO 0COGP GKPGT *GTTUEJGTKP

ŇŇŇŇŇŇ

'OOC DQTP EC YCU VJG FCWIJVGT QH VJG 'ORTGUU #FGNCKFG F YJQ YCU OCTTKGF VQ 1VVQ + VJG )TGCV

KP HTQO #FGNCKFGŉU HKTUV OCTTKCIG VQ -KPI .QVJCT QH +VCN[ +P 'OOC OCTTKGF VJG %CTQNKPIKCP .QVJCT -KPI QH VJG 9GUV (TCPMKUJ GORKTG C UQP QH .QWKU +8 HTQO JKU OCTTKCIG VQ )GTDGTIC FKGF C UKUVGT QH 1VVQ + 6JGUG EQORNKECVGF HCOKN[ TGNCVKQPUJKRU YGTG RQNKVKECNN[ UKIPKHKECPV KP VJG EQPHNKEVU COQPI VJG )GTOCP MKPIFQO YKVJ VJG 9GUV (TCPMKUJ GORKTG HQT VJG RQUUGUUKQP QH .QTTCKPG 6JG RTGUGPV EQKPCIG KU COQPI VJG GZVTGOGN[ TCTG OGFKGXCN EQKPU KUUWGF KP VJG PCOG QH C HGOCNG TWNGT

2317

'+0' 4 65'.*#(6' -#41.+0)+5%*' 24 )70) &'5 ,#*4*70&'465

&GPCT WPDGUVKOOVG /ÒP\UV·VVG YCJTUEJGKPNKEJ 5CKPV /CWTKEG Fŉ#ICWPG 5EJYGK\ I +8118+%85 -TGW\ KO \YGKVGP WPF FTKVVGP 9KPMGN LG GKPG -WIGN :2+56+# 4'.%1 -KTEJGPIG D·WFG CPUVGNNG FGT 5·WNGP GKP : 8IN 2GVT[ - &GWZ FGPKGTU KP $5(0 5 WPF #WMVKQP 'NUGP $TÒUUGN 0T UQYKG 2GVT[ - -CTQNKPIKUEJGU 0CEJNGDGP KP *QEJDWTIWPF 5CKPV /CWTKEG Fŉ#ICWPG CNU /ÒP\UV·VVG FGT KOOQDKNKUKGTVGP %JTKUVKCPC 4GNKIKQ &GPCTG .WFYKIU FGU (TQOOGP OKV FGP IGMTGW\VGP 6GORGNUVWHGP KP &GVJNGHU ) 2QN # 9KVVGPDTKPM 5 =*TUI ? 07//+ &1%'06 /ÒP\GP ņ 5EJ·V\G ņ (WPFG (GUVUEJTKHV HÒT 2GVGT +NKUEJ \WO )GDWTVUVCI CO #RTKN 5 8QP ITQGT 5GNVGPJGKV 5GJT UEJÌP

'ZGORNCT FGT #WMVKQP %0) .CPECUVGT 0T

113

OTTONEN

2318

.16*4+0)'0 706'4 &'0 16610'0 &#5 $+567/ /'6<

1VVQ + )TCVKC &GK 4GZ 6[R &GPCT I 1661 4': -TGW\ KO GTUVGP 9KPMGN -WIGN )4#6+# & +++: /QPQITCOO &CPPGPDGTI C -NWIG %0) KP )0 9GPFNKPI ++ % p 4 -N 2T·IGUEJY·EJG UEJÌPpUGJT UEJÌP 'ZGORNCT FGT #WMVKQP /ÒP\GP /GFCKNNGP )OD* 5VWVVICTV 0T

+P FGT ·NVGTGP .KVGTCVWT KUV FKGUGT 6[R QHVOCNU FGT #DVGK 4GOKTGOQPV \WIGUEJTKGDGP YQTFGP 9·JTGPF FKG DKUJGT PWT KP \YGK 'ZGORNCTGP DGMCPPVG 2T·IWPI *GKPTKEJU + CWU /GV\ FGP 6[RWU CWU FGT 4GIKGTWPIU\GKV .WFYKIU +8 FCU -KPF OKV -KTEJGPIGD·WFG HQTVUGV\V MPÒRHV FCU )GRT·IG 1VVQU + CP FKG $KNFOQVKXG -CTNU FGU 'KPH·NVKIG OKV -CTQNWUOQPQITCOO CP 9CJTUEJGKPNKEJ KUV FKG 2T·IWPI KOOQDKNKUKGTV WPVGT 1VVQ ++ WPF 1VVQ +++ HQTVIGUGV\V YQTFGP

ŇŇŇŇŇŇ

+P VJG QNFGT NKVGTCVWTG VJKU V[RG YCU QHVGP CVVTKDWVGF VQ VJG 4GOKTGOQPV #DDG[ 9JKNG VJG EQKPCIG QH *GPT[ + HTQO /GV\ QH YJKEJ QPN[ VYQ URGEKOGPU CTG MPQYP EQPVKPWGU VJG V[RG HTQO VJG TGKIP QH .QWKU +8 VJG %JKNF

YKVJ EJWTEJ DWKNFKPIU VJG OKPVKPIU QH 1VVQ + NKPM VQ VJG RKEVWTG OQVKHU QH %JCTNGU VJG 5KORNG

YKVJ -CTQNWU OQPQITCOU 6JG OKPVKPI YCU OQUV RTQDCDN[ UVQRRGF WPFGT 1VVQ ++ CPF TGUWOGF WPFGT 1VVQ +++

2319

6JGQFGTKEJ + &KGVTKEJ &GPCT 2T·IWPI OKV 1VVQ + QFGT 1VVQ ++ I 5%# /'66+5 &'1&'4+% '25 -KTEJGPIGD·WFG +/246 #8)5 -TGW\ KP FGP 9KPMGNP 1 6 6 1 &CPPGPDGTI -NWIG %0) KP )0 9GPFNKPI ++ & C 2TCEJVGZGORNCT 4 #WGTIGYÌJPNKEJ IWVG 'TJCNVWPI HÒT FKGUGP 6[R HCUV XQT\ÒINKEJ 'ZGORNCT FGT 5COONWPI &T $GTPJCTF 5EJWNVG #WMVKQP /ÒP\GP /GFCKNNGP )OD* 5VWVVICTV 0T

2320

#FCNDGTQP ++ &GPCT 2T·IWPI OKV 1VVQ +++ I #&#.$'41 -KTEJGPIG D·WFG +/2'4#614 -TGW\ KP FGP 9KPMGNP 1 6 1 6 &CPPGPDGTI -NWIG %0) KP )0 9GPFNKPI ++ & D p 4 6GKNYGKUG 2T·IGUEJY·EJG HCUV UGJT UEJÌP 'ZGORNCT FGT 5COONWPI &T $GTPJCTF 5EJWNVG #WMVKQP /ÒP\GP /GFCKNNGP )OD* 5VWVVICTV 0T

114

KAPETINGER

2321

&GPCT 2T·IWPI OKV 1VVQ +++ I #&#.$'41 28 -KTEJGPIGD·WFG +/2'4#614 -TGW\ KP FGP 9KPMGNP 1 6 6 1 &CPPGPDGTI (NQP + -NWIG %0) KP )0

9GPFNKPI ++ & D p 2T·IGUEJY·EJG WPF FG\GPVTKGTV UEJÌP

'ZGORNCT FGT #WMVKQP /ÒP\GP /GFCKNNGP )OD* 5VWVVICTV 0T

2322

6JGQFGTKEJ ++ &GPCT 'RKPCN 8QUIGU I &'1&'4+%85 2 -TGW\ KP FGP 9KPMGNP LG GKPG -WIGN 52+ 0#. &CPPGPDGTI (NQP + -NWIG -NWIG %0) KP )0 9GPFNKPI ++ ' D 4 2T·IGUEJY·EJG UEJÌP

'ZGORNCT FGT #WMVKQP /ÒP\GP /GFCKNNGP )OD* 5VWVVICTV 0T

2323

(4#0-4'+%* 706'4 &'0 -#2'6+0)'40

*WIWGU %CRGV &GPKGT $GCWXCKU 1KUG )GOGKPUEJCHVURT·IWPI OKV $KUEJQH *GTX¾ XQP $GCWXCKU I *8)1 4': *'48'85 -TGW\ KO \YGKVGP WPF FTKVVGP 9KPMGN LG GKPG -WIGN $'.8#%85 %+8+6#5 -CTQNWUOQPQITCOO &WRNGUU[ .CHCWTKG 5GJT UGNVGP KP FKGUGT 'TJCNVWPI *GTTNKEJG 2CVKPC MN 2T·IGUEJY·EJG CO 4CPF 5VGORGNINCP\ 'ZGORNCT FGT #WMVKQP %TKPQP 2CTKU ,WPK 0T

115

NORTHUMBRIA

'0).#0& 810 &'0 #0)'.5#%*5'0 $+5 <7/ *#75 2.#06#)'0'6 ,#*4*70&'46

2324

#0)'.5#%*5'0 ņ )1.&/ª0<'0 %#

Ô 6JT[OUC 5JKNNKPI 7NVTC %TQPFCNN RJCUG EC 9WPGGVVQP V[RG I -QRH T OKV &KCFGO FCXQT &TGK\CEM -TGW\ KP FQRRGNVGO 2GTNMTGKU )TKGTUQP $NCEMDWTP XIN 0QTVJ 5GCD[ )1.& 8QP ITQGT 5GNVGPJGKV 5GJT UEJÌPpXQT\ÒINKEJ 'ZGORNCT FGT #WMVKQP *GUU &KXQ #) <ÒTKEJ 0T

2325

Ô 6JT[OUC 2QUV %TQPFCNN RJCUG EC 6YQ GORGTQTU V[RG I $GJGNOVGT -QRH T 'PIGN X X FKG (NÒIGN ÒDGT \YGK -ÌRHG X X CWUIGDTGKVGV )TKGTUQP $NCEMDWTP XIN /GVECNH 0QTVJ 5GCD[ )1.& 8QP ITQGT 5GNVGPJGKV )WVGU UGJT UEJÌP

'TYQTDGP XQP FGT (KTOC $CNFYKP .QPFQP

2326

Ô 6JT[OUC 2QUV %TQPFCNN RJCUG EC 2CFC V[RG ++ C I -QRH T OKV &KCFGO 2#&# KP 4WPGPUEJTKHV KO (GNF #DTCOUQP 2C )TKGTUQP $NCEMDWTP XIN 0QTVJ p 5GCD[ )1.& 44 5VGORGNHGJNGT CWH FGT 8QTFGTUGKVG UQPUV XQT\ÒINKEJ

'ZGORNCT FGT #WMVKQP 6JG $TW 5CNG $TÒUUGN 0T

2327

0146*7/$4+# 2T·IWPIGP FGT -ÌPKIG XQP 0QTVJWODTKC WPF $KUEJÌHG XQP ;QTM ,CJTJWPFGTV

'CFDGTJV )GOGKPUEJCHVURT·IWPI OKV $KUEJQH 'EIDGTVJ XQP ;QTM Õ 5EGCV I Û'16$'4'*68. -TGW\ '%)$'4*6 #4 2GTUQP UVGJV X X OKV \YGK -TGW\UV·DGP 0QTVJ 5GCD[ 4 #VVTCMVKXGU XQT\ÒINKEJGU 'ZGORNCT OKV JÒDUEJGT 2CVKPC 'ZGORNCT FGT /KNNGPPKC %QNNGEVKQP #WMVKQP +TC .CTT[ )QNFDGTI .QU #PIGNGU 0T

116

MERCIA

2328

#NEJTGF Õ 5EGCV (CPVCUVKE CPKOCNU UGTKGU I #.Û%*4'& -TGW\ 5VKNKUKGTVGT *KTUEJ

! T FCTWPVGT -TGW\ )TKGTUQP $NCEMDWTP 0QTVJ 5GCD[ 44 #WGTIGYÌJPNKEJ IWV GTJCNVGPGU 'ZGORNCT OKV JGTTNKEJGT 6ÌPWPI 5VGORGNINCP\ 'ZGORNCT FGT /KNNGPPKC %QNNGEVKQP #WMVKQP +TC .CTT[ )QNFDGTI .QU #PIGNGU 0T

2329

$KUEJQH 9WNHJGTG XQP ;QTM 5V[EC 2JCUG ++ .CVGT KUUWGU KP EQRRGT CNNQ[ I /ÒP\OGKUVGT 97.(4'& 8.(*'4' #4'2 TGVTQITCF -TGW\ 88.(4'& -TGW\ 0QTVJ 5GCD[ )WV CWUIGRT·IVGU XQT\ÒINKEJGU 'ZGORNCT 'ZGORNCT FGT #WMVKQP 5RKPM .QPFQP /·T\ 0T

1((#

/'4%+#

&C \GKVIGPÌUUKUEJGP 3WGNNGP HGJNGP OWUU 1HHCU .GDGP CWU UR·VGTGP #PPCNGP TGMQPUVTWKGTV YGTFGP 0CEJ FGO 6QF UGKPGU 8CVGTU VJGNDCNF GTUVTKVV UKEJ 1HHC FKG 6JTQPHQNIG KO -ÌPKITGKEJ /GTEKC OKV )GYCNV 'T DGJGTTUEJVG KP YGEJUGNPFGP #NNKCP\GP CWEJ CPFGTG FGT CPIGNU·EJUKUEJGP -ÌPKITGKEJG YKG *YKEEG QFGT -GPV WPF DGVTKGD GKPG KPVGPUKXG *GKTCVURQNKVKM HÒT UGKPG 6ÌEJVGT W C OKV -ÌPKI $GQTVJTKE XQP 9GUUGZ WPF -ÌPKI 'VJGNTGF XQP 0QTVJWODTKC 9·JTGPF UGKPGT 4GIKGTWPIU\GKV MCO GU \W GKPGT CNNIGOGKPGP YKTVUEJCHVNKEJGP $NÒVG FKG UKEJ CWEJ KP GKPGT TGKEJJCNVKIGP /ÒP\RT·IWPI YKGFGTURKGIGNV &KG #PPCJOG 1HHC JCDG UKEJ \W .GD\GKVGP DGTGKVU CNU 4GZ #PINQTWO DGVKVGNV YKTF XQP FGT /KVVGNCNVGTHQTUEJWPI JGWVG CNNIGOGKP DG\YGKHGNV &GPPQEJ NGIVG GT ITQGP 9GTV CWH FKG -QFKHK\KGTWPI FGU CNNIGOGKPGP 4GEJVU

.CYU QH 1HHC WPF FKG 6JTQPHQNIG UGKPGU IGMTÌPVGP 5QJPGU 'EIHTKVJ FGUUGP #PURTÒEJG GT PQEJ \W .GD\GKVGP TKIQTQU IGIGP LGFGP OÌINKEJGP UR·VGTGP 4KXCNGP XGTVGKFKIVG #NU 4KXCNGP GTYKGUGP UKEJ IGIGP 'PFG UGKPGT *GTTUEJCHV XQT CNNGO FKG 'T\DKUEJÌHG XQP %CPVGTDWT[ UQ FCUU GT XGTUWEJVG FCU $KUVWO .KEJHKGNF \W GKPGO 'T\DKUVWO CWH\WYGTVGP WPF FCOKV GKPGP )GIGPRQN \W UEJCHHGP 1HHC UVCTD CO

QFGT ,WNK KP $GFHQTF

ŇŇŇŇŇŇ

5KPEG VJGTG CTG ICRU KP VJG EQPVGORQTCT[ UQWTEGU 1HHCŉU NKHG OWUV DG TGEQPUVTWEVGF HTQO NCVGT CPPCNU #HVGT VJG FGCVJ QH JKU HCVJGT VJGNDCNF 1HHC UGEWTGF JKU UWEEGUUKQP VQ VJG VJTQPG QH VJG -KPIFQO QH /GTEKC D[ HQTEG $[ OGCPU QH UJKHVKPI CNNKCPEGU JG CNUQ TWNGF QVJGT #PINQ 5CZQP MKPIFQOU KPENWFKPI *YKEEG CPF -GPV CPF ECTTKGF QWV CP KPVGPUKXG OCTTKCIG RQNKE[ HQT JKU FCWIJVGTU YKVJ COQPI QVJGTU -KPI $GQTVJTKE QH 9GUUGZ CPF -KPI 'VJGNTGF QH 0QTVJWODTKC &WTKPI JKU TGKIP VJGTG YCU IGPGTCN GEQ PQOKE ITQYVJ YJKEJ KU TGHNGEVGF KP CP CDWPFCPV OKPVKPI QH EQKPU 6JG CUUWORVKQP VJCV FWTKPI JKU NKHGVKOG 1HHC JCF CNTGCF[ ENCKOGF VJG VKVNG -KPI QH VJG #PINGU KU IGPGTCNN[ FKUEQWPVGF KP OGFKGXCN TGUG CTEJ 0QPGVJGNGUU JG RNCEGF ITGCV XCNWG QP VJG EQFKHKECVKQP QH WPKXGTUCN NCY .CYU QH 1HHC CPF QP VJG UWEEGUUKQP QH JKU UQP 'EIHTKVJ ETQYPGF KP YJQUG ENCKO JG TKIQTQWUN[ FGHGPFGF FWTKPI JKU NKHG CICKPUV GXGT[ RQUUKDNG NCVGT TKXCN 0GCT VJG GPF QH JKU TGKIP KV YCU RTKOCTKN[ VJG #TEJDKUJQRU QH %CPVGT DWT[ YJQ GOGTIGF CU TKXCNU UQ JG CVVGORVGF VQ GNGXCVG VJG $KUJQRTKE QH .KEJHKGNF VQ #TEJDKUJQRTKE UVCVWU CPF VJWU ETGCVG CP CPVKRQNG 1HHC FKGF QP ,WN[ VJ QT VJ KP $GFHQTF

2330

2GPP[ WO %CPVGTDWT[ .KIJV EQKPCIG YKVJQWV RQTVTCKV )TQWR I 1( KP GKPGO CWU -WIGNP IGDKNFGVGP 3WCFTCV CWH FGO 4CPF 4:/ WPF FTGK -TGW\G ' 1 $ # KP FGP $N·VVGTP GKPGU 8KGT RCUUGU -TGW\ CWU -WIGNP KP FGT /KVVG $NWPV )TKGTUQP $NCEMDWTP 0QTVJ 5GCD[ 44 &WPMNG 2CVKPC UGJT UEJÌPpXQT\ÒINKEJ

'ZGORNCT FGT 5COONWPI FG 9KV #WMVKQP (TKV\ 4WFQNH -ÒPMGT 1UPCDTÒEM 0T

117

MERCIA

2331

2GPP[ WO .QPFQP .KIJV EQKPCIG YKVJ RQTVTCKV I /ÒP\OGKUVGT '#./80& 1((# 4': $TWUVDKNF T OKV &KCFGO 0COG FGU /ÒP\OGKUVGTU KP FGP 9KPMGNP GKPGT 4CWVG KO <GPVTWO -TGKU OKV \YGK ÒDGTGKPCPFGTNKGIGPFGP -TGW\GP $NWPV %JKEM C 0QTVJ 5GCD[ 8QP ITQGT 5GNVGPJGKV -N 5VGORGNHGJNGT CWH FGT 8QTFGTUGKVG HCUV XQT\ÒINKEJ

2332

2GPP[ WO %CPVGTDWT[ *GCX[ EQKPCIG YKVJQWV RQTVTCKV I /ÒP\OGKUVGT '&'.01&

'VJGNPQVJ / 1((# 4': 0COG FGU /ÒP\OGKUVGTU KP \YGK <GKNGP IGVTGPPV FWTEJ GKP 1TPCOGPV KP (QTO GKPGU -PQEJGPU ! 0QTVJ 5GCD[ 4 )WVGU UGJT UEJÌP 'ZGORNCT FGT #WMVKQP 5V ,COGU .QPFQP 0T

2333

2GPP[ WO %CPVGTDWT[ )GOGKPUEJCHVURT·IWPI OKV UGKPGT (TCW %[PGVJTKVJ .KIJV EQKPCIG YKVJ RQTVTCKV I '1$# $TWUVDKNF T OKV &KCFGO %;0'&4;& 4')+0# +O (GNF 1OGIC ÒDGT $CNMGP %JKEM C FKGU 'ZGORNCT 5%$+ /CEM FKGU 'ZGORNCT 0QTVJ 5GCD[ 8QP ITQGT 5GNVGPJGKV &WPMNG 2CVKPC GVYCU MQTTQFKGTV 5EJTÌVNKPIUHGJNGT CWH FGT 8QTFGTUGKVG IWVGU UGJT UEJÌP /KV CNVGO 7PVGTNGI\GVVGN (QWPF CV '[PUJCO #DDG[ 0T 1ZHQTF

2334

2GPP[ WO %CPVGTDWT[ )GOGKPUEJCHVURT·IWPI OKV $KUEJQH 'CFDGTVJ XQP .QPFQP ! .KIJV EQKPCIG YKVJQWV RQTVTCKV I -TGW\ CP FGP 'PFGP FGT #TOG LGYGKNU GKP MNGKPGU -TGW\ KO <GPVTWO -TGKU OKV CEJV -WIGNP WO GKPG -WIGN KP FGP 9KPMGNP 1 ( 4Z #PMGTMTGW\ '#& $'4* 6'2 0QTVJ 5GCD[ 8QP ITÌVGT 5GNVGPJGKV &WPMNG 2CVKPC UGJT UEJÌP 'ZGORNCT FGT #WMVKQP .CP\ /ÒPEJGP 0T

118

MERCIA

2335

2GPP[ WO %CPVGTDWT[ )GOGKPUEJCHVURT·IWPI OKV $KUEJQH #GVJGNJGCTF XQP %CPVGTDWT[

*GCX[ EQKPCIG 5GEQPF KUUWG I / 1((# 4': #'&+. *'#4& #4%'% 0QTVJ 5GCD[ 2TCEJVGZGORNCT #WGTIGYÌJPNKEJ IWVG 'TJCNVWPI HÒT FKGUGP 6[R HCUV XQT\ÒINKEJ 'ZGORNCT FGT /KNNGPPKC %QNNGEVKQP #WMVKQP +TC .CTT[ )QNFDGTI .QU #PIGNGU 0T

%1'097.( &GT GKPGT GPVHGTPVGP .KPKG FGU -ÌPKIUJCWUGU XQP /GTEKC GPVUVCOOGPFG %QGPYWNH DGUVKGI PCEJ FGO PWT YGPKIG /QPCVG TGIKGTGPFGP 'EIHTKVJ FGP 6JTQP )NGKEJ \W $GIKPP UGKPGT *GTTUEJCHV OWUUVG GT GKPGP #WHUVCPF KP -GPV PKGFGTUEJNCIGP FGUUGP -ÌPKIUVJTQP GT OKV UGKPGO $TWFGT %WVJHTGF DGUGV\VG #WEJ 'CUV #PINKC MCO WPVGT FKG -QPVTQNNG %QGPYWNHU DGFTQJVG GKPG +PXCUKQP 'CTFYWNHU FGU -ÌPKIU XQP 0QTVJWODTKC UGKPG *GTTUEJCHV /KV *KNHG FGT 8GTOKVVNWPI GKPKIGT GPINKUEJGT $KUEJÌHG MQPPVG LGFQEJ TCUEJ GKP HÒT DGKFG 5GKVGP CM\GRVCDNGT (TKGFGPUXGTVTCI IGUEJNQUUGP YGTFGP 'UUGZ YWTFG KP FCU -ÌPKITGKEJ XQP /GTEKC KPVGITKGTV +P FGP ,CJTGP HÒJTVG %QGPYWNH GKPKIG (GNF\ÒIG IGIGP FKG YCNKUKUEJGP -ÌPKITGKEJG XQP 2QY[U )Y[PGFF WPF &[HGF FGTGP NCPIHTKUVKIG 'THQNIG GT LGFQEJ PKEJV OGJT GTNGDVG

ŇŇŇŇŇŇ

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

2336

2GPP[ PCEJ WPDGUVKOOVG /ÒP\UV·VVG 2T·IWPI HÒT 'CUV #PINKC I /ÒP\OGKUVGT 91&'. $TWUVDKNF T OKV &KFCFGO -TGW\ CP FGP 'PFGP FGT #TOG LGYGKNU GKP MNGKPGU -TGW\ KO <GPVTWO -TGW\ KP 4CWVG KP FGP 9KPMGNP &1 & ' . 0QTVJ 5GCD[ 44 -N 5EJTÌVNKPIUNQEJ UGJT UEJÌPpXQT\ÒINKEJ 'ZGORNCT FGT 5COONWPI FG 9KV #WMVKQP (TKV\ 4WFQNH -ÒPMGT 1UPCDTÒEM 0T

119

MERCIA $'4*697.( &KG HCOKNK·TG *GTMWPHV $GTJVYWNHU KUV WPDGMCPPV YGPPINGKEJ GU YCJTUEJGKPNKEJ KUV FCUU GT OKV -ÌPKI $GQTPYWNH XQP /GTEKC XGTYCPFV YCT 9·JTGPF UGKPGT *GTTUEJCHV MCO GU YKGFGTJQNV \W 9K MKPIGTÒDGTH·NNGP ņ CWH .KPFUG[ WPF CWH .QPFQP 'KP ITQGT 9KMKPIGTCPITKHH KP FGP 3WGNNGP KUV XQP 5EJKHHGP FKG 4GFG KO ,CJTG \YCPI $GTJVYWNH OKV UGKPGO *GGT \WT (NWEJV #P UGKPGT 5VGNNG DGUKGIVG -ÌPKI VJGNYWNH XQP 9GUUGZ OKV UGKPGP 5ÌJPGP VJGNUVCP WPF VJGNDCNF FKG +PXC UQTGP 8QP FGP 5ÌJPGP $GTJVYWNHU WPF UGKPGT (TCW 5ºVJT[VJ KUV FCIGIGP MCWO GVYCU DGMCPPV 0WT IGNGIGPVNKEJ VCWEJGP $GQTJVHTKVJ WPF $GQTJVTKE KP FGP 7TMWPFGP CNU <GWIGP CWH 9CJTUEJGKPNKEJ UKPF UGK XQT FGO 8CVGT IGUVQTDGP #WEJ $GTVJYWNHU 6QFGULCJT KUV PKEJV DGMCPPV CDGT FC XQP UGKPGO 0CEJHQNIGT $WTITGF DGJCWRVGV YKTF GT JCDG ,CJTG TGIKGTV WPF FKGUGT XQP FGP 9KMKPIGTP XGTVTKGDGP YWTFG OWUU $GTJVYWNH XGTUVQTDGP UGKP

ŇŇŇŇŇŇ

$GTJVYWNHňU KOOGFKCVG NKPGCIG KU WPMPQYP VJQWIJ KV KU RTQDCDNG VJCV JG YCU TGNCVGF VQ -KPI $GQTPYWNH

QH /GTEKC &WTKPI JKU TGKIP VJGTG YGTG TGRGCVGF 8KMKPI CVVCEMU ņ KP QP .KPFUG[ CPF KP QP .QPFQP # OCLQT 8KMKPI CVVCEM VJG UQWTEGU URGCM QH UJKRU KP HQTEGF $GTJVYWNH CPF JKU CTO[ VQ HNGG +P JKU UVGCF -KPI VJGNYWNH QH 9GUUGZ YKVJ JKU UQPU VJGNUVCP CPF VJGNDCNF FGHGCVGF VJG KPXCFGTU 1H VJG UQPU QH $GTJVYWNH CPF JKU YKHG 5ºVJT[VJ NKVVNG KU MPQYP $GQTJVHTKVJ CPF $GQTJVTKE VWTP WR QPN[ URQTCFKECNN[ KP VJG TGEQTFU CU YKVPGUUGU 6JG[ NKMGN[ FKGF DGHQTG VJGKT HCVJGT 6JG [GCT QH $GTVJYWNHŉU FGCVJ KU NKMGYKUG WPMPQYP DWV CU JKU UWEEGUUQT $WTITGF CUUGTVGF VJCV JG JCF TGKIPGF HQT [GCTU CPF UKPEG JG YCU FTKXGP QWV D[ VJG 8KMKPIU KP $GTJVYWNH OWUV JCXG DGGP FKGF KP

2337

2GPP[ WO WPDGUVKOOVG /ÒP\UV·VVG )TQWR ++ 2QTVTCKV KUUWG I /ÒP\OGKUVGT &'0'*'#* $TWUVDKNF T OKV &KCFGO -TGW\ CP FGP 'PFGP FGT #TOG LGYGKNU GKP MNGKPGU -TGW\ KO <GPVTWO -WIGN KP -TGKU 0QTVJ 5GCD[ 8QP ITQGT 5GNVGPJGKV )TQDGT 5VKN HCUV XQT\ÒINKEJ 'ZGORNCT FGT #WMVKQP %0) .CPECUVGT 0T

$74)4'& 'T YCT FGT NGV\VG WPCDJ·PIKIG -ÌPKI /GTEKCU 'KP ,CJT PCEJ UGKPGT 6JTQPDGUVGKIWPI HÒJTVG GT OKV VJGNYWNH XQP 9GUUGZ FGUUGP 6QEJVGT VJGNUYKVJ GT CWEJ JGKTCVGVG GKPGP (GNF\WI IGIGP FKG 9CNKUGT &KG /ÒP\RT·IWPI $WTITGFU ÒDGT FGUUGP 4GIKGTWPI CPUQPUVGP YGPKI DGMCPPV KUV KUV TGKEJJCNVK IGT CNU FKG FGT OGKUVGP OGTEKUEJGP -ÌPKIG IGNCPI GU KJO PQEJ GKPOCN YKGFGT IGOGKPUCO OKV VJGNYWNH FKG XQTFTKPIGPFGP &·PGP \WTÒEM\WUEJNCIGP MGJTVGP FKGUG LGFQEJ \WTÒEM DGUGV\VGP KO INGKEJGP ,CJT .QPFQP .KPFUG[ WPF ICP\ /GTEKC $WTITGF HNQJ PCEJ 4QO YQ GT PQEJ KO INGK EJGP ,CJT XGTUVCTD

ŇŇŇŇŇŇ

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

2338

2GPP[ 'CTN[ ITQWR # ENQUGF NWPGVVGU I /ÒP\OGKUVGT )8&/80& )WVJOWPF $TWUVDKNF T 0COG FGU /ÒP\OGKUVGTU KP FTGK <GKNGP 0QTVJ 5GCD[ )WV CWUIGRT·IVGU XQT\ÒINKEJGU 'ZGORNCT OKV HGKPGT 6ÌPWPI 'ZGORNCT FGT 5COONWPI FG 9KV #WMVKQP (TKV\ 4WFQNH -ÒPMGT 1UPCDTÒEM 0T

120

EAST ANGLIA

'#56 #0).+# '#&/70& &GT WO IGDQTGPG 'CFOWPF DGUVKGI CO &G\GODGT FGP 6JTQP XQP 'CUV #PINKC YWTFG 'CUV #PINKC XQP FGP &·PGPMÌPKIGP 7DDC WPF +XCT 4CIPCTUUQP ÒDGTHCNNGP 'CFOWPF UVGNNVG UKEJ FGP +PXCUQTGP XGTNQT LGFQEJ KP FGT HQNIGPFGP 5EJNCEJV UGKP .GDGP $GTGKVU MWT\ PCEJ UGKPGO 6QF UGV\VG GKPG KPVGPUKXG 8GTGJTWPI FGU CNU /·TV[TGT XGTGJTVGP -ÌPKIU GKP +P FGT *GKNKIGPNGIGPFG 2CUUKQ 5CPEVK 'CF OWPFK WO FGU /ÌPEJGU #DDQ XQP (NGWT[ YKTF GT\·JNV FKG &·PGP J·VVGP XQP FGO KP FGT 5EJNCEJV IGHCPIGP IGPQOOGPGP 'CFOWPF XGTNCPIV UGKPGO EJTKUVNKEJGP )NCWDGP CD\WUEJYÌTGP #NU FKGUGT UKEJ YGKIGTVG UQNN GT IGUEJNCIGP IGHQNVGTV WPF UEJNKGNKEJ GPVJCWRVGV YQTFGP UGKP &KG KP FGT <GKV FGU &CPGNCY EC IGRT·IVGP /ÒP\GP KO 0COGP FGU /·TV[TGTU 5% '#&/80' ō5V 'FOWPF OGOQTKCN EQKPCIGŋ 5GCD[ NGIGP FKG 8GTOWVWPI PCJG FCUU FGT -WNV WO 'CFOWPF CWEJ \WT #WUUÌJPWPI \YKUEJGP 9KMKPIGTP WPF #PIGNUCEJUGP FKGPGP UQNNVG 5GKP MKTEJNKEJGT )GFGPMVCI KUV FGT 0QXGODGT WPF UGKPG #VVTKDWVG KP FGT -WPUV UKPF $CWO 2HGKNG 9QNH QFGT $·T &KG )TCDUV·VVG $TCFHKGNF 5V %NCTG YWTFG KP $WT[ 5V 'FOWPFU WODGPCPPV YQ -PWV FGT )TQG KO ,CJTG GKP $GPGFKMVKPGTMNQUVGT GTTKEJVGP NKG

ŇŇŇŇŇŇ

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ŉU PCOG KP VJG RGTKQF QH VJG &CPGNCY EC 5% '#&/80' ŋ5V 'F OWPF OGOQTKCN EQKPCIGŌ 5GCD[ UWIIGUV VJCV VJG EWNV QH 'FOWPF YCU KPVGPFGF VQ NGCF VQ TGEQPEKNKCVKQP DGVYGGP 8KMKPIU CPF #PINQ 5CZQPU *KU TGNKIKQWU HGCUV FC[ KU VJG VJ QH 0QXGODGT CPF JKU U[ODQNU KP TGNKIKQWU CTV CTG VTGG CTTQYU YQNH QT DGCT *KU DWTKCN RNCEG $TCFHKGNF 5V %NCTG YCU TGPCOGF $WT[ 5V 'FOWPFU YJGTG %PWV VJG )TGCV GTGEVGF C $GPGFKEVKPG OQPCUVGT[ VQ JKO KP VJG [GCT

2339

2GPP[ WPDGUVKOOVG /ÒP\UV·VVG %TQUU CPF ETGUEGPVU RGNNGVU V[RG 7PDGMCPPVGT /ÒP\OGKUVGT

#GVJGNFCNG! I '#&/80& 4': #0 -TGW\ KP FGP 9KPMGNP LG GKP *CNDOQPF /10 '&'.&#.' -TGW\ KP FGP 9KPMGNP LG GKPG -WIGN 0QTVJ 5GCD[ 4 )WV CWUIGRT·IVGU XQT\ÒINKEJGU 'ZGORNCT 'ZGORNCT FGT #WMVKQP %0) .CPECUVGT 0T 'ZGORNCT FGT 4QUU 5EJTCGFGT %QNNGEVKQP #WMVKQP %0) .QPFQP 0T

121

WESSEX

6*'.97.(

9'55':

'T YCT FGT 5QJP 'EIDGTJVU +++ WPF UGKPGT (TCW 4GFDWTIC WPF VTCV \WP·EJUV GKPG IGKUVNKEJG .CWHDCJP CNU /ÌPEJ KP 9KPEJGUVGT CP GTQDGTVG GT KO #WHVTCI UGKPGU 8CVGTU FCU -ÌPKITGKEJ -GPV WPF JGKTCVGV GKPG IGYKUUG 1UDWTIC HQNIVG GT UGKPGO 8CVGT CWH FGP 6JTQP &KG 4GIKGTWPIU\GKV VJGNYWNHU YCT IGRT·IV XQP GKPGO UVGVGP #DYGJTMCORH IGIGP FKG KOOGT YKGFGT CPITGKHGPFGP F·PK UEJGP 9KMKPIGT $GK UGKPGP OKNKV·TKUEJGP 7PVGTPGJOWPIGP YWTFG GT \GKVYGKNKI XQP $WTITGF XQP /GTEKC

WPVGTUVÒV\V FGO GT CWEJ UGKPG 6QEJVGT \WT (TCW ICD 0CEJ FGO 6QF UGKPGT GTUVGP )GOCJNKP JGKTCVGVG VJGNYWNH FKG L·JTKIG ,WFKVJ GKPG 6QEJVGT FGU HT·PMKUEJGP -ÌPKIU -CTNU ++ ōFGU -CJ NGPŋ &KG 6TCWWPI UQNN FGT DGTÒJOVG *KUVQTKQITCRJ WPF -KTEJGPTGEJVNGT 'T\DKUEJQH *KPMOCT XQP 4GKOU IGUV XQNN\QIGP JCDGP VJGNYWNH UVCTD CO ,CPWCT KP 5VCOTKFIG *GWVG TWJGP UGKPG )GDGKPG KP FGT 9KPEJGUVGT %CVJGFTCN

ŇŇŇŇŇŇ

*G YCU VJG UQP QH 'EIDGTJV +++ CPF JKU YKHG 4GFDWTIC CPF CV HKTUV DGICP C ECTGGT CU C OQPM KP 9KPEJGUVGT +P CV VJG DGJGUV QH JKU HCVJGT JG EQPSWGTGF VJG -KPIFQO QH -GPV CPF KP OCTTKGF C EGTVCKP 1UDWTIC +P JG UWEEGGFGF JKU HCVJGT QP VJG VJTQPG VJGNYWNHňU TGKIP YCU OCTMGF D[ EQPUVCPV FGHGPUKXG DCVVNGU CICKPUV VJG TGRGCVGF KPXCUKQPU QH VJG &CPKUJ 8KMKPIU +P JKU OKNKVCT[ CEVKXKVKGU JG YCU UWRRQTVGF CV VKOGU D[ $WTITGF QH /GTEKC VQ YJQO JG CNUQ OCTTKGF JKU FCWIJVGT (QNNQYKPI VJG FGCVJ QH JKU HKTUV YKHG VJGNYWNH OCTTKGF VJG [GCT QNF ,WFKVJ C FCWIJVGT QH VJG (TCP MKUJ -KPI %JCTNGU ++ ŋVJG $CNFŌ KP 6JG OCTTKCIG KU UCKF VQ JCXG DGGP RGTHQTOGF D[ VJG TGPQYPGF JKUVQTKQITCRJGT CPF ECPQP NCY[GT #TEJDKUJQR *KPMOCT QH 4GKOU F VJGNYWNH FKGF QP ,CPWCT[ VJ KP 5VCOTKFIG *KU DQPGU TGUV VQFC[ KP 9KPEJGUVGT %CVJGFTCN

2340

2GPP[ WO %CPVGTDWT[ I /ÒP\OGKUVGT *804'& *WPTGF #' '.88.( 4': $TWUVDKNF T *804 '& /1 MTGW\HÌTOKI KP FGP 9KPMGNP 0 ' 6 # 0QTVJ 5GCD[ 44 -N -QTTQUKQPUURWTGP UQPUV HCUV XQT\ÒINKEJGU 'ZGORNCT OKV HGKPGT 2CVKPC 'ZGORNCT FGT #WMVKQP %0) .CPECUVGT 0T 'ZGORNCT FGT 4QUU 5EJTCGFGT %QNNGEVKQP #WMVKQP %0) .QPFQP 0T

6*'.$'46* 0CEJ FGO 6QF VJGNYWNHU YWTFG 9GUUGZ WPVGT UGKPGP 5ÌJPGP VJGNDCNF 9GUUGZ WPF VJGNDGTVJ

-GPV 'UUGZ 5WUUGZ WPF 5WTTG[ IGVGKNV 0CEJ FGO 6QF VJGNDCNFU ÒDGTPCJO GT FKG 4GIGPVUEJCHV KP ICP\ 9GUUGZ WPF YWTFG KP -KPIUVQP WRQP 6JCOGU IGMTÌPV #WEJ VJGNDGTVJU *GTTUEJCHV YCT XQP \CJNTGKEJGP 9KMKPIGTÒDGTH·NNGP IGRT·IV 'T UVCTD PCEJ HÒPHL·JTKIGT 4GIGPVUEJCHV WPF YWTFG KP 5JGT DQTPG #DDG[ &QTUGV DGKIGUGV\V

ŇŇŇŇŇŇ

#HVGT VJG FGCVJ QH VJGNYWNH 9GUUGZ YCU FKXKFGF DGVYGGP JKU UQPU VJGNDCNF 9GUUGZ CPF VJGNDGTVJ

-GPV 'UUGZ 5WUUGZ CPF 5WTTG[ (QNNQYKPI VJG FGCVJ QH VJGNDCNF KP VJGNDGTVJ CUUWOGF VJG TGIGPE[ KP CNN QH 9GUUGZ CPF YCU ETQYPGF KP -KPIUVQP WRQP 6JCOGU VJGNDGTVJŉU TWNG VQQ YCU OCTMGF D[ PWOGTQWU 8KMKPI CVVCEMU *G FKGF CHVGT TGKIPKPI HQT [GCTU YCU NCKF VQ TGUV KP 5JGTDQTPG #DDG[

&QTUGV

2341

2GPP[ WO %CPVGTDWT[ I /ÒP\OGKUVGT %'08'#.& %GPYGCNF #' '. $'#4*6 4': $TWUVDKNF T %'08' #.& /1 MTGW\HÌTOKI KP FGP 9KPMGNP 0 ' 6 # 0QTVJ 5GCD[ 44 &WPMNG 2CVKPC 4GUVG XQP )TÒPURCP WPF NGKEJVG 2T·IGUEJY·EJG CWH FGT 8QTFGTUGKVG XQT\ÒINKEJ 'ZGORNCT FGT #WMVKQP %0) .CPECUVGT 0T

122

WESSEX #.(4'& #NHTGF YWTFG WO CNU LÒPIUVGT 5QJP -ÌPKI VJGNYWNHU XQP 9GUUGZ IGDQTGP UQNN GT FWTEJ 2CRUV .GQ +8 KP 4QO \WO -ÌPKI ōIGYGKJVŋ YQTFGP UGKP #NU #NHTGF FGP 6JTQP DGUVKGI YCT 9GUUGZ FCU O·EJVKIUVG FGT CPIGNU·EJUKUEJGP -ÌPKITGKEJG WPF YWTFG PWT FWTEJ FKG YKGFGT JQNVGP ªDGTH·NNG FGT 9KMKPIGT DGFTQJV 0CEJ GKPGO ªDGTTCUEJWPIUCPITKHH FGT &·PGP DGUKGIVG GT FGTGP -ÌPKI )WVJTWO KP FGT 5EJNCEJV XQP 'FKPIVQP &KG CPUEJNKGGPFG 2JCUG TGNCVKXGT 4WJG PWV\VG #NHTGF WO UGKP 6GTTKVQTKWO FWTEJ FKG RNCPO·KIG #PNCIG XQP $GHGUVKIWPIGP \W UKEJGTP <W FKGUGO <GKVRWPMV DGICPP CWEJ FKG #WUYGKVWPI UGKPGU *GTTUEJCHVUDGTGKEJU ÒDGT /GTEKC YQ GT UGKPGP 5EJYKG IGTUQJP VJGNTGF \WO GCTNFQTOCP GTPCPPVG +P GKPGO 8GTVTCI OKV )WVJTWO WO NGIVG GT FKG )TGP \GP FGU GPINKUEJ WPF F·PKUEJ DGJGTTUEJVGP 6GTTKVQTKWOU HGUV &CPGNCY YQDGK GT XGTUWEJVG CNU ō#PHÒJ TGT CNNGT 'PIN·PFGTŋ GCNNGU #PIGNE[OPGU YKVCP CWH\WVTGVGP WPF CPGTMCPPV \W YGTFGP #NHTGF UVCTD CO 1MVQDGT PKEJV PWT CNU ITQGT *GGTHÒJTGT UQPFGTP CWEJ CNU DGFGWVGPFGT (ÌTFGTGT FGT CPIGNU·EJ UKUEJGP -WNVWT WPF .KVGTCVWT

ŇŇŇŇŇŇ

#NHTGF YCU DQTP KP VJG [QWPIGUV UQP QH VJGNYWNH QH 9GUUGZ +P JG KU UCKF VQ JCXG DGGP ŋEQPUGETCVGFŌ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

EC JG GUVCDNKUJGF VJG DQTFGTU QH VJG 'PINKUJ CPF &CPKUJ TWNGF VGTTKVQTKGU &CPGNCY YJGTGD[ JG CVVGORVGF VQ CRRGCT CPF DG TGEQIPK\GF WPFGT VJG VKVNG ŋNGCFGT QH CNN VJG 'PINKUJŌ GCNNGU #PIGNE[OPGU YKVCP #NHTGF FKGF QP 1EVQDGT VJ TGEQIPK\GF PQV QPN[ CU C ITGCV OKNKVCT[ NGCFGT DWV CNUQ CU CP KORQTVCPV RCVTQP QH #PINQ 5CZQP EWNVWTG CPF NKVGTCVWTG

2342

2GPP[ .QPFQP I .(4 '& 4': $TWUVDKNF T OKV &KCFGO .10&10+# /QPQITCOO QDGP -TGW\ 0QTVJ 5GCD[ 8QP ITQGT 5GNVGPJGKV *GTCWUTCIGPFGU 2QTVT·V CVVTCMVKXG 2CVKPC HCUV 5VGORGNINCP\ 'ZGORNCT FGT #WMVKQP )GOKPK 8+ 0GY ;QTM 0T

$GK FGO XQTNKGIGPFGP 2QTVT·V JCPFGNV GU UKEJ WO GKP CWGTIGYÌJPNKEJ TGCNKUVKUEJ CPOWVGPFGPFGU /ÒP\DKNF PCEJ TÌOKUEJGO 5VKN /KV 5KEJGTJGKV KUV GU FKG DGUVG 2QTVT·VFCTUVGNNWPI FGU CPIGNU·EJUKUEJGP $TKVCPPKGPU

ŇŇŇŇŇŇ

6JG RTGUGPV RQTVTCKV TGRTGUGPVU CP GZVTGOGN[ TGCNKUVKECNN[ FGUKIPGF EQKP KOCIG KP VJG 4QOCP UV[NG +V KU WPFQWDVGFN[ VJG DGUV RQTVTCKV TGRTGUGPVCVKQP HTQO #PINQ 5CZQP $TKVCKP

2343

2GPP[ WO .QPFQP I /ÒP\OGKUVGT %8&$'4*6 %WVJDGTVJ .(4'& 4' -TGW\ 0COG FGU /ÒP\OGKUVGTU KP \YGK <GKNGP FC\YKUEJGP GKPG -WIGN WPF \YGK -TGW\G 0QTVJ 5GCD[ 4 *ÒDUEJG 2CVKPC GVYCU IGTGKPKIV WPF 4GUVG XQP )TÒPURCP UGJT UEJÌP

'ZGORNCT FGT #WMVKQP (TKV\ 4WFQNH -ÒPMGT 1UPCDTÒEM 0T

123

WESSEX

'&9#4& 6*' '.&'4 'FYCTF YCT FGT ·NVGUVG 5QJP WPF 0CEJHQNIGT #NHTGFU FGU )TQGP 'KP )TQVGKN FGT 4GIKG TWPIU\GKV 'FYCTFU NKGIV KO &WPMGN FGT )GUEJKEJVG XGTDQTIGP 5KEJGT KUV GKP XQP FGP &·PGP WPVGTUVÒV\VGT #WHUVCPF UGKPGU 8GVVGTU VJGNYQNF FGT PKGFGTIGUEJNCIGP YWTFG HÒIVG GT FGP &·PGP DGK 6GV VGPJCNN 0QTVJWODTKC GKPG GPVUEJGKFGPFG 0KGFGTNCIG \W /KV *KNHG GKPGT OCUUKXGP $WTIGPDCWRQNKVKM IGNCPI GU 'FYCTF HCUV U·OVNKEJG )GDKGV UÒFNKEJ FGU *WODGT \W WPVGTYGTHGP WPF FKG -QPVTQNNG ÒDGT /GTEKC \W GTNCPIGP 'T UVCTD CO (NWUU &GG .WPG KP 0QTFGPINCPF WPF YWTFG KO 0GY /KPUVGT XQP 9KPEJGUVGT DGGTFKIV

ŇŇŇŇŇŇ

'FYCTF YCU VJG QNFGUV UQP CPF UWEEGUUQT VQ #NHTGF VJG )TGCV # NCTIG RCTV QH 'FYCTFňU TGKIP NKGU DWTKGF KP JKUVQTKECN QDUEWTKV[ %GTVCKP KU VJCV C TGXQNWVKQP D[ JKU EQWUKP VJGNYQNF UWRRQTVGF D[ VJG &CPGU YCU ETWUJGF KP +P JG HQNNQYGF KV YKVJ CPQVJGT FGEKUKXG XKEVQT[ QXGT VJG &CPGU CV 6GV VGPJCNN 0QTVJWODTKC #KFGF D[ C OCUUKXG ECUVNG DWKNFKPI RTQITCO 'FYCTF OCPCIGF KP VQ UWDLW ICVG CNOQUV VJG GPVKTG CTGC UQWVJ QH VJG *WODGT CPF VQ CVVCKP EQPVTQN QH /GTEKC *G FKGF KP QP VJG &GG 4KXGT .WPG KP 0QTVJGTP 'PINCPF CPF YCU DWTKGF KP 0GY /KPUVGT QH 9KPEJGUVGT

2344

2GPP[ I /ÒP\OGKUVGT $84*'./ $WTJGNO '#&88'#4& 4': -TGW\ 0COG FGU /ÒP\ OGKUVGTU KP \YGK <GKNGP FC\YKUEJGP FTGK -TGW\G QDGP WPF WPVGP LG FTGK -WIGNP 0QTVJ 5GCD[ 5GJT UGNVGP KP FKGUGT 'TJCNVWPI #WGTIGYÌJPNKEJ IWV CWUIGRT·IVGU XQT\ÒINKEJGU 'ZGORNCT OKV HGKPGT 6ÌPWPI 'ZGORNCT FGT /KNNGPPKC %QNNGEVKQP #WMVKQP +TC .CTT[ )QNFDGTI .QU #PIGNGU 0T

6*'.56#0 VJGNUVCP YWTFG CO 5GRVGODGT KP -KPIUVQP IGMTÌPV WPF UGV\VG FCU OKNKV·TKUEJG WPF FKRNQOCVK UEJG 9GTM UGKPGU 8CVGTU HQTV +P OGJTGTGP (GNF\ÒIGP MQPPVG GT FKG CPITGP\GPFGP GPINKUEJGP UEJQVVK UEJGP WPF YCNKUKUEJGP -ÌPKITGKEJG \W VTKDWVRHNKEJVKIGP 8CUCNNGPUVCCVGP OCEJGP 0CEJ FGT 7PVGTYGTHWPI FGT YCNKUKUEJGP -ÌPKIG KP *GTGHQTF OWUUVGP FKGUG UWDTGICNK GKPG L·JTNKEJG #DICDG CWU )QNF 5KNDGT WPF 4KPFGTP \CJNGP 0CEJ GKPGO ªDGTHCNN CWH FCU )GDKGV FGU UEJQVVKUEJGP -ÌPKIU %QPUVCPVKPG TGXCP EJKGTVG UKEJ FKGUGT WPF HKGN OKV -ÌPKI 1NCH )WVJHTKVJUQP XQP &WDNKP WPF -ÌPKI 1YGP XQP 5VTCVJEN[FG KP FCU )GDKGV XQP 9GUUGZ GKP $GK $TWPCPDWTJ IGNCPI GU VJGNUVCP FKG XGTDÒPFGVGP *GGTG XGTPKEJVGPF \W UEJNCIGP &KG 5EJYGUVGTP VJGNUVCPU YCTGP OKV CPIGUGJGPGP *GTTUEJGTP UGKPGT <GKV XGTJGKTCVGV 'CFIKHW OKV FGO HT·PMKUEJGP -ÌPKI -CTN +++ ōFGO 'KPH·NVKIGPŋ WPF 'CFI[VJ OKV FGO FGWVUEJGP -ÌPKI 1VVQ + &GT ITQG /ÒP\ WPF )GUGV\ WPF 8GTYCNVWPIUTGHQTOGT CWH FGO -ÌPKIUVJTQP UVCTD CO 1MVQDGT WPF YWTFG KP /CNOGUDWT[ DGKIGUGV\V

ŇŇŇŇŇŇ

VJGNUVCP YCU ETQYPGF QP 5GRVGODGT VJ KP -KPIUVQP CPF EQPVKPWGF VJG OKNKVCT[ CPF FKRNQOCVKE YQTM QH JKU HCVJGT +P C PWODGT QH OKNKVCT[ ECORCKIPU JG YCU CDNG VQ OCMG VTKDWVG RC[KPI XCUUCN UVCVGU QH VJG CFLQKPKPI 'PINKUJ 5EQVVKUJ CPF 9GNUJ MKPIFQOU (QNNQYKPI VJG UWDLWICVKQP QH VJG 9GNUJ MKPIU CV *GTGHQTF VJGUG UWDTGICNK YGTG TGSWKTGF VQ RC[ CP CPPWCN VTKDWVG KP IQNF UKNXGT CPF ECVVNG #HVGT CP CVVCEM KP QP VJG VGTTKVQT[ QH VJG 5EQVVKUJ -KPI %QPUVCPVKPG VJG NCVVGT TGVCNKCVGF KP CPF VQIGVJGT YKVJ -KPI 1NCH )WVJHTKVJUQP QH &WDNKP CPF -KPI 1YGP QH 5VTCVJEN[FG KPXCFGF VJG VGTTKVQT[ QH 9GUUGZ #V $TWPCPDWTJ VJGNUVCP YCU CDNG VQ FGXCUVCVKPIN[ FGHGCV VJG CNNKGF CTOKGU 6JG UKUVGTU QH VJGNUVCP YGTG OCTTKGF VQ TGURGEVGF TWNGTU QH JKU VKOG 'CFIKHW YKVJ VJG (TCPMKUJ -KPI %JCTNGU +++ ŋVJG 5KORNGŌ

CPF 'CFI[VJ YKVJ VJG )GTOCP -KPI 1VVQ + 6JG ITGCV EWTTGPE[ NGICN CPF CFOKPKUV TCVKXG TGHQTOGT QP VJG TQ[CN VJTQPG FKGF 1EVQDGT VJ CPF YCU KPVGTTGF KP /CNOGUDWT[ 124

WESSEX

2345

2GPP[ WO 0QTVJ 'CUVGTP KUUWG I /ÒP\OGKUVGT 2+0'.' 9KPGNG '.56#0 4': -TGW\ 0COG FGU /ÒP\OGKUVGTU KP \YGK <GKNGP FC\YKUEJGP FTGK -TGW\G QDGP WPF WPVGP LG FTGK -WIGNP 0QTVJ 5GCD[ #WGTIGYÌJPNKEJ IWV GTJCNVGPGU XQT\ÒINKEJGU 'ZGORNCT OKV JGTTNKEJGT 2CVKPC 'ZGORNCT FGT #WMVKQP %0) .CPECUVGT 0T

2346

2GPP[ 0QTYKEJ I /ÒP\OGKUVGT *41&)#4 *TQFICT '.56#0 4': )GMTÌPVGU $TWUVDKNF T -TGW\ 0QTVJ 5GCD[ 44 #VVTCMVKXGU HCUV XQT\ÒINKEJGU 'ZGORNCT OKV JÒDUEJGT 2QTVT·VFCTUVGNNWPI

'#&/70& 'CFOWPF YCT FGT 5QJP 'FYCTFU FGU NVGTGP WPF UGKPGT FTKVVGP (TCW 'CFIKHW /KV UGKPGO *CNDDTWFGT VJGNUVCP M·ORHVG GT KP FGT 5EJNCEJV XQP $TWPCPDWTJ $GK UGKPGT 6JTQPDGUVGKIWPI HKGN -ÌPKI 1NCH )WVJHTKVJUQP XQP &WDNKP KP 'PINCPF GKP WPF GTQDGTVG 0QTVJWODTKC WPF /GTEKC 0CEJ 1NCHU 6QF GTQDGTVG 'CFOWPF FKG XGTNQTGPGP )GDKGVG \WTÒEM WPF \YCPI 1NCHU 0CEJHQNIGT \WT 7PVGTYGT HWPI GTQDGTVG GT 5VTCVJEN[FG WPF ÒDGTNKG GU FGO UEJQVVKUEJGP -ÌPKI 'CFOWPF UQNN XQP GKPGO 8GTDTGEJGT GTOQTFGV YQTFGP UGKP

ŇŇŇŇŇŇ

'FOWPF YCU VJG UQP QH 'FYCTF VJG 'NFGT CPF JKU VJKTF YKHG 'CFIKHW 9KVJ JKU JCNH DTQVJGT VJGNUVCP JG HQWIJV KP VJG DCVVNG QH $TWPCPDWTJ &WTKPI JKU CEEGUUKQP VQ VJG VJTQPG -KPI 1NCH )WVJHTKVJUQP QH &WDNKP KPXCFGF 'PINCPF CPF EQPSWGTGF 0QTVJWODTKC CPF /GTEKC #HVGT 1NCHňU FGCVJ KP 'FOWPF TGEQPSWGTGF VJG NQUV CTGCU CPF HQTEGF 1NCHŉU UWEEGUUQT KPVQ UWDOKUUKQP +P JG EQPSWGTGF 5VTCVJEN[FG CPF EGFGF KV VQ VJG 5EQVVKUJ MKPI 'FOWPF KU UCKF VQ JCXG DGGP OWTFGTGF D[ C ETKOKPCN KP

2347

2GPP[ I /ÒP\OGKUVGT '#&/80& '#&/80& 4': -TGW\ 0COG FGU /ÒP\OGKUVGTU KP \YGK <GKNGP FC\YKUEJGP FTGK -TGW\G QDGP WPF WPVGP LG GKPG 4QUGVVG 0QTVJ 5GCD[ 4 5EJTÌVNKPIUTK CO 4CPF NGKEJV IGYGNNV UEJÌPpUGJT UEJÌP

'ZGORNCT FGT #WMVKQP (TKV\ 4WFQNH -ÒPMGT 1UPCDTÒEM 0T

125

WESSEX '#&4'& 'CFTGF YCT FGT LÒPIUVG 5QJP 'FYCTFU FGU NVGTGP WPF UGKPGT FTKVVGP )GOCJNKP 'CFIKHW 'KP )TQVGKN UGKPGT 4GIKGTWPIU\GKV NKGIV KO &WPMGN FC PWT UR·TNKEJG 5EJTKHV\GWIPKUUG ÒDGTNKGHGTV UKPF IGNCPI KJO FKG GPFIÒNVKIG 'TQDGTWPI 0QTVJWODTKCU CWU FGP *·PFGP 1NCH 5MÌVMQPWPIU WPF 'TKM + ō$NWVCZVŋ 'T UGV\VG 'T\DKUEJQH 9WNHUVCP + XQP ;QTM CD FGT QHHGPUKEJVNKEJ FKG UMCPFKPCXKUEJG 1DGT JGTTUEJCHV FGP U·EJUKUEJGP -ÌPKIGP XQTIG\QIGP JCVVG #PUQPUVGP YCT GT GKP (ÌTFGTGT FGT OQPCUVKUEJGP 4GHQTO FGU #DVGU VJGNYQNF XQP #DKPIFQP 'CFTGF UVCTD PCEJ PWT L·JTKIGT 4GIKGTWPIU\GKV WPF UGKPG )GDGKPG YWTFGP KPU 1NF /KPUVGT 9KPEJGUVGT IGDTCEJV

ŇŇŇŇŇŇ

'CFTGF YCU VJG [QWPIGUV UQP QH 'FYCTF VJG 'NFGT CPF JKU VJKTF YKHG 'CFIKHW # OCLQT RCTV QH JKU TGKIP KU QDUEWTG CU HGY YTKVVGP TGEQTFU JCXG UWTXKXGF +P JG CEJKGXGF VJG HKPCN EQPSWGUV QH 0QTVJWODTKC HTQO 1NCH 5MÌVMQPWPI CPF 'TKE + ŋ$NQQFCZGŌ *G FGRQUGF #TEJDKUJQR 9WNHUVCP + QH ;QTM YJQ JCF CRRCTGPVN[ RTGHGTTGF VJG 5ECPFKPCXKCP QXGTNQTFUJKR VQ VJG 5CZQP MKPIU *G YCU CNUQ C RCVTQP QH OQPCUVKE TGHQTO D[ #DDQV VJGNYQNF QH #DKPIFQP 'CFTGF FKGF CHVGT C TGKIP QH QPN[ [GCTU CPF JKU DQPGU YGTG DTQWIJV VQ 1NF /KPUVGT 9KPEJGUVGT

2348

2GPP[ 0QTVJ 'CUVGTP KUUWG I /ÒP\OGKUVGT *804'& '#&4'& 4': . -TGW\ 0COG FGU /ÒP\OGKUVGTU KP \YGK <GKNGP FC\YKUEJGP FTGK -TGW\G QDGP WPF WPVGP LG FTGK -WIGNP 0QTVJ 5GCD[ #VVTCMVKXGU 'ZGORNCT OKV JÒDUEJGT 2CVKPC UGJT UEJÌPpXQT\ÒINKEJ

'ZGORNCT FGT #WMVKQP %0) .CPECUVGT 0T

'#&9+) 5GKPG *GTTUEJCHV UVGJV WPVGT GKPGO UEJNGEJVGP 4WH YGKN GT FGP *GKNKIGP &WPUVCP UR·VGT 'T\DKUEJQH XQP %CPVGTDWT[ XQO *QH XGTDCPPVG WPF UKEJ FKG 4GKEJUVGKNG /GTEKC WPF 0QTVJWODTKC UGKPGO $TWFGT 'CFICT \WYCPFVGP &KG 8GTDCPPWPI TGUWNVKGTVG YQJN CWU GKPGO 5VTGKV CPN·UUNKEJ FGU 6GUVCOGPVU 'CFTGFU KP FGO &WPUVCP UGJT ITQ\ÒIKI DGFCEJV YQTFGP YCT &KG YQJN HTKGFNKEJ XQNN\QIGPG 6GKNWPI 'PINCPFU OKV UGKPGO $TWFGT YWTFG XQP FGT 6CVUCEJG ÒDGTUEJCVVGV FCUU 'CFYKI JGKONKEJ XGTUWEJVG )GHQNIUNGWVG 'CFICTU FWTEJ )GUEJGPMG CP UKEJ \W DKPFGP 'T UVCTD CO 1MVQDGT KP )NQWEGUVGT

ŇŇŇŇŇŇ

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

2349

2GPP[ ;QTM I /ÒP\OGKUVGT *'4+)'4 '#&8+) 4': 1 -TGW\ 0COG FGU /ÒP\OGKUVGTU KP \YGK <GKNGP FC\YKUEJGP FTGK -TGW\G QDGP WPF WPVGP LG FTGK -WIGNP 0QTVJ 5GCD[ 4 -N 2T·IGUEJY·EJG UGJT UEJÌPpXQT\ÒINKEJ 'ZGORNCT FGT #WMVKQP (TKV\ 4WFQNH -ÒPMGT 1UPCDTÒEM 0T

126

ENGLAND

'0).#0& '#&)#4 'CFICT -ÌPKI XQP 9GUUGZ WPF 0QTVJWODTKC FGT PCEJ FGO 6QF UGKPGU $TWFGTU 'CFYKI FKG 4GIGPVUEJCHV ÒDGT ICP\ 'PINCPF ÒDGTPCJO HÒJTVG FGP $GKPCOGP 2CEKHKEWU &GT XQP KJO JGTDGKIG HÒJTVG (TKGFGP DGTWJVG LGFQEJ CWH UVTKMVGT -QPVTQNNG WPF OKNKV·TKUEJGT 7PVGTFTÒEMWPI WPF MGKPGUHCNNU CWH GKPGO HTKGFHGTVKIGP %JCTCMVGT FGU -ÌPKIU 5GKP GKPHNWUUTGKEJUVGT 4CVIGDGT YCT VJGNYCNF FGP GT \WO $KUEJQH XQP 9KPEJGUVGT OCEJVG OCEJVG GT FGP *GKNKIGP &WPUVCP $KUEJQH XQP 9QTEGUVGT WPF $KUEJQH XQP .QPFQP \WO 'T\DKUEJQH XQP %CPVGTDWT[ #WGTFGO HÌTFGTVG GT FKG $GPGFKMVKPKUEJG 4GHQTO WPF ITÒPFGVG \CJNTGKEJG PGWG -NÌUVGT 0CEJ GKPGT \YGKVGP -TÌPWPI CO /CK KP $CVJ YQJN CPN·UUNKEJ FGT 'TTKPIWPI FGU KORGTKWOU ÒDGT ICP\ 'PINCPF GORHKPI 'CFICT KP %JGUVGT FKG *WNFKIWPI XQP QFGT -ÌPKIGP WPVGT KJPGP YQJN -GPPGVJ ++ XQP 5EJQVVNCPF WPF /±GN %QNWOKP + XQP 5VTCVJEN[FG $GNGIV KUV CWEJ GKPG WOHCPITGKEJG (NQVVGPRQNKVKM OKV FGT 'PINCPF XQT FGP ªDGTH·NNGP FGT 9KMKPIGT IGUEJÒV\V YGTFGP UQNNVG &KG KP FGP 3WGNNGP FGU ,CJTJWPFGTVU IGPCPPVGP <CJNGP XQP 5EJKHHGP UKPF FCDGK LGFQEJ YQJN FGWVNKEJ ÒDGTVTKGDGP 'CFICT UVCTD CO ,WNK KO #NVGT XQP ,CJTGP WPF YWTFG KP FGT #DVGK XQP )NCUVQPDWT[ DGKIG UGV\V

ŇŇŇŇŇŇ

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±GN %QNWOKP + QH 5VTCVJEN[FG #P GZVGPUKXG PCXCN RQNKE[ KU FQEWOGPVGF YKVJ YJKEJ 'PINCPF YCU VQ DG RTQVGEVGF HTQO CVVCEMU D[ VJG 8KMKPIU 6JG PWODGTU SWQVGF KP VJ VJ EGPVWT[ UQWTEGU QH UJKRU KP VJKU EQPPGEVKQP CTG JQYGXGT ENGCTN[ GZCIIGTCVGF 'CFICT FKGF QP ,WN[ VJ CV VJG CIG QH QT [GCTU CPF YCU KPVGTTGF KP )NCUVQPDWT[ #DDG[

2350

2GPP[ WO 0QTVJ GCUVGTP KUUWG I /ÒP\OGKUVGT /#0#* '#&4#4 4': -TGW\ 0COG FGU /ÒP\OGKUVGTU KP \YGK <GKNGP FC\YKUEJGP FTGK -TGW\G QDGP WPF WPVGP LG FTGK -WIGNP 0QTVJ 5GCD[ #VVTCMVKXGU XQT\ÒINKEJGU 'ZGORNCT OKV JÒDUEJGT 2CVKPC 'ZGORNCT FGT #WMVKQP %0) .CPECUVGT 0T

127

WIKINGER / DANELAW

9+-+0)'4 &#0'.#9 #NU &CPGNCY CWEJ &CPGNCI CNVGPINKUEJ FGPCNCIW DG\GKEJPGV OCP FKG )GDKGVG 'PINCPFU FGTGP )GUGV\ IGDWPI FWTEJ FKG F·PKUEJGP 'TQDGTWPIGP ō&CU )TQG *GKFPKUEJG *GGTŋ FGU UR·VGP WPF HTÒJGP ,CJTJWPFGTVU DGGKPHNWUUV YQTFGP YCTGP &CU 9QTV VCWEJV GTUVOCNU KP GKPGT )GUGV\GUUCOONWPI FGU 'T\DKUEJQHU 9WNHUVCP XQP ;QTM IGUV KO HTÒJGP ,CJTJWPFGTV CWH &CU )GDKGV WOHCUUVG KP GVYC FKG OKVVGNQUVGPINKUEJGP )TCHUEJCHVGP XQP 'UUGZ KO 5ÒFGP DKU ;QTMUJKTG KO 0QTFGP FCOCNU 6GKNG XQP 0QTVJWODTKC /GTEKC WPF 'CUV #PINKC &C WPUGTG -GPPVPKUUG CNNGTFKPIU YGKVIGJGPF CWU 5EJTKHVSWGNNGP FGU ,CJTJWPFGTVU UVCOOGP MCPP OKV GKPKIGT 5KEJGTJGKV CPIGPQOOGP YGTFGP FCUU GU UKEJ WO MGKPG ōHN·EJGPFGEMGPFGŋ F·PKUEJG -QPVTQNNG JCPFGNVG 'V[OQNQIKUEJG WPF CTEJ·QNQIKUEJG 7P VGTUWEJWPIGP IGDGP JGWVG FGVCKNNKGTVGTG #WUMÒPHVG ÒDGT FKG VCVU·EJNKEJG #WUFGJPWPI FGT UMCPFKPCXKUEJGP $GUKGFNWPI &KG FCU &CPGNCY DGVTGHHGPFGP )GUGV\GUUCOONWPIGP \GKEJPGP UKEJ FWTEJ DGUQPFGTG 4GEJVU VGTOKPK CWU FKG ÒDGTYKGIGPF CWU FGO UMCPFKPCXKUEJGP 5RTCEJIGDTCWEJ UVCOOGP \ $ CNVPQTFKUEJ X±RPCVCM \WT $G\GKEJPWPI FGT $G\KTMG GKPGT )TCHUEJCHV UJKTG 5Q YGTFGP FKG KO 8GTINGKEJ OKV FGO TGUVNKEJGP 'PINCPF GTUVCWPNKEJ JQJGP $WIGNFGT KP FGP UMCPFKPCXKUEJGP 4GEJGPGKPJGKVGP QTC WPF OCTE DG\KHHGTV

ŇŇŇŇŇŇ

&CPGNCY CNUQ &CPGNCI QNF 'PINKUJ FGPCNCIW KU VJG VGTO HQT VJG 'PINKUJ VGTTKVQTKGU YJQUG NGIKUNCVKQP YCU KPHNWGPEGF D[ VJG &CPKUJ EQPSWGUV ŋ6JG )TGCV *GCVJGP #TO[Ō QH VJG NCVG VJ CPF GCTN[ VJ EGPVWTKGU 6JG YQTF HKTUV CRRGCTU KP C EQNNGEVKQP QH NCYU QH #TEJDKUJQR 9WNHUVCP QH ;QTM F KP VJG GCTN[ VJ EGPVWT[ 6JG CTGC OQTG QT NGUU URCPPGF VJG EGPVTCN GCUVGTP 'PINKUJ EQWPVKGU QH 'UUGZ KP VJG 5QWVJ VQ ;QTMUJKTG KP VJG 0QTVJ VJGP RCTVU QH 0QTVJWODTKC /GTEKC CPF 'CUV #PINKC *QYGXGT CU QWT MPQYNGFIG NCTIGN[ UVGOU HTQO VJ EGPVWT[ YTKVVGP UQWTEGU KV ECP DG CUUWOGF YKVJ UQOG EGTVCKPV[ VJCV YG CTG PQV FGCNKPI YKVJ CTGC YKFG EQPVTQN 'V[OQNQIKECN CPF CTEJCGQNQIKECN KPXGUVKICVKQPU VQFC[ QHHGT FGVCKNGF KPHQTOCVKQP EQPEGTPKPI VJG CEVWCN GZVGPV QH 5ECPFKPCXKCP UGVVNGOGPV 6JG DQFKGU QH NCY CRRN[KPI VQ VJG &CPGNCY CTG EJCTCEVGTK\GF D[ URGEKCNK\GF NGICN VGTOKPQNQI[ YJKEJ QTKIKPCVG RTKOC TKN[ KP 5ECPFKPCXKCP NKPIWKUVKE WUCIG G I QNF PQTFKE X±RPCVCM HQT VJG FGUKIPCVKQP QH CTGCU KP C EQWPV[ UJKTG 6JWU VJG RGPCNV[ HGGU CUVQWPFKPIN[ JKIJ KP EQORCTKUQP VQ VJG TGUV QH 'PINCPF CTG GUVKOCVGF KP VJG 5ECPFKPCXKCP TGEMQPKPI WPKVU QTC CPF OCTE

2351

2GPP[ PCEJ I #NHTGF +OKVCVKQP /ÒP\OGKUVGT $'408#.& '.(4'& \YKUEJGP 1450# (14&# 0COG FGU /ÒP\OGKUVGTU $'408 #.&++1 KP \YGK <GKNGP FC\YKUEJGP FTGK -TGW\G 0QTVJ 5GCD[ 44 #VVTCMVKXGU UGJT UEJÌPGU 'ZGORNCT

'ZGORNCT FGT #WMVKQP (TKV\ 4WFQNH -ÒPMGT 1UPCDTÒEM 0T

2352

0QTVJWODTKC 2GPP[ I 5KGHTGF %PWV )TQWR ;QTM '$+#+ %'%+6 -TGW\ N QDGP WPF T WPVGP LG GKP 2WPMV 2CVTKCTEJCNMTGW\ CP FGP $CNMGPGPFGP Ð %086 FC\YKUEJGP 4' Ð : 0QTVJ 5GCD[ 4 (CUV XQT\ÒINKEJ 'ZGORNCT FGT 5COONWPI FG 9KV #WMVKQP (TKV\ 4WFQNH -ÒPMGT 1UPCDTÒEM 0T

128

WIKINGER / DANELAW

2353

#PQP[O ,CJTJWPFGTV 2GPP[ WO ;QTM 5V 2GVGT %QKPCIG 5YQTFNGUU V[RG 'CTN[ KUUWG I '$14#% -TGW\ 5%+' 64++ <YKUEJGP FGP <GKNGP \YGK -TGW\G WPF GKPG -WIGN QDGP WPF WPVGP LG GKPG YGKVGTG -WIGN 0QTVJ 5GCD[ 44 *ÒDUEJG 2CVKPC XQT\ÒINKEJ

'ZGORNCT FGT #WMVKQP %0) .CPECUVGT 0T

2354

2GPP[ WO ;QTM 5V 2GVGT %QKPCIG 5YQTF V[RG I '4+#++6 ++ *COOGT \W FGP 5GKVGP LG FTGK -WIGNP 5%+++ 6++++1 <YKUEJGP FGP <GKNGP GKP NKGIGPFGU 5EJYGTV WPF GKP -TGW\ QDGP WPF WPVGP LG FTGK -WIGNP 0QTVJ 5GCD[ 8QP ITÌVGT 5GNVGPJGKV (CUV XQT\ÒINKEJGU 'ZGORNCT OKV JGTTNKEJGT 2CVKPC 'ZGORNCT FGT #WMVKQP 5RKPM .QPFQP /·T\ 0T

2355

*+$'401 0145' #PNCH )WVJHTKVJUUQP 2T·IWPI CNU -ÌPKI XQP ;QTM 2GPP[ 4CXGP V[RG I Û #Û0.#( %8080% +. 4CDG OKV CWUIGDTGKVGVGP 5EJYKPIGP FGP -QRH PCEJ N IGYCPFV Û#Û '.Û('4& /+0'6 4) -TGW\ 0QTVJ 5GCD[ 8QP ITQGT 5GNVGPJGKV 9CJTUEJGKPNKEJ FCU CO DGUVGP GTJCNVGPG 'ZGORNCT FKGUGU 6[RU *GTTNKEJ CWUIGRT·IVGU 'ZGORNCT OKV HGKPGT 6ÌPWPI 5VGORGNINCP\ 'ZGORNCT FGT /KNNGPPKC %QNNGEVKQP #WMVKQP +TC .CTT[ )QNFDGTI .QU #PIGNGU 0T 'ZGORNCT FGT .WEKGP .C 4KXKGTG %QNNGEVKQP #WMVKQP 5RKPM .QPFQP 0T

129

ANGELSÄCHSISCHE KÖNIGE VON ENGLAND

#0)'.5 %*5+5%*' -¤0+)' 810 '0).#0& 6*'.4'& ++ 0CEJ FGO RNÌV\NKEJGP 6QF 'CFICTU DGYCTDGP UKEJ \YGK RQVGPVKGNNG 6JTQPHQNIGT WO FKG /CEJV KP 'PINCPF CWU FGPGP UKEJ VJGNTGF CNU 5KGIGT JGTCWUMTKUVCNNKUKGTVG 'T YWTFG CO #RTKN KO #NVGT XQP ,CJTGP IGMTÌPV 5GKPG *GTTUEJCHV YWTFG ÒDGTUEJCVVGV XQP FGO 'KPUVWT\ FGU 8GTUCOONWPIUUCCNGU KP %CNPG DGK FGO GKP )TQVGKN FGT $GTCVGT FGU -ÌPKIU IGVÌVGV QFGT UEJYGT XGTNGV\V YWTFG WPF FGP CNNL·JTNKEJGP 8GTYÒUVWPIGP FWTEJ FKG 9KMKPIGT \CJNVG GT FKG WPIGJGWTG 5WOOG 2HWPF 5KNDGT CNU &CPGIGNF WPF MQPPVG UQ HÒT MWT\G <GKV FGP (TKGFGP JGTUVGNNGP &KG *GKTCV OKV FGT PQTOCPPK UEJGP *GT\QIUVQEJVGT 'OOC DKNFGVG FKG )TWPFNCIG FGT GTJQDGPGP 6JTQPCPURTÒEJG 9KNJGNOU FGU 'TQDGTGTU #O 0QXGODGT MCO GU \WO UQIGPCPPVGP 5V $TKEGŉU &C[ /CUUCETG CNU VJGNTGF CWU #PIUV XQT GKPGO /QTFCPUEJNCI DGHCJN CNNG &·PGP KP UGKPGO *GTTUEJCHVUDGTGKEJ WODTKPIGP \W NCUUGP WPF FCOKV GKP WPDGUEJTGKDNKEJGU $NWVDCF CPTKEJVGVG #NU 5XGP )CDGNDCTV OKV GKPGT (NQVVG KP 'PINCPF GKPHKGN HNQJ VJGNTGF \W UGKPGO 5EJYCIGT *GT\QI 4KEJCTF ++ XQP FGT 0QTOCPFKG 'T MGJTVG GTUV PCEJ FGO 6QF 5XGP )CDGNDCTVU \WTÒEM CNU MNCT YWTFG FCUU FKG 'PIN·PFGT FGUUGP 5QJP -PWV PKEJV CNU -ÌPKI CPGTMGPPGP YÒTFGP &QEJ -PWV FGT )TQG MGJTVG OKV GKPGT (NQVVG PCEJ 'PINCPF \WTÒEM WPF DGNCIGTVG VJGNTGF FGT CO #RTKN KO GKPIGUEJNQUUGPGP .QPFQP XGTUVCTD

ŇŇŇŇŇŇ

#HVGT VJG UWFFGP FGCVJ QH 'FICT KP VYQ RQVGPVKCN UWEEGUUQTU UVTWIINGF HQT RQYGT KP 'PINCPF YJGTGD[ VJGNTGF GOGTIGF CU XKEVQT *G YCU ETQYPGF QP #RTKN VJ CV [GCTU QH CIG *KU TWNG YCU QXGTUJCFQYGF D[ VJG EQNNCRUG QH VJG #UUGODN[ *CNN KP KP %CNPG KP YJKEJ C ITGCV PWODGT QH VJG -KPIŉU CFXKUGTU YGTG GKVJGT MKNNGF QT UGTKQWUN[ KPLWTGF CPF VJG TGIWNCT CPPWCN FGXCUVCVKQP D[ VJG 8KMKPIU +P JG RCKF VJG KPETGFKDNG UWO QH 2QWPFU 5VGTNKPI CU &CPGIGNF CPF YCU VJWU CDNG VQ RTQFWEG RGCEG HQT C UJQTV VKOG 6JG OCTTKCIG VQ VJG 0QTOCP FWECN FCWIJVGT 'OOC HQTOGF VJG DCUKU HQT VJG ENCKO VQ VJG VJTQPG HQTYCTFGF KP D[ 9KNNKCO VJG %QPSWGTQT 1P 0QXGODGT VJ VJG UQ ECNNGF 5V $TKEGŉU &C[ /CUUCETG VQQM RNCEG CU VJGNTGF QWV QH HGCT QH CUUCUUKPCVKQP QTFGTGF VJCV CNN &CPGU WPFGT JKU TWNG DG MKNNGF CPF VJGTGYKVJ NQQUGF CP WPFGUETKDCDNG DNQQFDCVJ 9JGP 5YG[P (QTMDGCTF CPF JKU HNGGV KPXCFGF 'PINCPF KP VJGNTGF HNGF VQ JKU DTQVJGT KP NCY &WMG 4KEJCTF ++ QH 0QT OCPF[ *G FKF PQV TGVWTP WPVKN CHVGT VJG FGCVJ QH 5YG[P (QTMDGCTF KP YJGP KV DGECOG ENGCT VJCV VJG 'PINKUJ YQWNF PQV TGEQIPK\G JKU UQP %PWV CU -KPI $WV %PWV VJG )TGCV TGVWTPGF VQ 'PINCPF KP YKVJ C HNGGV CPF DGUKGIGF VJGNTGF YJQ FKGF QP #RTKN TF KP VJG GPEKTENGF EKV[ QH .QPFQP

2356

2GPP[ WO +RUYKEJ I (KTUV JCPF V[RG /ÒP\OGKUVGT 8#.6('4 9CNVHGTVJ $TWUVDKNF T 'KPG *CPF MQOOV CWU *KOOGNUDQIGP \W FGP 5GKVGP #NRJC WPF 1OGIC 0QTVJ 5GCD[ 4 &WPMNG 2CVKPC HCUV XQT\ÒINKEJ

'ZGORNCT FGT #WMVKQP 5RKPM .QPFQP /·T\ 0T

2357

2GPP[ WO .QPFQP I 5GEQPF JCPF V[RG /ÒP\OGKUVGT .'1(56#0 .GQHUVCP $TWUV DKNF T OKV <GRVGT FCTCP FTGK -WIGNP 'KPG *CPF MQOOV CWU *KOOGNUDQIGP \W FGP 5GKVGP #NRJC WPF 1OGIC 0QTVJ 5GCD[ (GKPG 6ÌPWPI YKP\ 2TQDKGTUVGNNGP CWH FGT 8QTFGTUGKVG UGJT UEJÌP 'ZGORNCT FGT .CIGTNKUVG $CNFYKP .QPFQP 9KPVGT 0T

130

ANGELSÄCHSISCHE KÖNIGE VON ENGLAND

2358

2GPP[ WO 6QVPGU I %48: V[RG /ÒP\OGKUVGT .(56#0 NHUVCP $TWUVDKNF N OKV <GRVGT FCTCP FTGK -WIGNP .CPIGU &QRRGNHCFGPMTGW\ OKV % 4 8 : KP FGP 9KPMGNP 0QTVJ 5GCD[ *ÒDUEJG 2CVKPC GVYCU IGYGNNV HCUV XQT\ÒINKEJ 'ZGORNCT FGT .CIGTNKUVG $CNFYKP .QPFQP 9KPVGT 0T

2359

2GPP[ WO $CVJ I .QPI ETQUU RGPP[ /ÒP\OGKUVGT 2;056#0 9[PUVCP $TWUVDKNF N .CPIGU &QRRGNHCFGPMTGW\ OKV *CNDOQPFGP CP FGP 'PFGP 0QTVJ 5GCD[ *GTTNKEJG 2CVKPC XQT\ÒINKEJ

'ZGORNCT FGT #WMVKQP 0#% <ÒTKEJ 0T

2360

2GPP[ EC 0QTYKEJ I .CUV UOCNN ETQUU V[RG /ÒP\OGKUVGT 1521.& 1UYQNF $ÒUVG N -NGKPGU -TGW\ 0QTVJ 5GCD[ *ÒDUEJG 2CVKPC UGJT UEJÌPpXQT\ÒINKEJ

'ZGORNCT FGT 5COONWPI FG 9KV #WMVKQP (TKV\ 4WFQNH -ÒPMGT 1UPCDTÒEM 0T

131

ANGELSÄCHSISCHE KÖNIGE VON ENGLAND %076 %#076' -PWV YWTFG WO FCU ,CJT CNU 5QJP FGU F·PKUEJGP -ÌPKIU 5XGP )CDGNDCTVU WPF GKPGT 6QEJVGT FGU RQNPKUEJGP (ÒTUVGP /KGU\MQ IGDQTGP 'T DGINGKVGVG UGKPGP 8CVGT DGK FGT 'TQDGTWPI 'PINCPFU WPF YWTFG PCEJ FGUUGP 6QF XQP FGT F·PKUEJGP (NQVVG \WO 6JTQPHQNIGT IGY·JNV &KG 'PIN·PFGT LGFQEJ TKGHGP -ÌPKI VJGNTGF ++ CWU FGO 'ZKN \WTÒEM YGUJCND UKEJ -PWV MWT\HTKUVKI PCEJ &·PGOCTM DGICD XQP YQ GT OKV GKPGO *GGT \WTÒEMMGJTVG VJGNTGF UVCTD CO #RTKN Y·JTGPF FGT $GNCIGTWPI .QPFQPU WPF UGKP 5QJP 'FOWPF YWTFG KP FGT 5EJNCEJV XQP #UJKPIFQP 1MVQDGT DGUKGIV &KG PWP GTHQNIVG 6GKNWPI 'PINCPFU YWTFG FWTEJ FGP 6QF 'FOWPFU CO 0QXGODGT JKPH·NNKI UQ FCUU -PWV CD KP ICP\ 'PINCPF JGTTUEJVG 0CEJ FGO 6QF UGKPGU $TWFGTU *CTCNF YWTFG -PWV CWEJ CNU -ÌPKI XQP &·PGOCTM CPGTMCPPV YQ GT FKG GTUVGP F·PKUEJGP /ÒP\GP RT·IGP NKG XIN 0T -PWV PCJO CO /·T\ CP FGT -CKUGTMTÌPWPI -QPTCFU ++ KP 4QO VGKN 0CEJ UGKPGT 4ÒEMMGJT DG\GKEJPGVG GT UKEJ UGNDUV CNU -ÌPKI FGT 'PIN·PFGT &·PGP 0QTYGIGT WPF 5EJYGFGP WPF XGTUWEJVG UGKPG #PURTÒEJG OKV YGEJUGNPFGO 'THQNI OKNKV·TKUEJ FWTEJ\WUGV\GP 'KPG DGUQPFGTG (ÌTFGTWPI GTHWJTGP 8GTYCNVWPI 4GEJVURTGEJWPI WPF -KTEJG Y·JTGPF UGKPGT 4GIKGTWPIU\GKV -PWV UVCTD CO 0QXGODGT KP 5JCHVGUDWT[ WPF YWTFG KO 1NF /KPUVGT XQP 9KPEJGUVGT DGKIGUGV\V

ŇŇŇŇŇŇ

%PWV YCU DQTP KP VJG UQP QH VJG &CPKUJ -KPI 5YG[P (QTMDGCTF CPF C FCWIJVGT QH VJG 2QNKUJ 2TKPEG /KGU\MQ *G CEEQORCPKGF JKU HCVJGT KP VJG EQPSWGUV QH 'PINCPF KP CPF CHVGT JKU HCVJGTŉU FGCVJ YCU GNGEVGF JKU UWEEGUUQT QP VJG VJTQPG D[ VJG &CPKUJ HNGGV 6JG 'PINKUJ JQYGXGT TGECNNGF -KPI VJGNTGF ++ HTQO GZKNG WRQP YJKEJ %PWV TCRKFN[ TGRCKTGF VQ &GPOCTM HTQO YJKEJ JG JQYGXGT TGVWTPGF YKVJ CP CTO[ KP VJGNTGF FKGF QP #RTKN TF FWTKPI VJG UKGIG QH .QPFQP CPF JKU UQP 'FOWPF YCU FGHGCVGF KP VJG DCVVNG QH #UJKPIFQP 1EVQDGT VJ 6JG FWG FKXKUKQP QH 'PINCPF YCU TGPFGTGF QDUQNGVG VJTQWIJ VJG FGCVJ QH 'FOWPF QP 0QXGODGT VJ UQ VJCV CU QH %PWV TWNGF KP CNN QH 'PINCPF (QNNQYKPI VJG FGCVJ QH JKU DTQVJGT *CTQNF KP %PWV YCU CNUQ TGEQIPK\GF CU -KPI QH &GP OCTM YJGTG JG OKPVGF VJG HKTUV &CPKUJ EQKPU EH 0Q %PWV RCTVKEKRCVGF KP VJG KORGTKCN EQTQPCVKQP QH %QPTCF ++ QP /CTEJ VJ KP 4QOG #HVGT JKU TGVWTP JG UV[NGF JKOUGNH -KPI QH VJG 'PINKUJ &CPGU 0QTYGIKCPU CPF 5YGFGU CPF CVVGORVGF YKVJ XCT[KPI FGITGGU QH UWEEGUU VQ GPHQTEG JKU ENCKOU OKNKVCTKN[ #FOKPKUVTCVKQP NCYIKXKPI CPF VJG EJWTEJ GPLQ[GF URGEKCN RCVTQPCIG FWTKPI JKU TGKIP %PWV FKGF QP 0QXGODGT VJ KP 5JCHVGUDWT[ CPF YCU NCKF VQ TGUV KP 1NF /KPUVGT QH 9KPEJGUVGT

2361

2GPP[ WO *WPVKPIFQP I 3WCVTGHQKN V[RG /ÒP\OGKUVGT #&01 'CFPQVJ )GMTÌP VGU $TWUVDKNF N KP 8KGTRC &QRRGNHCFGPMTGW\ OKV *CNDOQPFGP CP FGP 'PFGP CWH 8KGTRC 0QTVJ 5GCD[ 4 8QT\ÒINKEJ 'ZGORNCT FGT #WMVKQP %0) .CPECUVGT 0T

5QYQJN FKG 5EJTGKDYGKUG FGU /ÒP\OGKUVGTPCOGPU CNU CWEJ FKG FGT /ÒP\UV·VVG UKPF CWH FGO XQTNKGIGPFGP 'ZGORNCT WPIGYÌJPNKEJ 'CFPQVJ VCWEJV CWH FGT /GJT\CJN FGT )GRT·IG CNU '#&01 QJPG CO #PHCPI CWH WPF HÒT *WPVKPIFQP IKDV GU XGTUEJKGFGPG 5EJTGKDYGKUGP *806#0&80 *806'0 QFGT *806(1 CDGT GKP\KI CWH FKGUGT /ÒP\G DGIGIPGV GU CNU *806&+ /ÌINKEJGTYGKUG JCPFGNV GU UKEJ JKGTDGK WO GKPG DGUQPFGTG URTCEJNKEJG 8CTKCP\ FGU 5VGORGNUEJPGKFGTU

ŇŇŇŇŇŇ

6JG OCPPGT QH KPUETKDKPI DQVJ VJG OKPVOCUVGTŉU PCOG CPF VJCV QH VJG OKPV CTG WPWUWCN KP VJG RTGUGPV KVGO 'CFPQVJ CRRGCTU QP VJG OCLQTKV[ QH VJG EQKPCIG CU '#&01 YKVJQWV KP VJG DGIKPPKPI CPF HQT *WPVKPIFQP VJGTG CTG XCTKQWU XGTUKQPU QH VJG KPUETKRVKQP *806#0&80 *806'0 QT *806(1 DWV QPN[ QP VJKU EQKP KU KV HQWPF CU *806&+ 6JKU OC[ DG C RCTVKEWNCT URQMGP XCTKCVKQP QH VJG FKGEWVVGT

2362

2GPP[ WO .KPEQNP I 3WCVTGHQKN V[RG /ÒP\OGKUVGT .'1(2+0' .GQHYKPG )GMTÌP VGU $TWUVDKNF N KP 8KGTRC &QRRGNHCFGPMTGW\ OKV *CNDOQPFGP CP FGP 'PFGP CWH 8KGTRC 0QTVJ 5GCD[ .GKEJVG 6ÌPWPI XQT\ÒINKEJ 'ZGORNCT FGT /KNNGPPKC %QNNGEVKQP #WMVKQP +TC .CTT[ )QNFDGTI .QU #PIGNGU 0T 'ZGORNCT FGT .WEKGP .C 4KXKGTG %QNNGEVKQP #WMVKQP 5RKPM .QPFQP 0T

132

ANGELSÄCHSISCHE KÖNIGE VON ENGLAND

2363

2GPP[ WO .QPFQP I *GNOGV V[RG /ÒP\OGKUVGT 28.(4+% 9WNHTKE $TWUVDKNF N OKV *GNO WPF <GRVGT &QRRGNHCFGPMTGW\ KP FGP 9KPMGNP LG GKP 4KPIGN FCTKP -WIGN KO <GPVTWO FGU -TGW\GU GKPG YGKVGTG -WIGN 0QTVJ 5GCD[ #VVTCMVKXGU UGJT UEJÌPGU 'ZGORNCT OKV HGKPGT 2CVKPC

'ZGORNCT FGT #WMVKQP %0) .CPECUVGT 0T

2364

2GPP[ WO &QXGT I 5JQTV ETQUU RGPP[ /ÒP\OGKUVGT .'1(2+0' .GQHYKPG $TWUV DKNF N OKV .KNKGP\GRVGT -WT\GU &QRRGNHCFGPMTGW\ OKV 4KPI KO <GPVTWO 0QTVJ 5GCD[ *ÒDUEJG 2CVKPC UGJT UEJÌPpXQT\ÒINKEJ

'ZGORNCT FGT #WMVKQP (TKV\ 4WFQNH -ÒPMGT 1UPCDTÒEM 0T

2365

2GPP[ WO 5JCHVGUDWT[ I 5JQTV ETQUU RGPP[ /ÒP\OGKUVGT )'.4+% IGNTKE $TWUVDKNF N OKV .KNKGP\GRVGT -WT\GU &QRRGNHCFGPMTGW\ OKV 4KPI KO <GPVTWO 0QTVJ 5GCD[ 5GNVGPG /ÒP\UV·VVG *ÒDUEJG 2CVKPC OKP IGYGNNV UGJT UEJÌP 'ZGORNCT FGT #WMVKQP (TKV\ 4WFQNH -ÒPMGT 1UPCDTÒEM 0T 'ZGORNCT FGT 5NI 2GVGT *CWDGTI -QRGPJCIGP

*#41.& + *CTCNF IGPCPPV *CTGHQQV ō*CUGPHWŋ YCT FGT 5QJP -PWVU FGU )TQGP WPF GKPGT NHIKHW 0CEJ FGO 6QF UGKPGU 8CVGTU YWTFG GT XQP FGT F·PKUEJGP (NQVVG KP .QPFQP /GTEKC WPF OÌINKEJGTYGKUG 0QTVJWODTKC CNU PGWGT -ÌPKI CPGTMCPPV &GT 5ÒFGP FGU .CPFGU DGUQPFGTU FCU XQP 'OOC WPF )QFYKP DGJGTTUEJVG 9GUUGZ JKGNV LGFQEJ YGKVGTJKP \W UGKPGO *CNDDTWFGT *CTFGMPWV YWTFG *CTCNF *CTGHQQV CNNIGOGKP CNU -ÌPKI *CTQNF + CPGTMCPPV 'T UVCTD CO /·T\ WPF YWTFG KP 9GUVOKPUVGT #DDG[ DGKIGUGV\V

ŇŇŇŇŇŇ

*CTQNF ECNNGF *CTGHQQV YCU VJG UQP QH %PWV VJG )TGCV CPF QPG NHIKHW #HVGT JKU HCVJGTŉU FGCVJ JG YCU TGEQIPK\GF CU VJG PGY -KPI D[ VJG &CPKUJ HNGGV KP .QPFQP /GTEKC CPF RQUUKDN[ 0QTVJWO DTKC 6JG EQWPVT[ŉU 5QWVJ JQYGXGT GURGEKCNN[ 9GUUGZ WPFGT VJG TWNG QH 'OOC CPF )QFYKP TGOCKPGF NQ[CN VQ JKU JCNH DTQVJGT *CTVJCEPWV +P *CTQNF *CTGHQQV YCU IGPGTCNN[ TGEQIPK\GF CU -KPI *CTQNF + *G FKGF QP /C[ VJ CPF YCU GPVQODGF KP 9GUVOKPUVGT #DDG[

2366

2GPP[ WO .QPFQP I (NGWT FG NKU RGPP[ /ÒP\OGKUVGT #'.(4+% $TWUVDKNF N OKV &KCFGO WPF .KNKGP\GRVGT &QRRGNHCFGPMTGW\ OKV 4KPI KO <GPVTWO KP FGP 9KPMGNP LG GKPG .KNKG \YK UEJGP \YGK -WIGNP 0QTVJ 5GCD[ 4 (GKPG 6ÌPWPI YKP\ 5EJTÌVNKPIUTK UGJT UEJÌP 'ZGORNCT FGT 5COONWPI FG 9KV #WMVKQP (TKV\ 4WFQNH -ÒPMGT 1UPCDTÒEM 0T

133

ANGELSÄCHSISCHE KÖNIGE VON ENGLAND *#46*#%076 'T YCT FGT GKP\KIG 5QJP -ÌPKI -PWVU FGU )TQGP CWU FGUUGP 8GTDKPFWPI OKV 'OOC 7O KUV GKPG IGOGKPUCOG /ÒP\RT·IWPI XQP 8CVGT WPF 5QJP KP &·PGOCTM DGNGIV YGUJCND CPIGPQOOGP YGTFGP MCPP FCUU *CTFGMPWV UGKVFGO CNU /KVMÌPKI TGIKGTVG 0CEJ FGO 6QF -PWVU YWTFG GT -ÌPKI XQP &·PGOCTM WPF XQP UGKPGT /WVVGT IGFT·PIV CWEJ #PURTÒEJG CWH FGP 6JTQP 'PINCPFU IGNVGPF \W OCEJGP &QTV UGV\VG LGFQEJ GKPG TKXCNKUKGTGPFG #FGNUITWRRKGTWPI UGKPGP *CNDDTWFGT *CTCNF *CTGHQQV *CTQNF + CNU 0CEJHQNIGT GKP 'KP OKNKV·TKUEJGU 'KPITGKHGP *CTFGMPWVU KP 'PINCPF YWTFG XQTGTUV FWTEJ #WUGKPCPFGTUGV\WPIGP OKV FGO PQTYGIKUEJGP -ÌPKI /CIPWU XGTJKPFGTV 'TUV PCEJ *CTQNFU 6QF CO /·T\ UGIGNVG *CTFGMPWV OKV GKPGT (NQVVG PCEJ 'PINCPF WPF ÒDGTPCJO FKG *GTTUEJCHV FGUKI PKGTVG GT UGKPGP *CNDDTWFGT 'FYCTF ōFGP $GMGPPGTŋ *GT\QI FGT 0QTOCPFKG \W UGKPGO 0CEJHQNIGT

ŇŇŇŇŇŇ

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ŉU FGCVJ QP /CTEJ VJ FKF *CTVJCEPWV UCKN VQ 'PINCPF YKVJ C HNGGV CPF CUUWOG VJG VJTQPG +P JG FGUKIPCVGF JKU JCNH DTQVJGT 'FYCTF ŋVJG %QPHGUUQTŌ

&WMG QH 0QTOCPF[ CU JKU UWEEGUUQT

2367

2GPP[ 0QXGODGT (TÒJLCJT .GYGU I /ÒP\OGKUVGT 014 /#0 0QTVJOCP (KTUV ,GYGN %TQUU V[RG *#Ù4Û%086 4Û $TWUVDKNF N OKV &KCFGO 014 /#0 10 . 2 -TGW\ CWU XKGT 1XCNGP KP FGT /KVVG 2WPMV KP \YGK 4KPIGP 0QTVJ 5GCD[ 44 (GKPG 6ÌPWPI GVYCU IGYGNNV WPF YKP\ 2TQDKGTUVGNNGP UGJT UEJÌP 'ZGORNCT FGT #WMVKQP $CNFYKP U .QPFQP 0T

&KG XQTNKGIGPFG 2T·IWPI KUV GKP JGTXQTTCIGPFGU <GKVFQMWOGPV FGT #WUGKPCPFGTUGV\WPIGP WO FGP GPINKUEJGP 6JTQP PCEJ FGO 6QFG -ÌPKI -PWVU FGU )TQGP &GT YQJN WO FCU IGDQTGPG *CTVJCEPWV YCT DGTGKVU UGKV /KVTG IGPV UGKPGU 8CVGTU KP &·PGOCTM WPF PCEJ FGUUGP 6QF UGKV CNNGKPKIGT -ÌPKI +P 'PINCPF TGIKGTVG UGKP *CNDDTW FGT *CTQNF + *CTGHQQV FKG 4GIKQPGP /GTEKC WPF 0QTVJWODTKC KO 0QTFGP FGT +PUGN *CTVJCEPWV HCPF FCIGIGP XQT CNNGO KP 9GUUGZ WPF 5WUUGZ KO 5ÒFGP 7PVGTUVÒV\WPI #WEJ FGT JKGT XQTNKGIGPFG (KTUV ,GYGN %TQUU V[RG *CTV JCEPWVU MQOOV CWUUEJNKGNKEJ KP /ÒP\UV·VVGP 5ÒFGPINCPFU XQT $CVJ $TKUVQN &QXGT 'ZGVGT )WKNFHQTF .CPI RQTV .GYGU .QPFQP 4QOPG[ 9CNNKPIHQTF WPF 9KPEJGUVGT &GT EC MO UÒFNKEJ XQP .QPFQP UVTCVGIKUEJ IÒPUVKI IGNGIGPG $WTIQTV .GYGU 5WUUGZ MQPVTQNNKGTVG FGP ªDGTICPI ÒDGT FGP (NWUU 1WUG FGT FKG JÒIGNKIG .CPFUEJCHV FGT 5QWVJ &QYPU XQP CNVGPIN FWP *ÒIGN FWTEJUEJPGKFGV &GT CWH FKGUGT 2T·IWPI IGPCPPVG /ÒP\OGKUVGT 014 /#0 RT·IVG PWT KP FGT /ÒP\UV·VVG .GYGU UQYQJN WPVGT -PWV FGO )TQGP CNU CWEJ WPVGT UGKPGP 5ÌJPGP *CTQNF + WPF *CTVJCEPWV WPF &KG 8QTFGTUGKVG FKGUGT /ÒP\G KUV UVGO RGNINGKEJ OKV GKPGO 'ZGORNCT FGU /ÒP\MCDKPGVVU 5VQEMJQNO 5%$+ 0T YQJKPIGIGP FKG 4ÒEMUGKVG CWGT FGO GKPG 5VGORGNXGTDKPFWPI \W GKPGT 2T·IWPI XQO ,GYGN %TQUU V[RG *CTQNFU + CWHYGKUV 5%$+ 0T FKG \YKUEJGP FGO (TÒJLCJT WPF *GTDUV CWUIGIGDGP YWTFG &TGJV OCP FCU /ÒP\DKNF FGT 4ÒEMUGKVG CWGTFGO WO u UQ UKPF PQEJ FKG 4GUVG GKPGU PCEJ NKPMU IGYCPFVGP -QRHGU \W GTMGPPGP &KG /ÒP\G 5%$+ 0T

*CTQNF + KUV PKEJV ÒDGTRT·IV 014 /#0 DGPWV\VG UVCVVFGUUGP GKPGP WOIGUEJPKVVGPGP 4ÒEMUGKVGPUVGORGN HÒT CNNG /ÒP\GP XQO ,GYGN ETQUU V[RG HÒT DGKFG *CNDDTÒFGT OÌINKEJGTYGKUG HÒT *CTVJCEPWV WPF HÒT *CTQNF + 0CEJ *CTQNFU 6QF KO ,CJTG MCO *CTVJCEPWV OKV GKPGT (NQVVG XQP 5EJKHHGP PCEJ 'PINCPF WPF DGUVKGI FGP 6JTQP

ŇŇŇŇŇŇ

6JG RTGUGPV EQKPCIG KU C URNGPFKF JKUVQTKECN FQEWOGPVCVKQP QH VJG EQPHNKEVU HQT VJG 'PINKUJ VJTQPG CHVGT VJG FGCVJ QH -KPI %PWV VJG )TGCV *CTVJCEPWV NKMGN[ DQTP KP JCF DGGP LQKPV TGIGPV YKVJ JKU HCVJGT KP &GPOCTM UKPEG CPF CHVGT JKU FGCVJ UQNG -KPI DGIKPPKPI KP +P 'PINCPF JKU JCNH DTQVJGT *CTQNF + *CTGHQQV TWNGF VJG TGIKQPU /GTEKC CPF 0QTVJWODTKC KP VJG 0QTVJ QH VJG KUNCPF *CTVJCEPWV QP VJG QVJGT JCPF HQWPF UWRRQTV CDQXG CNN KP 9GUUGZ CPF 5WUUGZ KP VJG 5QWVJ 6JG RTGUGPV (KTUV ,GYGN %TQUU V[RG CNUQ QH *CTVJCEPWV EQOGU GZENWUKXGN[ HTQO OKPVU KP UQWVJGTP 'PINCPF $CVJ $TKUVQN &QXGT 'ZGVGT )WKNFHQTF .CPIRQTV .GYGU .QPFQP 4QOPG[ 9CNNKPIHQTF CPF 9KPEJGUVGT 6JG UVTCVGIKECNN[ HCXQTCDN[ UKVWCVGF ECUVNG QH .GYGU 5WUUGZ UQOG MO UQWVJ QH .QPFQP EQPVTQNNGF VJG ETQUUKPI QXGT VJG 1WUG 4KXGT YJKEJ DKUGEVU VJG JKNN[ NCPFUECRG QH 5QWVJ &QYPU HTQO VJG QNF 'PIN FWP *ÒIGN 6JG OKPVOCUVGT 014 /#0 PCOGF QP VJKU EQKPCIG YCU CEVKXG QPN[ KP VJG OKPV CV .GYGU DQVJ WPFGT %PWV VJG )TGCV CPF WPFGT JKU UQPU *CTQNF + CPF *CTVJCEPWV CPF 6JG HCEG QH VJKU EQKP KU KFGPVKECN KP FKG VQ VJG %QKP %CDKPGV 5VQEMJQNO KVGO 5%$+ 0Q YJGTGD[ VJG TGXGTUG UKFG CNUQ KPFKECVGU C FKG EQPPGEVKQP VQ VJG EQKPCIG QH VJG ,GYGN %TQUU V[RG QH *CTQNF + 5%$+ 0T YJKEJ YCU KUUWGF DGVYGGP GCTN[ CPF HCNN QH (WTVJGTOQTG KH QPG VWTPU VJG EQKP KOCIG QH VJG TGXGTUG UKFG D[ u QPG ECP TGEQIPK\G VJG TGOCKPU QH C JGCF VWTPGF VQYCTFU VJG NGHV 6JG EQKP 5%$+ 0Q *CTQNF + KU PQV QXGTRTKPVGF 014 /#0 WUGF KPUVGCF C TG EWV TGXGTUG UKFG UVCOR HQT CNN EQKPU QH VJG ,GYGN ETQUU V[RG HQT DQVJ JCNH DTQVJGTU ņ RQUUKDN[ HTQO HQT *CTVJCEPWV CPF HQT *CTQNF + #HVGT *CTQNFŉU FGCVJ KP *CTVJCEPWV ECOG YKVJ C HNGGV QH UJKRU VQ 'PINCPF CPF CUEGPFGF VJG VJTQPG

134

ANGELSÄCHSISCHE KÖNIGE VON ENGLAND

'&9#4& 6*' %10('5514 'FYCTF YCT FGT ·NVGUVG 5QJP -ÌPKI VJGNTGFU ++ WPF UGKPGT )GOCJNKP 'OOC 0CEJ FGO 6QF FGU 8CVGTU HNQJGP 'FYCTF WPF UGKP $TWFGT #NHTGF XQT -PWV FGO )TQGP PCEJ (NCPFGTP WPF KP FKG 0QTOCPFKG 'KP 8GTUWEJ FGP GPINKUEJGP 6JTQP OKV PQTOCPPKUEJGT 7PVGTUVÒV\WPI \WTÒEM \W GTQDGTP UEJGKVGTVG DGK 5QWVJCORVQP -ÌPKI *CTQNF + NKG FCTCWHJKP FGP FWTEJ 'CTN )QFYKP XGTTCVGPGP WPF IGHCPIGP IGPQOOGPGP #NHTGF GTOQTFGP GTPCPPVG *CTFGMPWV 'FYCTF \W UGKPGO 0CEJHQNIGT WPF FKGUGT MQPPVG PWP YKFGTUVCPFUNQU FGP 6JTQP DGUVGKIGP +O <WUCO OGPURKGN OKV FGP )TQGP FGU 4GKEJGU CIKGTVG 'FYCTF YGKVGUVIGJGPF INÒEMNQU WPF GU IGNCPI KJO PKEJV GKPG O·EJVKIG MÌPKINKEJG )GHQNIUEJCHV CNU )GIGPIGYKEJV CWH\WDCWGP 5Q ÒDGTNKG GT FCU -QOOCPFQ FGT GPINKUEJGP .CPF WPF 5GGUVTGKVO·EJVG \WT 8GTVGKFKIWPI IGIGP FKG UMCPFKPCXKUEJGP (NQVVGP YGKVGUVIGJGPF FGP *·PFGP FGT #FNKIGP &CU *CWRVRTQDNGO UGKPGT 4GIKGTWPIU\GKV DNKGD LGFQEJ FKG -KPFGTNQUKIMGKV UGKPGT 'JG OKV 'FKVJ UQ FCUU GT 9KNJGNO FGP *GT\QI FGT 0QTOCPFKG \W UGKPGO 0CEJHQNIGT GTPCPPVG 1D FKGUG 0CEJHQNIGTGIGNWPI CWEJ PQEJ DGK 'FYCTFU 6QF CO ,CPWCT DGUVCPFGP JCVVG KUV WPIGMN·TV /ÌINKEJGTYGKUG XGTVTCWVG GT *CTQNF ++ FCU -ÌPKITGKEJ CWH FGO 6QVGPDGVV CWEJ PWT CP FCOKV GT GU 9KNJGNO ÒDGTIGDGP UQNNVG *CTQNF LGFQEJ OCEJVG UKEJ UGNDUV \WO -ÌPKI WPF DGUEJYQT FCOKV FCU 'PFG FGT CPIGNU·EJUKUEJGP *GTTUEJCHV ÒDGT 'PINCPF JGTCWH

ŇŇŇŇŇŇ

'FYCTF YCU VJG QNFGUV UQP QH -KPI VJGNTGF ++ CPF JKU EQPUQTV 'OOC #HVGT JKU HCVJGTŉ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ŉU FGCVJ QP ,CPWCT[ VJ KU WPENGCT 2QUUKDN[ JG RWV VJG MKPIFQO KP VJG MGGRKPI QH *CTQNF ++ QPN[ UQ VJCV KV EQWNF DG RCUUGF QP VQ 9KNNKCO *CTQNF JQYGXGT OCFG JKOUGNH -KPI CPF VJGTGYKVJ DTQWIJV CDQWV VJG GPF QH #PINQ 5CZQP TWNG QXGT 'PINCPF

2368

2GPP[ WO .QPFQP I 6TGHQKN SWCFTKNCVGTCN V[RG /ÒP\OGKUVGT #'.(2+) #GNHYKI $TWUVDKNF N OKV <GRVGT -WT\GU &QRRGNHCFGPMTGW\ OKV LG FTGK -WIGNP KP FGP 9KPMGNP WPF 3WCFTCV KO <GPVTWO 0QTVJ 5GCD[ (CUV XQT\ÒINKEJGU 'ZGORNCT OKV HGKPGT 6ÌPWPI

'ZGORNCT FGT 5COONWPI FG 9KV #WMVKQP (TKV\ 4WFQNH -ÒPMGT 1UPCDTÒEM 0T

2369

2GPP[ WO ;QTM I 5OCNN HNCP V[RG /ÒP\OGKUVGT .'1(01& .GQHPQVJ $TWUVDKNF N OKV &KCFGO -WT\GU &QRRGNHCFGPMTGW\ 0QTVJ 5GCD[ 8QT\ÒINKEJGU 'ZGORNCT OKV JÒDUEJGT 2CVKPC

'ZGORNCT FGT .CIGTNKUVG $CNFYKP .QPFQP 9KPVGT 0T

135

ANGELSÄCHSISCHE KÖNIGE VON ENGLAND

2370

2GPP[ ;QTM I 2QKPVGF JGNOGV V[RG /ÒP\OGKUVGT #40%6'. #TPEGVGN $·TVKIGU $TWUVDKNF T OKV *GNO WPF -TGW\\GRVGT &QRRGNHCFGPMTGW\ OKV LG FTGK *CNDOQPFGP CP FGP 'PFGP KP FGT /KVVG -TGKU OKV 2WPMV 4KPIGN KO XKGTVGP 9KPMGN 0QTVJ 5GCD[ *ÒDUEJG 2CVKPC UGJT UEJÌP

'ZGORNCT FGT 5COONWPI FG 9KV #WMVKQP (TKV\ 4WFQNH -ÒPMGT 1UPCDTÒEM 0T

2371

2GPP[ WO 9KNVQP I 5QXGTGKIP V[RG /ÒP\OGKUVGT 52'64+% 5YGVTKE -ÌPKI VJTQPV X X OKV <GRVGT WPF 4GKEJUCRHGN .CPIGU &QRRGNHCFGPMTGW\ KP FGP 9KPMGNP LG GKP 8QIGN 0QTVJ 5GCD[ )WV CWUIGRT·IVGU HCUV XQT\ÒINKEJGU 'ZGORNCT OKV JÒDUEJGT 2CVKPC

'ZGORNCT FGT .CIGTNKUVG $CNFYKP .QPFQP 9KPVGT 0T

2372

2GPP[ WO 9KPEJGUVGT I *COOGT ETQUU V[RG /ÒP\OGKUVGT #*&'4$1&' #PFGT DQFC )GMTÌPVGU D·TVKIGU $TWUVDKNF T OKV -TGW\\GRVGT &QRRGNHCFGPMTGW\ OKV *CNDOQPF WPF \YGK -WIGNP CP FGP 'PFGP 0QTVJ 5GCD[ *GTTNKEJG 2CVKPC MN 2T·IGUEJY·EJG HCUV XQT\ÒINKEJ

'ZGORNCT FGT #WMVKQP 6TKVQP 8+++ 0GY ;QTM 0T

2373

2GPP[ WO ;QTM I (CEKPI DWUV V[RG /ÒP\OGKUVGT 50 $140 5PGDGTP )GMTÌPVGU D·TVKIGU $TWUVDKNF X X -TGW\ KO (GNF 4KPI 0QTVJ #PO 5GCD[ (CUV XQT\ÒINKEJGU 'ZGORNCT OKV FWPMNGT 2CVKPC 'ZGORNCT FGT #WMVKQP %0) .CPECUVGT 0T

136

ANGELSÄCHSISCHE KÖNIGE VON ENGLAND

2374

2GPP[ WO $GFHQTF I 2[TCOKFU V[RG /ÒP\OGKUVGT 28.(2+% 9WNHYKI )GMTÌPVGU $TWUVDKNF T OKV <GRVGT -WT\GU &QRRGNHCFGPMTGW\ KP FGP 9KPMGNP LG GKPG 2[TCOKFG 0QTVJ 5GCD[ 5GJT UGNVGPG /ÒP\UV·VVG HÒT FKGUGP 6[R *GTTNKEJGU 2QTVT·V FWPMNG 2CVKPC XQT\ÒINKEJ

'ZGORNCT FGT 5COONWPI FG 9KV #WMVKQP (TKV\ 4WFQNH -ÒPMGT 1UPCDTÒEM 0T

*#41.& ++ *CTQNF YCT FGT 5QJP )QFYKPU FGU 'CTNU QH 9GUUGZ WPF UGKPGT (TCW )[VJC GKPGT 6CPVG FGU F·PKUEJGP -ÌPKIU 5XGP 'UVTKFUGP +O 5GRVGODGT IKPI GT KPU 'ZKN PCEJ 'PINCPF PCEJFGO UGKPG (COKNKG DGK 'FYCTF FGO $GMGPPGT KP 7PIPCFG IGHCNNGP YCT 0CEJ FGO 6QF FGU 8CVGTU MGJTVG GT PCEJ 'PINCPF \WTÒEM WPF MQPPVG FGUUGP 0CEJHQNIG KP 9GUUGZ CPVTGVGP MQPPVG GT CWEJ FCU 'CTN FQO XQP *GTGHQTFUJKTG CP UKEJ DTKPIGP WPF YWTFG UQ \WO TGKEJUVGP )TWPFDGUKV\GT PCEJ FGO -ÌPKI Y·JNVGP KJP FKG )TQGP \WO 0CEJHQNIGT 'FYCTFU WPF KIPQTKGTVGP FCOKV FGP KO ,CJT FGUKI PKGTVGP 0CEJHQNIGT 9KNJGNO *GT\QI FGT 0QTOCPFKG &QEJ \WP·EJUV OWUUVG UKEJ *CTQNF GKPGT +PXCUKQP FGU PQTYGIKUEJGP -ÌPKIU *CTCNF *CTFTCFG GTYGJTGP FGT KP FGT 5EJNCEJV DGK 5VCOHQTF $TKFIG HKGN &KG #DYGUGPJGKV FGU MÌPKINKEJGP *GGTGU PWV\VG 9KNJGNO \WT .CPFWPI UGKPGT 6TWRRGP CO 5GRVGODGT KP 2GXGPUG[ $C[ 5WUUGZ #O 1MVQDGT VTCHGP FCU PQTOCPPKUEJG WPF FCU CPIGNU·EJUKUEJG *GGT KP FGT DGTÒJOVGP 5EJNCEJV XQP *CUVKPIU CWHGKPCPFGT KP FGT *CTQNF FGP 6QF HCPF 9KNJGNO ōFGT 'TQDG TGTŋ DGUVKGI FCTCWHJKP FGP GPINKUEJGP 6JTQP WPF DGITÒPFGVG FKG *GTTUEJCHV FGT 0QTOCPPGP ÒDGT FKG +PUGN

ŇŇŇŇŇŇ

*CTQNF YCU VJG UQP QH )QFYKP 'CTN QH 9GUUGZ CPF JKU YKHG )[VJC CP CWPV QH VJG &CPKUJ -KPI 5YG[P 'UVTKFUUQP +P 5GRVGODGT JG YGPV KPVQ GZKNG KP 'PINCPF CHVGT JKU HCOKN[ HGNN QWV QH ITCEG YKVJ 'FYCTF VJG %QPHGUUQT #HVGT JKU HCVJGTŉU FGCVJ JG TGVWTPGF VQ 'PINCPF CPF KP YCU CDNG VQ UWEEGGF JKO KP 9GUUGZ +P JG CNUQ VQQM RQUUGUUKQP QH VJG 'CTNFQO QH *GTGHQTFUJKTG CPF UQ DGECOG VJG YGCNVJKGUV NCPFQYPGT CHVGT VJG -KPI +P VJG ITGCV OGP GNGEVGF JKO 'FYCTFňU UWEEGUUQT CPF VJWU KIPQTGF 9KNNKCO &WMG QH 0QTOCPF[ YJQ JCF DGGP FGUKIPCVGF VQ VJG UWEEGUUKQP KP $WV HKTUV *CTQNF YCU HQTEGF VQ YCTF QHH CP KPXCUKQP D[ VJG 0QTYGIKCP -KPI *CTCNF *CTFTCFC YJQ HGNN KP VJG DCVVNG QH 5VCOHQTF $TKFIG 9KNNKCO GZRQKVGF VJG CDUGPEG QH VJG TQ[CN CTO[ VQ NCPF JKU VTQQRU QP 5GRVGO DGT VJ KP 2GXGPUG[ $C[ 5WUUGZ 1P 1EVQDGT VJ VJG 0QTOCP CPF #PINQ 5CZQP CTOKGU OGV KP VJG HCOQWU DCVVNG QH *CUVKPIU KP YJKEJ *CTQNF HQWPF JKU FGCVJ 9KNNKCO ŋVJG %QPSWGTQTŌ UWDUGSWGPVN[ CUEGPFGF VJG 'PINKUJ VJTQPG CPF GUVCDNKUJGF 0QTOCP TWNG QH VJG KUNCPF

2375

2GPP[ .GYGU I 2CZ V[RG /ÒP\OGKUVGT 1<21.& 1UYQNF )GMTÌPVGU D·TVKIGU $TWUVDKNF N OKV <GRVGT 2#: \YKUEJGP \YGK .KPKGP CWU -WIGNP 0QTVJ 5GCD[ 44 )WV CWUIGRT·IVGU 'ZGORNCT OKV JÒDUEJGT 2CVKPC XQT\ÒINKEJ

'ZGORNCT FGT #WMVKQP %0) .CPECUVGT 0T 'ZGORNCT FGT 4QUU 5EJTCGFGT %QNNGEVKQP #WMVKQP %NCUUKECN 0WOKUOCVKE #WEVKQPU :+8 .QPFQP 0T

137

NORMANNISCHE KÖNIGE VON ENGLAND

014/#00+5%*' -¤0+)' 810 '0).#0& 9+..+#/ + 6*' %1037'414 $GK 4GIKGTWPIUCPVTKVV JCVVG FGT GJGOCNKIG *GT\QI FGT 0QTOCPFKG XGTURTQEJGP PCEJ #TV UGKPGT 8QTI·P IGT \W JGTTUEJGP &KG 9KTMNKEJMGKV UCJ LGFQEJ DCNF CPFGTU CWU \WOCN GU DGTGKVU KO 5ÒFYGU VGP WPF KO 0QTFGP 'PINCPFU \W #WHUV·PFGP XQP #FGNKIGP IGMQOOGP YCT 9KNJGNO GPVGKI PGVG GKPG ITQG #P\CJN FGT CPIGNU·EJUKUEJGP #FGNKIGP WPF MQPHKU\KGTVG KJTG $GUKV\WPIGP 0QTOCPPKUEJG 8CUCNNGP VTCVGP CP FKG 5VGNNG FGT #PIGNUCEJUGP WPF GTTKEJVGVGP FCU GPINKUEJG 5VCCVUIGDKNFG FGU *QEJOKV VGNCNVGTU &CU IGUCOVG TGIPWO ICNV CNU MÌPKINKEJGT $GUKV\ WPF 'PINCPF YWTFG \WO .GJPUUVCCV FGT MKTEJNKEJG WPF YGNVNKEJG )TQG INGKEJGTOCGP WOHCUUVG 'KPFTWEMUXQNNUVGU <GWIPKU FGT PQTOCPPKUEJGP #FOKPKUVTCVKQP KUV FKG KP NCVGKPKUEJGT 5RTCEJG XGTHCUUVG 5COONWPI FGT .GJPUXGTJ·NVPKUUG ņ FCU &QQOUFC[ $QQM 0GDGP (GNF\ÒIGP IGIGP FKG 9CNKUGT WPF 5EJQVVGP WPF MCO GU KP FGP HQNIGPFGP ,CJTGP FGT *GTTUEJCHV 9KNJGNOU KOOGT YKGFGT \W 'TJGDWPIGP FKG LGFQEJ PKGFGTIGUEJNC IGP YGTFGP MQPPVGP &KG NGV\VGP .GDGPULCJTG XGTDCEJVG GT ÒDGTYKGIGPF KP FGT 0QTOCPFKG WPF KO -CORH IGIGP FGP HTCP\ÌUKUEJGP -ÌPKI 2JKNKRR + #NU KO #WIWUV HTCP\ÌUKUEJG 6TWR RGP KP FKG 0QTOCPFKG GKPHKGNGP ITKHH 9KNJGNO FKG 5VCFV /CPVGU CP $GK FGO HQNIGPFGP $TCPF HKGN 9KNJGNO XQO 2HGTF WPF GTNCI GKPKIG 9QEJGP UR·VGT 5GRVGODGT KP 4QWGP UGKPGP KPPGTGP 8GTNGV\WPIGP #WH FGO 6QVGPDGVV ÒDGTICD GT UGKPGO ·NVGUVGP 5QJP 4QDGTV FKG 0QTOCPFKG WPF FGO \YGKVIGDQTGPGP 9KNJGNO ++ FKG *GTTUEJCHV ÒDGT 'PINCPF

ŇŇŇŇŇŇ

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ņ VJG &QQOUFC[ $QQM $GUKFGU ECORCKIPU CICKPUV VJG 9GNUJ CPF 5EQVU CPF VJG HQNNQYKPI [GCTU QH 9KNNKCOŉU TWNG UCY TGRGCVGF WRTKUKPIU YJKEJ YGTG JQYGXGT CNYC[U ETWUJGF *G URGPV JKU NCUV [GCTU RTKOCTKN[ KP 0QTOCPF[ CPF KP UVTWIING YKVJ VJG (TGPEJ -KPI 2JKNKR + 9JGP (TGPEJ VTQQRU KPXCFGF 0QTOCPF[ KP #WIWUV 9KNNKCO CVVCEMGF VJG EKV[ QH /CPVGU +P VJG EQPHNCITCVKQP YJKEJ HQNNQYGF 9KNNKCO HGNN HTQO JKU JQTUG CPF FKGF UQOG YGGMU NCVGT 5GRVGODGT VJ KP 4QWGP HTQO KPVGTPCN KPLWTKGU 1P JKU FGCVJDGF JG RCUUGF QP VQ JKU QNFGUV UQP 4QDGTV VJG TWNG QH 0QTOCPF[ CPF VQ JKU UGEQPF UQP 9KNNKCO ++ VJG TWNG QH 'PINCPF

2376

2GPP[ .QPFQP I 6YQ UVCTU V[RG /ÒP\OGKUVGT )1&2+0' )QFYKPG )GMTÌPVGU $TWUVDKNF X X \YKUEJGP \YGK 5VGTPGP 'KP -TGW\ OKV LG FTGK -WIGNP CP FGP 'PFGP NKGIV CWH GKPGO 8KGTGEM OKV GKPIGDQIGPGP 5GKVGP WPF LG GKPGT -WIGN CP FGP 'EMGP 0QTVJ 5GCD[ #VVTCMVKXGU UGJT UEJÌPGU 'ZGORNCT OKV JÒDUEJGT 2CVKPC 'ZGORNCT FGT #WMVKQP %0) .CPECUVGT 0T

138

NORMANNISCHE KÖNIGE VON ENGLAND

2377

2GPP[ WO *CUVKPIU I 2CZU V[RG /ÒP\OGKUVGT %+2+0%% %KYKPGE )GMTÌPVGU $TWUVDKNF X X -TGW\ KP FGP 9KPMGNP FKG $WEJUVCDGP 2 # : 5 KP 4KPIGP /KV )GIGPUVGORGN &TGKDNCVV CWH FGT 8QTFGTUGKVG 0QTVJ 5GCD[ 8QTFGTUGKVG OKV MQTTQFKGTVGO 5VGORGN IGRT·IV WPF MN 2T·IGUEJY·EJG UQPUV UGJT UEJÌP

'ZGORNCT FGT .CIGTNKUVG $CNFYKP .QPFQP 9KPVGT 0T

9+..+#/ ++ 47(75 'T YCT FGT \YGKVG 5QJP 9KNJGNOU + WPF /CVJKNFGU XQP (NCPFGTP $GTGKVU MCO GU \W GKPGO #WHUVCPF GKPKIGT GPINKUEJGT $CTQPG FKG NKGDGT 9KNJGNOU ·NVGTGP $TWFGT 4QDGTV *GT\QI FGT 0QT OCPFKG CWH FGO 6JTQP UGJGP YQNNVGP &KG 'TJGDWPI MQPPVG PKGFGTIGUEJNCIGP YGTFGP WPF 9KNJGNO XGTURTCEJ 5VGWGTGTNGKEJVGTWPIGP CP FKG GT UKEJ LGFQEJ PKEJV JKGNV YWTFG GKP YGKVGTGT #WHUVCPF OKV OKNKV·TKUEJGT )GYCNV WPVGTFTÒEMV WPF CNU 4QDGTV \W GKPGO -TGW\\WI KPU *GKNKIG .CPF CWHDTCEJ XGT RH·PFGVG GT FKG 0QTOCPFKG CP UGKPGP $TWFGT 9KNJGNO UVCTD CO #WIWUV DGK .[PFJWTUV *COUR UJKTG CNU KJP DGK FGT ,CIF KO 0GY (QTTGUV GKP 2HGKN VTCH 1D GU UKEJ JKGTDGK WO GKPGP 7PHCNN QFGT GKPGP #PUEJNCI JCPFGNVG KUV JGWVG PKEJV OGJT \W MN·TGP 5QYQJN FKG <GKVIGPQUUGP CNU CWEJ FKG GPINKUEJG )G UEJKEJVUUEJTGKDWPI DKU WO JCDGP 9KNJGNOU 4GIKGTWPIU\GKV UGJT PGICVKX DGWTVGKNV 'TUV KP LÒPIGTGT <GKV YWTFGP UGKPG 8GTFKGPUVG WO FKG 9KGFGTXGTGKPKIWPI FGT 0QTOCPFKG OKV FGT GPINKUEJGP -TQPG UV·T MGT IGYÒTFKIV YGPPINGKEJ OCP GKPT·WOGP OWUU FCUU GT FCU *GT\QIVWO PCEJ FGT 4ÒEMMGJT 4QDGTVU YKGFGT \WTÒEMIGDGP OWUUVG

ŇŇŇŇŇŇ

*G YCU VJG UGEQPF UQP QH 9KNNKCO + CPF /CVKNFC QH (NCPFGTU +P GXGPVU SWKEMN[ EWNOK PCVGF KP CP WRTKUKPI QH UQOG 'PINKUJ DCTQPU YJQ RTGHGTTGF VQ UGG 9KNNKCOŉU QNFGT DTQVJGT 4QDGTV &WMG QH 0QTOCPF[ QP VJG VJTQPG 6JG TGXQNV YCU ETWUJGF CPF 9KNNKCO RTQOKUGF VCZ TGNKGH YJKEJ JG PGXGT FGNKXGTGF +P C HWTVJGT WRTKUKPI YCU OKNKVCTKN[ UWRRTGUUGF CPF YJGP 4QDGTV FGRCTVGF QP C ETWUCFG VQ VJG *QN[ .CPF JG RWV 0QTOCPF[ KP RNGFIG VQ JKU DTQVJGT 9KNNKCO FKGF QP #WIWUV PF CV .[PF JWTUV *COURUJKTG CHVGT DGKPI UVTWEM D[ CP CTTQY YJKNG JWPVKPI 9JGVJGT VJG KPEKFGPV YCU CP CEEKFGPV QT CP CVVCEM KU WPENGCT VQ VJKU FC[ $QVJ JKU EQPVGORQTCTKGU CPF 'PINKUJ JKUVQTKQITCRJ[ DGHQTG LWFIGF 9KNNKCOŉU TGKIP XGT[ PGICVKXGN[ 1PN[ HCKTN[ TGEGPVN[ JCXG JKU UGTXKEGU KP VJG TGWPKHKECVKQP QH 0QTOCPF[ YKVJ VJG 'PINKUJ ETQYP DGGP OQTG RQUKVKXGN[ GXCNWCVGF VJQWIJ QPG OWUV CFF KP VJKU EQPPGE VKQP VJCV CHVGT VJG TGVWTP QH 4QDGTV KP JG JCF VQ IKXG KV DCEM

2378

2GPP[ WO 9QTEJGUVGT I %TQUU KP SWCVTGHQKN V[RG /ÒP\OGKUVGT '56/+'4 'CUV OCGT )GMTÌPVGU $TWUVDKNF X X OKV 5EJYGTV -TGW\ KP 8KGTRC KP FGP 9KPMGNP LG GKPG -WIGN 0QTVJ 5GCD[ 4 (GKPG 2CVKPC MN 5VGORGNHGJNGT CWH FGT 8QTFGTUGKVG HCUV XQT\ÒINKEJ 'ZGORNCT FGT #WMVKQP %0) .CPECUVGT 0T

139

NORMANNISCHE KÖNIGE VON ENGLAND *'04; + #NU ōRWTRWTIGDQTGPGTŋ LÒPIUVGT 5QJP 9KNJGNOU FGU 'TQDGTGTU DGVTCEJVGVG UKEJ *GKPTKEJ CNU KO DGUQPFGTGP /CG \WT -ÌPKIUHQNIG DGTGEJVKIV 0CEJ FGO 6QF UGKPGU $TWFGTU 9KNJGNO ++ TKUU GT FKG *GTTUEJCHV CP UKEJ QDYQJN GKIGPVNKEJ *GT\QI 4QDGTV XQP FGT 0QTOCPFKG CNU 6JTQPHQN IGT XQTIGUGJGP YCT 6TQV\ FGU (TKGFGPU XQP #NVQP CVVCEMKGTVG *GKPTKEJ FKG 0QTOCPFKG WPF UGV\VG 4QDGTV PCEJ FGT 5EJNCEJV XQP 6KPEJGDTCK IGHCPIGP &KG 'TQDGTWPI WPF #PINKGFGTWPI FGT 0QT OCPFKG HÒJTVG KP FGT (QNIG\GKV \W YKGFGTJQNVGP MTKGIGTKUEJGP #WUGKPCPFGTUGV\WPIGP OKV FGO HTCP\ÌUK UEJGP -ÌPKI .WFYKI 8+ +PPGPRQNKVKUEJ MCO GU OKV FGT -KTEJG \W 5VTGKVKIMGKVGP WO FKG .CKGPKPXGUVKVWT FKG KO 8GTVTCI XQP 9GUVOKPUVGT DGKIGNGIV YGTFGP MQPPVGP 'U IGNCPI *GKPTKEJ UGKPG 6QEJVGT /CVJKNFG OKV FGO FGWVUEJGP -CKUGT *GKPTKEJ 8 \W XGTJGKTCVGP 0CEJ FGUUGP 6QF KO ,CJTG JQNVG GT UKG PCEJ 'PINCPF \WTÒEM WPF \YCPI FKG $CTQPG UKG RGT 'KF CNU UGKPG 6JTQPHQNIGTKP CP\W GTMGPPGP 7O UGKPG 2QUKVKQP KP (TCPMTGKEJ \W UV·TMGP XGTJGKTCVGVG GT /CVJKNFG KP \YGKVGT 'JG OKV )QVVHTKGF XQP #PLQW FGT UKEJ KP FGT (QNIG\GKV LGFQEJ CNU WP\WXGTN·UUKIGT $ÒPFPKURCTVPGT GTYKGU 5Q YCTGP FKG NGV\VGP ,CJTG UGKPGT *GTTUEJCHV XQP CPJCNVGPFGP (COKNKGPUVTGKVKIMGKVGP ÒDGTUEJCVVGV *GKPTKEJ UVCTD CO &G\GODGT KP )KUQTU WPF YWTFG KP 4GCFKPI DGKIGUGV\V

ŇŇŇŇŇŇ

#U ŋVQ VJG RWTRNG DQTPŌ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

2379

2GPP[ 9KPEJGUVGT I %TQUU KP SWCVTGHQKN V[RG /ÒP\OGKUVGT #+.'2+0' #NFYKPG )GMTÌPVGU $TWUVDKNF X X OKV <GRVGT -TGW\ KP 8KGTRC KP FGP 9KPMGNP FGU -TGW\GU LG GKPG -WIGN KP FGP 9KP MGNP FGU 8KGTRCUUGU LG GKP MNGKPGT CWU XKGT 4KPIGP IGDKNFGVGT 8KGTRC 0QTVJ 5GCD[ 8QP ITQGT 5GNVGPJGKV )WVGU 2QTVT·V ÒDNKEJG 2T·IGUEJY·EJG WPF MN 5EJTÌVNKPIUTK CO 4CPF HCUV UGJT UEJÌP 'ZGORNCT FGT .CIGTNKUVG $CNFYKP .QPFQP 9KPVGT 0T

2380

2GPP[ ;QTM I 2GNNGVU KP SWCVTGHQKN V[RG /ÒP\OGKUVGT PKEJV NGUDCT )GMTÌPVGU $TWUVDKNF X X OKV <GRVGT 5VGTP T KO (GNF 8KGTRC OKV 5VGTP KO <GPVTWO KP FGP 9KPMGNP LG GKPG .KNKG 0QTVJ 5GCD[ 5GJT UEJÌPGU 'ZGORNCT OKV FWPMNGT 2CVKPC WPF IWV CWUIGRT·IVGO 2QTVT·V 'ZGORNCT FGT #WMVKQP 5RKPM .QPFQP /·T\ 0T

140

NORMANNISCHE KÖNIGE VON ENGLAND 56'2*'0 5VGRJGP MCO WO CNU FTKVVGT 5QJP FGU )TCHGP XQP $NQKU WPF %JCTVTGU UQYKG FGT #FGNC GKPGT 6QEJ VGT 9KNJGNOU FGU 'TQDGTGTU \WT 9GNV &WTEJ -ÌPKI *GKPTKEJ + GTJKGNV GT WOHCPITGKEJGP .CPFDGUKV\ KP 'PINCPF CNU )GIGPNGKUVWPI HÒT FKG #PGTMGPPWPI /CVJKNFGU FGT 6QEJVGT FGU -ÌPKIU CNU 6JTQPHQNIGTKP 6TQV\FGO GTJQD GT UKEJ PCEJ *GKPTKEJU 6QF IGIGP /CVJKNFG FKG KP\YK UEJGP OKV FGO )TCHGP )QVVHTKGF XQP #PLQW XGTJGKTCVGV YCT 'T IGYCPP FKG 7PVGTUVÒV\WPI GKPGU 6GKNU FGU GPINKUEJGP #FGNU WPF FGU 2CRUVGU +PPQ\GP\ ++ FGT UGKPG 0CEJHQNIG CPGTMCPPVG VTCV )TCH 4QDGTV XQP )NQWEGUVGT CWH FKG 5GKVG /CVJKNFGU FKG DGTGKVU KP FGT 0QTOCPFKG CP $QFGP IGYQPPGP JCVVG NCPFGVGP /CVJKNFGU 6TWRRGP KP 'PINCPF WPF GTÌHHPGVGP FGP $ÒTIGTMTKGI <YCT YWTFG 5VG RJGP KP FGT 5EJNCEJV XQP .KPEQNP (GDTWCT IGHCPIGP IGPQOOGP OWUUVG LGFQEJ IGIGP 4QDGTV FGT GDGPHCNNU KP FKG *·PFG UGKPGT )GIPGT IGHCNNGP YCT YKGFGT CWUIGVCWUEJV YGTFGP +P FGP HQNIGPFGP ,CJTGP XGTUCPM FCU .CPF \WPGJOGPF KO %JCQU FC FKG GPINKUEJGP $CTQPG LG PCEJ 8QTVGKN YKGFGTJQNV FKG 5GKVGP YGEJUGNVGP VTCV /CVJKNFGU 5QJP *GKPTKEJ XQP #PLQW CWH FGP 2NCP WO FKG #PURTÒEJG UGKPGT /WVVGT IGNVGPF \W OCEJGP &C 5VGRJGPU 2CTVGK \WPGJOGPF UEJTWORHVG WPF KP\YKUEJGP CWEJ FKG 7PVGT UVÒV\WPI FGT TÌOKUEJGP -WTKG UEJYCPF MCO GU \WO 8GTVTCI XQP 9KPEJGUVGT KPFGO 5VGRJGP FGP LWPIGP *GKPTKEJ CNU UGKPGP 5QJP DG\GKEJPGVG WPF KJP CNU 0CEJHQNIGT CPGTMCPPVG 0WT MWT\ FCTCWH CO 1MVQ DGT UVCTD -ÌPKI 5VGRJGP KP &QXGT WPF YWTFG KP (CXGTUJCO DGGTFKIV *GKPTKEJ XQP #PLQW DGUVKGI CNU -ÌPKI *GKPTKEJ ++ FGP GPINKUEJGP 6JTQP

ŇŇŇŇŇŇ

5VGRJGP ECOG KPVQ VJG YQTNF KP CU VJKTF UQP QH VJG %QWPV QH $NQKU CPF %JCTVTGU CPF #FGNC C FCWI JVGT QH 9KNNKCO VJG %QPSWGTQT 6JTQWIJ -KPI *GPT[ + JG FKURQUGF QXGT NCTIG NCPF JQNFKPIU KP 'PINCPF KP TGEKRTQEKV[ HQT VJG TGEQIPKVKQP QH /CVKNFC FCWIJVGT QH VJG -KPI CU UWEEGU UQT VQ VJG VJTQPG 0QPGVJGNGUU JG TQUG CHVGT *GPT[ŉU FGCVJ CICKPUV /CVKNFC YJQ OGCPYJKNG JCF OCTTKGF %QWPV )QVVHTKGF QH #PLQW *G YQP VJG UWRRQTV QH C RCTV QH VJG 'PINKUJ PQDKNKV[ CPF QH 2QRG +PPQEGPV ++

YJQ TGEQIPK\GF JKU ENCKO VQ VJG UWEEGUUKQP +P %QWPV 4QDGTV QH )NQWEGUVGT LQKPGF /CVKNFCŉU EQPVKPIGPV YJKEJ JCF CNTGCF[ OCFG VGTTKVQTKCN ICKPU KP 0QTOCPF[ +P /CVKNFCŉU VTQQRU NCPFGF KP 'PINCPF CPF KPKVKCVGF VJG EKXKN YCT #NVJQWIJ 5VGRJGP YCU VCMGP RTKUQPGT KP VJG $CVVNG QH .KPEQNP (GDTWCT[ PF JG JCF VQ DG GZEJCPIGF HQT 4QDGTV YJQ JCF NKMGYKUG HCNNGP KPVQ GPGO[ JCPFU +P VJG HQNNQYKPI [GCTU VJG EQWPVT[ UCPM KPETGCUKPIN[ KPVQ EJCQU CU VJG 'PINKUJ DCTQPU EJCPIGF UKFGU CEEQTFKPI VQ CFXCPVCIG +P /CVKNFCŉU UQP *GPT[ QH #PLQW ECOG WR YKVJ C RNCP VQ OCMG IQQF JKU OQVJGTŉU ENCKO 5KPEG 5VGRJGPŉU RCTV[ YCU UVGCFKN[ UJTKPMKPI CPF VJG UWRRQTV QH VJG 4QOCP %WTKC YCU OGCPYJKNG FKUCRRGCTKPI CU YGNN KV YCU CITGGF KP VJG 6TGCV[ QH 9KPEJGUVGT VJCV 5VGRJGP YQWNF FGUKIPCVG VJG [QWPI *GPT[ CU JKU UQP CPF TGEQIPK\G JKO CU JKU UWEEGUUQT 1PN[ C UJQTV VKOG NCVGT QP 1EVQDGT VJ -KPI 5VGRJGP FKGF KP &QXGT CPF YCU DWTKGF KP (CXGTUJCO *GPT[ QH #PLQW CUEGP FGF VJG 'PINKUJ VJTQPG CU -KPI *GPT[ ++

2381

2GPP[ WO WPDGUVKOOVG /ÒP\UV·VVG I %TQUU OQNKPG 9CVHQTF V[RG /ÒP\OGKUVGT PKEJV NGUDCT )GMTÌPVGU $TWUVDKNF T OKV .KNKGP\GRVGT #PMGTMTGW\ KP FGP 9KPMGNP LG GKPG .KNKG 0QTVJ 5GCD[ 4 2T·IGUEJY·EJG UGJT UEJÌP

'ZGORNCT FGT #WMVKQP %0) .CPECUVGT 0T

2382

2GPP[ WO %CUVNG 4KUKPI I 8QKFGF %TQUU CPF /WNNGVU V[RG /ÒP\OGKUVGT 41&$846

4QFDGTV 56+'=(?0' )GMTÌPVGU $TWUVDKNF X X FGP -QRH JCNDN IGYCPFV OKV .KNKGP\GRVGT 41&=$?846 10 4+5 &QRRGNHCFGPMTGW\ KP FGP 9KPMGNP LG GKP 5VGTP 0QTVJ 5GCD[ 5GJT UGNVGPG /ÒP\UV·VVG #WGTIGYÌJPNKEJ IWV CWUIGRT·IVGU 'ZGORNCT HÒT FKGUGP 6[R CVVTCMVKXG 2CVKPC XQT\ÒINKEJ 'ZGORNCT FGT /KNNGPPKC %QNNGEVKQP #WMVKQP +TC .CTT[ )QNFDGTI .QU #PIGNGU 0T

141

DAS HAUS PLANTAGENET

'0).+5%*' -¤0+)' #75 &'/ *#75' 2.#06#)'0'6 4+%*#4& + ō.¤9'0*'4<ŋ 4KEJCTF + IGPCPPV ō.ÌYGPJGT\ŋ KUV YQJN GKPGT FGT DGTÒJOVGUVGP *GTTUEJGT 'PINCPFU YGPP PKEJV FGU /KVVGNCNVGTU ÒDGTJCWRV IGYGUGP 5GKPG 6JTQPDGUVGKIWPI CO 5GRVGODGT KP 9GUVOKPUVGT YWTFG OKV ITQGO 2TWPM IGHGKGTV ņ UEJNKGNKEJ IGJÌTVG FGT GPINKUEJG -ÌPKI OKV UGKPGP HTCP\ÌUKUEJGP (GUVNCPF DGUKV\WPIGP \W FGP O·EJVKIUVGP /·PPGTP 'WTQRCU 0WT MWT\ FCTCWH DGICD UKEJ 4KEJCTF CWH FGP &TKVVGP -TGW\\WI KPFGO GT \YCT OWVKI CDGT FKRNQOCVKUEJ QHVOCNU YGPKI IGUEJKEMV XQTIKPI 5EJQP DCNF JCVVG GT UKEJ OKV 2JKNKRR ++ #WIWUV XQP (TCPMTGKEJ WPF *GT\QI .GQRQNF 8 XQP ¤UVGT TGKEJ \GTUVTKVVGP YQFWTEJ UGKPG 4ÒEMMGJT PCEJ 'PINCPF \WO #DGPVGWGT YWTFG #O &G\GODGT YWTFG FGT CNU 2KNIGT XGTMNGKFGVG -ÌPKI KP 'TFDGTI GKPGO 8QTQTV XQP 9KGP IGHCPIGP IGPQOOGP /CP KPJCHVKGTVG KJP \WP·EJUV CWH FGT $WTI &ÒTPUVGKP UR·VGT CWH FGO RH·N\KUEJGP 6TKHGNU 'U YCT UEJNKGNKEJ 4KEJCTFU /WVVGT 'NGQPQTG XQP #SWKVCPKGP FKG FKG WPIGJGWTG .ÌUGIGNFUWOOG XQP /CTM CWHDTCEJVG FC UKEJ 4KEJCTFU $TWFGT ,QJCPP ō1JPGNCPFŋ YGKIGTVG CWH FKG (QTFGTWPIGP GKP\WIGJGP WO UGNDUV N·PIGT CP FGT /CEJV DNGKDGP \W MÌPPGP FGT JKUVQTKUEJG *KPVGTITWPF FGT 4QDKP *QQF .GIGPFG 0CEJ UGKPGT 4ÒEMMGJT PCEJ 'PINCPF YKFOGVG UKEJ 4KEJCTF FGO HTCP\ÌUKUEJGP (GUVNCPFDGUKV\ 9·JTGPF FGT $GNCIGTWPI FGT $WTI XQP %J³NWU YWTFG GT XQP GKPGO #TODTWUVDQN\GP IGVTQHHGP WPF UVCTD CO #RTKN KO #NVGT XQP PWT ,CJTGP KP FGP #TOGP UGKPGT /WVVGT 5GKP .GKEJPCO YWTFG KP FGT #DVGK (QPVGXTCWNV DGKIGUGV\V UGKP *GT\ KP FGT -CVJGFTCNG XQP 4QWGP

ŇŇŇŇŇŇ

4KEJCTF + ECNNGF VJG ŋ.KQPJGCTVŋ KU FQWDVNGUU QPG QH VJG OQUV HCOQWU TWNGTU QH 'PINCPF KH PQV QH VJG GPVKTG /KFFNG #IGU *KU EQTQPCVKQP QP 5GRVGODGT TF KP 9GUVOKPUVGT YCU EGNGDTCVGF YKVJ ITGCV RQOR ņ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ÒTPUVGKP %CUVNG CPF NCVGT CICKP CV VJG 2CNCVKPG 6TKHGNU +P VJG GPF KV YCU 4KEJCTFŉU OQVJGT 'NGCPQT QH #SWKVCKPG YJQ ECOG WR YKVJ VJG OQPUVTQWU TCPUQO HGG QH /CTMU CU 4KEJCTFŉU DTQVJGT ,QJP ŋ.CEMNCPFŌ TGHWUGF VQ ECRKVWNCVG VQ VJG FGOCPF KP QTFGT VQ TGOCKP KP RQYGT NQPIGT VJG JKUVQTKECN DCEMITQWPF QH VJG 4QDKP *QQF NGIGPF #HVGT JKU TGVWTP VQ 'PINCPF KP 4KEJCTF FGFKECVGF JKOUGNH VQ JKU (TGPEJ VGTTKVQTKCN RQUUGUUKQPU &WTKPI VJG UKGIG QH VJG ECUVNG QH %J³NWU JG YCU UVTWEM D[ C ETQUUDQY DQNV CPF FKGF QP #RTKN VJ CV VJG CIG QH QPN[ [GCTU KP JKU OQVJGTŉU CTOU *KU EQTRUG YCU KPVGTTGF KP (QPVGXTCWNV #DDG[ JKU JGCTV KP VJG %CVJGFTCN QH 4QWGP

2383

2GPP[ .QPFQP I 5JQTV ETQUU V[RG %NCUU /ÒP\OGKUVGT 9+..'./ )GMTÌPVG $ÒUVG FGU -ÌPKIU X X OKV <GRVGT <YKNNKPIUHCFGPMTGW\ KP FGP 9KPMGNP LG GKP -TGW\ 0QTVJ 5GCD[ # 5GJT UEJÌP

'ZGORNCT FGT #WMVKQP 5RKPM .QPFQP /·T\ 0T

142

DAS HAUS PLANTAGENET

,1*0 ō.#%-.#0&ŋ ,QJCPP YCT FGT LÒPIUVG 5QJP *GKPTKEJU ++ WPF 'NGQPQTGU XQP #SWKVCPKGP +O 6JTQPUVTGKV FGU ,CJTGU MQPPVG UKEJ ,QJCPP IGIGP UGKPGP 0GHHGP )TCH #TVJWT + XQP FGT $TGVCIPG FWTEJUGV\GP FGP GT CPIGDNKEJ GTOQTFGP NKG #O $GIKPP UGKPGT 4GIKGTWPI OWUUVG GT FKG *GTTUEJCHV ÒDGT FKG 0QTOCPFKG IGIGP FKG #PURTÒEJG FGU HTCP\ÌUKUEJGP -ÌPKIU 2JKNKRR ++ #WIWUV XGTVGKFKIGP &KG CPFCWGTPFG 0CEJHTCIG PCEJ )GNF WPF 5QNFCVGP IKRHGNVG KP GKPGT )GHQNIUEJCHVUXGTYGKIGTWPI FGT GPINKUEJGP $CTQPG FGPGP ,QJCPP GTJGDNKEJG <WIGUV·PFPKUUG OCEJGP OWUUVG HKGN FKG 0QTOCPFKG CP (TCPMTGKEJ WPF ,QJCPP XGTUWEJVG WPVGT #WUPWV\WPI CNNGT KJO IGDQVGPGP /ÌINKEJMGKVGP GKP *GGT HÒT GKPGP (GNF\WI CWH FGP -QPVKPGPV \WUCOOGP \W DGMQOOGP YCU KJO LGFQEJ PKEJV IGNCPI <WP·EJUV UVCPFGP OKNKV·TKUEJG 7PVGTPGJOWPIGP IGIGP 5EJQVVNCPF +TNCPF WPF 9CNGU CP DGXQT UKEJ FGT -ÌPKI GTPGWV OKV FGO )GFCPMGP GKPGT +PXCUKQP (TCPMTGKEJU VTWI KPVGT XGPKGTVG ,QJCPP KO UVCWHKUEJ YGNHKUEJGP 6JTQPUVTGKV KPFGO GT 1VVQ +8 IGIGP (TKGFTKEJ ++ WPVGTUVÒV\VG FGO YKGFGTWO FGT HTCP\ÌUKUEJG -ÌPKI \WT 5GKVG UVCPF #O ,WNK YWTFGP FKG 8GTDÒPFGVGP 'PI NCPFU KP FGT 5EJNCEJV XQP $QWXKPGU XGTPKEJVGPF XQP FGP HTCP\ÌUKUEJGP 6TWRRGP IGUEJNCIGP WPF ,QJCPP OWUUVG DGK UGKPGT 4ÒEMMGJT PCEJ 'PINCPF FKG /CIPC %CTVC .KDGTVCVWO CM\GRVKGTGP KP FGT ITWPFNGIGPFG RQNKVKUEJG (TGKJGKVGP FGU #FGNU IGIGPÒDGT FGO -ÌPKIVWO XGTDTKGHV YWTFGP WO GKPG #FGNUTGXQNVG \W DGGPFGP #NU ,QJCPP LGFQEJ 2CRUV +PPQ\GP\ +++ FC\W DTCEJVG KJP XQP <WUCIGP FGT %CTVC \W GPVDKPFGP MCO GU \W GKPGO GTPGWVGP #WHUVCPF ,QJCPP UVCTD CO 1MVQDGT KP .QPFQP KPOKVVGP FGU -TKGIGU IGIGP FKG $CTQPG ŇŇŇŇŇŇ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ŉU CNNKGU YGTG TGUQWPFKPIN[ FGHGCVGF KP VJG $CVVNG QH $QW XKPGU D[ VJG (TGPEJ VTQQRU CPF WRQP JKU TGVWTP VQ 'PINCPF ,QJP YCU HQTEGF VQ CEEGRV VJG /CIPC %CTVC .KDGTVCVWO KP YJKEJ HWPFCOGPVCN RQNKVKECN HTGGFQOU YGTG IWCTCPVGGF VQ VJG PQDNGU YKVJKP VJG MKPIFQO KP QTFGT VQ GPF C TGXQNV D[ VJG PQDKNKV[ #U ,QJP JQYGXGT EQPXKPEGF 2QRG +PPQEGPV +++ VQ CDUQNXG JKO HTQO VJG RNGFIGU KP VJG EJCTVGT CP WRTKUKPI QPEG CICKP GPUWGF ,QJP FKGF QP 1MVQDGT VJ KP .QPFQP YJKNG GPICIGF KP YCT CICKPUV VJG DCTQPU

2384

2GPP[ WO .[PP I 5JQTV ETQUU V[RG %NCUU D /ÒP\OGKUVGT +1*#0 )GMTÌPVG $ÒUVG FGU -ÌPKIU X X OKV <GRVGT <YKNNKPIUHCFGPMTGW\ KP FGP 9KPMGNP LG GKP -TGW\ 0QTVJ 5GCD[ 44 (GKPG 6ÌPWPI HCUV XQT\ÒINKEJ

'ZGORNCT FGT #WMVKQP 5RKPM .QPFQP /·T\ 0T

143

DAS HAUS PLANTAGENET

*'04; +++ /KV FGO 4GIKGTWPIUCPVTKVV FGU OKPFGTL·JTKIGP *GKPTKEJU +++ CO 1MVQDGT DGICPP FKG GTUVG 8QTOWPFUEJCHVUTGIKGTWPI KP 'PINCPF UGKV FGT PQTOCPPKUEJGP 'TQDGTWPI &GP 8QTUKV\ FGU 4GIGPV UEJCHVUTCVGU HÒJTVG 9KNNKCO /CTUJCNN 'CTN QH 2GODTQMG FGT CNU GTUVG #OVUJCPFNWPI FKG /CIPC %CTVC YKGFGT KP -TCHV UGV\VG VTCV *GKPTKEJ +++ FKG 2JCUG FGT UGNDUVUV·PFKIGP 4GIKGTWPI CP FKG LGFQEJ PWT DKU TGNCVKX WPGKPIGUEJT·PMV Y·JTVG 0CEJ GTHQNINQUGP (GNF\ÒIGP IGIGP (TCPMTGKEJ

TKUUGP FKG )TQGP FGU 4GKEJGU WPVGT (ÒJTWPI XQP 5KOQP 8 FG /QPVHQTV FKG -QP VTQNNG CP UKEJ WPF GPVOCEJVGVGP FGP -ÌPKI FGT UKEJ \W FKGUGO <GKVRWPMV CWH FGO (GUVNCPF CWHJKGNV KP FGP 2TQXKUKQPU QH 1ZHQTF &GP 5EJKGFUURTWEJ FGU HTCP\ÌUKUEJGP -ÌPKIU .WFYKI +: CM\GR VKGTVGP DGKFG 2CTVGKGP PKEJV WPF UQ MCO GU \WO QHHGPGP $ÒTIGTMTKGI +P FGT 5EJNCEJV DGK .GYGU /CK YWTFG FCU #WHIGDQV FGU -ÌPKIU IGUEJNCIGP WPF *GKPTKEJ +++ XQP /CK DKU #WIWUV KPJCHVKGTV $KU \WT 5EJNCEJV XQP 'XGUJCO #WIWUV TGIKGTVG /QPVHQTV PWP HCMVKUEJ 'PINCPF &G /QPVHQTVňU 2CTNKCOGPV &KG NGV\VGP 4GIKGTWPIULCJTG *GKPTKEJU YWTFG XQP YGKVGTGP #WUGKPCPFGTUGV\WP IGP OKV FGO #FGN ÒDGTUEJCVVGV DGXQT FGT -ÌPKI CO 0QXGODGT KP 9GUVOKPUVGT UVCTD

ŇŇŇŇŇŇ

9KVJ VJG CEEGUUKQP VQ VJG VJTQPG D[ VJG WPFGTCIG *GPT[ +++ QP 1EVQDGT VJ DGICP VJG HKTUV UWTTQ ICVG TGKIP KP 'PINCPF UKPEG VJG 0QTOCP EQPSWGUV 6JG EJCKTOCPUJKR QH VJG 4GIGPE[ %QWPEKN YCU JGNF D[ 9KNNKCO /CTUJCNN 'CTN QH 2GODTQMG YJQ KP JKU HKTUV QHHKEKCN CEV RWV VJG /CIPC %CTVC DCEM KPVQ GHHGEV +P *GPT[ +++ DGICP VJG KPFGRGPFGPV RJCUG QH JKU TGKIP VJG TGNCVKXGN[ WPTGUVTCKPGF EJCTCEVGT QH YJKEJ JQYGXGT QPN[ NCUVGF WPVKN (QNNQYKPI WPUWEEGUUHWN ECORCKIPU CICKPUV (TCPEG

VJG ITGCVU QH VJG GORKTG WPFGT VJG NGCFGTUJKR QH 5KOQP 8 FG /QPVHQTV WUWTRGF EQP VTQN CPF FKUGORQYGTGF VJG -KPI YJQ YCU QP VJG EQPVKPGPV CV VJG VKOG KP VJG 2TQXKUKQPU QH 1ZHQTF 6JG CTDKVTCVKQP QH VJG (TGPEJ -KPI .QWKU +: YCU TGLGEVGF D[ DQVJ RCTVKGU RTQXQMKPI QRGP EKXKN YCT +P VJG $CVVNG QH .GYGU /C[ VJ VJG -KPIŉU EQPVKPIGPV YCU FGHGCVGF CPF *GPT[ +++ YCU KORTKUQPGF HTQO /C[ WPVKN #WIWUV 7PVKN VJG $CVVNG QH 'XGUJCO #WIWUV VJ /QPVHQTV TGKIPGF FG HCEVQ KP 'PINCPF &G /QPVHQTVňU 2CTNKCOGPV 6JG HKPCN [GCTU QH *GPT[ŉU TGKIP YGTG QXGTUJC FQYGF D[ HWTVJGT EQPHNKEVU YKVJ VJG PQDKNKV[ DGHQTG VJG -KPI FKGF QP 0QXGODGT VJ KP 9GUV OKPUVGT

2385

2GPP[ WO .QPFQP I .QPI ETQUU V[RG YKVJ UEGRVGT %NCUU D /ÒP\OGKUVGT 4+%#4& )GMTÌPVGT -QRH FGU -ÌPKIU X X OKV <GRVGT <YKNNKPIUHCFGPMTGW\ KP FGP 9KPMGNP LG FTGK -WIGNP 0QTVJ 5GCD[ 5GJT UEJÌPGU 'ZGORNCT OKV HGKPGT 6ÌPWPI 'ZGORNCT FGT #WMVKQP 5RKPM .QPFQP /·T\ 0T

144

DAS HAUS PLANTAGENET

'&9#4& + &KG RQNKVKUEJG .CWHDCJP 'FYCTFU DGICPP OKV FGT ªDGTVTCIWPI FGU 'CTNFQOU %JGUVGT WPF FGT *GTTUEJCHV KP +TNCPF WPF #SWKVCPKGP FWTEJ UGKPGP 8CVGT -ÌPKI *GKPTKEJ +++ PCJO 'FYCTF FCU -TGW\ WPF \QI OKV FGO HTCP\ÌUKUEJGP -ÌPKI .WFYKI +: ōFGO *GKNKIGPŋ PCEJ 0QTFCHTKMC 0CEJ FGUUGP 0KGFGTNCIG DGK 6WPKU UGV\VG GT CNU GKP\KIGT #PHÒJTGT FGP -TGW\\WI HQTV WPF \QI PCEJ 2CN·UVKPC YQ GT FGO /QTFXGTUWEJ GKPGU #UUCUUKPGP PWT MPCRR WPF XGTYWPFGV GPVMCO 0CEJ GKPGO #WHGPVJCNV KP #SWKVCPKGP MGJTVG GT PCEJ 'PINCPF \WTÒEM YQ UGKP 8CVGT DGTGKVU IGUVQTDGP YCT WPF GORHKPI FKG -TQPG 'FYCTFU 4GIKGTWPIU\GKV YCT XQP \CJNTGKEJGP OKNKV·TKUEJGP -QPHNKMVGP OKV (TCPMTGKEJ 9CNGU WPF 5EJQVVNCPF ÒDGTUEJCVVGV YQDGK GT UKEJ \WPGJOGPF CWH DG\CJNVG 5ÌNFPGTVTWRRGP CPUVGNNG FGT QHVOCNU WP\WXGTN·UUKIGP #FGNUMQPVKPIGPVG UVÒV\VG &KG \CJNTGKEJGP -TKGIG HÌTFGTVGP FGP 7POWV KP FGT $GXÌNMGTWPI CWHITWPF FGT UVGVKI UVGKIGPFGP 5VGWGTDGNCUVWPI +P FKGUGO <WUCOOGPJCPI YWEJU CWEJ FKG /CEJV FGU 2CTNKCOGPVU FCU HÒT FKG 5VGWGTDGYKNNKIWPI \WUV·PFKI YCT #NU 'FYCTF CO ,WNK KP $WTIJ D[ 5CPFU UVCTD JKPVGTNKG GT UGKPGO WPH·JKIGP 5QJP 'FYCTF ++ OGJT CNU 2HWPF 5EJWNFGP WPF GKPGP -TKGI OKV 5EJQVVNCPF YQ UKEJ 4QDGTV + ōVJG $TWEGŋ \WO -ÌPKI IGOCEJV JCVVG

ŇŇŇŇŇŇ

'FYCTFňU RQNKVKECN ECTGGT DGICP KP YKVJ VJG EQPHGTTCN WRQP JKO QH VJG 'CTNFQO QH %JGUVGT CPF QH TWNG KP +TGNCPF CPF #SWKVCKPG D[ JKU HCVJGT -KPI *GPT[ +++ +P 'FYCTF ŋVQQM VJG ETQUUŌ CPF NGHV KP YKVJ VJG (TGPEJ -KPI 5V .QWKU +: ŋVJG *QN[Ō HQT 0QTVJ #HTKEC #HVGT JKU FGHGCV CV 6WPKU JG EQPVKPWGF VJG ETWUCFG CU UQNG NGCFGT CPF RTQEGGFGF VQ 2CNGUVKPG YJGTG JG YCU YQWPFGF CPF DCTGN[ GUECRGF OWTFGT D[ CP CUUCUUKP #HVGT C UVC[ KP #SWKVCKPG JG TGVWTPGF KP VQ 'PINCPF YJGTG JKU HCVJGT JCF FKGF RTGXKQWUN[ KP CPF TGEGKXGF VJG ETQYP 'FYCTFŉU TGKIP YCU QXGTUJCFQYGF D[ EQWPVNGUU OKNKVCT[ EQPHNKEVU YKVJ (TCPEG 9CNGU CPF 5EQVNCPF KP YJKEJ JG KPETGCUKPIN[ TGNKGF QP VJG UWRRQTV QH OGTEGPCT[ UQNFKGTU KPUVGCF QH VJG QHVGP WPFGRGPFCDNG PQDNG EQPVKPKIGPVU 6JG EQWPVNGUU YCTU RTQFWEGF WPTGUV KP VJG RQRWNCVKQP FWG VQ VJG GXGT KPETGCUKPI VCZ DWTFGP +P VJKU EQPPGE VKQP VJG RQYGT QH 2CTNKCOGPV YJKEJ YCU TGURQPUKDNG HQT VJG NGX[KPI QH VCZGU ITGY CU YGNN 9JGP 'FYCTF FKGF QP ,WN[ VJ KP $WTIJ PGCT 5CPFU JG NGHV VQ JKU KPEQORGVGPV UQP 'FYCTF ++ OQTG VJCP 2QWPFU KP FGDV CPF C YCT YKVJ 5EQVNCPF YJGTG 4QDGTV + ŋVJG $TWEGŌ JCF OCFG JKOUGNH -KPI

2386

2GPP[ WO .QPFQP I 0GY %QKPCIG %NCUU C $TQMGP HNGWT QP ETQYP )GMTÌPVGT -QRH FGU -ÌPKIU X X .CPIMTGW\ KP FGP 9KPMGNP LG FTGK -WIGNP 0QTVJ 5GCD[ (CUV XQT\ÒINKEJGU 'ZGORNCT OKV HGKPGT CNVGT 2CVKPC 'ZGORNCT FGT #WMVKQP %0) .CPECUVGT 0T 'ZGORNCT FGT 4QUU 5EJTCGFGT %QNNGEVKQP 'ZGORNCT FGT .CYTGPEG 4 5VCEM %QNNGEVKQP #WMVKQP 5QVJGD[ŉU .QPFQP 0T .QV

145

KÖNIGREICH DÄNEMARK

&#5 -¤0+)4'+%* & 0'/#4- +/ 70& ,#*4*70&'46 *#4#.& $.#7<#*0 'KP IGPCWGT <GKVRWPMV FGU 4GIKGTWPIUDGIKPPU *CTCNFU KUV PKEJV ÒDGTNKGHGTV 'TUVOCNU VCWEJV GT YQJN PQEJ \W .GD\GKVGP UGKPGU 8CVGTU )QTO CWH &KG DGUVG 3WGNNG \W .GDGP WPF 9KTMGP *CTCNFU KUV FGT UQIGPCPPVG 4WPGPUVGKP XQP ,GNNKPI CWH FGO IGUEJTKGDGP UVGJV ō-ÌPKI *CTCNF DGHCJN FKGUGP 5VGKP \W GTTKEJVGP \WO )GFGPMGP CP )QTO UGKPGP 8CVGT WPF CP 6J[TC UGKPG /WVVGT &GT *CTCNF FGT UKEJ ICP\ &·PGOCTM WPF 0QTYGIGP WPVGTYCTH WPF FKG &·PGP \W %JTKUVGP OCEJVG ŋ &GOPCEJ TGIKGTVG *CTCNF YQJN ÒDGT ICP\ &·PGOCTM WPF VTKGD FKG %JTKUVKCPKUKGTWPI XQTCP ņ GKP (CMVWO FCU CWEJ DGK FGO %JTQ PKUVGP #FCO XQP $TGOGP 'TY·JPWPI HKPFGV )GUVC *COOCDWTIGPUKU GEENGUKCG RQPVKHKEWO + WPF ++ /ÌINKEJGTYGKUG IGJV CWEJ FKG #PNCIG FGT 4KPIDWTIGP XQP 6TGNNGDQTI ([TMCV #IIGTUDQTI WPF 0QPPGDCMMGP CWH UGKPG +PKVKCVKXG \WTÒEM 5GKPG NGV\VGP 4GIKGTWPIULCJTG YWTFGP YQJN XQP GKPGO -TKGI IGIGP UGKPGP 5QJP 5XGP )CDGNDCTV ÒDGTUEJCVVGV *CTCNF UQNN PCEJ #FCO XQP $TGOGP CP #NNGTJGK NKIGP CP GKPGT 8GTYWPFWPI IGUVQTDGP UGKP

ŇŇŇŇŇŇ

6JG GZCEV FCVG QH VJG DGIKPPKPI QH *CTQNFŉU TGKIP KU WPMPQYP *G KU HKTUV OGPVKQPGF KP RTQDCDN[ UVKNN FWTKPI VJG NKHGVKOG QH JKU HCVJGT )QTO 6JG DGUV UQWTEG QP VJG NKHG CPF YQTM QH *CTQNF KU VJG UQ ECNNGF 4WPGUVQPG QH ,GNNKPI QP YJKEJ KU YTKVVGP ŋ-KPI *CTQNF QTFGTGF VJCV VJKU UVQPG DG GTGEVGF KP OGOQT[ QH )QTO JKU HCVJGT CPF QH 6J[TC JKU OQVJGT 6JG *CTQNF YJQ EQPSWGTGF CNN QH &GPOCTM CPF 0QTYC[ CPF DTQWIJV %JTKUVKCPKV[ VQ VJG &CPGU Ō #EEQTFKPI VQ VJKU *CTQNF RTQDCDN[ TGKIPGF QXGT CNN QH &GPOCTM CPF RTQOQVGF VJG URTGCF QH %JTKUVKCPKV[ ņ C HCEV YJKEJ KU CNUQ OGPVKQPGF D[ VJG EJTQPKENGT #FCO QH $TGOGP )GUVC *COOCDWTIGPUKU GEENGUKCG RQPVKHKEWO + CPF ++ +V KU RQUUKDNG VJCV VJG EKTEWNCT ECUVNG EQPUVTWEVKQPU QH 6TGNNGDQTI ([TMCV #IIGTUDQTI CPF 0QPPGDCMMGP CTG CVVTKDWVCDNG VQ JKU KPKVKCVKXGU 6JG HKPCN [GCTU QH JKU TGKIP YGTG NKMGN[ QXGTUJCFQYGF D[ C YCT CICKPUV JKU UQP 5YG[P (QTMDGCTF *CTQNF FKGF CEEQTFKPI VQ #FCO QH $TGOGP QP #NN 5CKPVUŉ &C[ HTQO C YQWPF

2387

&GPCT *CKVJCDW *GFGD[ 0CEJCJOWPI FGT /ÒP\GP -CTNU FGU )TQGP CWU &QTGUVCF I 1TPCOGPVCN CWHIGNÌUVG %#41.85 WPF &14'56#& .GIGPFGP CWH 8QTFGT WPF 4ÒEMUGKVG /CNOGT 6H (GKPG 2CVKPC NGKEJV IGYGNNV HCUV XQT\ÒINKEJ 'ZGORNCT FGT 5COONWPI 5EJKGTJQTP #WMVKQP (TKV\ 4WFQNH -ÒPMGT 1UPCDTÒEM 0T

<W FGP 2T·IWPIGP FKGUGU DGFGWVGPFGP HTÒJOKVVGNCNVGTNKEJGP *CPFGNURNCV\GU XIN ,CPMWJP * *CKVJCDW 'KP *CP FGNURNCV\ FGT 9KMKPIGT\GKV 0GWOÒPUVGT 5 WPF /CNOGT $ 0QTFKUMC OKPV HÌTG CT .WPF

ŇŇŇŇŇŇ

1P VJG EQKPCIGU QH VJKU KORQTVCPV GCTN[ OGFKGXCN VTCFG EGPVGT EH ,CPMWJP * *CKVJCDW 'KP *CPFGNURNCV\ FGT 9KMKPIGT\GKV 0GWOÒPUVGT R CPF /CNOGT $ 0QTFKUMC OKPV HÌTG CT .WPF

2388

&GPCT *CKVJCDW *GFGD[ I 5VKNKUKGTVGT -QRH \YKUEJGP FTGK $ÌIGP -TGW\KIWPI! -TGW\ ÒDGT &TGKGEM *CWDGTI 8QP ITQGT 5GNVGPJGKV )WV CWUIGRT·IVGU HCUV XQT\ÒINKEJGU 'ZGORNCT OKV UEJÌPGT 2CVKPC 'ZGORNCT FGT #WMVKQP (TKV\ 4WFQNH -ÒPMGT 1UPCDTÒEM 0T

&KG GTUVG F·PKUEJG /ÒP\G OKV GKPGO EJTKUVNKEJGP /QVKX XIN $GTVGNUGP . ) )QNICVCFTCOCGV RC OÎPVGT HTC *CTCNF $NCVCPFU VKF KP 0QTFKUM 0WOKUOCVKUM 7PKQPU /GFNGOUDNCF 5 WPF *KNDGTI 8 /QGUICCTF , % 1RUKIVUXºMMGPFG HWPF CH MQTUOÎPVGT KP GDF 5

ŇŇŇŇŇŇ

6JG HKTUV &CPKUJ EQKPU YKVJ C %JTKUVKCP OQVKH EH $GTVGNUGP . ) )QNICVCFTCOCGV RC OÎPVGT HTC *CTCNF $NCVCPFU VKF KP 0QTFKUM 0WOKUOCVKUM 7PKQPU /GFNGOUDNCF R CPF *KNDGTI 8 /QGUICCTF , % 1R UKIVUXºMMGPFG HWPF CH MQTUOÎPVGT KP GDF 5

146

KÖNIGREICH DÄNEMARK -07& &'4 )4155' -PWV YWTFG WO FCU ,CJT CNU 5QJP FGU F·PKUEJGP -ÌPKIU 5XGP )CDGNDCTVU WPF GKPGT 6QEJVGT FGU RQNPKUEJGP (ÒTUVGP /KGU\MQ IGDQTGP 'T DGINGKVGVG UGKPGP 8CVGT DGK FGT 'TQDGTWPI 'PINCPFU WPF YWTFG PCEJ FGUUGP 6QF XQP FGT F·PKUEJGP (NQVVG \WO 6JTQPHQNIGT IGY·JNV &KG 'PIN·PFGT LGFQEJ TKGHGP -ÌPKI VJGNTGF ++ CWU FGO 'ZKN \WTÒEM YGUJCND UKEJ -PWV MWT\HTKUVKI PCEJ &·PGOCTM DGICD XQP YQ GT OKV GKPGO *GGT \WTÒEMMGJTVG VJGNTGF UVCTD CO #RTKN Y·JTGPF FGT $GNCIGTWPI .QP FQPU WPF UGKP 5QJP 'FOWPF YWTFG KP FGT 5EJNCEJV XQP #UJKPIFQP 1MVQDGT DGUKGIV &KG PWP GTHQNIVG 6GKNWPI 'PINCPFU YWTFG FWTEJ FGP 6QF 'FOWPFU CO 0QXGODGT JKPH·NNKI UQ FCUU -PWV CD KP ICP\ 'PINCPF JGTTUEJVG 0CEJ FGO 6QF UGKPGU $TWFGTU *CTCNF YWTFG -PWV CWEJ CNU -ÌPKI XQP &·PGOCTM CPGTMCPPV YQ GT FKG GTUVGP F·PKUEJGP /ÒP\GP RT·IGP NKG XIN 0T -PWV PCJO CO /·T\ CP FGT -CKUGTMTÌPWPI -QPTCFU ++ KP 4QO VGKN 0CEJ UGKPGT 4ÒEMMGJT DG\GKEJPGVG GT UKEJ UGNDUV CNU -ÌPKI FGT 'PIN·PFGT &·PGP 0QTYGIGT WPF 5EJYGFGP WPF XGTUWEJVG UGKPG #PURTÒEJG OKV YGEJUGNPFGO 'THQNI OKNKV·TKUEJ FWTEJ\WUGV\GP 'KPG DGUQPFGTG (ÌTFGTWPI GTHWJTGP 8GTYCNVWPI 4GEJVURTGEJWPI WPF -KTEJG Y·JTGPF UGKPGT 4GIKGTWPIU\GKV -PWV UVCTD CO 0QXGODGT KP 5JCHVGUDWT[ WPF YWTFG KO 1NF /KPUVGT XQP 9KPEJGUVGT DGKIGUGV\V ŇŇŇŇŇŇ %PWV YCU DQTP KP VJG UQP QH VJG &CPKUJ -KPI 5YG[P (QTMDGCTF CPF C FCWIJVGT QH VJG 2QNKUJ 2TKPEG /KGU\MQ *G CEEQORCPKGF JKU HCVJGT KP VJG EQPSWGUV QH 'PINCPF KP CPF CHVGT JKU HCVJGTŉ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

2389

&GPCT .WPF I %086 4': & 0146 $TWUVDKNF N OKV &KCFGO -NGKPGU -TGW\ *CWDGTI 8QP ITÌVGT 5GNVGPJGKV (GKPG 6ÌPWPI NGKEJV IGYGNNV UGJT UEJÌPpXQT\ÒINKEJ 'ZGORNCT FGT #WMVKQP (TKV\ 4WFQNH -ÒPMGT 1UPCDTÒEM 0T

&KG XQTNKGIGPFG 5VGORGNXGTDKPFWPI YCT $ /CNOGT KP NGFKINKEJ 'ZGORNCTGP DGMCPPV /CNOGT $ 6JG #PINQ 5ECPFKPCXKCP %QKPCIG E 5VQEMJQNO 5 %JCKP

2390

&GPCT .WPF I 5EJNCPIGPCTVKIGT -TGKU -TGW\ CWU XKGT *CNDDÌIGP WPF ITÌGTGP 2WPMVGP *CWDGTI 4 (GKPG 6ÌPWPI NGKEJV IGYGNNV UQPUV UGJT UEJÌP 'ZGORNCT FGT #WMVKQP (TKV\ 4WFQNH -ÒPMGT 1UPCDTÒEM 0T 'ZGORNCT FGT #WMVKQP 4CUOWUUGP -QRGPJCIGP 0T

147

KÖNIGREICH DÄNEMARK

2391

&GPCT 8KDQTI I *CPF CWU *KOOGNUDQIGP KO (GNF FTGK -TGW\G -TGW\ KP FGP 9KPMGNP LG GKP MNGKPGU -TGW\ *CWDGTI 4 (GKPG 2CVKPC UGJT UEJÌP 'ZGORNCT FGT 5COONWPI 5EJKGTJQTP #WMVKQP (TKV\ 4WFQNH -ÒPMGT 1UPCDTÒEM 0T 'TYQTDGP XQP &KGVGT 5CCT $CUGN

*#4&' -07& 'T YCT FGT GKP\KIG 5QJP -ÌPKI -PWVU FGU )TQGP CWU FGUUGP 8GTDKPFWPI OKV 'OOC 7O KUV GKPG IGOGKPUCOG /ÒP\RT·IWPI XQP 8CVGT WPF 5QJP KP &·PGOCTM DGNGIV YGUJCND CPIGPQOOGP YGTFGP MCPP FCUU *CTFGMPWV UGKVFGO CNU /KVMÌPKI TGIKGTVG 0CEJ FGO 6QF -PWVU YWTFG GT -ÌPKI XQP &·PGOCTM WPF XQP UGKPGT /WVVGT IGFT·PIV CWEJ #PURTÒEJG CWH FGP 6JTQP 'PINCPFU IGNVGPF \W OCEJGP &QTV UGV\VG LGFQEJ GKPG TKXCNKUKGTGPFG #FGNUITWRRKGTWPI UGKPGP *CNDDTWFGT *CTCNF *CTGHQQV *CTQNF + CNU 0CEJHQNIGT GKP 'KP OKNKV·TKUEJGU 'KPITGKHGP *CTFGMPWVU KP 'PINCPF YWTFG XQTGTUV FWTEJ #WUGKPCPFGTUGV\WPIGP OKV FGO PQTYGIKUEJGP -ÌPKI /CIPWU XGTJKPFGTV 'TUV PCEJ *CTQNFU 6QF CO /·T\ UGIGNVG *CTFGMPWV OKV GKPGT (NQVVG PCEJ 'PINCPF WPF ÒDGTPCJO FKG *GTTUEJCHV FGUKI PKGTVG GT UGKPGP *CNDDTWFGT 'FYCTF ōFGP $GMGPPGTŋ *GT\QI FGT 0QTOCPFKG \W UGKPGO 0CEJHQNIGT

ŇŇŇŇŇŇ

*G YCU VJG QPN[ UQP QH -KPI %PWV VJG )TGCV HTQO JKU NKCKUQP OKV 'OOC # EQOOQP EQKPCIG QH HCVJGT CPF UQP KP &GPOCTM KU FQEWOGPVGF HTQO EC HTQO YJKEJ OC[ DG FGFWEGF VJCV *CTVJCEPWV TGKIPGF HTQO VJCV FCVG CU LQKPV -KPI #HVGT VJG FGCVJ QH %PWV JG DGECOG -KPI QH &GPOCTM CPF YCU RTGUUWTGF D[ JKU OQVJGT VQ RTGUU JKU ENCKO VQ VJG VJTQPG QH 'PINCPF 6JGTG JQYGXGT C TKXCN ITQWR QH PQDNGU KPUVCNNGF JKU JCNH DTQVJGT *CTQNF *CTGHQQV *CTQNF + CU UWEEGUUQT # OKNK VCT[ KPXCUKQP QH 'PINCPF D[ *CTVJCEPWV YCU RTGXGPVGF HQT UQOG VKOG D[ EQPHNKEVU YKVJ VJG 0QTYGIKCP -KPI /CIPWU 0QV WPVKN CHVGT *CTQNFŉU FGCVJ QP /CTEJ VJ FKF *CTVJCEPWV UCKN VQ 'PINCPF YKVJ C HNGGV CPF CUUWOG VJG VJTQPG +P JG FGUKIPCVGF JKU JCNH DTQVJGT 'FYCTF ŋVJG %QPHGUUQTŌ &WMG QH 0QTOCPF[ CU JKU UWEEGUUQT

2392

&GPCT .WPF I /ÒP\OGKUVGT #.(2#4& $TWUVDKNF N OKV *GNO .CPIGU &QRRGNHCFGPMTGW\ OKV LG FTGK *CNDOQPFGP CP FGP 'PFGP KP FGP 9KPMGNP 4KPI ņ -WIGN ņ -WIGN ņ 4KPI *CWDGTI XCT (GKPG 6ÌPWPI UGJT UEJÌPpXQT\ÒINKEJ

'TYQTDGP XQP ,GCP 'NUGP ,CPWCT

2393

&GPCT .WPF I $TWUVDKNF N &QRRGNHCFGPMTGW\ KO GTUVGP WPF XKGTVGP 9KPMGN LG GKP *CNDOQPF *CWDGTI XCT (CUV XQT\ÒINKEJGU 'ZGORNCT OKV HGKPGT 2CVKPC 'ZGORNCT FGT #WMVKQP (TKV\ 4WFQNH -ÒPMGT 1UPCDTÒEM 0T

148

KÖNIGREICH DÄNEMARK

2394

&GPCT ¦TDºM I 5VKNKUKGTVGU $TWUVDKNF T FCXQT -TGW\ -TGW\ KP FGP 9KPMGNP LG GKP *CNDMTGKU OKV -WIGNP CP FGP 'PFGP *CWDGTI (GKPG 2CVKPC XQT\ÒINKEJ 'ZGORNCT FGT 5COONWPI 5EJKGTJQTP #WMVKQP (TKV\ 4WFQNH -ÒPMGT 1UPCDTÒEM 0T 'ZGORNCT FGT 5COONWPI $TWWP 0T

2395

&GPCT 4KDG I 5VKNKUKGTVGU $TWUVDKNF N OKV *GNO WPF <GRVGT &TGKGEM CWU DQIGPHÌTOKIGP .KPKGP WPF 2WPMVGP KP FGT /KVVG -TGW\ *CWDGTI 4 2TCEJVXQNNG 2CVKPC YKP\ 2T·IGUEJY·EJG CO 4CPF XQT\ÒINKEJ 'ZGORNCT FGT 5COONWPI 5EJKGTJQTP #WMVKQP (TKV\ 4WFQNH -ÒPMGT 1UPCDTÒEM 0T 'ZGORNCT FGT 5COONWPI $TWWP 0T

8QTDKNF HÒT FKGUG 2T·IWPI KUV FGT GPINKUEJG ō*GNOGV V[RGŋ XQP -ÌPKI %PWV

/#)075 &'4 )76' /CIPWU YCT FGT WPGJGNKEJG 5QJP XQP 1NCH ++ FGO *GKNKIGP JQNVG OCP KJP CWU 0QXIQTQF \WTÒEM YQ GT CO *QHG (ÒTUV ,CTQNCXU + XQP -KGY GT\QIGP YQTFGP YCT WPF GTJQD KJP \WO -ÌPKI XQP 0QTYGIGP MCO GU \W GKPGO #DMQOOGP \YKUEJGP /CIPWU WPF *CTFGMPWF YQPCEJ FCU 4GKEJ FGULGPKIGP XQP KJPGP FGT QJPG O·PPNKEJGP 0CEJMQOOGP UVCTD XQO CPFGTGP ÒDGTPQOOGP YGTFGP UQNNVG 5Q MCO GU FCUU /CIPWU KO F·PKUEJGP 8KDQTI \WO -ÌPKI CWUIGTWHGP YWTFG 9·JTGPF UGKPGT 4GIKGTWPIU\GKV MCO GU YKGFGTJQNV \W #WUGKPCPFGTUGV\WPIGP OKV 5XGP 'UVTKFUGP WPF FGP JGKFPKUEJGP 9GPFGP 8GTIGDNKEJ DNKGD FGT 8GTUWEJ 'FYCTF FGO $GMGPPGT FGP GPINKUEJGP 6JTQP UVTGKVKI \W OCEJGP &GP $GKPCOGP ōFGT )WVGŋ CNVPQTF )ÉÆK GTJKGNV GT IGIGP 'PFG UGKPGT 4GIGPVUEJCHV CNU GT UKEJ XGTUV·TMV WO FKG 5QTIGP FGT $CWGTP MÒOOGTVG

ŇŇŇŇŇŇ

/CIPWU YCU VJG KNNGIKVKOCVG UQP QH 1NCH ++ VJG 5CKPV +P JG YCU DTQWIJV DCEM HTQO 0QXIQTQTQF YJGTG JG JCF DGGP TCKUGF CV VJG EQWTV QH 2TKPEG ,CTQUNCX + QH -KGY CPF PCOGF -KPI QH 0QTYC[ +P CP CITGGOGPV YCU TGCEJGF DGVYGGP /CIPWU CPF *CTVJCEPWV YJGTGD[ VJG GORKTG QH VJG QPG YJQ FKGF YKVJQWV C OCNG JGKT YQWNF DG VCMGP QXGT D[ VJG QVJGT 6JWU KV VTCPURKTGF VJCV KP /CIPWU YCU RTQENCKOGF -KPI KP 8KDQTI &GPOCTM &WTKPI JKU TGKIP VJGTG YGTG TGRGCVGF EQPHNKEVU YKVJ 5YG[P 'UVTKFUUQP CPF VJG JGCVJGP 9GPFU 6JG CVVGORV VQ EJCNNGPIG 'FYCTF VJG %QPHGUUQT

HQT VJG 'PINKUJ VJTQPG TGOCKPGF WPUWEEGUUHWN 6JG UWTPCOG ŋ6JG )QQFŌ QNF PQTF )ÉÆK YCU IKXGP VQ JKO PGCT VJG GPF QH JKU TGKIP YJGP JG KPETGCUGF JKU CVVGPVKQP VQ VJG RTQDNGOU QH HCTOGTU

2396

&GPCT .WPF I $TWUVDKNF N OKV <GRVGT &QRRGNHCFGPMTGW\ OKV *CNDOQPFGP CP FGP 'PFGP *CWDGTI XCT 5GJT CVVTCMVKXGU 'ZGORNCT OKV JGTTNKEJGT 2CVKPC XQT\ÒINKEJ 'ZGORNCT FGT 5COONWPI 5EJKGTJQTP #WMVKQP (TKV\ 4WFQNH -ÒPMGT 1UPCDTÒEM 0T 'ZGORNCT FGT 5COONWPI 2GVGT *CWDGTI -QRGPJCIGP

149

KÖNIGREICH DÄNEMARK

2397

&GPCT .WPF I .COO UVGJV PCEJ N OKV -TGW\UVCD .CPIGU &QRRGNHCFGPMTGW\ OKV LG FTGK *CND OQPFGP CP FGP 'PFGP *CWDGTI 44 #VVTCMVKXGU 'ZGORNCT UGJT UEJÌPpXQT\ÒINKEJ 'ZGORNCT FGT #WMVKQP (TKV\ 4WFQNH -ÒPMGT 1UPCDTÒEM 0T

2398

&GPCT 8KDQTI I 5VKNKUKGTVGU $TWUVDKNF N &QRRGNHCFGPMTGW\ OKV *CNDOQPFGP CP FGP 'PFGP KO GTUVGP WPF XKGTVGP 9KPMGN LG FTGK -WIGNP KO \YGKVGP WPF FTKVVGP 9KPMGN LG GKP *CNDOQPF WPF \YGK -WIGNP *CWDGTI 4 *ÒDUEJG 2CVKPC UGJT UEJÌPpXQT\ÒINKEJ 'ZGORNCT FGT 5COONWPI 5EJKGTJQTP #WMVKQP (TKV\ 4WFQNH -ÒPMGT 1UPCDTÒEM 0T 'ZGORNCT FGT 5COONWPI $TWWP 0T

58'0& '564+&5'0 #NU -KPF HNQJ 5XGP WO OKV UGKPGO 8CVGT 7NH XQT -PWF FGO )TQGP CP FGP *QH -ÌPKI #PWPF ,CMQDU XQP 5EJYGFGP 0CEJ #WUMWPHV FGU *KUVQTKQITCRJGP #FCO XQP $TG OGP UQNN 5XGP ,CJTG KP 5EJYGFGP XGTDTCEJV JCDGP 8QP 5EJQPGP CWU XGTUWEJVG GT UGKPGP 'KPHNWUU CWH FCU ÌUVNKEJG &·PGOCTM CWU\WFGJPGP &CDGK M·ORHVG GT YKGFGTJQNV GTHQNITGKEJ IGIGP FCU F·PKUEJ PQTYG IKUEJG -ÌPKIVWO /CIPWU FGU )WVGP WPF *CTCNF 5KIWTFUUQPU CD /KV 'T\DKUEJQH #FCNDGTV XQP *CODWTI $TGOGP GTPGWGTVG GT FKG F·PKUEJG $KUVWOUQTICPKUCVKQP WPF PCJO $G\KGJWPIGP \W 2CRUV #NGZCPFGT ++ CWH YQJN KP FGO $GOÒJGP UGKPGP 1PMGN *CTCNF $NCW \CJP JGKNKI URTGEJGP \W NCUUGP 5XGP 'UVTKFUGP UVCTD CO #RTKN QFGT WPF YWTFG KO &QO XQP 4QUMKNFG DGKIGUGV\V

ŇŇŇŇŇŇ

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

2399

&GPCT .WPF I 2GTUQP KP D[\CPVKPKUEJGO )GYCPF UVGJV X X OKV -TGW\UVCD WPF -TGW\INQ DWU )GMTÌPVG 2GTUQP KP D[\CPVKPKUEJGO -CKUGTIGYCPF UVGJV X X OKV -TGW\INQDWU WPF -TGW\UVCD *CWDGTI 8QP ITQGT 5GNVGPJGKV *GTTNKEJG 2CVKPC UGJT UEJÌPpXQT\ÒINKEJ 'ZGORNCT FGT #WMVKQP (TKV\ 4WFQNH -ÒPMGT 1UPCDTÒEM 0T

150

KÖNIGREICH DÄNEMARK

2400

&GPCT 5NCIGNUG I %JTKUVWU VJTQPV X X OKV $KDGN &QRRGNHCFGPMTGW\ KO GTUVGP WPF XKGTVGP 9KPMGN LG GKP *CNDOQPF *CWDGTI *GTTNKEJG 2CVKPC YKP\ -TCV\GT XQT\ÒINKEJ 'ZGORNCT FGT 5COONWPI 5EJKGTJQTP #WMVKQP (TKV\ 4WFQNH -ÒPMGT 1UPCDTÒEM 0T 'ZGORNCT FGT 5COONWPI 2GVGT *CWDGTI -QRGPJCIGP 0T

2401

&GPCT .WPF I &GT 'T\GPIGN /KEJCGN WPF FGT XQP FGT *CPF )QVVGU IGMTÌPVG D[\CPVKPKUEJG -CKUGT /KEJCGN +8 UVGJGP X X WPF JCNVGP .CDCTWO &QRRGNHCFGPMTGW\ KP FGP 9KPMGNP LG GKP PCEJ CWGP IGMGJTVGT ITQGT *CNDOQPF *CWDGTI XCT 4 (GKPG 2CVKPC UGJT UEJÌPpXQT\ÒINKEJ 'ZGORNCT FGT 5COONWPI 5EJKGTJQTP #WMVKQP (TKV\ 4WFQNH -ÒPMGT 1UPCDTÒEM 'ZGORNCT FGT 5COONWPI 2GVGT *CWDGTI -QRGPJCIGP 0T 'ZGORNCT FGT 5COONWPI $TWWP 0T

&CU XQTNKGIGPFG JKUVQTKUEJ ·WGTUV KPVGTGUUCPVG 'ZGORNCT JCV GKPG D[\CPVKPKUEJG /ÒP\G \WO 8QTDKNF FKG KP FGT (QTUEJWPIUFKUMWUUKQP CDYGEJUGNPF FGP -CKUGTP /KEJCGN +8 /KEJCGN 8 /KEJCGN 8+ WPF /KEJCGN 8++ \WIG UEJTKGDGP YQTFGP KUV #NU 'TMN·TWPI HÒT FKGUG 2T·IWPI FÒTHVG FKG 6CVUCEJG FKGPGP FC *CTQNF 5KIWTVJCTUQP UR·VGT *CTFTCFC IGPCPPV FKGUG /ÒP\GP OKVDTCEJVG CNU GT CWU UGKPGO &KGPUV KP FGT 8CTCPIGT .GKDYCEJG FGU -CKUGTU KP UGKPG *GKOCV \WTÒEMMGJTVG 9·JTGPF FGU $WNICTGPCWHUVCPFGU WPVGT /KEJCGN +8 YCT *CTQNF *CTFTCFC OKPFGUVGPU \YGKOCN KP 6JGUUCNQPKEC YQ GT FKGUG /ÒP\GP CNU 5QNF GORHCPIGP JCDGP MÌPPVG &KG 4ÒEMUGKVGPFCTUVGNNWPI PKOOV OKV FGT &CTUVGNNWPI FGU MTKGIGTKUEJGP 'T\GPIGNU /KEJCGN FGU #PHÒJTGTU FGT *KOONKUEJGP *GGTUEJCTGP CWH FGP OKNKV·TKUEJGP -QPVGZV FGT 2T·IWPI $G\WI

ŇŇŇŇŇŇ

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

2402

&GPCT .WPF I 2GTUQP KP D[\CPVKPKUEJGO -CKUGTIGYCPF UVGJV X X OKV -TGW\INQDWU WPF -TGW\ UVCD .CPIGU &QRRGNHCFGPMTGW\ OKV LG FTGK *CNDOQPFGP CP FGP 'PFGP *CWDGTI 44 *GTTNKEJ CWUIGRT·IVGU XQT\ÒINKEJGU 'ZGORNCT 'ZGORNCT FGT #WMVKQP 0#% <ÒTKEJ 0T 'ZGORNCT FGT 5COONWPI FG 9KV #WMVKQP (TKV\ 4WFQNH -ÒPMGT 1UPCDTÒEM 0T 'TYQTDGP DGK /ÒP\GP WPF /GFCKNNGP #) $CUGN

151

KÖNIGREICH DÄNEMARK

2403

&GPCT .WPF QFGT 4QUMKNFG! I 2GTUQP KP D[\CPVKPKUEJGO -CKUGTIGYCPF UVGJV X X OKV -TGW\ INQDWU WPF -TGW\UVCD KO (GNF NKPMU NKGIGPFGU 5 .CPIGU &QRRGNHCFGPMTGW\ OKV LG FTGK *CNDOQPFGP CP FGP 'PFGP KP FGP 9KPMGNP LG GKP -TGW\ *CWDGTI p XIN 4 'VYCU IGYGNNV UGJT UEJÌPpXQT\ÒINKEJ 'ZGORNCT FGT #WMVKQP 0#% <ÒTKEJ 0T 'ZGORNCT FGT 5COONWPI FG 9KV #WMVKQP (TKV\ 4WFQNH -ÒPMGT 1UPCDTÒEM 0T

2404

&GPCT .WPF I 5VKNKUKGTVGU )QVVGUNCOO PCEJ T #FNGT OKV CWUIGDTGKVGVGP 5EJYKPIGP FGP -QRH PCEJ N IGYCPFV *CWDGTI 8QP ITQGT 5GNVGPJGKV #WGTIGYÌJPNKEJ IWV CWUIGRT·IVGU 'ZGORNCT OKV JGTTNKEJGT 2CVKPC XQT\ÒINKEJ 'ZGORNCT FGT 5COONWPI 5EJKGTJQTP #WMVKQP (TKV\ 4WFQNH -ÒPMGT 1UPCDTÒEM 0T 'ZGORNCT FGT #WMVKQP 4CUOWUUGP -QRGPJCIGP 0T

2405

&GPCT .WPF I %JTKUVWU UVGJV X X OKV UGIPGPFGT 4GEJVGP #WU 4CWVGP IGDKNFGVGU -TGW\ OKV LG FTGK -WIGNP CP FGP 'PFGP FGT #TOG WPF -WIGN KO <GPVTWO *CWDGTI (GKPG 2CVKPC UGJT UEJÌP 'ZGORNCT FGT 5COONWPI 5EJKGTJQTP #WMVKQP (TKV\ 4WFQNH -ÒPMGT 1UPCDTÒEM 0T 'ZGORNCT FGT 5COONWPI 2GVGT *CWDGTI -QRGPJCIGP 0T

2406

&GPCT .WPF I /ÒP\OGKUVGT 7.( %JTKUVWU VJTQPV X X OKV UGIPGPFGT 4GEJVGP KO (GNF UKGDGP 4QUGVVGP .CPIGU &QRRGNHCFGPMTGW\ KP FGP 9KPMGNP LG GKPG -WIGN WPF GKP *CNDOQPF *CWDGTI 44 .GKEJV IGYGNNV UGJT UEJÌPpXQT\ÒINKEJ

'ZGORNCT FGT #WMVKQP (TKV\ 4WFQNH -ÒPMGT 1UPCDTÒEM 0T

2407

&GPCT 4QUMKNFG ō0QTKPEŋ V[RG I 1TPCOGPVCNMTGW\ 4KPI \YKUEJGP \YGK 5EJTKHVTGKJGP WOJGT -TGW\G WPF *CNDOQPFG *CWDGTI *GTTNKEJG 2CVKPC UGJT UEJÌPpXQT\ÒINKEJ 'ZGORNCT FGT 5COONWPI 5EJKGTJQTP #WMVKQP (TKV\ 4WFQNH -ÒPMGT 1UPCDTÒEM 0T 'ZGORNCT FGT 5COONWPI 2GVGT *CWDGTI -QRGPJCIGP 0T

152

KÖNIGREICH DÄNEMARK

2408

&GPCT 4KDG I 2GTUQP KP D[\CPVKPKUEJGO -CKUGTIGYCPF X X OKV -TGW\UVCD &TGKGEM CWU DQIGP HÌTOKIGP .KPKG WPF 2WPMVGP KP FGT /KVVG -TGW\ *CWDGTI *GTTNKEJG 2CVKPC HCUV XQT\ÒINKEJ 'ZGORNCT FGT 5COONWPI 5EJKGTJQTP #WMVKQP (TKV\ 4WFQNH -ÒPMGT 1UPCDTÒEM 0T 'ZGORNCT FGT 5COONWPI 2GVGT *CWDGTI -QRGPJCIGP 0T 'ZGORNCT FGT 5COONWPI $TWWP 0T

2409

*#4#.& *'+0

&GPCT .WPF I *#4#. ņ &*' *GKNKIGT UVGJV X X OKV -TWOOUVCD 586(# Û +.80&+ -TGW\ CWU XKGT 1XCNGP OKV 4KPI KO <GPVTWO FCTKP -WIGN *CWDGTI 8QP ITQGT 5GNVGPJGKV 5EJCTH CWUIGRT·IVGU 2TCEJVGZGORNCT OKV JGTTNKEJGT 2CVKPC XQT\ÒINKEJp5VGORGNINCP\ 'ZGORNCT FGT 5COONWPI 5EJKGTJQTP #WMVKQP (TKV\ 4WFQNH -ÒPMGT 1UPCDTÒEM 0T 'ZGORNCT FGT 5COONWPIGP $TWWP WPF 0ÌDDG #WMVKQP 1NFGPDWTI -KGN 0T

-07& +8 &'4 *'+.+)' -PWF +8 FGT 5EJWV\RCVTQP &·PGOCTMU YCT FGT 5QJP XQP 5XGP ++ 'UVTKFUGP WPF HQNIVG UGKPGO $TWFGT *CTCNF +++ CWH FGP 6JTQP -PWV XGTUWEJVG FKG <GPVTCNIGYCNV FGU -ÌPKIVWOU OKV 7PVGTUVÒV\WPI FGT -KTEJG \W UV·TMGP #WGTFGO MÒOOGTVG GT UKEJ WO GKPG 8GTDGUUGTWPI FGT 4GEJVUNCIG XQP DGPCEJVGKNKIVGP $GXÌNMGTWPIUITWRRGP YKG FKG FGT 5MNCXGP (TGKIGNCUUGPGP WPF (TGOFGP #NU GT HÒT GKPGP *GGT\WI PCEJ 'PINCPF 6TWRRGP CWUJQD WPF GKPG (NQVVG \WUCOOGP\QI MCO GU \WO #WHUVCPF KO UÒFNKEJGP &·PGOCTM YQ FKG 5VGWGTGKPVTGKDGT OKV DGUQPFGTGT *·TVG XQTIGICP IGP YCTGP -PWV WPF UGKP $TWFGT $GPGFKMV YWTFGP KP FGT 5V #NDCPU -KTEJG 1FGPUG CO ,WNK XQP FGP #WHUV·PFKUEJGP GTUEJNCIGP 5GKPG *GKNKIURTGEJWPI GTHQNIVG PWT MWT\G <GKV UR·VGT KO ,CJTG

ŇŇŇŇŇŇ

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

2410

&GPCT 4QUMKNFG I )GMTÌPVGU $TWUVDKNF T OKV 5EJYGTV -NGKPGU -TGW\ *CWDGTI 44 8QT\ÒINKEJGU CVVTCMVKXGU 'ZGORNCT OKV JÒDUEJGT 2CVKPC 'ZGORNCT FGT 5COONWPI 5EJKGTJQTP #WMVKQP (TKV\ 4WFQNH -ÒPMGT 1UPCDTÒEM 0T 'ZGORNCT FGT 5NI 2GVGT *CWDGTI -QRGPJCIGP 0T

153

KÖNIGREICH DÄNEMARK

'4+- ',')1& 'T YCT FGT WPGJGNKEJG 5QJP XQP 5XGP 'UVTKFUGP 0CEJ FGO 6QF UGKPGU *CNDDTWFGTU 1NWH *WPIGTU

YGIGP FGO GT UKEJ DKU KO UEJYGFKUEJGP 'ZKN CWHJKGNV YWTFG GT \WO -ÌPKI XQP &·PGOCTM IGY·JNV 9·JTGPF UGKPGT 4GIKGTWPI RHNGIVG GT IWVG $G\KGJWPIGP \WT -KTEJG WPF JQNVG GPINK UEJG $GPGFKMVKPGTOÌPEJG PCEJ 1FGPUG +O <WIG GKPGT 2KNIGTHCJTV PCEJ ,GTWUCNGO MQPPVG 'TKM FKG 'T TKEJVWPI FGU 'T\DKUVWOU .WPF KP 4QO FWTEJUGV\GP YCU \W GKPGT MKTEJGPQTICPKUCVQTKUEJGP 'OCP\KRCVKQP XQO 'T\DKUVWO *CODWTI $TGOGP HÒJTVG 'T UVCTD CO ,WNK Y·JTGPF FKGUGT 2KNIGTHCJTV CWH <[RGTP WPF YWTFG FQTV DGUVCVVGV 5GKPG )GOCJNKP $QFKN UGV\VG FKG 4GKUG HQTV WPF UQNN CWH FGO ¤NDGTI IGUVQTDGP UGKP 'TKM WPF $QFKN UKPF FCOKV FKG GTUVGP WTMWPFNKEJ IGUKEJGTVGP F·PKUEJGP 2KNIGT PCEJ 2C N·UVKPC

ŇŇŇŇŇŇ

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

2411

2HGPPKI .WPF I $TWUVDKNF FGU -ÌPKIU X X OKV 5EJYGTV WPF 4GKEJUCRHGN .COO )QVVGU UVGJV PCEJ T OKV -TGW\UVCD WPF $WEJ *CWDGTI 5GJT UGNVGP DGUQPFGTU KP FKGUGT 'TJCNVWPI 8QNN CWUIGRT·IVGU UGJT UEJÌPGU 'ZGORNCT 'ZGORNCT FGT #WMVKQP (TKV\ 4WFQNH -ÒPMGT 1UPCDTÒEM 0T

0+'.5 58'05510 1DYQJN 'TKM 'LGIQF GKIGPVNKEJ UGKPGP WPGJGNKEJGP 5QJP *CTCNF -GULC \WO 0CEJHQNIGT DGUVKOOV JCVVG Y·JNVGP FKG )TQGP FGU 4GKEJGU 0KGNU FGP GDGPHCNNU WPGJGNKEJGP 5QJP 5XGP 'UVTKFUGPU \WO -ÌPKI 0KGNU FGT CNU GTUVGT F·PKUEJGT -ÌPKI FGP 6KVGN ōXQP )QVVGU )PCFGPŋ HÒJTVG RHNGIVG GKP IWVGU 8GTJ·NVPKU \WT -KTEJG WPF UQTIVG HÒT UVCDKNG 8GTJ·NVPKUUG KPPGTJCND UGKPGU 4GKEJGU MCO GU \W GKPGO OGJTL·J TKIGP $ÒTIGTMTKGI \YKUEJGP 0KGNU WPF UGKPGO 5QJP /CIPWU CWH FGT GKPGP 5GKVG WPF 'TKM 'OWPG CWH FGT CPFGTGP 5GKVG YGKN /CIPWU FGP 5QJP XQP 'TKM 'OWPG JCVVG GTOQTFGP NCUUGP #O ,WPK MCO GU KP FGT 0·JG XQP .WPF \WT 5EJNCEJV XQP (QFGXKI FKG KP GKPGT XGTPKEJVGPFGP 0KGFGTNCIG HÒT FGP -ÌPKI GPFGVG /CIPWU WPF HÒPH $KUEJÌHG HKGNGP KP FGT 5EJNCEJV 0KGNU HNQJ PCEJ 5EJNGUYKI YQ GT XQP FGP $GYQJPGTP FKG \W 'TKM 'OWPG JKGNVGP CO ,WPK IGVÌVGV YWTFG

ŇŇŇŇŇŇ

#NVJQWIJ 'TKE 'LGIQF JCF CEVWCNN[ FGUKIPCVGF JKU KNNGIKVKOCVG UQP *CTCNF -GULC CU JKU UWEEGUUQT VJG ITGCVU QH VJG GORKTG GNGEVGF 0KGNU VJG GSWCNN[ KNNGIKVKOCVG UQP QH 5YG[P 'UVTKFUUQP CU -KPI 0KGNU VJG HKTUV &CPKUJ -KPI VQ DGCT VJG VKVNG ŋ$[ )QFŉU )TCEGŋ OCKPVCKPGF IQQF TGNCVKQPU VQ VJG EJWTEJ CPF DTQWIJV FQOGUVKE UVCDKNKV[ VQ JKU GORKTG +P C EKXKN YCT QH UGXGTCN [GCTU DGICP DGVYGGP 0KGNU CPF JKU UQP /CIPWU QP QPG UKFG CPF 'TKE 'OWPG ŋ'TKE VJG /GOQTCDNGŌ QP VJG QVJGT DGECWUG /CIPWU JCF QTFGTGF VJG UQP QH 'TKE 'OWPG OWTFGTGF 1P ,WPG VJ VJG $CVVNG QH (QFGXKI VQQM RNCEG PGCT .WPF GPFKPI KP C ETWUJKPI FGHGCV HQT VJG -KPI /CIPWU CPF HKXG DKUJQRU YGTG MKNNGF KP VJG DCVVNG 0KGNU HNGF VQ 5EJNGUYKI YJGTG JG YCU MKNNGF D[ VJG KPJCDKVCPVU YJQ YGTG NQ[CN VQ 'TKE 'OWPG QP ,WPG VJ 154

KÖNIGREICH DÄNEMARK

2412

2HGPPKI 4QUMKNFG I $GJGNOVGU $TWUVDKNF X X &QRRGNHCFGPMTGW\ FCTCWH #PMGTMGW\ *CWDGTI 4 -N 2T·IGUEJY·EJG CO 4CPF UQPUV IWV CWUIGRT·IV HÒT FKGUGP 6[R UGJT UEJÌPpXQT\ÒINKEJ

'ZGORNCT FGT #WMVKQP (TKV\ 4WFQNH -ÒPMGT 1UPCDTÒEM 0T

2413

'4+- '/70'

2HGPPKI .WPF I /ÒP\OGKUVGT #.8+0 $TWUVDKNF FGU -ÌPKIU X X OKV .KNKGP\GRVGT WPF GTJQDGPGT .KPMGP )GTÒUVGVGT -ÌPKI TGKVGV T OKV GTJQDGPGO 5EJYGTV T KO (GNF -TGW\ *CWDGTI 5GJT UGNVGP DGUQPFGTU KP FKGUGT 'TJCNVWPI *GTTNKEJG 2CVKPC MN 4CPFHGJNGT XQT\ÒINKEJ

'ZGORNCT FGT #WMVKQP (TKV\ 4WFQNH -ÒPMGT 1UPCDTÒEM 0T

2414

-07& 8+

2HGPPKI .WPF I $TWUVDKNF FGU -ÌPKIU X X OKV .KNKGP\GRVGT WPF 4GKEJUCRHGN $TWUVDKNF FGU *GK NKIGP .CWTGPVKWU X X OKV -TGW\UVCD WPF 4QUV *CWDGTI 5GNVGP KP FKGUGT 'TJCNVWPI #VVTCMVKXGU UGJT UEJÌPGU 'ZGORNCT OKV JÒDUEJGT 2CVKPC 'ZGORNCT FGT #WMVKQP (TKV\ 4WFQNH -ÒPMGT 1UPCDTÒEM 0T 'ZGORNCT FGT 5COONWPI 5XGP 5XGPUUQP #WMVKQP *KTUEJ /[PVCWMVKQPGT 5VQEMJQNO 0T

155

KÖNIGREICH DÄNEMARK

24 )70)'0 &'4 & 0+5%*'0 56#66*#.6'4 +0 014&&'765%*.#0& #.$4'%*6 810 14.#/ª0&' %# #.5 56#66*#.6'4 (ª4 -¤0+) 9#.&'/#4 ++ 9CNFGOCT ++ YCT *GT\QI XQP 5EJNGUYKI WPF -ÌPKI XQP &·PGOCTM -WT\ PCEJ UGKPGO 4GIKGTWPIUCPVTKVV GTQDGTVG GT WPVGT #WUPWV\WPI FGU UVCWHKUEJ YGNHKUEJGP 6JTQPUVTGKVU /GEMNGPDWTI WPF 2QOOGTP .ÒDGEM WPF *CODWTI WPVGTUVGNNVGP UKEJ UGKPGT 5EJWV\JQJGKV #NU 5VCVVJCNVGT YWTFG FGT #UMCPKGTITCH #NDTGEJV ++ XQP 1TNCOÒPFG GKPIGUGV\V FGT GKP 5QJP FGU )TCHGP 5KGIHTKGF +++ XQP 1TNCOÒPFG IGUV WPF UGKPGT )GOCJNKP 5QRJKC FGT 6QEJVGT -ÌPKI 9CNFGOCTU + XQP &·PG OCTM YCT

ŇŇŇŇŇŇ

9CNFGOCT ++ YCU &WMG QH 5EJNGUYKI CPF -KPI QH &GPOCTM 5JQTVN[ CHVGT JKU UWEEGUUKQP VQ VJG VJTQPG JG GZRNQKVGF VJG 5VCWHGT 9GNH EQPHNKEV VQ EQPSWGT /GEMNGPDWTI CPF 2QOGTCPKC .ÒDGEM CPF *CODWTI UWDOKVVGF VQ JKU TQ[CN RTQVGEVKQP #U IQXGTPQT JG KPUVCNNGF VJG #UMCPKGT %QWPV #NDTGEJV ++ QH 1TNCOÒPFG C UQP QH %QWPV 5KGIHTKGF +++ QH 1TNCOÒPFG F CPF JKU EQPUQTV 5QRJKC VJG FCWIJVGT QH -KPI 9CNFGOCT + QH &GPOCTM

2415

$TCMVGCV *CODWTI 0GWUVCFV I $ÒIGNMTQPG KP 6QTDQIGP FCTCWH GKP -WRRGNVWTO \YKUEJGP \YGK <KPPGPVÒTOGP QDGP \W FGP 5GKVGP LG GKPG -WIGN $GTIGT *CV\ C 5NI $QPJQHH *ÒDUEJG 2CVKPC UGJT UEJÌPpXQT\ÒINKEJ

'ZGORNCT FGT #WMVKQP (TKV\ 4WFQNH -ÒPMGT 1UPCDTÒEM 0T

2416

$TCMVGCV .ÒDGEM I 4QUGVVG KP 6QTDQIGP FCTCWH IGMTÌPVGU $TWUVDKNF FGU -ÌPKIU X X \YKUEJGP \YGK -WRRGNVÒTOGP OKV -TGW\ $GJTGPU $GTIGT 5NI $QPJQHH p 44 *GTTNKEJG 2CVKPC UGJT UEJÌPpXQT\ÒINKEJ 'ZGORNCT FGT 5COONWPI 5EJKGTJQTP #WMVKQP (TKV\ 4WFQNH -ÒPMGT 1UPCDTÒEM 0T 'ZGORNCT FGT 5COONWPI &T &KGVGT &WOONGT #WMVKQP (TKV\ 4WFQNH -ÒPMGT /·T\ 0T

2417

$TCMVGCV .ÒDGEM I )GMTÌPVGU $TWUVDKNF FGU -ÌPKIU X X KP 6QTDQIGP FCTCWH GKP <KPPGPVWTO \YKUEJGP \YGK -WRRGNVÒTOGP $GJTGPU $GTIGT 5NI $QPJQHH 4 *ÒDUEJG 2CVKPC UGJT UEJÌP 'ZGORNCT FGT 5COONWPI 5EJKGTJQTP #WMVKQP (TKV\ 4WFQNH -ÒPMGT 1UPCDTÒEM 0T

156

ENGLAND

)1.&/ª0<'0 #75 &'4 <'+6 &'5 *70&'46, *4+)'0 -4+')'5 '&9#4& +++

'0).#0&

#NU 'FYCTF KO 0QXGODGT KP 5EJNQUU 9KPFUQT \WT 9GNV MCO MQPPVG PQEJ PKGOCPF CJPGP FCUU GT FGP ITÌVGP -TKGI FGU UR·VOKVVGNCNVGTNKEJGP 'WTQRC CP\GVVGNP UQNNVG 5GKPG /WVVGT YCT +UCDGNNG 6QEJVGT FGU HTCP\ÌUKUEJGP -ÌPKIU 2JKNKRRU +8 WPF UGKP 8CVGT -ÌPKI 'FYCTF ++ XQP 'PINCPF 5GKP 8CVGT YWTFG CO 0QXGODGT XQP UGKPGT /WVVGT WPF FGTGP )GNKGDVGP 4QIGT /QTVKOGT CDIGUGV\V WPF OWUUVG CWH FGP 6JTQP \WIWPUVGP UGKPGU 5QJPGU XGT\KEJVGP 5Q YWTFG 'FYCTF OKV ,CJTGP GPINKUEJGT -ÌPKI YQDGK FKG 4GIKGTWPIUIGUEJ·HVG HCMVKUEJ XQP UGKPGT /WVVGT WPF 4QIGT /QTVKOGT CWUIGÒDV YWTFGP -WT\ XQT UGKPGO )GDWTVUVCI UVÒT\VG GT FGTGP 4GIKGTWPI NKG UGKPG /WVVGT XGTDCPPGP WPF KJTGP )GNKGDVGP JKPTKEJVGP &GT 9GI HÒT GKPG GKIGPUV·PFKIG 4GIKGTWPI YCT FCOKV HTGK 0CEJ FGO 6QF -CTNU +8 XQP (TCPMTGKEJ DGCPURTWEJVG 'FYCTF +++ CNU 'PMGN 2JKNKRRU +8 FGP HTCP\ÌUKUEJGP 6JTQP HÒT UKEJ #NU CNNG FKRNQOCVKUEJGP 8GTUWEJG FGP -QPHNKMV PQEJ HTKGFNKEJ DGK\WNGIGP UEJGKVGTVGP DGUGV\VGP HTCP\ÌUKUEJG 6TWRRGP #SWKVCPKGP ņ FGP .GJGPUDGUKV\ FGU GPINKUEJGP -ÌPKIU CWH FGO -QPVKPGPV 'FYCTF GTMN·TVG FCTCWHJKP (TCPMTGKEJ FGP -TKGI WPF FGT *WPFGTVL·JTKIG -TKGI DGICPP &GT GPINKUEJG -ÌPKI NCPFGVG KP FGT 0QTOCPFKG WPF UEJNWI FCU HTCP\ÌUKUEJG *GGT CO #WIWUV KP FGT 5EJNCEJV XQP %T¾E[ XGTPKEJVGPF 'FYCTF UVCTD CO ,WPK CP GKPGO 5EJNCICPHCNN CNU GKPGT FGT DGFGW VGPFUVGP GPINKUEJGP -ÌPKIG FGU /KVVGNCNVGTU &GT -TKGI FGP GT DGIQPPGP JCVVG UQNNVG PQEJ ,CJTG (TCPMTGKEJ XGTJGGTGP WPF UEJNKGNKEJ OKV GKPGT 0KGFGTNCIG 'PINCPFU GPFGP &COKV YCT CWEJ #SWKVCPKGP HÒT FKG GPINKUEJG -TQPG XGTNQTGP &GP #PURTWEJ CWH FGP HTCP\ÌUKUEJGP 6JTQP UQNNVG 'PINCPF CDGT GTUV GPFIÒNVKI CWHIGDGP

ŇŇŇŇŇŇ

#U 'FYCTF ECOG KPVQ VJG YQTNF KP 9KPFUQT %CUVNG KP PQ QPG EQWNF JCXG KOCIKPGF VJCV JG YQWNF RTQXQMG VJG DKIIGUV YCT QH NCVG OGFKGXCN 'WTQRG *KU OQVJGT YCU +UCDGNNC FCWIJVGT QH VJG (TGPEJ -KPI 2JKNKR +8 CPF JKU HCVJGT YCU -KPI 'FYCTF ++ QH 'PINCPF *KU HCVJGT YCU FGRQUGF QP 0QXGODGT VJ D[ JKU OQVJGT CPF JGT NQXGT 4QIGT /QTVKOGT CPF YCU HQTEGF VQ CDFKECVG VJG VJTQPG KP HCXQT QH JKU UQP 6JWU 'FYCTF DGECOG VJG 'PINKUJ -KPI CV VJG CIG QH CNVJQWIJ VJG CEVWCN DWUKPGUU QH TWNKPI YCU ECTTKGF QWV D[ JKU OQVJGT CPF 4QIGT /QTVKOGT 5JQTVN[ DGHQTG JKU VJ DKTVJFC[ JG QXGTVJTGY VJGKT CFOKPKUVTCVKQP DCPKUJGF JKU OQVJGT CPF GZGEWVGF JGT NQXGT 6JWU VJG YC[ VQ CP KPFGRGPFGPV IQXGTPOGPV YCU HTGG #HVGT VJG FGCVJ QH %JCTNGU +8 QH (TCPEG 'FYCTF +++ CU ITCPFUQP QH 2JKNKR +8 RWV HQTVJ C ENCKO VQ VJG (TGPEJ VJTQPG KP 9JGP CNN FKRNQOCVKE CVVGORVU VQ TGUQNXG VJG EQPHNKEV RGCEGHWNN[ HCKNGF (TGPEJ VTQQRU QEEWRKGF #SWKVCKPG ņ VJG HGWFCN VGPWTG QH VJG 'PINKUJ -KPI QP VJG EQPVKPGPV 'FYCTF VJGTGWRQP FGENCTGF YCT QP (TCPEG CPF VJG *WPFTGF ;GCTUŉ 9CT DGICP 6JG 'PI NKUJ -KPI NCPFGF KP 0QTOCPF[ CPF FGXCUVCVKPIN[ FGHGCVGF VJG (TGPEJ CTO[ QP #WIWUV VJ KP VJG $CVVNG QH %T¾E[ 'FYCTF FKGF QP ,WPG UV QH C UVTQMG CU QPG QH VJG OQUV KORQTVCPV 'PINKUJ -KPIU QH VJG /KFFNG #IGU 6JG YCT VJCV JG JCF DGIWP YQWNF TCXCIG (TCPEG HQT CPQVJGT [GCTU CPF HKPCNN[ GPF KP FGHGCV HQT 'PINCPF 6JWU #SWKVCKPG VQQ YCU NQUV VQ VJG 'PINKUJ ETQYP 'PINCPF YQWNF PQV WNVK OCVGN[ IKXG WR KVU ENCKO VQ VJG (TGPEJ VJTQPG JQYGXGT WPVKN

2418

0QDNG Q , .QPFQP (QWTVJ EQKPCIG 2TG VTGCV[ RGTKQF ņ 8QT FGO (TKGFGP XQP $T¾VKIP[ /CK CDGT OKV 6KVGN XQP #SWKVCPKGP /ÒP\\GKEJGP -TGW\ I &GT IGMTÌPVG WPF IGJCTPKUEJVG -ÌPKI X X KP 5EJKHH CWH 9GNNGP KP FGT 4GEJVGP 5EJYGTV OKV FGT .KP MGP FGP XKGTHGNFKIGP 5EJKNF XQT UKEJ JCNVGPF $NWOGPMTGW\ OKV IGMTÌPVGP .ÌYGP KP FGP 9KPMGNP KO <GPVTWO e KP 8KGTRC WOJGT #EJVRC OKV &TGKDN·VVGTP KP FGP 9KPMGNP (D 5GCD[ )1.& 5GJT UGNVGP KP FKGUGT 'TJCNVWPI #WGTIGYÌJPNKEJ IWV GTJCNVGPGU WPF XQNNMQOOGP CWUIGRT·IVGU 'ZGORNCT XQT\ÒINKEJ 'ZGORNCT FGT /KNNGPPKC %QNNGEVKQP #WMVKQP +TC .CTT[ )QNFDGTI .QU #PIGNGU 0T /KV FGT 0)% $GYGTVWPI /5

157

ENGLAND

2419

0QDNG Q , .QPFQP (QWTVJ EQKPCIG 2TG VTGCV[ RGTKQF ņ 8QT FGO (TKGFGP XQP $T¾VKIP[ /CK /ÒP\\GKEJGP -TGW\ 9CRRGP KP #EJVRC $NWOGPMTGW\ OKV IGMTÌPVGP .ÌYGP KP FGP 9KPMGNP KP #EJVRC /ÒP\\GKEJGP -TGW\ I (D 5GCD[ )1.& 5GJT UGNVGP KP FKGUGT 'TJCNVWPI #WGTIGYÌJPNKEJ IWV GTJCNVGPGU WPF XQNNUV·PFKI CWUIGRT·IVGU 'ZGORNCT XQT\ÒINKEJ

'ZGORNCT FGT /KNNGPPKC %QNNGEVKQP #WMVKQP +TC .CTT[ )QNFDGTI .QU #PIGNGU 0T /KV FGT 0)% $GYGTVWPI /5

2420

0QDNG Q , %CNCKU (QWTVJ EQKPCIG 6TGCV[ RGTKQF ņ 0CEJ FGO (TKGFGP XQP $T¾VKIP[ /CK /ÒP\\GKEJGP -TGW\ I &GT IGMTÌPVG WPF IGJCTPKUEJVG -ÌPKI X X KP 5EJKHH CWH 9GNNGP KP FGT 4GEJVGP 5EJYGTV OKV FGT .KPMGP FGP XKGTHGNFKIGP 5EJKNF XQT UKEJ JCNVGPF $NWOGPMTGW\ OKV IGMTÌPVGP .ÌYGP KP FGP 9KPMGNP KO <GPVTWO % KP 8KGTRC WOJGT #EJVRC OKV &TGKDN·VVGTP KP FGP 9KPMGNP (D 5GCD[ )1.& 4 #WH DTGKVGO 5EJTÌVNKPI IGRT·IV 8QTFGTUGKVG XQP NGKEJV XGTTQUVGVGP 5VGORGNP HCUV XQT\ÒINKEJ 'ZGORNCT FGT #WMVKQP 6JG 0GY ;QTM 5CNG :: 0GY ;QTM 0T

2421

0QDNG Q , %CNCKU (QWTVJ EQKPCIG 2QUV VTGCV[ RGTKQF ņ 0CEJ FGO (TKGFGP XQP $T¾VKIP[ /CK /ÒP\\GKEJGP -TGW\ I &GT IGMTÌPVG WPF IGJCTPKUEJVG -ÌPKI X X KP 5EJKHH CWH 9GNNGP KP FGT 4GEJVGP 5EJYGTV OKV FGT .KPMGP FGP XKGTHGNFKIGP 5EJKNF XQT UKEJ JCNVGPF $NWOGPMTGW\ OKV IGMTÌPVGP .ÌYGP KP FGP 9KPMGNP KO <GPVTWO e Û KP 8KGTRC WOJGT #EJVRC OKV &TGKDN·VVGTP KP FGP 9KPMGNP (D 5GCD[ )1.& 4 #WH DTGKVGO 5EJTÌVNKPI XQNN CWUIGRT·IV 8QTFGTUGKVG XQP NGKEJV IGDTCWEJVGP 5VGORGNP XQT\ÒINKEJ 'ZGORNCT FGT 5COONWPI $GTPCTF %JYCTV\ #WMVKQP %TKPQP 2CTKU ,WPK 0T

158

ENGLAND

2422

2T·IWPI CNU *GT\QI XQP #SWKVCPKGP

)W[GPPQKU FŉQT Q , 6[R (KIGCE I &GT IGMTÌPVG WPF IGJCTPKUEJVG -ÌPKI UVGJV T OKV IGUEJWNVGTVGO 5EJYGTV WPF 5EJKNF KP IQVKUEJGO 2QTVKEWU WPVGP \YGK .GQRCTFGP $NWOGPMTGW\ KP 8KGNRC KP FGP 9KPMGNP .KNKG ņ .GQRCTF ņ .GQRCTF ņ .KNKG &WRNGUU[ (D )1.& 8QP ITQGT 5GNVGPJGKV 5VGORGNHGJNGT CWH FGT 4ÒEMUGKVG HCUV XQT\ÒINKEJ 'ZGORNCT FGT #WMVKQP (TKV\ 4WFQNH -ÒPMGT 1UPCDTÒEM 0T

2423

4+%*#4& ++

0QDNG Q , %CNCKU 1JPG 6KVGN XQP (TCPMTGKEJ FCU 6 XQP #36 ÒDGT FGO 5GIGN I &GT IGMTÌPVG WPF IGJCTPKUEJVG -ÌPKI X X KP 5EJKHH CWH 9GNNGP KP FGT 4GEJVGP 5EJYGTV OKV FGT .KPMGP FGP XKGTHGN FKIGP 5EJKNF XQT UKEJ JCNVGPF $NWOGPMTGW\ OKV IGMTÌPVGP .ÌYGP KP FGP 9KPMGNP KO <GPVTWO R KP 8KGTRC WOJGT #EJVRC KO &TGKDN·VVGTP KP FGP 9KPMGNP 8IN 5%$+ 5EJPGKFGT WPF (D 5GCD[ XIN p )1.& 5GNVGPG 8CTKCPVG -N 2T·IGUEJY·EJG HCUV XQT\ÒINKEJ 'ZGORNCT FGT #WMVKQP &09 .QPFQP 5GRVGODGT 0T

159

ENGLAND

*'04; 8+ 70& *GKPTKEJ YWTFG CO &G\GODGT CNU 5QJP FGU GPINKUEJGP -ÌPKIU *GKPTKEJ 8 WPF UGKPGT )GOCJNKP -CVJCTKPC XQP 8CNQKU 6QEJVGT FGU HTCP\ÌUKUEJGP -ÌPKIU -CTNU 8+ IGDQ TGP $GTGKVU CO 5GRVGODGT YWTFG GT \WO -ÌPKI IGMTÌPV WPF ōTGIKGTVGŋ WPVGT 8QTOWPFUEJCHV UGKPGT /WVVGT DKU &CPCEJ JKGNV GT UKEJ \YGK ,CJTG KP (TCPMTGKEJ CWH \W FGUUGP -ÌPKI GT IGMTÌPV YWTFG 9·JTGPF UGKPGT 4GIKGTWPIU\GKV IKPI FGT *WPFGTVL·JTKIG -TKGI PCEJ GKPGT MWT\GP 2CWUG

(TKGFGP XQP 6TQ[GU KP FKG NGV\VG WPF GPVUEJGKFGPFG 2JCUG IKPI FKG 0QTOCPFKG HÒT KOOGT CP (TCPMTGKEJ XGTNQTGP -WT\ PCEJ FGT )GDWTV UGKPGU GKP\KIGP 5QJPGU 'FYCTF CO 1MVQDGT GTNKVV FGT -ÌPKI GKPGP 0GTXGP\WUCOOGPDTWEJ FGT KJP XQTÒDGTIGJGPF TGIKGTWPIUWPH·JKI OCEJVG &KG NCPIG YQJN RU[EJKUEJG -TCPMJGKV FGU -ÌPKIU HÌTFGTVG FKG /CEJVM·ORHG \YKUEJGP FGP #FGNUJ·WUGTP FGT .CPECUVGT WPF ;QTM FKG UEJNKGNKEJ KP FGP 4QUGPMTKGIGP IKRHGNVGP 8QP MGJTVG *GKPTKEJ PQEJ GKPOCN MWT\\GKVKI CWH FGP 6JTQP \WTÒEM DGXQT GT KP FGT 5EJNCEJV XQP 6GYMGUDWT[ IGHCPIGP IGPQOOGP WPF CO /CK KO 6QYGT XQP .QPFQP GTOQTFGV YWTFG

ŇŇŇŇŇŇ

*GPT[ YCU DQTP QP &GEGODGT VJ CU UQP QH VJG 'PINKUJ -KPI *GPT[ 8 CPF JKU EQPUQTV %CVJGTKPG QH 8CNQKU FCWIJVGT QH VJG (TGPEJ -KPI %JCTNGU 8+ 1P 5GRVGODGT UV JG YCU ETQYPGF -KPI QH 'PINCPF CPF ŋTGKIPGFŌ WPFGT JKU OQVJGTŉU IWCTFKCPUJKR WPVKN .CVGT JG URGPV VYQ [GCTU KP (TCPEG YJQUG -KPI JG YCU ETQYPGF KP &WTKPI JKU TGKIP VJG *WPFTGF ;GCTUŉ 9CT CHVGT C UJQTV RCWUG 2GCEG QH 6TQ[GU GPVGTGF KVU HKPCN CPF FGEKUKXG RJCUG +P 0QTOCPF[ YCU NQUV HQTGXGT VQ (TCPEG 5JQTVN[ CHVGT VJG DKTVJ QH JKU QPN[ UQP 'FYCTF QP 1EVQDGT VJ VJG -KPI UWHHGTGF C PGTXQWU DTGCMFQYP YJKEJ TGPFGTGF JKO VGORQTCTKN[ KPECRCDNG QH TWNKPI 6JG NQPI RTQDCDN[ OGPVCN KNNPGUU QH VJG -KPI HGF VJG RQYGT UVTWIING DGVYGGP VJG PQDNG JQWUGU QH .CPECUVGT CPF ;QTM YJKEJ HKPCNN[ EWNOKPCVGF KP VJG 9CT QH VJG 4QUGU (TQO JG TGVWTPGF QPEG DTKGHN[ VQ VJG VJTQPG DGHQTG JG YCU VCMGP RTKUQPGT KP VJG $CVVNG QH 6GYMGUDWT[ CPF OWTFGTGF QP /C[ PF KP VJG 6QYGT QH .QPFQP

2424

5CNWV FŉQT Q , 'OKUUKQP 5QPPGPUVTCJNGP QJPG )QVVGUJCPF 5CKPV .Ê /ÒP\\GKEJGP .KNKG I &KG JGKNKIG /CTKC WPF FGT 'T\GPIGN )CDTKGN UVGJGP GKPCPFGT IGIGPÒDGT XQT KJPGP DGHKPFGP UKEJ FKG 9CRRGPUEJKNFG XQP (TCPMTGKEJ WPF 'PINCPF QDGP 5VTCJNGP 8KGNRC FCTKP -TGW\ \YKUEJGP .KNKG WPF .GQRCTF WPVGT FGO -TGW\ h &WRNGUU[ # (D )1.& 5GJT CVVTCMVKXGU XQT\ÒINKEJGU 'ZGORNCT 'ZGORNCT FGT #WMVKQP (TKV\ 4WFQNH -ÒPMGT 1UPCDTÒEM 0T

160

ENGLAND '&9#4& +8 70& 0CEJ FGO 6QF UGKPGU 8CVGTU 4KEJCTF 2NCPVCIGPGV FGO *GT\QI XQP ;QTM KP FGT 5EJNCEJV XQP 9CMG HKGNF &G\GODGT YWTFG 'FYCTF CO /·T\ XQP GKPGT MNGKPGP )TWRRG #FNKIGT \WO GPINKUEJGP -ÌPKI GTJQDGP 0CEJ FGT XGTJGGTGPFGP 0KGFGTNCIG FGU *CWUGU .CPECUVGT KP FGT 5EJNCEJV XQP 6QYVQP /·T\ MQPPVG 'FYCTF YGKVGUVIGJGPF WPCPIGHQEJVGP TGIKGTGP YQDGK FKG GKIGPVNKEJG /CEJV KP FGP *·PFGP UGKPGU 8GVVGTU 4KEJCTF 0GXKNNG ōFGT -ÌPKIUOCEJGTŋ 'CTN QH 9CTYKEM NCI +P FGT (QNIG\GKV GPVHTGOFGVGP UKEJ LGFQEJ 'FYCTF WPF 4KEJCTF KP KJTGP RQNKVKUEJGP #PUKEJVGP DKU NGV\VGTGT UEJNKGNKEJ TGXQNVKGTVG WPF FGP -ÌPKI KP UGKPG )GYCNV DTCEJVG 0CEJFGO FKGUGT CWH CNNIGOGKPGP &TWEM YKGFGT HTGKIGNCUUGP YGTFGP OWUUVG HNQJ 4KEJCTF 0GXKNNG PCEJ (TCPMTGKEJ YQ GT OKV /CTICTGVG XQP #PLQW GKPG +PXCUKQP 'PINCPFU XQTDGTGKVGVG NCPFGVGP 4KEJCTFU 6TWRRGP KP 'PINCPF WPF 'FYCTF OWUUVG UGKPGTUGKVU CP FGP *QH UGKPGU 5EJYCIGTU *GT\QI -CTNU FGU -ÒJPGP XQP $WTIWPF HNKGJGP &QEJ 'FYCTF MGJTVG KO FCTCWHHQNIGPFGP ,CJT OKV GKPGT 5VTGKVOCEJV \WTÒEM WPF UEJNWI FKG .CPECUVTKCPGT KP FGP 5EJNCEJVGP XQP $CTPGV #RTKN WPF 6GYMGUDWT[ /CK #DIG UGJGP XQP GKPGO HGJNIGUEJNCIGPGP #PITKHH CWH (TCPMTGKEJ XGTNKGHGP FKG NGV\VGP 4GIKGTWPIULCJTG 'FYCTFU GJGT TWJKI 'U IGNCPI KJO FCU .CPF YGNEJGU UKEJ DGK UGKPGO 6QF CO #RTKN KP ōSWKGV CPF RTQURGTQWU GUVCVGŋ 6JQOCU /QTWU DGHCPF \W DGHTKGFGP WPF FKG HKPCP\KGNNGP 9WPFGP FGU *WP FGTVL·JTKIGP -TKGIGU FWTEJ GKPKIG 8GTYCNVWPIUTGHQTOGP \W JGKNGP &KGU DTCEJVG KJO HTGKNKEJ FGP 4WH GKPGU JCDIKGTKIGP WPF IGK\KIGP -ÌPKIU GKP 0CEJ UGKPGO 6QF HÒJTVG FGT 9GI FGU *CWUGU ;QTM KO NGV\ VGP -CRKVGN FGT 4QUGPMTKGIG KPU &GUCUVGT WPF *GKPTKEJ 8++ CWU FGO *CWUG 6WFQT MQPPVG FKG /CEJV CP UKEJ TGKGP

ŇŇŇŇŇŇ

(QNNQYKPI VJG FGCVJ QH JKU HCVJGT 4KEJCTF 2NCPVCIGPGV &WMG QH ;QTM KP VJG $CVVNG QH 9CMGHKGNF &G EGODGT VJ 'FYCTF YCU GNGXCVGF VQ VJG 'PINKUJ VJTQPG D[ C UOCNN ITQWR QH PQDNGU QP /·T\ VJ #HVGT VJG YKVJGTKPI FGHGCV QH VJG *QWUG QH .CPECUVGT KP VJG $CVVNG QH 6QYVQP /CTEJ VJ 'FYCTF YCU CDNG VQ TGKIP IGPGTCNN[ WPQRRQUGF YJGTGD[ CEVWCN RQYGT NC[ KP VJG JCPFU QH JKU EQWUKP 4KEJCTF 0GXKNNG ŋVJG MKPIOCMGTŌ 'CTN QH 9CTYKEM 5WDUGSWGPVN[ JQYGXGT 'FYCTF CPF 4KEJCTF FK XGTIGF KP VJGKT RQNKVKECN XKGYU WPVKN VJG NCVVGT HKPCNN[ TGXQNVGF KP CPF VQQM VJG -KPI RTKUQPGT #HVGT RQRWNCT RTGUUWTG HQTEGF VJG -KPIŉU TGNGCUG 4KEJCTF 0GXKNNG HNGF VQ (TCPEG YJGTG YKVJ /CTICTGV QH #PLQW JG RTGRCTGF CP KPXCUKQP QH 'PINCPF +P 4KEJCTFŉU VTQQRU NCPFGF KP 'PINCPF CPF 'FYCTF KP VWTP YCU HQTEGF VQ HNGG VQ VJG EQWTV QH JKU DTQVJGT KP NCY &WMG %JCTNGU VJG $QNF QH $WTIWPF[ $WV 'FYCTF TGVWTPGF KP VJG HQNNQYKPI [GCT YKVJ C OKNKVCT[ HQTEG CPF FGHGCVGF VJG .CPECUVTKCPU KP VJG $CVVNGU QH $CTPGV #RTKN VJ CPF 6GYMGUDWT[ /C[ VJ #UKFG HTQO CP WPUWEEGUUHWN CVVCEM QP (TCPEG VJG NCUV [GCTU QH 'FYCTFŉU TGKIP YGTG TGNCVKXGN[ RGCEGHWN *G YCU CDNG VQ RCEKH[ VJG EQWPVT[ YJKEJ CV VJG VKOG QH JKU FGCVJ QP #RTKN VJ YCU C ŋSWKGV CPF RTQURGTQWU GUVCVGŌ

6JQOCU /QTG CPF VQ JGCN VJG HKPCPEKCN YQWPFU QH VJG *WPFTGF ;GCTUŉ 9CT VJTQWIJ C UGTKGU QH CFOK PKUVTCVKXG TGHQTOU 6JKU QH EQWTUG GCTPGF JKO C TGRWVCVKQP CU C ITGGF[ CPF CODKVKQWU MKPI #HVGT JKU FGCVJ VJG EQWTUG QH VJG *QWUG QH ;QTM KP VJG HKPCN EJCRVGT QH VJG 9CT QH VJG 4QUGU NGF VQ FKUCUVGT CPF *GPT[ 8++ QH VJG *QWUG QH 6WFQT YCU CDNG VQ UGK\G RQYGT

2425

#PIGN Q , .QPFQP /ÒP\\GKEJGP JGTCNFKUEJGT (ÒPHRC I &GT 'T\GPIGN /KEJCGN UVGJV X X WPF VÌVGV FGP \W UGKPGP (ÒGP NKGIGPFGP &TCEJGP OKV GKPGT .CP\G 5EJKHH CWH 9GNNGP FCTKP -TGW\ ÒDGT XKGTHGNFKIGO 9CRRGP \W FGP 5GKVGP e WPF 4QUG (D 5GCD[ )1.& 5GJT UGNVGP DGUQPFGTU KP FKGUGT 'TJCNVWPI 8QT\ÒINKEJGU 'ZGORNCT 'ZGORNCT FGT #WMVKQP %0) .CPECUVGT 0T

161

DEUTSCHES REICH

&'765%*'5 4'+%* .7&9+) +8 &'4 $#;'4 ªDGT FKG ,WIGPF FGU YQJN WO IGDQTGPGP .WFYKI KUV YGPKI DGMCPPV 0CEJ FGO 6QF UGKPGU 8CVGTU *GT\QI ++ FGU 5VTGPIGP XQP 1DGTDC[GTP YWTFG GT \WT 'T\KGJWPI PCEJ 9KGP IGUEJKEMV 'KPG $GVGKNKIWPI CP FGT 4GIKGTWPI UGKPGT QDGTDC[GTKUEJ RH·N\KUEJGP 5VCOONCPFG OWUUVG UKEJ .WFYKI OKV 7PVGTUVÒV\WPI #NDTGEJVU + XQP ¤UVGTTGKEJ IGIGP UGKPGP ·NVGTGP $TWFGT 4WFQNH + GTM·ORHGP +P FGT 5EJNCEJV XQP )COOGNUFQTH 0QXGODGT GTTCPI .WFYKI FKG *GTTUEJCHV ÒDGT 0KGFGTDC[GTP 5GKP -TKGIUINÒEM XGTCPNCUUVG FKG NWZGODWTIKUEJG 2CTVGK KJP PCEJ FGO 6QF -CKUGT *GKPTKEJU 8++ CNU -CPFKFCV DGK FGT -ÌPKIUYCJN IGIGP FGP *CDUDWTIGT (TKGFTKEJ FGP 5EJÌPGP CWH\WUVGNNGP &CU 'TIGDPKU YCTGP FKG XGTJ·PIPKUXQNNG &QRRGNYCJN FGU ,CJTGU WPF GKP HCUV CEJVL·JTKIGT 6JTQPUVTGKV 'TUV KP FGT 5EJNCEJV XQP /ÒJNFQTH CO +PP 5GR VGODGT MQPPVG (TKGFTKEJ IGUEJNCIGP WPF CWH FGT $WTI 6TCWUPKV\ KPJCHVKGTV YGTFGP 2CRUV ,QJCPPGU ::++ XGTYGKIGTVG LGFQEJ \WP·EJUV FKG #PGTMGPPWPI FGT *GTTUEJCHV .WF YKIU FWTEJ FKG TÌOKUEJG -WTKG #O /·T\ XGTJ·PIVG FGT 2CRUV UQICT FGP -KTEJGPDCPP ÒDGT .WFYKI FGT FCTCWHJKP FKG 4GEJVIN·WDKIMGKV FGU 2CRUVGU KP (TCIG UVGNNVG ō5CEJUGPJ·WUGT #RRGNNCVKQPŋ /CK +P FKGUGT CWGPRQNKVKUEJ DGFT·PIVGP 5KVWCVKQP GPVUEJNQUU UKEJ .WFYKI \WO #WUINGKEJ OKV FGO *CWU *CDUDWTI /ÒPEJPGT 8GTVTCI 5GRVGODGT WPF FGT (TGKNCUUWPI (TKGFTKEJU FGU 5EJÌ PGP DGICD GT UKEJ CWH GKPGP +VCNKGP\WI FGT KJO UEJNKGNKEJ FKG -CKUGTMTÌPWPI ,CPWCT GKPDTCEJVG #WEJ PCEJ FGO 6QF (TKGFTKEJU FGU 5EJÌPGP WPF ,QJCPPGU ::++ -CO GU \W MGKPGT 'PVURCPPWPI FGU 8GTJ·NVPKUUGU \YKUEJGP .WFYKI FGP 4GKEJUHÒTUVGP WPF FGT TÌOKUEJGP -WTKG &GT PGWG 2CRUV %NGOGPU 8+ HQTFGTVG FKG -WTHÒTUVGP \WT 0GWYCJN CWH FKG CO ,WNK GTHQNIVG WPF /CTMITCH -CTN XQP /·JTGP \WO )GIGPMÌPKI GTJQD <W GKPGT 'PVUEJGKFWPIUUEJNCEJV \YKUEJGP FGP DGKFGP -QPVTCJGPVGP MCO GU LGFQEJ PKEJV OGJT FC .WFYKI CO 1MVQDGT KP 2WEJ DGK (ÒTUVGP HGNFDTWEM XGTUVCTD

ŇŇŇŇŇŇ

.KVVNG KU MPQYP CDQWV VJG [QWVJ QH .WFYKI YJQ YCU RTQDCDN[ DQTP KP #HVGT VJG FGCVJ QH JKU HCVJGT &WMG .WFYKI ++ ŋVJG 5VTKEVŌ QH 7RRGT $CXCTKC JG YCU UGPV VQ 8KGPPC HQT GFWCVKQP KP .WFYKIŉU RCTVKEKRCVKQP KP VJG IQXGTPCPEG QH JKU 7RRGT $CXCTKCP 2CNCVKPG JQOGNCPF JCF VQ DG XKQNGPVN[ YQP KP UVTWIING YKVJ JKU QNFGT DTQVJGT 4WFQNH + YKVJ VJG UWRRQTV QH #NDGTV + QH #WUVTKC +P VJG $CVVNG QH )COOGNUFQTH 0QXGODGT VJ .WFYKI CVVCKPGF VJG TWNG QH .QYGT $CXCTKC *KU OKNKVCT[ UWEEGUU NGF VJG .WZGODQWTIKCP RCTV[ VQ PQOKPCVG JKO KP VJG TQ[CN GNGEVKQP HQNNQYKPI VJG FGCVJ QH 'ORGTQT *GPT[ 8++ CICKPUV VJG *CDUDWTIGT (TGFGTKEM VJG (CKT

6JG TGUWNV YCU VJG HCVCN ŋ&QWDNG 'NGEVKQPŌ QH CPF CP CNOQUV GKIJV [GCT EQPVGUV HQT VJG VJTQPG 0QV WPVKN VJG $CVVNG QH /ÒJNFQTH CO +PP 5GRVGODGT VJ YCU (TGFGTKEM FGHGCVGF CPF KORTKUQPGF KP 6TCWUPKV\ %CUVNG 2QRG ,QJP ::++ CV HKTUV TGHWUGF VQ TGEQIPK\G .WFYKIŉU TWNG KP VJG 4QOCP %WTKC 1P /CTEJ TF JG YGPV UQ HCT CU VQ GZEQOOWPKECVG .WFYKI YJQ VJGTGWRQP ECNNGF VJG 2QRGŉU QTVJQFQZ[ KPVQ SWGUVKQP ŋ5CEJUGPJCWU #RRGNNCVKQPŌ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·JTGP VQ VJG UVCVWU QH CPVK MKPI *QYGXGT VJGTG YCU PGXGT C FGEKUKXG DCVVNG DGVYGGP VJG VYQ QRRQPGPVU CU .WFYKI FKGF QP 1EVQDGT VJ KP 2WEJ PGCT (ÒTUVGPHGNFDTWEM

2426

)QNFGPGT 5EJKNF %JCKUG FňQT Q , #PVYGTRGP -CKUGTNKEJG 2T·IWPI PCEJ I &GT -CKUGT VJTQPV KPPGTJCND GKPGT CEJVDQIKIGP 'KPHCUUWPI OKV FGT 4GEJVGP FCU 5EJYGTV UEJWNVGTPF OKV FGT .KPMGP FGP &QRRGNCFNGTUEJKNF PGDGP UKEJ JCNVGPF 8KGTRC FCTKP $NWOGPMTGW\ FGUUGP 5RKV\GP KP LG FTGK -NGG DN·VVGTP GPFGP KP FGP 9KPMGNP FGU 8KGTRCUUGU LGYGKNU GKP ·JPNKEJGU -NGGDNCVV &GNO 4 (D 9KVV HH )1.& #WGTIGYÌJPNKEJ IWV CWUIGRT·IVGU XQT\ÒINKEJGU 'ZGORNCT OKV HGKPGT )QNFVÌPWPI 'ZGORNCT FGT #WMVKQP 6JG 0GY ;QTM 5CNG :: 0GY ;QTM 0T

162

BRABANT

2427

$4#$#06 ,1*#00# 70& 9'0<'.

2KGVGT FŉQT Q , .QWXCKP I $TWUVDKNF FGU *GKNKIGP 2GVTWU OKV $WEJ WPF 5EJNÒUUGN X X JKPVGT XKGTHGNFKIGO 9CRRGP KP 8KGNRC $NWOGPMTGW\ &GNO 4 (D )1.& )WV CWUIGRT·IVGU XQT\ÒINKEJGU 'ZGORNCT OKV NGKEJV TÌVNKEJGT )QNFVÌPWPI 'ZGORNCT FGT /KNNGPPKC %QNNGEVKQP #WMVKQP +TC .CTT[ )QNFDGTI .QU #PIGNGU 0T /KV FGT 0)% $GYGTVWPI /5

2428

2*+.+22 &'4 )76'

%CXCNKGT FňQT Q , $TÒUUGN I )GTÒUVGVGT *GT\QI CWH 2HGTF TGKVGV T 5EJYGTV KP FGT GTJQDGPGP 4GEJVGP 8KGTHGNFKIGU 9CRRGP OKV *GT\UEJKNF CWH $NWOGPMTGW\ &GNO 4 (D )1.& 4 )WV CWUIGRT·IV HÒT FKGUGP 6[R YKP\ 2T·IGUEJY·EJG XQT\ÒINKEJ

'ZGORNCT FGT #WMVKQP 6JG 0GY ;QTM 5CNG 0GY ;QTM 0T

163

HAINAUT

*#+0#76 *'00')#7 #.$4'%*6 + 810 $#;'40 &GT CO ,WNK KP /ÒPEJGP IGDQTGPG 9KVVGNUDCEJGT #NDTGEJV 5QJP -CKUGT .WFYKIU +8 YWTFG CPUVGNNG UGKPGU IGKUVGUMTCPMGP $TWFGTU 9KNJGNO + 4GIGPV 4WYCTF KP *QNNCPF 5GG NCPF (TKGUNCPF WPF FGO *GPPGICW 0CEJ FGUUGP 6QF ÒDGTPCJO GT CWEJ QHHK\KGNN FKG *GTTUEJCHV )GUEJKEMV PWV\VG GT FKG RQNKVKUEJGP 9KTTGP UGKPGT <GKV *WPFGTVL·JTKIGT -TKGI 7PVGTUVÒV\WPI FGU &GWV UEJGP 1TFGPU KP 2TGWGP -QPHNKMV \YKUEJGP .WZGODWTIGTP WPF 9KVVGNUDCEJGTP \WO GKIGPGP 8QTVGKN CWU &WTEJ GKPG IGUEJKEMVG *GKTCVURQNKVKM XGTDCPF GT UGKPG 0CEJMQOOGP FCTWPVGT 5ÌJPG OKV FGP &[PCUVKGP XQP $WTIWPF .WZGODWTI WPF ,ÒNKEJ )GNFGTP #O #RTKN JCVVG #NDTGEJV FKG ō&QR RGNJQEJ\GKV XQP %CODTCKŋ OKV OGJT CNU )·UVGP QTICPKUKGTV DGK FGT UGKP ·NVGUVGT 5QJP 9KNJGNO FKG 6QEJVGT *GT\QI 2JKNKRRU FGU -ÒJPGP XQP $WTIWPF GJGNKEJVG WPF FGTGP $TWFGT FGT UR·VGTG *GT\QI ,QJCPP 1JPGHWTEJV 9KNJGNOU 5EJYGUVGT $GKFG (TCWGP JKGGP KO ªDTKIGP /CTICTGVG 'T UVCTD CO &G\GODGT KP UGKPGT 4GUKFGP\ KP &GP *CCI

ŇŇŇŇŇŇ

$QTP ,WN[ VJ KP /WPKEJ #NDTGEJV UQP QH 'ORGTQT .WFYKI +8 QH VJG *QWUG QH 9KVVGNUDCEJ CUUWOGF VJG TGIGPE[ KP KP RNCEG QH JKU OGPVCNN[ KNN DTQVJGT 9KNNKCO + 4WYCTF KP *QNNCPF <GCNCPF (TKGUNCPF CPF *CKPCWNV #HVGT 9KNNKCOŉU FGCVJ KP #NDTGEJV TWNGF QHHKEKCNN[ *G UMKNHWNN[ GZRNQKVGF VJG RQNKVKECN VWTDWNGPEG QH JKU VKOGU *WPFTGF ;GCTUŉ 9CT VJG UWRRQTV QH VJG 6GW VQPKE -PKIJVU KP 2TWUUKC EQPHNKEVU DGVYGGP VJG .WZGODQWTIKCPU CPF 9KVVGNUDCEJGTU VQ JKU QYP CFXCP VCIG 6JTQWIJ C ENGXGT OCTTKCIG RQNKE[ JG WPKVGF JKU QHHURTKPI KPENWFKPI UQPU YKVJ VJG F[PCUVKGU QH $WTIWPF[ .WZGODQWTI CPF ,ÒNKEJ )GNFGTP 1P #RTKN VJ #NDTGEJV EGNGDTCVGF VJG ŋ&QWDNG 9GF FKPI QH %CODTCKŌ YKVJ OQTG VJCP IWGUVU CV YJKEJ JKU QNFGUV UQP 9KNNKCO YGF VJG FCWIJVGT QH &WMG 2JKNKR VJG $QNF QH $WTIWPF[ CPF JGT DTQVJGT VJG NCVGT &WMG ,QJP VJG (GCTNGUU OCTTKGF 9KNNKCOŉU UKUVGT $QVJ YQOGP YGTG EQKPEKFGPVCNN[ PCOGF /CTICTGV *G FKGF QP &GEGO DGT VJ KP JKU TGUKFGPEG KP &GP *CCI

2429

%QWTQPPG FŉQT Q , 8CNGPEKGPPGU I )GMTÌPVGU XKGTHGNFKIGU 9CRRGP $NWOGPMTGW\ KP 8KGTRC KP FGP 9KPMGNP LG GKPG -TQPG &GNO 4 (D )1.& 44 -N 5VGORGNHGJNGT HCUV XQT\ÒINKEJ 'ZGORNCT FGT #WMVKQP (TKV\ 4WFQNH -ÒPMGT 1UPCDTÒEM 0T

164

FLANDERN

(.#0&'40 .7&9+) 810 /#.' .WFYKI YWTFG CO 0QXGODGT KP $TÒIIG CNU 5QJP FGU )TCHGP .WFYKI ++ XQP 0GXGTU IGDQTGP #NU UGKP 8CVGT KP FGT 5EJNCEJV XQP %T¾E[ HKGN ÒDGTPCJO GT FKG 4GIKGTWPI .WFYKI XGTUWEJVG FKG HNCPFTKUEJGP *CPFGNUXGTDKPFWPIGP YGKVGT CWU\WDCWGP WPF IGTKGV FCFWTEJ KP -QPHNKMV OKV FGT *CPUG +O *WPFGTVL·JTKIGP -TKGI XGTUWEJVG GT GKPG PGWVTCNG 2QUKVKQP \W DGJCWRVGP WPF XGTJCPFGNVG UQYQJN OKV 'PINCPF CNU CWEJ OKV (TCPMTGKEJ ÒDGT FKG *CPF UGKPGT 6QEJVGT /CTICTGVG FKG GT UEJNKGNKEJ OKV FGO DWTIWPFKUEJGP *GT\QI 2JKNKRR ++ NG *CTFK XGT O·JNVG &KGU HÒJTVG \W GKPGT #PP·JGTWPI CP (TCPMTGKEJ WPF GKPGT 'KPOKUEJWPI FGU 5EJYKGIGTUQJPU KP FKG KPPGTGP #PIGNGIGPJGKVGP (NCPFGTPU UQYQJN KP OKNKV·TKUEJGT 0QXGODGT 5EJNCEJV DGK 4QQUGDGMG IGIGP FKG HNCPFTKUEJGP <ÒPHVG CNU CWEJ FKRNQOCVKUEJGT (TKGFG XQP 6QWTPCK $G\KGJWPI .WFYKI UVCTD CO ,CPWCT KP 5V 1OGT WPF JKPVGTNKG GKP IGQTFPGVGU (KPCP\ WPF ,WUVK\YG UGP

ŇŇŇŇŇŇ

.QWKU YCU DQTP QP 0QXGODGT VJ KP $TÒIIG VJG UQP QH %QWPV .QWKU ++ QH 0GXGTU 9JGP JKU HCVJGT YCU MKNNGF KP VJG $CVVNG QH %T¾E[ JG CUUWOGF EQPVTQN QH VJG IQXGTPOGPV .QWKU CVVGORVGF VQ HWTVJGT GZVGPF (NCPFGTUŉ VTCFG TGNCVKQPU CPF VJGTGD[ ECOG KPVQ EQPHNKEV YKVJ VJG *CPUG 6TCFG #UUQEKCVKQP +P VJG *WPFTGF ;GCTUŉ 9CT JG UQWIJV VQ OCKPVCKP C PGWVTCN RQUKVKQP CPF PGIQVKCVGF YKVJ DQVJ 'PINCPF CPF (TCPEG QXGT VJG JCPF QH JKU FCWIJVGT /CTICTGV YJQO JG HKPCNN[ OCTTKGF VQ VJG $WTIWPFKCP &WMG 2JKNKR ++ NG *CTFK 6JKU NGF VQ C YCTOKPI QH TGNCVK QPU YKVJ (TCPEG CPF CP KPXQNXGOGPV D[ JKU UQP KP NCY KP VJG KPVGTPCN CHHCKTU QH (NCPFGTU KP DQVJ OKNKVCT[

VJG 0QXGODGT VJ DCVVNG PGCT 4QQUGDGMG CICKPUV VJG (NGOKUJ IWKNFU CPF FKRNQOCVKE 2GCEG QH 6QWTPCK CHHCKTU .QWKU FKGF QP ,CPWCT[ VJ KP 5V 1OGT NGCXKPI DGJKPF YGNN QTFGTGF HKPCPEG CPF LWUVKEG U[UVGOU

2430

FG XKGKNNG EJCKUG FňQT Q , $TÒIIG I &GT )TCH VJTQPV X X OKV -TQPG WPF 5EJYGTV KP IQVKUEJGT 'KPHCUUWPI FKG .KPMG CWH &QRRGNCFNGTUEJKNF IGNGIV $NWOGPMTGW\ KP 8KGTRC KP FGP 9KPMGNP 4QUGVVGP &GNO 4 (D )1.& 4 -N 2T·IGUEJY·EJG XQT\ÒINKEJ 'ZGORNCT FGT #WMVKQP 6TKVQP :++ 0GY ;QTM 0T /KV FGT 0)% $GYGTVWPI /5 'ZGORNCT FGT #WMVKQP )QNFDGTI .QU #PIGNGU 0T

2431

/QWVQP FŉQT Q , )GPV QFGT /GEJGNGP I .COO N OKV -TGW\HCJPG FGP -QRH \WTÒEMIGYCPFV WPVGP .8& ņ %1 Ù ( 8KGTRC FCTKP $NWOGPMTGW\ KP FGP 9KPMGNP LG GKP &TGKDNCVV KP FGP 9KPMGNP FGU $NWOGPMTGW\GU LG GKP #FNGT &GNO 4 (D )1.& 4 )WV CWUIGRT·IVGU XQT\ÒINKEJGU 'ZGORNCT OKV HGKPGT )QNFVÌPWPI

'ZGORNCT FGT #WMVKQP 'NUGP $TÒUUGN 0T

165

FLANDERN

2432

%CXCNKGT FŉQT Q , I )GJCTPKUEJVGT WPF DGJGNOVGT )TCH TGKVGV N OKV GTJQDGPGO 5EJYGTV $NWOGPMTGW\ KP 8KGTRC KP FGP ·WGTGP 9KPMGNP LG GKP &TGKDNCVV &GNO 4 (D )1.& -N 2T·IGUEJY·EJG CWH FGT 8QTFGTUGKVG UQPUV CWGTIGYÌJPNKEJ IWV CWUIGRT·IVGU 'ZGORNCT XQT\ÒINKEJ 'ZGORNCT FGT #WMVKQP (TKV\ 4WFQNH -ÒPMGT 1UPCDTÒEM 0T

2433

.KQP FŉQT Q , )GPV I $GJGNOVGT .ÌYG UKV\V N KP IQVKUEJGT #TEJKVGMVWT 8GT\KGTVGU -TGW\ KP FGT /KVVG D KP FGP 9KPMGNP F ņ L ņ A ņ n &GNO 4 (D )1.& 5GNVGP KP FKGUGT 'TJCNVWPI )WV CWUIGRT·IVGU 'ZGORNCT CWH DTGKVGO 5EJTÌVNKPI OKV XQNNUV·PFKI NGUDCTGP .GIGPFGP XQT\ÒINKEJ

'ZGORNCT FGT #WMVKQP 6JG 0GY ;QTM 5CNG :: 0GY ;QTM 0T

2434

%JCKUG FŉQT Q , )GPV QFGT /GEJGNGP I &GT )TCH VJTQPV X X OKV -TQPG WPF 5EJYGTV KP IQVK UEJGT 'KPHCUUWPI FKG .KPMG CWH .ÌYGPUEJKNF IGNGIV $NWOGPMTGW\ KP 8KGTRC KP FGP 9KPMGNP 4QUGVVGP &GNO (D )1.& 5GJT CVVTCMVKXGU XQT\ÒINKEJGU 'ZGORNCT OKV TÌVNKEJGT )QNFVÌPWPI 'ZGORNCT FGT /KNNGPPKC %QNNGEVKQP #WMVKQP +TC .CTT[ )QNFDGTI .QU #PIGNGU 0T /KV FGT 0)% $GYGTVWPI /5

166

FLANDERN 2*+.+22 ++ &'4 -ª*0' 'T YWTFG CNU XKGTVGT 5QJP FGU HTCP\ÌUKUEJGP -ÌPKIU ,GCP ++ NG $QP CO ,CPWCT KP 2QPVQKUG IGDQTGP YWTFG GT OKV UGKPGO 8CVGT KP FGT 5EJNCEJV XQP /CWRGTVWKU XQP FGP 'PIN·PFGTP IGHCPIGP IGPQOOGP $GK UGKPGT 4ÒEMMGJT PCEJ (TCPMTGKEJ GTJKGNV GT FCU *GT\QIVWO $WTIWPF YGNEJGU KJO XQP -ÌPKI %JCTNGU 8 DGUV·VKIV YWTFG #O ,WPK JGKTCVGVG GT KP )GPV /CTIC TGVG FKG 6QEJVGT FGU HNCPFTKUEJGP )TCHGP .WFYKI XQP /CNG OKV FGT GT -KPFGT JCVVG 0CEJ FGO 6QF UGKPGU 5EJYKGIGTXCVGTU ÒDGTPCJO GT CWEJ FKG *GTTUEJCHV KP FGP )TCHUEJCHVGP XQP (NCP FGTP #TVQKU 0GXGTU WPF 4GVJGN <YKUEJGP TGIKGTVG GT OKV UGKPGP DGKFGP $TÒFGTP HÒT FGP \W FKGUGO <GKVRWPMV PQEJ WPOÒPFKIGP %JCTNGU 8+ 'T PWV\VG FKG )GNGIGPJGKV WO UGKP 6GTTK VQTKWO CWH -QUVGP FGT HTCP\ÌUKUEJGP -TQPG \W GTYGKVGTP WPF RHNGIVG IWVG $G\KGJWPIGP \W FGP &[PCUVKGP FGT *CDUDWTIGT .WZGODWTIGT WPF 9KVVGNUDCEJGT OWUUVG GT UGKPGP 5QJP OKV GKPGT TKGUKIGP )GNF UWOOG CWU VÒTMKUEJGT )GHCPIGPUEJCHV HTGKMCWHGP FKG GT CNNGTFKPIU \WO ITÌVGP 6GKN FGO HTCP\ÌUKUEJGP -TQPUEJCV\ GPVPCJO 2JKNKRRG ICNV CNU RTWPMNKGDGPFGT 4GIGPV WPF NKG FKG -CTVCWUG %JCOROQN &KLQP CWHYGPFKI \WT )TCDNGIG FGT DWTIWPFKUEJGP *GT\QIUF[PCUVKG CWUDCWGP 'T UVCTD CO #RTKN KP *CN $TCDCPV WPF JKPVGTNKG FGT 0CEJYGNV WPVGT CPFGTGO GKPG FGT DGFGWVGPFUVGP $KDNKQVJGMGP FGU 5R·V OKVVGNCNVGTU

ŇŇŇŇŇŇ

*G YCU DQTP CU HQWTVJ UQP QH VJG (TGPEJ -KPI ,GCP ++ NG $QP QP ,CPWCT VJ KP 2QP VQKUG +P JG YCU VCMGP RTKUQPGT YKVJ JKU HCVJGT D[ VJG 'PINKUJ KP VJG $CVVNG QH /CWRGTVWKU 7RQP JKU TGVWTP VQ (TCPEG JG TGEGKXGF VJG FWMGFQO QH $WTIWPF[ KP YJKEJ JG YCU EQPHKTOGF D[ -KPI %JCTNGU 8

1P ,WPG VJ KP )JGPV JG OCTTKGF /CTICTGV FCWIJVGT QH VJG (NGOKUJ %QWPV .QWKU QH /CNG YKVJ YJQO JG JCF EJKNFTGP #HVGT JKU HCVJGT KP NCYŉ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

2435

0QDNG Q , )GPV /GEJGNGP QFGT $TÒIIG +OKVCVKQP GKPGU GPINKUEJGP 0QDNG I &GT IGMTÌPVG WPF IGJCTPKUEJVG )TCH X X KP 5EJKHH CWH 9GNNGP KP FGT 4GEJVGP 5EJYGTV OKV FGT .KPMGP FGP XKGTHGNFKIGP 5EJKNF XQT UKEJ JCNVGPF $NWOGPMTGW\ OKV IGMTÌPVGP .ÌYGP KP FGP 9KPMGNP KO <GPVTWO P KP 8KGTRC WOJGT #EJVRC OKV &TGKDN·VVGTP KP FGP 9KPMGNP &GNO 4 (D )1.& 4 5GJT IWV CWUIGRT·IVGU XQT\ÒINKEJGU 'ZGORNCT OKV HGKPGT 6ÌPWPI

'ZGORNCT FGT #WMVKQP ,GCP 'NUGP $TÒUUGN 0T

167

FLANDERN ,1*#00 1*0'(74%*6 ,QJCPP YWTFG CO /CK KP 4QWXTGU CNU 5QJP FGU DWTIWPFKUEJGP *GT\QIU 2JKNKRRU FGU -ÒJPGP

IGDQTGP #O #RTKN JGKTCVGVG GT KP %CODTCK FKG 9KVVGNUDCEJGTKP /CTICTGVG XQP $C[GTP OKV FGT GT CEJV -KPFGT JCVVG IKPI GT CWH GKPGP -TGW\\WI IGIGP FKG 6ÒTMGP YWTFG LGFQEJ KP FGT 5EJNCEJV XQP 0KMQRQNKU IGHCPIGP IGPQOOGP WPF GTUV PCEJ GKPGT <CJNWPI XQP &WMCVGP .ÌUGIGNF YKGFGT HTGKIGNCUUGP 0CEJ FGO 6QF UGKPGU 8CVGTU ÒDGTPCJO GT FKG 4GIKGTWPI KO *GT \QIVWO $WTIWPF UQYKG KP (NCPFGTP +P FGT 5EJNCEJV XQP 1VJ¾G 5GRVGODGT GTYCTD UKEJ ,QJCPP UGKPGP $GKPCOGP ōFGT 7PGTUEJTQEMGPGŋ ,GCP UCPU 2GWT &QEJ ,QJCPP YCT CWEJ KP FGP #PIGNG IGPJGKVGP FGU -ÌPKITGKEJU (TCPMTGKEJ UGJT CMVKX +O -QPHNKMV OKV *GT\QI .WFYKI XQP 1TN¾CPU

#TOCIPCEU GV $QWTIWKIPQPU MQPPVG GT FKGUGP XQP FGT /CEJV XGTFT·PIGP WPF KJP CO 0QXGODGT GTOQTFGP NCUUGP YCU \WO $ÒTIGTMTKGI HÒJTVG ,QJCPP TKUU FKG /CEJV CP UKEJ OWUUVG LGFQEJ OGJTHCEJ CWU 2CTKU HNKGJGP 0CEJ FGT HÒT FKG 'PIN·PFGT UKGITGKEJGP 5EJNCEJV XQP #IKPEQWTV 1MVQDGT XGTJCPFGNVG ,QJCPP \WP·EJUV OKV -ÌPKI *GKPTKEJ 8 WPF CPUEJNKGGPF OKV FGO &CWRJKP %JCTNGU 8++ &KGUGT NQEMVG KJP \W GKPGT 7PVGTTGFWPI CWH FKG $TÒEMG XQP /QPVGTGCW YQ ,QJCPP CO 5GRVGODGT GTUEJNCIGP YWTFG

ŇŇŇŇŇŇ

,QJP YCU DQTP QP /C[ VJ KP 4QWXTGU UQP QH VJG $WTIWPFKCP &WMG 2JKNKR VJG $QNF 1P #RTKN VJ KP %CODTCK JG OCTTKGF VJG 9KVVGNUDCEJGT /CTICTGV QH $CXCTKC YKVJ YJQO JG RTQ FWEGF GKIJV EJKNFTGP +P JG YGPV QP ETWUCFG CICKPUV VJG 6WTMU DWV YCU VCMGP RTKUQPGT KP VJG $CVVNG QH 0KMQRQNKU CPF QPN[ TGNGCUGF WRQP RC[OGPV QH C FWECV TCPUQO HGG (QNNQYKPI VJG FGCVJ QH JKU HCVJGT KP JG CUUWOGF IQXGTPCPEG QH VJG &WMGFQO QH $WTIWPF[ CPF QH (NCPFGTU +P VJG $CVVNG QH 1VJ¾G 5GRVGODGT TF ,QJP YQP VJG UWTPCOG ŋVJG (GCTNGUUŌ ,GCP UCPU 2GWT ,QJP YCU CNUQ XGT[ CEVKXG KP VJG CHHCKTU QH VJG (TGPEJ MKPIFQO KP VJG EQPHNKEV YKVJ &WMG .QWKU QH 1TN¾CPU #TOCIPCEU GV $QWTIWKIPQPU JG YCU CDNG VQ FTKXG VJG NCVVGT HTQO RQYGT CPF JCF JKO OWTFGTGF QP 0QXGODGT TF YJKEJ NGF VQ EKXKN YCT ,QJP WUWTRGF RQYGT DWV YCU HQTEGF VQ HNGG VQ 2CTKU TGRGCVGFN[ #HVGT VJG 'PINKUJ XKEVQT[ CV VJG $CVVNG QH #IKPEQWTV 1EVQDGT VJ ,QJP PGIQVKCVGF HKTUV YKVJ -KPI *GPT[ 8

CPF UWDUGSWGPVN[ KP YKVJ VJG &CWRJKP %JCTNGU 8++ 6JG NCVVGT NWTGF JKO VQ C OGGVKPI QP VJG DTKFIG QH /QPVGTGCW YJGTG ,QJP YCU UNCKP QP 5GRVGODGT VJ

2436

0QDNG Q , )GPV +OKVCVKQP GKPGU GPINKUEJGP 0QDNG I &GT IGMTÌPVG WPF IGJCTPKUEJVG )TCH X X KP 5EJKHH CWH 9GNNGP KP FGT 4GEJVGP 5EJYGTV OKV FGT .KPMGP FGP XKGTHGNFKIGP 5EJKNF XQT UKEJ JCNVGPF $NWOGPMTGW\ OKV IGMTÌPVGP .ÌYGP KP FGP 9KPMGNP KO <GPVTWO I KP 8KGTRC WOJGT #EJVRC OKV &TGKDN·VVGTP KP FGP 9KPMGNP &GNO 4 (D )1.& 44 ªDNKEJG 2T·IGUEJY·EJG HCUV XQT\ÒINKEJ 'ZGORNCT FGT #WMVKQP ,GCP 'NUGP $TÒUUGN 0T

168

FLANDERN

2*+.+22 +++ &'4 )76' 2JKNKRR IGD ,WNK YCT 5VCVVJCNVGT XQP (NCPFGTP CNU UGKP 8CVGT CWH FGT $TÒEMG XQP /QPVGTGCW GTOQTFGV YWTFG +O 8GTVTCI XQP 6TQ[GU GTMCPPVG GT *GKPTKEJ 8 CNU -ÌPKI XQP (TCPMTGKEJ CP &KG $GNCIGTWPIGP XQP 1TN¾CPU WPF %QORK½IPG DTCEJ GT GTIGDPKUNQU CD MQPPVG CDGT FKG 'TQDGTWPI UGKPGU *GTTUEJCHVUDGTGKEJGU FWTEJ HTCP\ÌUKUEJG 6TWRRGP %JCTNGU 8++ CDYGPFGP UVKHVGVG GT FGP 1TFGP XQO )QNFGPGP 8NKGU #WH FGO (TKGFGPUMQPITGUU XQP #TTCU UEJNWI UKEJ 2JKNKRR CWH FKG 5GKVG FGU HTCP\ÌUKUEJGP -ÌPKIU WPF DGHCPF UKEJ PWP KO -TKGI OKV UGKPGO GJGOCNKIGP 8GTDÒPFGVGP 'PINCPF &GT NCPI CPJCNVGPFG -QPHNKMV OKV FGP #TOCIPCEU MQPPVG DGKIGNGIV YGTFGP CNU 2JKNKRR FKG (TGKNCUUWPI FGU *GT\QIU %JCTNGU Fŉ1TN¾CPU CWU GPINKUEJGT )GHCPIGPUEJCHV GTYKTMVG 5GKV FGP GT ,CJTGP XGTHQNIVG GT 2N·PG HÒT GKPGP -TGW\\WI FGT LGFQEJ CWHITWPF \CJNTGKEJGT CPFGTGT OKNKV·TKUEJGT -QPHNKMVG PKG \WUVCPFG MCO 2JKNKRR YCT FTGKOCN XGTJGKTCVGV

/KEJGNNG FG (TCPEG IGUV $QPPG Fŉ#TVQKU IGUV WPF +UCDGNNC XQP 2QTVWICN IGUV WPF DGMCO GTUV FGP NCPI GTUGJPVGP 6JTQPGTDGP OKV UGKPGT NGV\VGP )GOCJNKP $KU \W UGKPGO 6QF CO ,WNK DNKGD FCU 8GTJ·NVPKU FGU DWTIWPFKUEJGP *GT\QIU \W FGP HTCP\ÌUKUEJGP -ÌPKIGP %JCTNGU 8++

WPF .QWKU :+ IGURCPPV &CHÒT YCT FGT DWTIWPFKUEJG *QH GKP <GPVTWO FGT -ÒPUVG WPF FGT .KVGTCVWT FGU 5R·VOKVVGNCNVGTU

ŇŇŇŇŇŇ

2JKNKR D ,WN[ UV YCU 4GIGPV QH (NCPFGTU YJGP JKU HCVJGT YCU OWTFGTGF QP VJG DTKFIG QH /QP VGTGCW +P VJG 6TGCV[ QH 6TQ[GU JG TGEQIPK\GF *GPT[ 8 CU -KPI QH (TCPEG *G GPFGF VJG UKGIG QH 1TN¾CPU CPF %QORK½IPG YKVJQWV UWEEGUU DWV KP YCU CDNG VQ RTG XGPV VJG EQPSWGUV QH VJG CTGC WPFGT JKU TWNG D[ VJG (TGPEJ VTQQRU QH %JCTNGU 8++ +P JG HQWPFGF VJG 1TFGT QH VJG )QNFGP (NGGEG #V VJG %QPITGUU QH #TTCU 2JKNKR VQQM VJG UKFG QH VJG (TGPEJ -KPI CPF VJGTGD[ HQWPF JKOUGNH CV YCT YKVJ JKU HQTOGT CNN[ 'PINCPF 6JG NQPI NCUVKPI EQPHNKEV YKVJ VJG #TOCIPCEU YCU HKPCNN[ UGVVNGF YJGP 2JKNKR GHHGEVGF VJG TGNGCUG QH &WMG %JCTNGU QH 1TN¾CPU HTQO 'PINKUJ ECRVKXKV[ #HVGT VJG U JG RTQEGGFGF YKVJ RNCPU HQT C ETWUCFG YJKEJ JQYGXGTŇFWG VQ EQWPVNGUU QVJGT OKNKVCT[ EQPHNKEVUŇPGXGT ECOG VQ RCUU 2JKNKR YCU OCTTKGF VJTGG VKOGU /KEJGNNG QH (TCPEG F $QPPG Fŉ#TVQKU F CPF +UCDGNNC QH 2QTVWICN F CPF HKPCNN[ KP KPJGTK VGF VJG VJTQPG CU JG JCF NQPI FGUKTGF YKVJ JKU NCUV EQPUQTV 7PVKN JKU FGCVJ QP ,WN[ VJ TGNCVKQPU DGVYGGP VJG $WTIWPFKCP &WMG CPF VJG (TGPEJ -KPIU %JCTNGU 8++ CPF .QWKU :+ TGOCKPGF VGPUG 0QPGVJGNGUU VJG $WTIWPFKCP EQWTV YCU C EGPVGT QH VJG CTVU CPF NKVGTCVWTG KP VJG NCVG /KFFNG #IGU

2437

%CXCNKGT F QT Q , )GPV I )TCH TGKVGV T OKV GTJQDGPGO 5EJYGTV KO #DUEJPKVV Z (.#& Z 8KGTHGNFKIGU 9CRRGP OKV /KVVGNUEJKNF CWH $NWOGPMTGW\ &GNO (D )1.& 4 -N -TCV\GT CWH FGT 4ÒEMUGKVG HCUV XQT\ÒINKEJ

'ZGORNCT FGT #WMVKQP ,GCP 'NUGP $TÒUUGN 0T

169

FRANKREICH

(4#0-4'+%* .17+5 : .WFYKI YWTFG CO 1MVQDGT CNU ·NVGUVGT 5QJP 2JKNKRRGU +8 NG $GN KP 2CTKU IGDQTGP 5GKPG MWT\G 4GIGPVUEJCHV YWTFG ÒDGTUEJCVVGV XQP #WUGKPCPFGTUGV\WPIGP OKV FGO HTCP\ÌUKUEJGP #FGN FGO GT YGKVTGKEJGPFG 2TKXKNGIKGP GKPT·WOGP OWUUVG +O )GIGP\WI KPVTKIKGTVGP FKG /·EJVKIGP FGU 4GK EJGU IGIGP FKG $GTCVGT .QWKU UQ FCUU FGT GKPHNWUUTGKEJG 'PIWGTTCP FG /CTKIP[ IGJGPMV YWTFG 'KP (GNF\WI IGIGP (NCPFGTP XGTNKGH GTHQNINQU .WFYKI UVCTD CO ,WPK KP 8KPEGPPGU

ŇŇŇŇŇŇ

.QWKU YCU DQTP 1EVQDGT VJ CU QNFGUV UQP QH 2JKNKR +8 NG $GN KP 2CTKU *KU UJQTV TGIGPE[ YCU QXGTUJCFQYGF D[ EQPHNKEVU YKVJ VJG (TGPEJ PQDKNKV[ VQ YJQO JG YCU HQTEGF VQ ITCPV YKFG TCPIKPI RTKXKNGIGU *G YCU TGRCKF YKVJ KPVTKIWGU D[ VJG GORKTGŉU OKIJVKGUV OGP CICKPUV JKU CFXKUGTU NGCFKPI VQ VJG JCPIKPI QH VJG KPHNWGPVKCN 'PIWGTTCP FG /CTKIP[ KP # ECORCKIP CICKPUV (NCPFGTU KP GPFGF WPUWEEGUUHWNN[ .QWKU FKGF QP ,WPG VJ KP 8KPEGPPGU

2438

#IPGN F QT Q , /CK I .COO N OKV -TGW\HCJPG FGP -QRH \WTÒEMIGYCPFV KO #D UEJPKVV .8F 4': 8KGTRC FCTKP $NWOGPMTGW\ KP FGP 9KPMGNP FGU 8KGTRCUUGU GDGPHCNNU LG GKPG .KNKG &WRNGUU[ (D .CHCWTKG )1.& 44 #WGTIGYÌJPNKEJ IWV CWUIGRT·IVGU XQT\ÒINKEJGU 'ZGORNCT OKV HGKPGT )QNFVÌPWPI 'ZGORNCT FGT #WMVKQP %TKPQP 2CTKU ,WPK 0T

%*#4.'5 +8 'T YCT FGT FTKVVG 5QJP FGU HTCP\ÌUKUEJGP -ÌPKIU 2JKNKRR +8 FGU 5EJÌPGP WPF HQNIVG UGKPGP DGKFGP $TÒFGTP .WFYKI : WPF 2JKNKRR 8 CWH FGP 6JTQP 5GKP ITÌVGT KPPGPRQNKVKUEJGT 8GTFKGPUV YCT GKPG WOHCUUGPFG 4GHQTO FGU (KPCP\ WPF 8GTYCNVWPIUU[UVGOU #WGP RQNKVKUEJ DGUVKOOVGP FKG 5RCPPWPIGP OKV 'PINCPF FKG 4GIKGTWPIU\GKV %JCTNGU YWTF FCU *GT\QI VWO )W[GPPG DGUGV\V )WGTTG FG 5CKPV 5CTFQU WPF FGT GKP ,CJT UR·VGT FWTEJ 8GTOKVVNWPI FGU 2CRUVGU CWUIGJCPFGNVG 8GTVTCI UCJ XQT FCUU FKG #OVUVT·IGT FGT )W[GPPG KP <WMWPHV KJTGP .GJGPUGKF PKEJV OGJT FGO GPINKUEJGP UQPFGTP FGO HTCP\ÌUKUEJGP -ÌPKI \W NGKUVGP JCVVGP 'FYCTF ++ NGJPVG FCTCWHJKP FKG #PPCJOG FGU *GT\QIVWOU CD &C %JCTNGU CWU FTGK 'JGP $NCPEJG FG $QWTIQIPG /CTKC XQP .WZGODWTI ,GCPPG Fň XTGWZ PWT 6ÌEJVGT JCVVG IKPI FCU -ÌPKIVWO PCEJ UGKPGO 6QF CO (GDTWCT KP 8KPEGPPGU ÒDGT UGKPG 'TDVQEJVGT $NCPEJG CP 2JKNKRR 8+ XQP 8CNQKU ņ FGT #WUNÌUGT FGU *WPFGTVL·JTKIGP -TKGIGU

ŇŇŇŇŇŇ

*G YCU VJG VJKTF UQP QH VJG (TGPEJ -KPI 2JKNKR +8 VJG (CKT CPF KP HQNNQYGF JKU VYQ DTQVJGTU .QWKU : CPF 2JKNKR 8 QP VJG VJTQPG *KU ITGCVGUV FQOGUVKE CEJKGXG OGPV YCU C EQORTGJGPUKXG TGHQTO QH VJG HKPCPEG CPF CFOKPKUVTCVKXG U[UVGO 6GPUKQPU YKVJ 'PINCPF FGHKPGF VJG HQTGKIP RQNKE[ QH %JCTNGUŉ TGKIP +P VJG FWEJ[ QH )W[GPPG YCU QEEWRKGF )WGTTG FG 5CKPV 5CTFQU CPF VJG VTGCV[ PGIQVKCVGF C [GCT NCVGT VJTQWIJ RCRCN OGFKCVKQP URGEKHKGF VJCV QHHKEGJQNFGTU KP )W[GPPG YQWNF VJGTGCHVGT PQ NQPIGT VCMG VJG QCVJ QH HGCNV[ VQ VJG 'PINKUJ DWV TCVJGT VQ VJG (TGPEJ MKPI 'FYCTF ++ VJGTGWRQP TGHWUGF CEEGRVCPEG QH VJG &WMGFQO #U %JCTNGU KP VJTGG OCTTK CIGU $NCPEJG FG $QWTIQIPG /CTKC QH .WZGODQWTI ,GCPPG Fň XTGWZ RTQFWEGF QPN[ FCWIJ VGTU VJG MKPIFQO YGPV CHVGT JKU FGCVJ QP (GDTWCT[ UV KP 8KPEGPPGU KPUVGCF QH VQ JKU HGOCNG JGKT $NCPEJG VQ 2JKNKR 8+ QH 8CNQKU ņ VJG ECWUG QH VJG *WPFTGF ;GCTUŉ 9CT 170

FRANKREICH

2439

4Q[CN F QT Q , (GDTWCT I &GT -ÌPKI UVGJV X X OKV -TQPG WPF <GRVGT WPVGT IQVK UEJGO $CNFCEJKP $NWOGPMTGW\ KP 8KGTRC KP FGP ·WGTGP 9KPMGNP -TQPGP &WRNGUU[ (D .CHCWTKG )1.& 44 5GJT UEJÌPpXQT\ÒINKEJ 'ZGORNCT FGT #WMVKQP 8CTGUK 2CXKC 0T

2*+.+22' 8+ 0CEJ FGO 6QF %JCTNGU +8 FGUUGP )GOCJNKP ,GCPPG Fŉ XTGWZ \W FKGUGO <GKVRWPMV UEJYCPIGT YCT YWTFG 2JKNKRRG \WO 4GIGPVGP GTPCPPV #NU ,GCPPG GKPG 6QEJVGT IGDCT RTQMNCOKGTVG OCP 2JKNKRRG IGIGP FKG #PURTÒEJG -ÌPKI 'FYCTFU +++ XQP 'PINCPF WPF -ÌPKI 2JKNKRRGU XQP XTGWZ 0CXCTTC \WO -ÌPKI XQP (TCPMTGKEJ &KG $CTQPG ICDGP FGT HTCP\ÌUKUEJGP #DUVCOOWPI 2JKNKRRGU OKV FGT 9GKJG CO /CK FCOKV FGP 8QTTCPI <WP·EJUV NGKUVGVG KJO 'FYCTF +++ HÒT UGKPG MQPVKPGPVCNGP $GUKV\WPIGP WPF FGP .GJPUGKF FQEJ XGTUEJNGEJVGTVGP UKEJ FKG $G\KGJWPIGP \YKUEJGP DGKFGP -ÌPKITGKEJGP TCRKFG #NU 2JKNKRRG GKP $ÒPFPKU OKV 5EJQVVNCPF GKPIKPI WPF FKG )W[GPPG MQPHKU\KGTVG GTMN·TVG KJO 'FYCTF CO 1MVQDGT FGP -TKGI WPF GTMN·TVG UKEJ UGNDUV \WO TGEJVO·KIGP -ÌPKI XQP (TCPMTGKEJ $GK 5NWKU GTNKVV FKG HTCP\ÌUKUEJG (NQVVG CO ,WPK GKPG 0KGFGTNCIG WPF FCU GPINKUEJG *GGT UGV\VG CWH FGP -QPVKPGPV ÒDGT +P FGT 5EJNCEJV XQP %T¾E[ #WIWUV YWTFG FCU HTCP\ÌUKUEJG #WHIGDQV XGTPKEJVGPF IGUEJNCIGP WPF OKV FGT 'KP PCJOG XQP %CNCKU #WIWUV MQPPVGP FKG 'PIN·PFGT GKPGP UVTCVGIKUEJ DGFGWVUCOGP $TÒEMGPMQRH GKPTKEJVGP &KG NGV\VGP 4GIKGTWPIULCJTG 2JKNKRRGU FGT CO #WIWUV KP 0QIGPV NG 4QK XGTUVCTD YCTGP \WFGO XQO 9ÒVGP FGU 5EJYCT\GP 6QFGU KP 'WTQRC ÒDGTUEJCVVGV &GP 6JTQP DGUVKGI UGKP ·NVGUVGT 5QJP ,GCP ++ NG $QP

ŇŇŇŇŇŇ

#HVGT VJG FGCVJ QH %JCTNGU +8 YJQUG VJKTF EQPUQTV ,GCPPG Fŉ XTGWZ YCU RTGIPCPV CV VJG VKOG 2JKNKR YCU PCOGF 4GIGPV 9JGP ,GCPPG ICXG DKTVJ VQ C FCWIJVGT 2JKNKR YCU RTQENCKOGF -KPI QH (TCPEG CICKPUV VJG ENCKOU QH 'FYCTF +++ QH 'PINCPF CPF -KPI 2JKNKR QH XTGWZ 0CXCTTC

9KVJ VJG EQTQPCVKQP QP /C[ VJ VJG DCTQPU VJGTGD[ ICXG RTGEGFGPEG DCUGF QP 2JKNKRŉU (TGPEJ FGUEGPV #V HKTUV 'FYCTF +++ UYQTG HGCNV[ VQ JKO HQT JKU EQPVKPGPVCN RQUUGUUKQPU KP CPF DWV TGNCVKQPU DGVYGGP VJG VYQ MKPIFQOU FGVGTKQTCVGF TCRKFN[ #U 2JKNKR HQTIGF CP CNNKCPEG YKVJ 5EQVNCPF CPF EQPHKUECVGF )W[GPPG 'FYCTF FGENCTGF YCT WRQP JKO QP 1EVQDGT VJ CPF KP FGENCTGF JKOUGNH VJG NCYHWN -KPI QH (TCPEG 6JG (TGPEJ HNGGV UWHHGTGF C FGHGCV QP ,WPG VJ PGCT 5NWKU CPF VJG 'PINKUJ CTO[ NCPFGF QP VJG EQPVKPGPV +P VJG $CVVNG QH %T¾E[ #WIWUV VJ VJG (TGPEJ HQTEGU YGTG FGXCUVCVKPIN[ FGHGCVGF CPF YKVJ VJG ECRVWTG QH %CNCKU #WIWUV TF VJG 'PINKUJ YGTG CDNG VQ GUVCDNKUJ C UVTCVGIKECNN[ KORQTVCPV DTKFIGJGCF 6JG HKPCN [GCTU QH 2JKNKRŉU TGKIP DGHQTG JKU FGCVJ QP #WIWUV PF KP 0QIGPV NG 4QK YGTG CFFKVKQPCNN[ QXGTUJCFQYGF D[ VJG TCXCIGU QH VJG $NCEM &GCVJ KP 'WTQRG KP *KU QNFGUV UQP ,GCP ++ NG $QP CUEGPFGF VJG VJTQPG

2440

4Q[CN F QT Q , /CK I &GT -ÌPKI UVGJV X X OKV -TQPG WPF <GRVGT WPVGT IQVKUEJGO $CNFCEJKP $NWOGPMTGW\ KP 8KGTRC KP FGP ·WGTGP 9KPMGNP -TQPGP &WRNGUU[ (D .CHCWTKG )1.& 5GJT UEJÌPpXQT\ÒINKEJ

'ZGORNCT FGT #WMVKQP (TKV\ 4WFQNH -ÒPMGT 1UPCDTÒEM 0T

171

FRANKREICH

2441

'EW F QT ¯ NC EJCKUG Q , ,CPWCT 'OKUUKQP I &GT -ÌPKI OKV -TQPG WPF 5EJYGTV VJTQPV X X KP IQVKUEJGT 'KPHCUUWPI FKG .KPMG CWH .KNKGPUEJKNF IGNGIV 8KGTRC FCTKP $NWOGPMTGW\ KP FGP 9KPMGNP LG GKP &TGKDNCVV &WRNGUU[ (D .CHCWTKG )1.& 8QT\ÒINKEJGU 'ZGORNCT CWH DTGKVGO 5EJTÌVNKPI 'ZGORNCT FGT #WMVKQP (TKV\ 4WFQNH -ÒPMGT 1UPCDTÒEM 0T

2442

'EW F QT ¯ NC EJCKUG Q , #RTKN 'OKUUKQP /KV &'+ Z )4# Z KP FGT 8QTFGTUGKVGPNG IGPFG I &GT -ÌPKI OKV -TQPG WPF 5EJYGTV VJTQPV X X KP IQVKUEJGT 'KPHCUUWPI FKG .KPMG CWH .KNKGPUEJKNF IGNGIV 8KGTRC FCTKP $NWOGPMTGW\ KP FGP 9KPMGNP LG GKP &TGKDNCVV &WRNGUU[ # (D .CHCWTKG C )1.& -N 2T·IGUEJY·EJG XQT\ÒINKEJ 'ZGORNCT FGT #WMVKQP (TKV\ 4WFQNH -ÒPMGT 1UPCDTÒEM 0T

2443

2CXKNNQP F QT Q , ,WPK I &GT -ÌPKI VJTQPV X X OKV .KNKGP\GRVGT WPVGT $CNFCEJKP FGT OKV .KNKGP XGT\KGTV KUV $NWOGPMTGW\ KP 8KGTRC KP FGP 9KPMGNP LG GKPG -TQPG &WRNGUU[ (D .CHCWTKG )1.& 5GNVGP DGUQPFGTU KP FKGUGT 'TJCNVWPI #WGTIGYÌJPNKEJ IWV CWUIGRT·IVGU XQT\ÒINKEJGU 'ZGORNCT 'ZGORNCT FGT #WMVKQP (TKV\ 4WFQNH -ÒPMGT 1UPCDTÒEM 0T

172

FRANKREICH

2444

%QWTQPPG F QT Q , ,CPWCT I )TQG -TQPG KO (GNF UGEJU .KNKGP $NWOGPMTGW\ KP 8KGNRC KP FGP 9KPMGNP LG GKPG IGMTÌPVG .KNKG &WRNGUU[ (D .CHCWTKG )1.& 8QP ITÌVGT 5GNVGPJGKV 9KP\ 2T·IGUEJY·EJG CWH FGT 4ÒEMUGKVG UQPUV JGTXQTTCIGPFGU 'ZGORNCT OKV TÌVNKEJGT )QNFVÌPWPI XQT\ÒINKEJp5VGORGNINCP\ 'TYQTDGP XQP 2KGTTG %TKPQP 2CTKU

#O ,CPWCT QTFPGVG 2JKNKRRG 8+ FKG 2T·IWPI FKGUGT CWGTIGYÌJPNKEJGP /ÒP\G CP FKG CNNGTFKPIU PWT FTGK /QPCVG NCPI CWUIGIGDGP YWTFG WPF FGUJCND \W FGP ITQGP 5GNVGPJGKVGP FGT HTCP\ÌUKUEJGP 5R·VOKVVGNCNVGTPWOKUOCVKM IGJÌTV 6TQV\ QFGT XKGNNGKEJV IGTCFG YGIGP KJTGU GKPHCEJ IGJCNVGPGP /ÒP\DKNFGU GKPGT ÒDGTITQGP -TQPG CNU 5[ODQN FGT MÌPKINKEJGP /CEJV KP GKPGO NKNKGPDGU·VGP (GNF KUV UKG GKPG FGT TGRT·UGPVCVKXUVGP HTCP\ÌUKUEJGP /ÒP\GP FGU ,CJTJWPFGTVU 5KG KUV OKV ITQGT 9CJTUEJGKPNKEJMGKV CNU RTQRCICPFKUVKUEJG 2T·IWPI IGPCWGT IGUCIV CNU ōPWOKU OCVKUEJG 4GCMVKQPŋ CWH FKG 2TQMNCOCVKQP 'FYCTFU +++ \WO -ÌPKI XQP (TCPMTGKEJ CO ,CPWCT CP\WUGJGP 8IN FGP -QOOGPVCT DGK &JGPKP / .C EQWTQPPG FG (TCPEG FŉCRT½U NGU OQPPCKGU KP .C /QPPCKG OKTCKT FGU 4QKU GZRQUKVKQP ¯ NC /QPPCKG FG 2CTKU (GDTWCT #RTKN 5 ō&CPU UC UKORNKEKV¾ EGVVG OQPPCKG GUV WP FGU EJGHU FŉĚWXTG FG NC PWOKUOCVKSWG RQWT NC R¾TKQFG IQVJKSWG ŋ

2445

%JCKUG F QT Q , ,WNK I &GT IGMTÌPVG -ÌPKI UKV\V X X OKV <GRVGT WPF FGT *CPF FGT )GTGEJVKIMGKV CWH IQVKUEJGO 6JTQP WOJGT 0GWPRC 8GT\KGTVGU $NWOGPMTGW\ KP 8KGTRC KP FGP 9KPMGNP LG GKPG -TQPG &WRNGUU[ (D .CHCWTKG XCT )1.& 44 -N 2T·IGUEJY·EJG CO 4CPF UQPUV XQT\ÒINKEJGU 'ZGORNCT OKV HGKPGT 6ÌPWPI

'ZGORNCT FGT #WMVKQP 8CTGUK 2CXKC 0T

173

FRANKREICH

,'#0 ++ .' $10 &KG 6JTQPDGUVGKIWPI FGU \W FKGUGO <GKVRWPMV PKEJV OGJT ICP\ LWPIGP -ÌPKIU CO #WIWUV YGEMVG *QHHPWPIGP FKG UKEJ \WP·EJUV CWEJ \W GTHÒNNGP UEJKGPGP 8QP FGP 'PIN·PFGTP MQPPVG FKG )TCH UEJCHV #PIQWN¿OG \WTÒEMIGYQPPGP YGTFGP WPF GKPG *GGTGUTGHQTO GTJÌJVG FKG 5EJNCIMTCHV FGT HTCP\ÌUK UEJGP #TOGG <W #WUGKPCPFGTUGV\WPIGP MCO GU OKV UGKPGO 5EJYKGIGTUQJP -ÌPKI -CTN ++ NG /CWXCKU XQP 0CXCTTC WPF )TCH XQP XTGWZ FGT OKV FGO GPINKUEJGP -ÌPKI 'FYCTF +++ RCMVKGTVG &GT 8GTUWEJ FGP GPINKUEJ HTCP\ÌUKUEJGP -QPHNKMV CWH FGO 8GTJCPFNWPIUYGIG \W DGGPFGP

8GTVTCI XQP /CPVGU UEJGKVGTVG WPF UQ \QI ,GCP OKV GKPGO *GGT IGIGP FGP ō5EJYCT\GP 2TKP\GPŋ 'FYCTF 9QQFUVQEM #O 5GRVGODGT MCO GU DGK /CWRGTVWKU \WT 5EJNCEJV FKG HÒT FKG (TCP\QUGP KP GKPGT -CVCUVTQRJG GPFGVG &KG #TOGG YWTFG XGTPKEJVGPF IGUEJNCIGP WPF ,GCP IGTKGV KP GPINKUEJG )GHCPIGPUEJCHV CWU FGT GT GTUV PCEJ FGP 8GTVT·IGP XQP $T¾VKIP[ WPF %CNCKU 1MVQDGT YKGFGT \WTÒEMMGJTVG /KV FGT 1TFQPPCP\ XQO &G\GODGT YWTFG FGT (TCPE ¯ EJGXCN IGRT·IV FGT \WT $GINGKEJWPI FGU KOOGT PQEJ QHHGPGP .ÌUGIGNFU FKGPGP UQNNVG #NU .WFYKI XQP #PLQW FKG HÒT FKG (TGK NCUUWPI ,GCPU IGUVGNNVG )GKUGN LGFQEJ CWU FGT *CHV HNQJ DGICD UKEJ FGT HTCP\ÌUKUEJG -ÌPKI GTPGWV HTGKYKNNKI KP FKG *·PFG FGT 'PIN·PFGT 'T UVCTD CO #RTKN KP .QPFQP

ŇŇŇŇŇŇ

6JG CUEGPV QH VJG VJTQPG D[ VJG CV VJKU VKOG PQ NQPIGT [QWPI -KPI QP #WIWUV PF TCKUGF JQRGU YJKEJ CV HKTUV CRRGCTGF VQ DG HWNHKNNGF %QWPV[ #PIQWN¿OG YCU YQP DCEM HTQO VJG 'PINKUJ CPF C TGHQTO QH VJG CTO[ TCKUGF VJG UVTKMG ECRCDKNKV[ QH VJG (TGPEJ CTO[ %QPHNKEVU YGTG NQQUGF YKVJ JKU UQP KP NCY -KPI %JCTNGU ++ NG /CWXCKU QH 0CXCTTG CPF VJG %QWPV QH XTGWZ CP CNN[ QH VJG 'PINKUJ -KPI 'FYCTF +++ 6JG CVVGORV VQ PGIQVKCVG CP GPF VQ VJG 'PINKUJ (TGPEJ EQPHNKEV 6TGCV[ QH /CPVGU HCKNGF CPF UQ ,QJP NGF JKU CTO[ CICKPUV VJG ŋ$NCEM 2TKPEGŌ 'FYCTF QH 9QQFUVQEM 1P 5GRVGODGT VJ DCVVNG YCU KPKVKCVGF PGCT /CWRGTVWKU CPF GPFGF KP C ECVCUVTQRJG HQT VJG (TGPEJ 6JG CTO[ YCU QDNKVGTCVGF CPF ,QJP YCU VCMGP KPVQ 'PINKUJ ECRVKXKV[ HTQO YJKEJ JG FKF PQV TGVWTP WPVKN CHVGT VJG 6TGCVKGU QH $T¾VKIP[ CPF %CNCKU 1EVQDGT VJ 9KVJ VJG 1TFKPCPEG QH &GEGODGT VJ VJG (TCPE ¯ EJGXCN YCU OKPVGF KPVGPFGF HQT RC[OGPV QH VJG UVKNN FWG TCPUQO OQPG[ #NU .QWKU QH #PLQW YJQ JCF DGGP IKXGP CU C JQUVCIG HQT ,QJPŉU TGNGCUG HNGF HTQO FGVGPVKQP KP VJG (TGPEJ -KPI FGNKXGTGF JKOUGNH XQNWPVCTKN[ QPEG CICKP KPVQ VJG JCPFU QH VJG 'PINKUJ *G FKGF QP #RTKN VJ KP .QPFQP

2446

/QWVQP FňQT Q , ,CPWCT I .COO N OKV -TGW\HCJPG FGP -QRH \WTÒEMIGYCPFV WPVGP +1Jň ņ 4': 8KGTRC FCTKP $NWOGPMTGW\ KP FGP 9KPMGNP FGU 8KGTRCUUGU GDGPHCNNU LG GKPG .KNKG &WRNGUU[ # (D .CHCWTKG )1.& 5GJT CVVTCMVKXGU XQT\ÒINKEJGU 'ZGORNCT OKV TÌVNKEJGT )QNFVÌPWPI 'ZGORNCT FGT #WMVKQP (TKV\ 4WFQNH -ÒPMGT $GTNKP 0T

174

FRANKREICH

2447

(TCPE ¯ EJGXCN Q , &G\GODGT I &GT IGMTÌPVG -ÌPKI TGKVGV N KP FGT .KPMGP GTJQDGPGU 5EJYGTV $NWOGPMTGW\ KP 8KGTRC KP FGP 9KPMGNP LG GKP &TGKDNCVV &WRNGUU[ (D .CHCWTKG )1.& 5GNVGP KP FKGUGT HGKPGP 'TJCNVWPI 8QT\ÒINKEJGU 2TCEJVGZGORNCT OKV HGKPGT )QNFVÌPWPI

'ZGORNCT FGT .CIGTNKUVG (TKV\ 4WFQNH -ÒPMGT 1UPCDTÒEM 0T

%*#4.'5 8 %JCTNGU FGT CO ,CPWCT CWH 5EJNQUU 8KPEGPPGU IGDQTGP YWTFG VTWI CNU GTUVGT HTCP\ÌUKUEJGT 6JTQPGTDG FGP 6KVGN GKPGU &CWRJKP +P FGT 5EJNCEJV XQP /CWRGTVWKU 5GRVGODGT XGTNKG GT XQT\GKVKI FCU -CORHIGUEJGJGP WPF GPVIKPI UQ FGT )GHCPIGPUEJCHV &C UGKP 8CVGT UKEJ PWP KP FGP *·P FGP FGT 'PIN·PFGT DGHCPF UVCPF %JCTNGU CP FGT 5RKV\G FGT 4GIKGTWPI WPF OWUUVG UKEJ Y·JTGPF FGT (TKGFGPUXGTJCPFNWPIGP CWEJ PQEJ OKV GKPGT 1RRQUKVKQP XQP 6GKNGP FGU #FGNU WPF GKPGO $CWGTPCWHUVCPF

,CESWGTKG /CK ,WPK CWUGKPCPFGTUGV\GP 'KPGP KO /CK XQP ,GCP ++ CWUIGJCP FGNVGP (TKGFGPUXGTVTCI NKG GT FWTEJ FKG VCVU I¾P¾TCWZ CDNGJPGP WO GKPGT <GTURNKVVGTWPI (TCPMTGKEJU GPVIGIGP \W YKTMGP +O /CK 1MVQDGT OWUUVG GT FGPPQEJ FGP (TKGFGP XQP $T¾VKIP[ %CNCKU OKV GKPGT JQJGP .ÌUGIGNF\CJNWPI WPF WOHCPITGKEJGP )GDKGVUXGTNWUVGP CPGTMGPPGP 0CEJFGO UGKP 8CVGT KP FGT .QPFQPGT )GHCPIGPUEJCHV CO #RTKN XGTUVCTD DGUVKGI %JCTNGU FGP 6JTQP &KG FWTEJ FGP DTGVQPK UEJGP %QPP¾VCDNG $GTVTCPF FW )WGUENKP WO IGHÒJTVGP (GNF\ÒIG IGIGP 'PINCPF WPF 0CXCTTC XGTNKGHGP \YCT GTHQNITGKEJ FQEJ XGTYÒUVGVGP FKG 5ÌNFPGTXGTD·PFG CWEJ FCU GKIGPG .CPF DTCEJ PQEJ FCU #DGPFN·PFKUEJG 5EJKUOC CWU KP FGO %JCTNGU HÒT FGP CXKIPQPGUKUEJGP 2CRUV %NGOGPU 8++ 2CTVGK GTITKHH 'T UVCTD CO 5GRVGODGT WPF JKPVGTNKG UGKPGO 5QJP GKP UEJYGTGU 'TDG OKV GKPGO CPFCWGTPFGP -TKGI

ŇŇŇŇŇŇ

%JCTNGU DQTP ,CPWCT[ UV CV 8KPEGPPGU %CUVNG YCU VJG HKTUV (TGPEJ TQ[CN JGKT VQ DGCT VJG VKVNG ŋ&CWRJKPŌ +P VJG $CVVNG QH /CWRGTVWKU 5GRVGODGT VJ JG NGHV VJG HKIJVKPI GCTN[ CPF VJWU GU ECRGF DGKPI VCMGP RTKUQPGT 5KPEG JKU HCVJGT YCU PQY KP VJG JCPFU QH VJG 'PINKUJ %JCTNGU UVQQF CV VJG JGCF QH VJG IQXGTPOGPV CPF FWTKPI RGCEG PGIQVKCVKQPU JCF VQ EQPVGPF CU YGNN YKVJ VJG QRRQUKVKQP QH RCTVU QH VJG PQDKNKV[ CPF C HCTOGTUŉ WRTKUKPI ,CESWGTKG /C[ ,WPG *G UCY VQ KV VJCV C RGCEG VTGCV[ YJKEJ JCF DGGP PGIQVKCVGF KP /C[ D[ ,QJP ++ YCU TGLGEVGF VJTQWIJ VJG VCVU I¾P¾TCWZ KP QTFGT VQ RTGXGPV C HTCIOGPVCVKQP QH (TCPEG +P /C[ 1EVQDGT JG YCU JQYGXGT HQTEGF VQ TGEQIPK\G VJG 6TGCV[ QH $T¾VKIP[ %CNCKU YKVJ KVU JKIJ TCPUQO RC[OGPV CPF GZVGPUKXG NQUU QH VGTTKVQT[ #HVGT JKU HCVJGT FKGF KP ECRVKXKV[ KP .QPFQP QP #RTKN VJ %JCTNGU CUEGPFGF VJG VJTQPG 6JG ECO RCKIPU NGF D[ VJG $TGVQP %QPP¾VCDNG $GTVTCPF FW )WGUENKP CICKPUV 'PINCPF CPF 0CXCTTG YGTG UWEEGUUHWN DWV VJG OGTEGPCT[ VTQQRU CNUQ FGXCUVCVGF VJGKT QYP EQWPVT[ +P VJG )TGCV 5EJKUO

DTQMG QWV KP YJKEJ VQQM %JCTNGU VQQM VJG RCTV[ QH VJG #XKIPQP 2QRG %NGOGPU 8++ *G FKGF QP 5GRVGODGT VJ CPF NGHV VQ JKU UQP C FKHHKEWNV KPJGTKVCPEG YKVJ C RGTUKUVGPV YCT

2448

(TCPE ¯ EJGXCN Q , 5GRVGODGT I &GT IGMTÌPVG -ÌPKI TGKVGV N KP FGT .KPMGP GTJQDGPGU 5EJYGTV $NWOGPMTGW\ KP 8KGTRC KP FGP 9KPMGNP LG GKP &TGKDNCVV &WRNGUU[ (D .CHCWTKG )1.& 4 -N 2T·IGUEJY·EJG WPF YKP\ &QRRGNUEJNCI UGJT UEJÌP

'TYQTDGP XQP 2KGTTG %TKPQP 2CTKU

175

FRANKREICH

2449

(TCPE ¯ RKGF Q , #RTKN I &GT IGMTÌPVG -ÌPKI UVGJV X X OKV 5EJYGTV WPF FGT *CPF FGT )GTGEJVKIMGKV KP IQVKUEJGT 'KPHCUUWPI KO (GNF XKGT\GJP .KNKGP 8GT\KGTVGU $NWOGPMTGW\ KP 8KGTRC KP FGP 9KPMGNP LG GKPG .KNKG &WRNGUU[ (D .CHCWTKG )1.& (CUV XQT\ÒINKEJGU 'ZGORNCT 'ZGORNCT FGT 5COONWPI $GTPCTF %JYCTV\ #WMVKQP %TKPQP 2CTKU ,WPK 0T

%*#4.'5 8+ #O 0QXGODGT GORHKPI %JCTNGU IGD &G\GODGT FKG -ÌPKIUYGKJG QDYQJN GT PQEJ PKEJV FCU XQTIGUEJTKGDGPG /KPFGUVCNVGT JCVVG WPF WPVGTUVCPF DKU GKPGT 8QTOWPFUEJCHVUTGIKGTWPI UGKPGT FTGK 1PMGN $GUQPFGTU KP FGP GTUVGP ,CJTGP UGKPGT 4GIKGTWPI MCO GU YKGFGTJQNV \W #WHUV·PFGP CWHITWPF FGT FWTEJ FGP *WPFGTVL·JTKIGP -TKGI DGFKPIVGP UVCTMGP 5VGWGTDGNCUVWPI #O ,WPK JGKTCVGVG %JCTNGU FKG 9KVVGNUDCEJGTKP +UCDGNNC XQP $C[GTP +UCDGCW FG $CXK½TG WO OKV FGT GT \YÌNH -KPFGT JCVVG XQP FGPGP UGEJU ÒDGTNGDVGP 7O UGKPG $GNKGDVJGKV DGKO 8QNM \W HÌTFGTP XGTCP UVCNVGVG %JCTNGU RTWPMXQNNG (GUVG WPF DGTGKUVG FCU .CPF .CPIWGFQE 4GKUG 'KPG 1RRQUKVKQP IGIGP FGP LWPIGP -ÌPKI WPF UGKPG 8GTVTCWVGP ·WGTVG UKEJ KP GKPGO XGTGKVGNVGP /QTFCPUEJNCI IGIGP FGP %QPP¾VCDNG 1NKXKGT 8 FG %NKUUQP <W FKGUGO <GKVRWPMV XGTHKGN %JCTNGU CWEJ \WPGJOGPF GKPGT OCPKUEJ FGRTGUUKXGP )GKUVGUMTCPMJGKV %JCTNGU NG (QW FKG KJP \GKVYGKNKI HÒT N·PIGTG 2GTKQFGP TGIKGTWPIUWPH·JKI OCEJVG #NU CO 0QXGODGT UGKP $TWFGT .WFYKI XQP 1TN¾CPU GKPGO /QTFCPUEJNCI \WO 1RHGT HKGN DTCEJ FGT $ÒTIGTMTKGI \YKUEJGP FGP #TOCIPCEU WPF $QWTIWKIPQPU

CWU KP FGUUGP 8GTNCWH %JCTNGU WPF +UCDGCW KP FKG )GHCPIGPUEJCHV FGU $WTIWPFGTJGT \QIU ,QJCPP 1JPGHWTEJV IGTKGVGP %JCTNGU XGTUVCTD CO 1MVQDGT KP GKPGO <WUVCPF VKGHGT IGKUVKIGT 7OPCEJVWPI WPF YWTFG CNU GTUVGT HTCP\ÌUKUEJGT *GTTUEJGT KP 5CKPV &GPKU OKV FGO *G TQNFUTWH .G TQK GUV OQTV 8KXG NG TQK DGKIGUGV\V

ŇŇŇŇŇŇ

1P 0QXGODGT VJ %JCTNGU D &GEGODGT TF YCU ETQYPGF CNVJQWIJ JG JCF PQV [GV TGCEJGF VJG CIG QH JKU OCLQTKV[ CPF WPVKN YCU C HKIWTGJGCF WPFGT VJG TGIGPE[ CFOKPKUVTCVKQP QH JKU VJTGG WPENGU 'URGEKCNN[ KP VJG HKTUV [GCTU QH JKU TGKIP TGRGCVGF WRTKUKPIU QEEWTTGF FWG VQ VJG JGCX[ VCZ DWTFGP QP CEEQWPV QH VJG *WPFTGF ;GCTUŉ 9CT 1P ,WPG VJ %JCTNGU OCTTKGF VJG 9KVVGNUDCEJGT +UCDGCW QH $CXCTKC +UCDGCW FG $CXK½TG YKVJ YJQO JG JCF EJKNFTGP QH YJQO UKZ UWTXKXGF 6Q EWTT[ HCXQT YKVJ VJG RQRWNCVKQP %JCTNGU QTICPK\GF RCIGCPVT[ HKNNGF HGUVKXCNU CPF VTCXGNGF VJG EQWPVT[

.CPIWGFQE VTKR 1RRQUKVKQP VQ VJG [QWPI MKPI CPF JKU EKTENG HQWPF GZRTGUUKQP KP KP C VJYCTVGF CUUCUUKPCVKQP CVVGORV CICKPUV VJG %QPP¾VCDNG 1NKXGT 8 FG %NKUUQP #V VJKU VKOG %JCTNGU UCPM KPETGCUKPIN[ KPVQ C OCPKE FGRTGUUKXG OGPVCN OCNCF[ %JCTNGU NG (QW YJKEJ TGPFGTGF JKO KPECRCDNG QH IQXGTPKPI HQT NQPI RGTKQFU 1P 0QXGODGT TF YJGP JKU DTQVJGT .QWKU QH 1TN¾CPU YCU CUUCUUKPCVGF EKXKN YCT GTWRVGF DGVYGGP VJG #TOCIPCEU CPF $QWTIWKIPQPU KP VJG EQWTUG QH YJKEJ %JCTNGU CPF +UCDGCW YGTG VCMGP RTKUQPGT D[ VJG $WTIWPFKCP &WMG ,QJP VJG (GCTNGUU %JCTNGU FKGF QP 1EVQDGT UV KP C UVCVG QH FGGR OGPVCN FGTCPIGOGPV CPF YCU VJG HKTUV (TGPEJ TWNGT VQ DG KPVGTTGF KP 5CKPV &GPKU YKVJ VJG JGTCNFŉU ET[ .G TQK GUV OQTV 8KXG NG TQK 176

FRANKREICH

2450

'EW FŉQT ¯ NC EQWTQPPG Q , (GDTWCT 'OKUUKQP 6QWNQWUG I )GMTÌPVGU .KNKGPYCR RGP 8GT\KGTVGU $NWOGPMTGW\ KP 8KGTRC KP FGP 9KPMGNP LG GKPG -TQPG &WRNGUU[ XIN # (D .CHCWTKG XIN )1.& 44 8QT\ÒINKEJ 'TYQTDGP XQP 2KGTTG %TKPQP 2CTKU

&KG <WYGKUWPI GTHQNIV CWHITWPF GKPGU UVKNKUVKUEJ ·JPNKEJGP 'ZGORNCTU 7PKMWO FGT $0( OKV GKPGO 2WPMV WPVGT FGO $WEJUVCDGP

ŇŇŇŇŇŇ

#VVTKDWVKQP KU OCFG YKVJ C FQV WPFGT VJG NGVVGT FWG VQ C UV[NKUVKECNN[ UKOKNCT KVGO 7PKMWO KP VJG $0(

HÒJTVG OCP KP (TCPMTGKEJ \WT 7PVGTUEJGKFWPI FGT \W FKGUGO <GKVRWPMV V·VKIGP /ÒP\UV·VVGP 2WPMVG WPVGT FGP $WEJUVCDGP FGT .GIGPFG FKG UQIGPCPPVGP FKHH¾TGPVU GKP &KGUGU 5[UVGO DNKGD DKU GTJCNVGP YQDGK GKP\GNPG <WYGKUWPIGP CWHITWPF FGT 0GWGTÌHHPWPI WPF 5VKNNNGIWPI XQP 2T·IGUV·VVGP YGEJUGNP MQPPVGP 2CTKU YWTFG GTUV KO ,CJTG CWH FKG 2QUKVKQP FGU $WEJUVCDGP IGUGV\V 9·JTGPF FGU IGUCOVGP <GKVTCWOU DNKGDGP NGFKINKEJ FKG

2WPMVG 2QUKVKQP XQP 6QWTU #PIGTU 2QKVKGTU .C 4QEJGNNG WPF .KOQIGU INGKEJ

ŇŇŇŇŇŇ

+P KP (TCPEG KP QTFGT VQ FKUVKPIWKUJ DGVYGGP VJG OKPVU CEVKXG CV VJCV VKOG FQVU YGTG KPVTQFWEGF WPFGT VJG NGVVGTU QH VJG KPUETKRVKQPU VJG UQ ECNNGF FKHH¾TGPVU 6JKU U[UVGO TGOCKPGF KP GHHGEV WPVKN YJGTGD[ KPFKXKFWCN CUUKIPOGPVU EQWNF XCT[ FWG VQ PGY QRGPKPIU CPF FGEQOOKUUKQPKPI QH OKPVU 0QV WPVKN VJG [GCT YCU 2CTKU RNCEGF KP VJG RQUKVKQP QH VJG VJ NGVVGT &WTKPI VJG GPVKTG RGTKQF QPN[ VJG FQVU RQUKVKQPU HQT 6QWTU #PIGTU 2QKVKGTU .C 4QEJGNNG CPF .KOQIGU TGOCKPGF VJG UCOG

2451

'EW FŉQT ¯ NC EQWTQPPG Q , ,WNK 'OKUUKQP 4QOCPU 2WPMV WPVGT FGO $WEJUVCDGP FGT .GIGPFG I )GMTÌPVGU .KNKGPYCRRGP 8GT\KGTVGU $NWOGPMTGW\ KP 8KGTRC KP FGP 9KPMGNP LG GKPG -TQPG &WRNGUU[ % (D .CHCWTKG C )1.& (CUV 5VGORGNINCP\

'TYQTDGP XQP 4CHHCGNG 0GITKPK /CKNCPF

177

FRANKREICH

2452

'EW FŉQT ¯ NC EQWTQPPG Q , ,WNK 'OKUUKQP /KTCDGNNG 2WPMV WPVGT FGO $WEJUVCDGP FGT .GIGPFG I )GMTÌPVGU .KNKGPYCRRGP 8GT\KGTVGU $NWOGPMTGW\ KP 8KGTRC KP FGP 9KPMGNP LG GKPG -TQPG &WRNGUU[ % (D .CHCWTKG C )1.& 8QT\ÒINKEJ

'ZGORNCT FGT #WMVKQP (TKV\ 4WFQNH -ÒPMGT 1UPCDTÒEM 0T

2453

#IPGN FňQT Q , 1MVQDGT 'OKUUKQP 2CTKU /KV FTGK -WIGNP KP GKPGO 9KPMGN FGU 4ÒEM UGKVGPXKGTRCUUGU I .COO OKV -TGW\HCJPG KP 8KGNRC $NWOGPMTGW\ KP 8KGTRC KP FGP 9KPMGNP LG GKPG .KNKG &WRNGUU[ % (D .CHCWTKG )1.& 4 8QT\ÒINKEJ 'ZGORNCT FGT #WMVKQP %0) .CPECUVGT 0T

178

FRANKREICH

%*#4.'5 8++ /ÒP\RGTKQFG 2JCUG FGT /ÒP\XGT·PFGTWPIGP %JCTNGU FGT &CWRJKP M·ORHVG DGTGKVU KP LWPIGP ,CJTGP CNU NKGWVGPCPV I¾P¾TCN CP FGT 5GKVG UGKPGU 8CVGTU IGIGP FKG #PURTÒEJG 'PINCPFU WPF $WTIWPFU CWH FGP HTCP\ÌUKUEJGP 6JTQP #NU GT KO 8GTVTCI XQP 6TQ[GU \WIWPUVGP FGU GPINKUEJGP -ÌPKIU *GKPTKEJU 8 XQP FGT 0CEJHQNIG CWUIG UEJNQUUGP YWTFG \QI GT UKEJ KPU UÒFNKEJG (TCPMTGKEJ \WTÒEM 0CEJ FGO WPGTYCTVGV HTÒJGP 6QF *GKPTKEJU 8 UVCPF %JCTNGU KP -QPMWTTGP\ \WO OKPFGTL·JTKIGP *GKPTKEJ 8+ WPF FGO 5QJP XQP *GKPTKEJ 8 WPF UGKPGT 5EJYGUVGT -CVJCTKPC &KG OKNKV·TKUEJGP 'THQNIG FGT ō,WPI HTCW XQP 1TN¾CPUŋ ,GCPPG Fň#TE GTÌHHPGVGP %JCTNGU FGP 9GI \WT -ÌPKIUYGKJG KP 4GKOU &GT -QPHNKMV OKV $WTIWPF YWTFG KO (TKGFGP XQP #TTCU DGKIGNGIV &KG HQNIGPFGP ,CJTG YCTGP IGRT·IV XQP \·J GTM·ORHVGP 5KGIGP IGIGP FKG 'PIN·PFGT 'TQDGTWPI FGT NG FG (TCPEG WPF FGT 0QTOCPFKG WPF IGNGIGPVNKEJGP #FGNUTGXQNVGP 2TCIWGTKG &KG *CNVWPI FGU -ÌPKIU DNKGD \ÌIGTNKEJ WPF GU YCT XQT CNNGO FCU 8GTFKGPUV GKPGU H·JKIGP *QHMTGKUGU FCUU \CJNTGKEJG PQVYGPFKIG 4GHQTOGP KP 8GTYCNVWPI (KPCP\ WPF *GGTGUYGUGP KP #PITKHH IGPQOOGP YWTFGP 'KPG GPINKUEJG )GIGPQHHGPUKXG GPFGVG KP FGT 0KGFGTNCIG XQP %CUVKNNQP WPF FGO 6QF FGU *GGTHÒJTGTU ,QJP 6CNDQV &GT *WPFGTVL·JTKIG -TKGI YCT XQTÒDGT FQEJ FKG NGV\VGP 4GIKGTWPIULCJTG FGU HTCP\ÌUKUEJGP -ÌPKIU UQNNVGP PKEJV TWJKIGT YGTFGP %JCTNGU UVCTD CO ,WNK WPF JKPVGTNKG UGKPGP 5ÌJPGP .WFYKI WPF -CTN GKPGP O·EJVKIGP <GPVTCNUVCCV CDGT CWEJ GKPKIG WPIGNÌUVG -QPHNKMVG

ŇŇŇŇŇŇ

#NTGCF[ CU C [QWPI OCP %JCTNGU VJG &CWRJKP HQWIJV CU NKGWVGPCPV I¾P¾TCN CV JKU HCVJGTŉU UKFG CICKPUV VJG ENCKOU QH 'PINCPF CPF $WTIWPF[ VQ VJG (TGPEJ VJTQPG 9JGP JG YCU DCTTGF HTQO VJG UWEEGUUKQP KP VJG 6TGCV[ QH 6TQ[GU KP HCXQT QH VJG 'PINKUJ -KPI *GPT[ 8 JG TGVTGCVGF VQ UQWVJGTP (TCPEG (QNNQYKPI VJG WPGZRGEVGF GCTN[ FGCVJ QH *GPT[ 8 %JCTNGUŉ ENCKO EQORGVGF YKVJ VJQUG QH VJG WPFGTCIG *GPT[ 8+ CPF UQP QH *GPT[ 8 CPF QH JKU UKUVGT %CVJGTKPG 6JG OKNK VCT[ UWEEGUUGU QH VJG ŋ/CKF QH 1TN¾CPUŌ ,GCPPG Fň#TE KP QRGPGF %JCTNGUŉ RCVJ VQ EQTQPCVKQP KP 4GKOU 6JG EQPHNKEV YKVJ $WTIWPF[ YCU UGVVNGF YKVJ VJG 6TGCV[ QH #TTCU 6JG HQNNQYKPI [GCTU YGTG OCTMGF D[ JCTF YQP XKEVQTKGU QXGT VJG 'PINKUJ EQPSWGUV QH VJG NG FG (TCPEG CPF QH 0QTOCPF[ CPF QEECUKQPCN TGXQNVU D[ VJG PQDKNKV[ 2TCIWGTKG 6JG -KPIŉU CRRTQCEJ TGOCKPGF JGUKVCPV CPF KV YCU FWG CDQXG CNN VQ VJG CEJKGXGOGPVU QH C ECRCDNG EQWTV EKTENG VJCV EQWPVNGUU PGGFGF TGHQTOU KP CFOKPKUVTCVKXG HKPCPEKCN CPF OKNKVCT[ CHHCKTU YGTG VCEMNGF #P 'PINKUJ EQWPVGT QHHGP UKXG GPFGF KP YKVJ FGHGCV CV %CUVKNNQP CPF VJG FGCVJ QH VJG CTO[ NGCFGT ,QJP 6CNDQV 6JG *WPFTGF ;GCTUŉ 9CT YCU QXGT UVKNN VJG NCUV [GCTU QH VJG (TGPEJ -KPIŉU TGKIP YGTG PQV VQ DG CP[ OQTG RGCEGHWN %JCTNGU FKGF QP ,WN[ PF NGCXKPI JKU UQPU .QWKU CPF %JCTNGU C RQYGTHWN EGPVTCN UVCVG CRRCTCVWU DWV CNUQ UQOG WPTGUQNXGF EQPHNKEVU

2454

4Q[CN F QT Q , 1MVQDGT 'OKUUKQP WPDGUVKOOVG /ÒP\UV·VVG I -ÌPKI UVGJV X X OKV GKPGO <GRVGT KP LGFGT *CPF CWH UGKPGO 7OJCPI WPF KO *KPVGTITWPF .KNKGP $NWOGPMTGW\ KP 8KGTRC KP FGP 9KPMGNP FGU 8KGTRCUUGU LG GKPG -TQPG &WRNGUU[ (D .CHCWTKG )1.& )WV \GPVTKGTVGU XQT\ÒINKEJGU 'ZGORNCT CWH DTGKVGO 5EJTÌVNKPI 'ZGORNCT FGT #WMVKQP 6JG $47 5CNG $TÒUUGN 0T

179

FRANKREICH

2455

4Q[CN F QT Q , &G\GODGT 'OKUUKQP 1TN¾CPU /KV 4KPI WPVGT 1 CO 'PFG FGT 8QTFGTUGK VGPNGIGPFG I -ÌPKI UVGJV X X OKV GKPGO <GRVGT KP LGFGT *CPF CWH UGKPGO 7OJCPI WPF KO *KPVGTITWPF .KNKGP $NWOGPMTGW\ KP 8KGTRC KP FGP 9KPMGNP FGU 8KGTRCUUGU LG GKPG -TQPG &WRNGUU[ % (D .CHCWTKG E )1.& (GKPG TÌVNKEJG )QNFVÌPWPI MN 2T·IGUEJY·EJG XQT\ÒINKEJ 'ZGORNCT FGT #WMVKQP 6JG $47 5CNG $TÒUUGN 0T

2456

/ÒP\RGTKQFG 2JCUG FGT 8GTGKPJGKVNKEJWPI FGT /ÒP\UQTVGP WPF /ÒP\DKNFGT

'EW F QT ¯ NC EQWTQPPG Q , ,CPWCT 6[R 'OKUUKQP 6QWNQWUG /KV GKPGO 2WPMV WPVGT FGO $WEJUVCDGP WPF GKPGO 8QIGN CO 'PFG FGT .GIGPFG XIN $0( 0T I )GMTÌPVGU .KNKGPYCRRGP \W FGP 5GKVGP LG GKPG IGMTÌPVG .KNKG 8GT\KGTVGU -TGW\ KP 8KGTRC KP FGP 9KPMGNP LG GKPG -TQPG &WRNGUU[ (D .CHCWTKG )1.& 5GJT UGNVGPG 8CTKCPVG 8QT\ÒINKEJ 'TYQTDGP XQP 2KGTTG %TKPQP 2CTKU

2457

.17+5 :+

'EW F QT CW UQNGKN Q , 0QXGODGT 6QWNQWUG /KV 2WPMV WPVGT FGO $WEJUVCDGP FGT .GIGPFG I )GMTÌPVGU .KNKGPYCRRGP QDGP 5QPPG 8GT\KGTVGU .KNKGPMTGW\ &WRNGUU[ (D

FQTV PWT CWU FGT /ÒP\UV·VVG 2GTRKIPCP .CHCWTKG )1.& -N 2T·IGUEJY·EJG CWH FGT 4ÒEMUGKVG XQT\ÒINKEJ 'ZGORNCT FGT #WMVKQP (TKV\ 4WFQNH -ÒPMGT 1UPCDTÒEM 0T

180

PROVENCE

(4#0<¤5+5%*' ('1&#.24 )70)'0 2418'0%' ,'#00' &' 0#2.'5 0#%* &'/ 61& 810 .17+5 + 0CEJ FGO 6QF 4QDGTVU XQP #PLQW CO ,CPWCT YWTFG ,GCPPG -ÌPKIKP FGU 4GIPWO 5KEKNKCG WPVGTUVÒV\V XQP GKPGO VGUVCOGPVCTKUEJ DGUVKOOVGP 4GIGPVUEJCHVUTCV &GT CXKPIQPGUKUEJG 2CRUV %NGOGPU 8+ GTMN·TVG LGFQEJ FGP 4GIGPVUEJCHVUTCV HÒT CDIGUGV\V WPF GPVUCPFVG UVCVVFGUUGP -CTFKPCN #KOGT[ FG %JCVGNWU \WT 8GTYCNVWPI FGU 4GIPWO HNQJ ,GCPPG KP FKG )TCHUEJCHV 2TQXGPEG FC UKG FGT /KVYKUUGTUEJCHV DGK FGT 'TOQTFWPI KJTGU )CVVGP #PFTGCU XQP 7PICTP 5GRVGODGT KP #XGTUC DGUEJWNFKIV YWTFG #O 5GRVGODGT JGKTCVGVG UKG KP \YGKVGT 'JG (ÒTUV .WFYKI XQP 6CTGPV 'TUV PCEJ FGO 6QF .WFYKIU IGNCPI GU KJT LGFQEJ FKG 2TQXGPEG \W DGHTKGFGP WPF KJTG *GTTUEJCHV FWTEJ\WUGV\GP $KU \W KJTGO 6QF CO ,WNK KP FGT *CHV XQP /WTQ .WECPQ IKPI ,GCPPG CNU GKPG FGT CWGTIGYÌJPNKEJUVGP (TCWGP FGU 5R·VOKVVGNCNVGTU PQEJ \YGK 'JGP GKP #O &G\GODGT OKV ,CMQD +++ XQP /CNNQTEC WPF CO &G\GODGT OKV 1VVQ XQP $TCWPUEJYGKI

ŇŇŇŇŇŇ

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ŉ FGCVJ YCU UJG CDNG VQ RCEKH[ 2TQXGPEG CPF UQNKFKH[ JGT TWNG $GHQTG JGT FGCVJ QP ,WN[ VJ KP EWUVQF[ CV /WTQ .WECPQ ,GCPPG QPG QH VJG OQUV GZVTCQTFKPCT[ YQOGP QH VJG NCVG /KFFNG #IGU YCU OCTTKGF VYQ OQTG VKOGU QP &GEGODGT VJ VQ ,CEQD +++ QH /CNNQTEC CPF QP &GEGODGT VJ VQ 1VVQ QH $TCWPUEJYGKI

2458

(TCPE ¯ RKGF Q , 6[R 6CTCUEQP I &GT IGMTÌPVG )TCH UVGJV X X OKV 5EJYGTV WPF .KNKGP\GRVGT KP IQVKUEJGT 'KPHCUUWPI KO (GNF XKGT\GJP .KNKGP 8GT\KGTVGU $NWOGPMTGW\ KP 8KGTRC KP FGP 9KPMGNP LG GKPG -TQPG $QWFGCW p &WRNGUU[ (D 2QG[ Fň#XCPV XCT 4QNNCPF XCT )1.& 5GNVGPG 7OUEJTKHVXCTKCPVG -N 2T·IGUEJY·EJG UGJT UEJÌPpXQT\ÒINKEJ 'ZGORNCT FGT 5COONWPI $GTPCTF %JYCTV\ #WMVKQP %TKPQP 2CTKU ,WPK 0T 'TYQTDGP XQP %NCWFG $WTICP 2CTKU

181

PROVENCE

.17+5 + .QWKU IGD ,WNK YCT FGT \YGKVG 5QJP FGU HTCP\ÌUKUEJGP -ÌPKIU ,GCPU ++ NG $QP +P FGT 5EJNCEJV XQP /CWRGTVWKU 5GRVGODGT GPVIKPI GT PWT MPCRR GKPGT GPINKUEJGP )GHCPIGP PCJOG OWUUVG CDGT CNU )GKUGN HÒT UGKPGP 8CVGT PCEJ 'PINCPF &C FKG *CHV N·PIGT CNU FKG GTYCTVG VGP /QPCVG FCWGTVG GPVUEJNQUU GT UKEJ \WT (NWEJV 5GKP 8CVGT YCTH KJO FCTCWHJKP WPTKVVGTNKEJGU 8GT JCNVGP XQT WPF DGICD UKEJ UGNDUV YKGFGT KP FKG *·PFG FGT 'PIN·PFGT +P FGT <GKV XQP TGIKGTVG .QWKU OKV UGKPGP \YGK $TÒFGTP ,GCP FG $GTT[ WPF 2JKNKRRG ++ NG *CTFK HÒT UGKPGP WPOÒPFKIGP 0GHHGP %JCTNGU 8+ XQP (TCPMTGKEJ CFQRVKGTVG KJP -ÌPKIKP ,GCPPG XQP 0GCRGN WPF PCEJ FGTGP 6QF TGKUVG GT XQP #XKIPQP PCEJ +VCNKGP WO UGKPG 6JTQPCPURTÒEJG IGNVGPF \W OCEJGP &GT 2NCP OKUUNCPI LGFQEJ WPF GT HQNIVG KJT NGFKINKEJ CNU )TCH FGT 2TQXGPEG WPF XQP (QTECNSWKGT PCEJ PKEJV CDGT CNU -ÌPKI XQP 0GCRGN .QWKU UVCTD CO 5GRVGODGT KP #RWNKGP

ŇŇŇŇŇŇ

.QWKU D ,WN[ TF YCU VJG UGEQPF UQP QH VJG (TGPEJ -KPI ,QJP ++ NG $QP +P VJG $CVVNG QH /CWRGTVWKU 5GRVGODGT VJ JG DCTGN[ GUECRGF 'PINKUJ ECRVKXKV[ DWV KP JCF VQ IQ VQ 'PINCPF CU JQUVCIG HQT JKU HCVJGT 9JGP VJG KORTKUQPOGPV NCUVGF NQPIGT VJCP VJG GZRGEVGF OQPVJU JG FGEKFGF VQ HNGG *KU HCVJGT VJGTGWRQP CEEWUGF JKO QH WPEJKXCNTQWU DGJCXKQT CPF FGNKXGTGF JKOUGNH DCEM KPVQ VJG JCPFU QH VJG 'PINKUJ +P VJG RGTKQF HTQO .QWKU TGKIPGF YKVJ JKU VYQ DTQVJGTU ,GCP FG $GTT[ CPF 2JKNKR ++ NG *CTFK HQT JKU WPFGTCIG PGRJGY %JCTNGU 8+ QH (TCPEG +P JG YCU CFQRVGF D[ 3WGGP ,GCPPG QH 0CRNGU CPF CHVGT JGT FGCVJ KP JG VTCXGNGF HTQO #XKIPQP VQ +VCN[ KP QTFGT VQ RTGUU JKU ENCKO VQ VJG VJTQPG *QYGXGT VJG RNCP YCU PQV UWEEGUUHWNN CPF JG YCU QPN[ CDNG VQ UWEEGGF JGT CU %QWPV QH 2TQXGPEG CPF QH (QTECNSWKGT PQV CU -KPI QH 0CRNGU .QWKU FKGF QP 5GRVGODGT VJ KP #RWNKGP

2459

(TCPE ¯ RKGF Q , 6[R #XKIPQP I &GT IGMTÌPVG )TCH UVGJV X X OKV 5EJYGTV WPF .KNKGP\GRVGT KP IQVKUEJGT 'KPHCUUWPI KO (GNF XKGT\GJP .KNKGP 8GT\KGTVGU $NWOGPMTGW\ KP 8KGTRC KP FGP 9KPMGNP LG GKPG -TQPG $QWFGCW &WRNGUU[ (D 2QG[ F #XCPV 4QNNCPF )1.& 4 (CUV XQT\ÒINKEJ 'ZGORNCT FGT 5COONWPI $GTPCTF %JYCTV\ #WMVKQP %TKPQP 2CTKU ,WPK 0T 'TYQTDGP XQP FGT (KTOC #PVKMC .[QP 'ZGORNCT FGT .CIGTNKUVG (GWCTFGPV 2CTKU 0T

182

ORANGE

2460

,'#0 ::++

#8+)010

(NQTKP F QT Q , I /ÒP\\GKEJGP 6KCTC Û 5 Û +1*# 00'5 Û $ Û ,QJCPPGU FGT 6·WHGT UVGJV X X OKV -TGW\UVCD )GMTGW\VG 5EJNÒUUGN Û 5#06 2'64* .KNKG $QWFGCW &WRNGUU[ FQTV WPVGT #PQP[O ,CJTJWPFGTV (D FQTV WPVGT 7TDCP 8 p /WPVQPK FQTV WPVGT 7TDCP 8 p 2QG[ F #XCPV )1.& 5GJT UGNVGP KP FKGUGT 'TJCNVWPI 8QT\ÒINKEJ 'ZGORNCT FGT #WMVKQP 0#% /CKNCPF 0T

#NU #XKIPQPGUKUEJGU 2CRUVVWO YKTF FGT <GKVTCWO \YKUEJGP WPF DG\GKEJPGV KP FGT FKG TÌOKUEJGP 2·RUVG KJTGP 5KV\ KP FGT HTCP\ÌUKUEJGP 5VCFV #XKIPQP JCVVGP +PUIGUCOV TGUKFKGTVGP UKGDGP FGT XQP FGT IGUCOVGP -KTEJG CPGTMCPPVGP 2·RUVG JKGT DGXQT )TGIQT :+ UKEJ \WT 4ÒEMMGJT PCEJ 4QO ÒDGTTGFGP NKG &C GT PWT MWT\ FCTCWH XGTUVCTD MCPP GTUV FGT PCEJHQNIGPFG +VCNKGPGT 7TDCP 8+ YKGFGT CNU TÌOKUEJGT 2CRUV DG\GKEJPGV YGTFGP 8QP $QPKHCVKWU 8+++ DKU RT·IVGP FKG 2·RUVG )QNF )TQUEJGP WPF 2HGPPKIOÒP\GP KP #XKIPQP %QOVCV 8GPCKUUCP YQDGK PGDGP FGP CD GVYC IGRT·IVGP (NQTGPGP UGKV FGT /KVVG FGU ,CJTJWPFGTVU CWEJ GKP GKIGPUV·PFKIGT &WMCVGPV[R OKV IGMTGW\VGP 5EJNÒUUGNP CWH FGT 4ÒEMUGKVG GKPIGHÒJTV YWTFG

ŇŇŇŇŇŇ

6JG RGTKQF DGVYGGP CPF KP YJKEJ VJG 4QOCP 2QRGU YGTG DCUGF KP VJG (TGPEJ EKV[ QH #XKIPQP JCU DGGP FWDDGF VJG ŋ#XKIPQP 2CRCE[Ō +P CNN UGXGP 2QRGU COQPI VJQUG TGEQIPK\GF D[ VJG GPVKTG EJWTEJ NKXGF VJGTG DGHQTG )TGIQT[ :+ CNNQYGF JKOUGNH VQ DG RGTUWCFGF VQ TGVWTP VQ 4QOG KP #U JG FKGF UJQTVN[ VJGTGCHVGT KV KU JKU +VCNKCP UWEEGUUQT 7TDCP 8+ YJQ KU HKTUV QPEG CICKP EQPUKFGTGF C ŋ4QOCP 2QRGŌ (TQO $QPKHCEG 8+++ WPVKN 2QRGU CFQTPGF IQNF ITQCV CPF RGPP[ EQKPU KP #XKIPQP %QOVCV 8GPCKUUCP YJGTG KP CFFKVKQP VQ VJG HNQTKPU OKPVGF HTQO CTQWPF CU QH VJG OKF VJ EGPVWT[ C UGRCTCVG FWECV V[RG YKVJ ETQUUGF MG[U QP VJG TGXGTUG UKFG YCU CNUQ KPVTQFWEGF

2461

4#;/10& +8

14#0)'

(TCPE ¯ RKGF Q , PCEJ I &GT IGMTÌPVG )TCH UVGJV X X OKV 5EJYGTV WPF .KNKGP\GRVGT KP IQVKUEJGT 'KPHCUUWPI KO (GNF XKGT\GJP 5VGTPG 8GT\KGTVGU $NWOGPMTGW\ KP 8KGTRC KP FGP 9KPMGNP LG \YGKOCN GKPG .KNKG WPF \YGKOCN GKPG 4QUGPMTQPG $QWFGCW &WRNGUU[ (D 2QG[ F #XCPV )1.& 4 (CUV XQT\ÒINKEJGU 'ZGORNCT OKV HGKPGT )QNFVÌPWPI

&KG )TCHUEJCHV 1TCPIG MCO FWTEJ 'TDUEJCHV WPF -CWH CP FKG *GTTGP XQP .GU $GCWZ FGPGP FWTEJ -CKUGT (TKGFTKEJ + $CTDCTQUUC HÒT GKPGP 6GKN KJTGU 6GTTKVQTKWOU FGT (ÒTUVGPVKVGN \WGTMCPPV YQTFGP YCT $GUQP FGTU WPVGT (ÒTUV 4C[OQPF +8 KUV CD GVYC GKPG WOHCPITGKEJG )QNFRT·IWPI XQP (NQTGPGP WPF (TCPEU ¯ RKGF CWHIGPQOOGP YQTFGP 0CEJ UGKPGO 6QF HKGN FCU (ÒTUVGPVWO CP FCU *CWU %JCNQP GKPG 5GKVGPNKPKG FGU *CWUGU $WTIWPF +XTGC

ŇŇŇŇŇŇ

6JG %QWPV[ QH 1TCPIG ECOG VJTQWIJ KPJGTKVCPEG CPF UCNG VQ VJG NQTFU QH .GU $GCWZ YJQ YGTG TGEQIPK\GF YKVJ VJG ŋ2TKPEGŌ VKVNG D[ (TGFGTKEM + $CTDCTQUUC QP C RCTV QH VJGKT VGTTKVQTKGU KP 'URGEKCNN[ WPFGT 2TKPEG 4C[OQPF +8 CP GZVGPUKXG IQNF OKPVKPI QH HNQTKPU CPF HTCPEU ¯ RKGF YCU KPKVKCVGF HTQO CTQWPF #HVGT JKU FGCVJ VJG RTKPEKRCNKV[ FGUEGPFGF VQ VJG *QWUG QH %JCNQP C UKFGNKPG QH VJG *QWUG QH $WTIWPF[ +XTGC

183

VIENNOIS

2462

8+'001+5 *7/$'46 ++

(NQTKP F QT Q , I /ÒP\\GKEJGP 6WTO Û 5 Û +1*# 00'5 Û $ Û ,QJCPPGU FGT 6·WHGT UVGJV X X OKV -TGW\UVCD J8 Û &2J 8+'05 .KNKG $QWFGCW &WRNGUU[ (D 2QG[ F #XCPV )1.& 5GNVGP KP FKGUGT 'TJCNVWPI #VVTCMVKXGU XQT\ÒINKEJGU 'ZGORNCT 'ZGORNCT FGT #WMVKQP (TKV\ 4WFQNH -ÒPMGT 1UPCDTÒEM 0T

)TCH )WKIWGU +8 XQP #NDQP IGUV ,WPK HÒJTVG KP UGKPGO 9CRRGP GKPGP &GNHKP YGUYGIGP GT FGP $GKPC OGP FGT &GNHKP HT\ NG &CWRJKP GTJKGNV 7PVGT UGKPGP 0CEJMQOOGP YWTFG CWU FGO $GKPCOGP GKP GTDNKEJGT 6KVGN WPF FGT &GNHKP \WO HGUVGP $GUVCPFVGKN FGU 9CRRGPU FGT )TCHUEJCHV &CFWTEJ YWTFG CWU FGT )TCHUEJCHV #NDQP FKG &CWRJKP¾ FG 8KGPPQKU UR·VGT PWT PQEJ &CWRJKP¾ IGPCPPV &KG &CWRJKP¾ FGU 8KGPPQKU GTJKGNV FWTEJ -CKUGT (TKGFTKEJ + $CTDCTQUUC FCU /ÒP\TGEJV GTUVG GKIGPUV·PFKIG )GRT·IG DGIGIPGP GTUV HCUV ,CJTG UR·VGT WPVGT *WODGTV + ÒDGTVTWI FGT NGV\VG &CWRJKP *WODGTV ++ FKG &CWRJKP¾ CP FGP HTCP\ÌUKUEJGP 2TKP\GP %JCTNGU UR·VGT -ÌPKI %JCTNGU 8 #WU NGJGPUTGEJVNKEJGP )TÒP FGP FKG &CWRJKP¾ YCT CNU 6GKN FGU -ÌPKITGKEJU $WTIWPF GKP .GJGP FGU *GKNKIGP 4ÌOKUEJGP 4GKEJGU YWTFG HQTVCP FGT LGYGKNU ·NVGUVG 5QJP FGU HTCP\ÌUKUEJGP -ÌPKIU \WO &CWRJKP DGUVGNNV

ŇŇŇŇŇŇ

%QWPV )WKIWGU +8 QH #NDQP F ,WPG VJ FKURNC[GF C FQNRJKP KP JKU EQCV QH CTOU CPF VJWU TGEGKXGF VJG UWTPCOG VJG &QNRJKP HT NG &CWRJKP #OQPI JKU FGUEGPFCPVU VJG UWTPCOG DGECOG CP KPJGTKVGF VKVNG CPF VJG FQNRJKP C EQPUVCPV GNGOGPV KP VJG %QWPV[ŉU CTOU 6JWU HTQO %QWPV[ #NDQP VJG &CWRJKP¾ FG 8KGPPQKU GXQNXGF GXGPVWCNN[ VQ DG MPQYP QPN[ CU &CWRJKP¾ 6JG &CWRJKP¾ QH 8KGPPQKU TGEGKXGF KP HTQO 'ORGTQT (TGFGTKEM + $CTDCTQUUC VJG EQKPKPI CWVJQTKV[ KPKVKCN KPFGRGPFGPV EQKPCIGU FQ PQV CRRGCT WPVKN CNOQUV [GCTU NCVGT WPFGT *WODGTV + +P VJG NCUV &CWRJKP *WODGTV ++ EQPHGTTGF VJG &CWRJKP¾ WRQP VJG (TGPEJ 2TKPEG %JCTNGU NCVGT -KPI %JCTNGU 8 (QT TGCUQPU QH HGWFCN NCY VJG &CWRJKP¾ CU RCTV QH VJG -KPIFQO QH $WTIWPF[ YCU C HKGHFQO QH VJG *QN[ 4QOCP 'ORKTG HTQO VJGP QP VJG QNFGUV UQP QH VJG TGURGEVKXG (TGPEJ -KPI YCU ECNNGF VJG ŋ&CWRJKPŌ

184

STICHWORTINDEX

A Aachen: 2115 Adalberon II. (Bf. v. Metz, 984-1005): 2318, 2320 Æthelberth (858-865): 2341 Æthelred II. (978-1016): 2356-2360 Æthelstan (924-939): 2345-2346 Æthelwulf (839-858): 2340 Albrecht I. v. Bayern (1389-1404): 2429 Albrecht v. Orlamünde (1201-1225): 2415-2417 Alchred (765-774): 2328 Alfred (871-899): 2342-2343 Amalerich (511-531): 2022-2027 Angers (Maine-et-Loire): 2205, 2267 Angilberga (866-871): 2187-2188 Anlaf Guthfrithsson (939-941): 2355 Antrain: 2080 Antwerpen: 2426 Aquitanien: 2094-2095, 2117, 2156-2162, 2194-2195, 2422 Arles (Bouches-du-Rhône): 2118, 2222, 2254 Arnulf v. Kärnten (887-899): 2236 Athalerich (526-534): 2010-2011 Augustodunum (Autun/Saône-et-Loire): 2062 Auxerre (Yvonne): 2200, 2206, 2224 Avignon: 2460

Childebert III. (656-662): 2060 Childerich II. (662-675): 2061 Chinon et Tours (Indre-et-Loire): 2271, 2287-2288, 2313 Chlothar II. (613-629): 2059 Clermont-Ferrand (Puy-de-Dôme): 2095 CLS (unbestimmte Münzstätte): 2088 Climone (Clérmont/Cher): 2066 Cnut / Knud (1016-1035): 2361-2365, 2389-2391 Coenwulf (796-821): 2336

D Dänemark: 2387-2417 Danelaw (Danelag): 2351-2354 Dax (Landes): 2161 Dicetia (Décize/Nièvre): 2067 Dijon (Côte d’Or): 2285, 2316 Dorestad: 2089-2090, 2120, 2165, 2387 Dorius (Tróo/Loir-et-Cher): 2076 Dover: 2364

Bannaciacum (Banassac/Lozère): 2057-2058, 2063 Bath: 2359 Beauvais: 2323 Bedford: 2374 Berhtwulf (840-852): 2337 Berengar I. (888-915): 2242-2243 Blois (Loir-et-Cher): 2268 Boso(n) de Vienne (879-887): 2223 Bourges (Cher): 2094, 2119, 2228-2229, 2269, 2310-2312 Bourges (St. Etienne): 2087 Brabant: 2427-2428 Brioude (Haute Loire): 2281 Brügge: 2207, 2272, 2430, 2435 Brüssel: 2428 Burgred (852-874): 2338

Eadberht (737-758): 2327 Eadgar (959-975): 2350 Eadmund (855-870): 2339 Eadwig (955-959): 2260, 2349 Edward III. (1327-1377): 2418-2421 East Anglia: 2339 Ebregiselus (Monetar): 2075 Ecgberth (Bf. v. York, 732/734-766): 2328 Edward the Elder (899-824/925): 2344 Edward the Confessor (1042-1066): 2368-2374 Edward I. (1272-1307): 2386 Edward IV. (1461-1470 und 1471-1484): 2425 Elafius (Monetar): 2063 Eligius (Monetar): 2072 Emma: 2315 England. 2324-2386, 2418-2425 Erik Ejegod (1095-1103): 2411 Erik Emune (1134-1137): 2413 Eudes (888-898): s. Odo Eurich (466-484): 2020-2021

Calais: 2420-2421, 2423 Canterbury: 2330-2335, 2340-2341 Castle Rising: 2382 Catullacum (Saint-Denis/Seine): 2075 Catomario (Castermary/Aveyron): 2065 Cenomannis (Le Mans/Sarthe): 2068 Chalon-sur-Saône (Saône-et-Loire): 2211-2212, 2275, 2314 Charibert II. (629-632): 2057-2058 Charles IV. (1322-1328): 2439 Charles V. (1364-1380): 2448-2449 Charles VI. (1380-1422): 2450-2453 Charles VII. (1422-1461): 2454-2457 Chartres (Eure-Et-Loire): 2084, 2282 Châteaudun (Eure-et-Loir): 2283 Château-Landon (Seine-et-Marne): 2284

Figeac: 2422 Flandern: 2430-2437 Frankreich: 2438-2462 Fridouald (Monetar): 2070

G Gent: 2431, 2433-2436, Gundobald (480-516): 2036-2037 Gundomar II. (524-532): 2041-2042

H Hainaut (Hennegau): 2429 185

Haithabu (Hedeby): 2387-2388 Hamburg: 2415 Harald Blauzahn (936-987): 2387-2388 Harald Hein (1075-1080): 2409 Harold I. (1035-1040): 2366 Harold II. (1066): 2375 Harthacnut / Harde Knud (1035-1042 / 1040-1042): 2367, 2392-2395 Hastings: 2377 Henry I. (1100-1135): 2379-2380 Henry III. (1216-1272): 2385 Henry VI. (1422-1453): 2424 Hugo d. Große (936-956): 2287-2288 Hugo Capet (987-996): 2323 Humbert II. (1333-1349): 2462 Huntingdon: 2361

I Iocundus (Monetar): 2065 Ipswich: 2356

J Jean le Bon (1350-1364): 2446-2447 Jean XXII. (1316-1334): 2460 Jeanne de Naples (1362-1382): 2458 Johanna und Wenzel ( 1355-1383): 2427 Johann Ohnefurcht (1404-1419): 2436 John „Lackland“ (1199-1216): 2384

K Karl d. Große (768-814): 2084-2093, 2096-2107 Karl II. d. Kahle (843-877): 2189-2215 Karl III. d. Dicke (884-887): 2216, 2228-2235 Karl III. d. Einfältige (898-923): 2271-2278 Karlmann II. (879-884): 2219-2222 Karolinger: 2078-2316 Köln: 2238, 2273 Knud IV. d. Heilige (1080-1086): 2410 Knud VI. (1182-1202): 2414

L Langres (Haute-Marne): 2291 Lewes: 2367, 2375 Limoges (Haute-Vienne): 2270 Lincoln: 2362 Lisieux (Calvados): 2208 London: 2331, 2342-2343, 2357, 2363, 2366, 2368, 2376, 2383, 2385-2386, 2418-2419, 2425 Lothar I. (840-855): 2163-2177 Lothar (954-986): 2308-2314 Louis II. (1382-1384): 2459 Louis X. (1314-1316): 2438 Louis XI. (1461-1483): 2457 Louvain: 2427 Ludwig v. Male (1346-1384): 2430-2434 Ludwig I. d. Fromme (814-840): 2108-2156 Ludwig II. (855-875): 2178-2188 Ludwig II. d. Deutsche (840-876): 2224-2225 Ludwig II. d. Stammler (877-879): 2217 Ludwig III. (879-882): 2218 186

Ludwig III. der Blinde (890-929): 2254-2257 Ludwig IV. d. Kind (899-911): 2238-2239 Ludwig IV. d. Überseeische (936-954): 2289-2293 Ludwig IV. d. Bayer (1314-1347): 2426 Lübeck: 2416-2417 Lund: 2389-2390, 2392-2393, 2396-2397, 2399, 2401-2406, 2409, 2411, 2413-2414 Lynn: 2384 Lyon (Rhône): 2166-2167

M Mâcon (Saône-et-Loire): 2315 Magnus der Gute (1042-1047): 2396-2398 Mailand: 2086, 2101, 2127-2128, 2149-2150, 2168-2169, 2182, 2214, 2226, 2233-2234, 2242-2245, 2247-2249, 22522253, 2256, 2264, 2295, 2298, 2302-2303 Mainz: 2085, 2122, 2220, 2236 Marcovius (Monetar): 2068 Marsallus (Marsal/Moselle): 2069 Marseille (Bouches-du-Rhône): 2059-2061, 2121 Matovallo (Saint-Calais/Sarthe): 2064 Maurus (Monetar): 2067 Meaux (Seine-et-Marne): 2189 Medolas (Melle/Deux-Sèvres): 2070 Melle (Deux-Sèvres): 2070, 2091, 2099, 2108, 2111-2112, 2158, 2190, 2196, 2198-2199, 2289 Mercia: 2330-2338 Merowinger: 2057-2077 Metz (Moselle): 2209, 2221 Metz (Bistum): 2318-2322 Mirabelle: 2452

N Narbonne (Aude): 2092, 2146, 2232 Nevers (Nièvre): 2230-2231 Niels Svensson (1103-1134): 2412 Northumbria: 2327-2329 Norwich: 2346, 2360

O Odo (888-898): 2267-2270 Odoaker (476-493): 2001-2005 Ørbæk: 2394 Offa (757/758-796): 2330-2335 Orange: 2461 Orléans (Loiret): 2144, 2193, 2455 Otto I. (936-973): 2317-2319

Q Quentovic (Pas-de-Calais): 2081, 2109, 2145

P Palatinum (Palastmünzstätte): 2071, 2204 Paris: 2070-2072, 2123, 2201, 2274, 2292, 2453 Pavia: 2102-2103, 2129-2130, 2170-2171, 2215, 2257, 2265, 2296-2297, 2299, 2304-2305, 2307 Philipp d. Gute (1430-1467): 2428, 2437 Philipp d. Kühne (1384-1404): 2435 Philippe VI. (1328-1350): 2440-2445

Pippin d. Kurze (751-768): 2078-2083 Pippin I. (817-838): 2157-2162 Pippin II. (839-852): 2158-2162 Provence: 2458-2459

R Ragnomares (Monetar): 2071 Raoul (923-936): 2280-2286 Raymond IV. (1340-1393): 2461 Rechiar (448-456): 2009 Reims: 2082 Ribe: 2395, 2408 Richard I. “Löwenherz” (1189-1199): 2383 Richard II. (1377-1399): 2423 Robert I. (922-923): 2280 Rom: 2306 Romans: 2451 Roskilde: 2403, 2407, 2410, 2412 Rosolus (Monetar): 2074 Rouen (Seine-Maritime): 2124, 2293-2294 Rutenis (Rodez/Aveyron): 2073-2074

Visé: 2217 Vvasendosus (Monetar): 2064

W Wessex: 2340-2349 William I. the Conqueror (1066-1087): 2376-2377 William II. Rufus (1087-1100): 2378 Wilton: 2371 Winchester: 2372, 2379 Worchester: 2378 Wulfhere (Bf. v. York, 854-900): 2329

Y York: 2328-2329, 2349, 2352-2355, 2369-2370, 2373, 2380

S Saint-Denis (Seine-Saint-Denis): 2075, 2080, 2210 Saint-Lô: 2424 Saint-Maurice-d’Agaune: 2317 Saint-Nazaire de Autun (Saône-et-Loire): 2223 Shaftesbury: 2365 Sens (Yonne): 2125, 2147, 2202 Siefred-Cnut-Typ: 2352 Sigismund (516-524): 2038-2040 Slagelse: 2400 Stephen (1135-1154): 2381-2382 Straßburg (Bas-Rhin): 2239, 2276 St. Peter Coinage: 2353-2354

T Teudulfo (Monetar): 2062 Theoderich d. Gr. (491-526): 2006-2009, 2013-2015 Theoderich I. (Bf. v. Metz, 964-984): 2319 Theoderich II. (Bf. v. Metz, 1005-1046): 2321 Theudemundus (Monetar): 2069 Totnes: 2358 Toulouse (Haute-Garonne): 2110, 2113, 2159-2160, 21942195, 2213, 2279, 2450, 2456-2457 Tours (Indre-et-Loire): 2100, 2126, 2218, 2271, 2280, 2290 Troyes (Aube): 2225, 2309

V Valenciennes: 2429 Vendemius (Monetar): 2073 Venedig: 2132-2143, 2152, 2173, 2240, 2262-2263, 2300 Verdun (Meuse): 2083, 2092, 2277, 2286 Verolus (Monetar): 2076 Verona: 2308 Viborg: 2391, 2398 Vienne (Isère): 2219, 2255, 2270 Viennois: 2462 Vinovaldus (Monetar): 2066 187

LITERATURVERZEICHNIS Behrens Belfort

= =

Berger

Bernareggi Biaggi Boudeau CNI CNV

= = = = =

Coupland Dannenberg Delm. Depeyrot Dumas (Raoul) Duplessy

= = = = = =

Duplessy (Raoul) Fb. Flon Gariel Grierson/Blackburn

= = = = =

Hahn, MIB Hatz Hauberg Kraus Lacam Lafaurie Legros M./G. Metcalf Metlich Miles

= = = = = = = = = = =

Muntoni North

= =

Pliego Poey d’Avant Prou

= = =

Reinhart

RIC Seaby

= =

Slg. Bonhoff

Tomasini

Wendling Witt.

= =

Behrens, H.: Münzen und Medaillen der Stadt und des Bistums Lübeck, Berlin 1905. Belfort, A. de: Description générale des monnaies Mérovingiennes par ordre alphabétique des ateliers, 5 Bände, Paris 1892-1895. Berger, F.: Die mittelalterlichen Brakteaten im Kestner-Museum Hannover, 1. Teil Hannover 1993, 2. Teil Hannover 1996. Bernareggi, E.: Moneta Langobardorum, Mailand 1983 (engl. Ausgabe 1989). Biaggi, E.: Monete e zecche medievali Italiane dal sec. VIII al sec. XV, Turin 1992. Boudeau, J.: Catalogue general illustré. Monnaies françaises (provincials), Paris 1913. Corpus Nummorum Italicorum, 20 Bände, 1910-1943. Vico Monteoliva, J. / Cruz Cores Gomendio, M. / Cores Uría, G.: Corpus Nummorum Visigothorum, ca. 575-714: Leovigildus-Achila, Madrid 2006. Coupland, S.: Carolingian Coinage and the Vikings. Studies on Power and Trade in the 9th Century, Aldershot 2007. Dannenberg, H.: Die deutschen Münzen der sächsischen und fränkischen Kaiserzeit, 4 Bände, Berlin 1876-1905. Delmonte, A.: Le Bénélux d' or, Amsterdam 1964. Depeyrot, G.: Le numéraire carolingien. Corpus des monnaies, Wetteren 2008. Dumas, F.: Les monnaies de Raoul, roi de France (923-936), in: Mélanges … offerts à J. Lafaurie, Paris 1980, S. 215-222. Duplessy, J.: Monnaies françaises royales, I. Hugues Capet-Louis XII, Paris / Maastricht 1999. Ders.: Les monnaies françaises féodales, 1. Bd., Paris 2004. Ders.: Les monnaies françaises féodales, 2. Bd., Paris 2010. Duplessy, J.: Le monnayage du roi Raoul (923-936) en Orléanais, in: BSAHO 49 (1978), S. 115-124). Friedberg, A. L. / Friedberg, I. S.: Gold Coins of the World. From ancient times to the present, Clifton 2009. Flon, D.: Histoire monétaire de la Lorraine et des trois-évêchés, 3 Bände, Nancy 2002. Gariel, E.: Les Monnaies royales de France sous la Race carolingienne, 2 Bände, Strasbourg 1884. Grierson, P. / Blackburn, M.: Medieval European Coinage. With a catalogue of the coins in the Fitzwilliam Museum, I. The Early Middle Ages (5th-10th centuries), Cambridge 1986. Moneta imperii byzantini. Wien 1973 ff. Hatz, G.: Die Anfänge des Münzwesens in Holstein, Hamburg 1952. Hauberg, P.: Atlas over Danmarks Mønter ca. 870-1241, Kopenhagen 1965 (ND). Kraus, F. F.: Die Münzen Odovacars und des Ostgotenreiches in Italien. Halle (Saale) 1928. Lacam, G.: La fin de l’Empire Romain et le monnayage or en Italie. Luzern 1983. Lafaurie, J.: Les monnaies des Rois de France I. Hugues Capet à Louis XII, Paris-Bâle 1951. Legros, D.: Monnaies Féodales françaises, Volume I, 1984. Morrisson, K. F. / Grunthal, H.: Carolingian Coinage (Numismatic Notes and Monographs 158), New York 1967. Metcalf, D. M.: Thrymsas and Sceattas in the Ashmolean Museum Oxford, 3 Bände, Oxford 1993-1994. Metlich, M. A.: The Coinage of Ostrogothic Italy. London 2004. Miles, G. C.: The Coinage of the Visigoths of Spain. Leovigild to Achila II. (Hispanic Numismatic Series 2), New York 1952. Muntoni, F.: Le Monete dei Papi, 4 Bände, Rom 1972. North, J. J.: English Hammered Coinage, vol. I: Early Anglo-Saxon to Henry III (c. 600-1272), vol. II: 1272-1662, 3. Auflage, London 1994. Pliego Vázquez, R.: La moneda visigoda, 2 Bände, Sevilla 2009. Poey d’Avant, F.: Monnaies féodales de France, 3 Bände, 1858-1862. Prou, M. M.: Catalogue des Monnaies françaises de la Bibliothèque nationale. Les Monnaies carolingiennes, Paris 1896. Ders.: Catalogue des Monnaies françaises de la Bibliothèque nationale. Les Monnaies mérovingiennes, Paris 1892. Reinhart, W.: Die Münzen des tolosanischen Reiches der Westgoten, in: Deutsches Jahrbuch für Numismatik 1 (1938), S. 107-135. Ders.: Die Münzen des westgotischen Reiches von Toledo, in: Deutsches Jahrbuch für Numismatik 3/4 (1940/1941), S. 69-101. Ders.: Die Münzen des Suebenreiches, in: Mitteilungen der Bayerischen Numismatischen Gesellschaft 55 (1937), S. 151190. Roman Imperial Coinage, Band 1-10, London 1926-1994. Coins of England & The United Kingdom, 44. Auflage, London 2009. Coins of Scotland, Ireland and the Islands (Jersey, Guernsey, Man & Lundy), 2. Auflage, London 2002. Sammlung Dr. med. Friedrich Bonhoff – Hamburg, Teil I: Deutsche Münzen des Mittelalters, Auktion Dr. Busso Peus Nachf. 293 (Frankfurt a. M. 1977) und Teil II: Deutsche und ausländische Münzen des Mittelalters und der Neuzeit, Auktion Dr. Busso Peus Nachf. 295 (Frankfurt a. M. 1978). Tomasini, W. J.: The Barbaric Tremissis in Spain and Southern France. Anastasius to Leovigild (Numismatic Notes and Monographs 152), New York 1964. Wendling, E.: Corpus Nummorum Lotharingiae Mosellanae I, 2 Bände (Textteil & Tafelteil), Metz 1979. Beierlein, J. P.: Die Medaillen und Münzen des Gesamthauses Wittelsbach, München 1897/1901.

Bompaire, M. / Dumas, F.: Numismatique Médiévale (L’Atelier du Médiéviste 7), Turnhout 2000. Felder, E.: Die Personennamen auf den merowingischen Münzen der Bibliothèque nationale de France, München 2003. Geary, P. J.: Die Merowinger – Europa vor Karl dem Großen, München 32008. Grierson, P.: Münzen des Mittelalters (Die Welt der Münzen 4), München / Fribourg 1976. Knefelkamp, U.: Das Mittelalter, Paderborn / München / Wien / Zürich 2002. Kluge, B.: Numismatik des Mittelalters. Handbuch und Thesaurus Nummorum Medii Aevi, Berlin / Wien 2007. Lexikon des Mittelalters, 9 Bände, München / Zürich 1980-1998. Schieffer, R.: Die Karolinger, Stuttgart 42006. Spufford, P.: Money and its use in Medieval Europe, Cambridge 1989.

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eLive Auction NEU Mit unseren eLive Auctions bieten wir Ihnen die Möglichkeit, direkt und unkompliziert über das Internet an regelmäßigen Auktionen mit einem virtuellen Auktionator live teilzunehmen.

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Künker eLive Auction: live auf www.elive-auction.de

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Leitfaden zur erfolgreichen schriftlichen Auktionsteilnahme • • • • •

Studieren Sie den Katalog sorgfältig und notieren Sie alle Lose, die interessant für Sie sind. Legen Sie für jedes Los Ihr persönliches Limit fest, das Sie maximal zu zahlen bereit sind. Füllen Sie das beiliegende Formular aus (siehe unten) und tragen Sie für jedes Los Ihr Höchstgebot ein. Schicken Sie uns Ihren Auftrag frühzeitig. Bei gleich hohen Geboten erhält das zuerst eingegangene Gebot den Zuschlag. Sie haben interessante Lose für insgesamt € 10.000,– gefunden, möchten jedoch nur € 2.000,– ausgeben. Kein Problem: Sie geben als Gesamtlimit (ohne Aufgeld) € 2.000,– an. • Wenn Sie Fragen haben: Die MitarbeiterInnen unserer Kundenbetreuung sind für Sie da: Telefon 0800 583 65 37 (gebührenfrei). • Wenn Sie telefonisch an unseren Auktionen teilnehmen möchten, ist das ab einer Schätzung von € 500,– pro Los möglich. Bitte teilen Sie uns diesen Wunsch mindestens einen Werktag vor Beginn der Versteigerung schriftlich mit.

Musterauftrag für schriftliche Gebote Name, Adresse, Telefon Ihre vollständige Anschrift ist wichtig, damit wir Ihren Auktionsauftrag annehmen und bearbeiten können. Ihre Telefonnummer brauchen wir, um Sie bei Rückfragen zu Ihren Geboten schnell erreichen zu können.

Ihre Kundennummer Die Angabe Ihrer Kundennummer unterstützt uns bei der Bearbeitung Ihres Auktionsauftrages. Viele Vorarbeiten für die Auktion werden dadurch einfacher und es werden Fehler vermieden.

Losnummern und Gebote Listen Sie alle Lose, für die Sie sich interessieren, mit ihrer Katalognummer auf und legen Sie für sich selbst fest, wie viel Sie bereit sind, für jedes einzelne Los zu bieten.

Ihr Limit pro Einzellos An dieser Stelle geben Sie an, was Sie für jedes einzelne Stück maximal bereit sind auszugeben.

„Oder“-Gebote Wenn Sie sich für mehrere Münzen interessieren, aber nur ein Stück davon erwerben wollen, können Sie Ihre Gebote einfach mit einem „Oder“ verbinden. Wichtig: bei den „Oder“Geboten können Sie nicht auf frühere Katalognummern zurückgreifen (z. B. 2890 oder 1558), da die Nr. 1558 dann bereits versteigert ist. Unterschreiben Sie Ihren Auktionsauftrag ... ... nachdem Sie Ihre Angaben noch einmal überprüft haben. Ihre Unterschrift ist wichtig, denn damit bestätigen Sie uns, dass sie tatsächlich teilnehmen wollen.

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Überschreitung Ihrer Limits pro Einzellos In der Praxis zeigt sich, dass oft mehrere Bieter mit ihren Geboten dicht beieinander liegen. Deshalb empfiehlt es sich, an dieser Stelle einer geringfügigen Überschreitung Ihrer Gebote zuzustimmen. Dadurch erhöhen sich Ihre Chancen, im Wettbewerb mit anderen den Zuschlag zu erhalten.

Begrenzung Ihres Gesamtlimits Hier können sie die Gesamtsumme Ihrer Gebote begrenzen und festlegen, was Sie insgesamt maximal bereit sind auszugeben. Aufgeld und Mehrwertsteuer kommen später noch hinzu.

TEL +49 (0)541 96 20 20, FAX +49 (0)541 96 20 222, SERVICE@KUENKER.DE, WWW.KUENKER.DE

Wie entsteht der Preis einer Auktion? Der im Auktionskatalog angegebene Preis ist ein Schätzpreis, der durch unsere Experten festgelegt wurde. Das Mindestgebot liegt bei 80 % dieses Wertes. Die Zuschlagpreise sind oft deutlich höher als die Schätzpreise. Als Auktionshaus müssen wir bereits vor der Auktion alle schriftlichen Gebote koordinieren. Folgende Beispiele sind im Bietverfahren möglich: Beispiel 1 (Schätzpreis: € 1.000,–) Es liegt kein schriftlicher Auftrag vor: Der Auktionator ruft das Los in der Auktion mit € 800,– aus. Wenn im Saal nur ein Bieter darauf ein Gebot abgibt, erhält der Saalbieter den Zuschlag für € 800,–.

Beispiel 3 (Schätzpreis: € 1.000,–) Es liegt dem Auktionator nur ein schriftliches Gebot von € 850,– vor: Das Los wird in der Auktion mit € 800,– ausgerufen. Falls kein Bieter im Saal ein Gegenangebot abgibt, erhält der schriftliche Bieter den Zuschlag bei € 800,–.

Beispiel 2 (Schätzpreis: € 1.000,–) Es liegen dem Auktionator drei schriftliche Gebote vor:

Beispiel 4 (Schätzpreis: € 1.000,–) Es liegt dem Auktionator nur ein schriftliches Gebot von € 1.200,– vor: Der Auktionator ruft das Los mit € 800,– aus. Gibt es im Saal keinen Gegenbieter, erhält der schriftliche Bieter den Zuschlag bei € 800,–. Falls es im Saal Gegenbieter gibt, bietet der Auktionator für seinen schriftlichen Bieter bis maximal € 1.200,– und erteilt einem Gegenbieter im Saal erst bei mehr als € 1.200,– den Zuschlag.

Bieter 1: Limit € 2.900,– Bieter 2: Limit € 1.800,– Bieter 3: Limit € 800,– Nach der Versteigerungsordnung muss der Auktionator im Interesse von Bieter 1 und 2 angemessen überbieten (um ca. 5 bis 10 %). Der Ausrufpreis in der Auktion beträgt daher im Interesse von Bieter 1 € 1.900,– (obwohl die Schätzung € 1.000,– beträgt). Falls keine höheren Gebote aus dem Saal erfolgen, erhält Bieter 1 den Zuschlag für € 1.900,–. Das Höchstangebot von € 2.900,– musste nicht ausgeschöpft werden.

Beispiel 5 (Schätzpreis: € 1.000,–) Es liegen drei Gebote von je € 975,– vor: Um Missverständnisse zu vermeiden, überzieht der Auktionator das zuerst eingegangene Gebot geringfügig und erteilt den Zuschlag bei € 1.000,–.

Antworten auf Fragen, die uns oft gestellt werden • Zuschlagpreis/Aufgeld: Wir berechnen für Kunden in Deutschland und Ländern der Europäischen Union ein Aufgeld von 23 % auf den Zuschlagpreis, darin ist die gesetzliche Mehrwertsteuer enthalten. Wir berechnen Kunden in Drittländern, z. B. Norwegen, Russland, Schweiz, USA, ein Aufgeld von 20 %, wenn die Münzen durch uns exportiert werden. Beispiel 1, Kunde in Deutschland

Zuschlagpreis Aufgeld 23 % (inkl. MwSt) Versandkosten, z. B. * Rechnungs-Betrag

€ € € €

100,00 23,00 5,90 128,90

Beispiel 2, Kunde in Russland

Zuschlagpreis Aufgeld 20 % Versandkosten, z. B. * Rechnungs-Betrag

€ 1.000,00 € 200,00 € 15,00 € 1.215,00

• Mehrwertsteuer: In Deutschland und Ländern der Europäischen Union ist die Mehrwertsteuer im Rechnungsbetrag enthalten. In Ausnahmefällen unterliegen die Objekte der Vollbesteuerung. Das wird durch eine Liste im Auktionskatalog angezeigt. Seit dem 01.01.2000 sind viele Goldmünzen, die nach 1800 geprägt wurden, steuerfrei. In diesem Fall berechnen wir ein Aufgeld in Höhe von 15 %. Bei Fragen zu der MwSt.-Berechnung rufen Sie uns an, gebührenfrei unter: 0800 583 65 37. • Rücklosverkauf: Alle Lose, die in der Auktion nicht verkauft wurden, können Sie innerhalb von vier Wochen nach der Versteigerung zu 80 % des Schätzpreises (zzgl. 23 % Aufgeld inkl. Mehrwertsteuer) erwerben. Achtung: Viele Rücklose sind schnell vergriffen. • Unser Spezialservice: Alle Bieter erhalten gratis die Ergebnisliste innerhalb von zwei Wochen nach der Auktion. Im Internet können Sie die Ergebnisliste der Auktion sofort nach der Auktion unter www.kuenker.de einsehen. * Die Kosten für Versand und Versicherung werden nach Aufwand berechnet.

Besuchen Sie uns doch einmal persönlich auf der Auktion! • Wir freuen uns sehr, wenn Sie persönlich nach Osnabrück kommen möchten. Das Flair einer Auktion und die Stimmung im Auktionssaal sind ein besonderes Erlebnis für Sie als Sammler. Osnabrück ist außerdem immer eine Reise wert und die persönliche Betreuung durch unsere Mitarbeiter wissen immer mehr Kunden zu schätzen. • Bitte rufen Sie uns rechtzeitig an, damit wir Ihnen Tipps für die Anreise geben und Ihnen ein Hotelzimmer reservieren können. Sie erreichen uns gebührenfrei unter: 0800 583 65 37. • Als erfolgreicher Bieter können Sie Ihre neu erworbenen Stücke gleich persönlich mit nach Hause nehmen. Als guter Kunde unseres Hauses haben Sie 20 Tage Zahlungsziel nach der Auktion.

TEL +49 (0)541 96 20 20, FAX +49 (0)541 96 20 222, SERVICE@KUENKER.DE, WWW.KUENKER.DE

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Важная информация об участии на аукционе • Наши аукционные правила и условия Вы можете найти в конце каталога. • Мы просим Вас присылать Ваши ставки заранее. В противном случае вероятность ошибки при обработке заказа, присланного перед самым аукционом, возрастает. • Приложенный образец заполнения письменного заказа поможет Вам при отправлении Ваших письменных ставок. Ставки можно отправить как по почте, так и по факсу : +49 (0)541–96 20 222 круглосуточно. • Успешные заказы будут обрабатываться в порядке их поступления к нам. Все участники, которым не удалось что-либо купить на аукционе, будут также проинформированы после аукциона. • Если Вы впервые принимаете участие в нашем аукционе, то мы рекомендуем Вам сообщить нам Ваш референц – аукционные дома, с которыми Вы уже сотрудничали. Или свяжитесь с нами по телефону. • Мы гарантируем подлинность всех предметов, проданных на нашем аукционе, в течении неограниченного времени. • Все участники нашего аукциона получают в течении 2-ух недель результаты торгов бесплатно. • У Вас есть вопросы по определенной монете? Вы хотели бы лично принять участие в аукционе? У Вас возникли другие вопросы? Звоните нам по телефону +49 (0)541-96 20 268, и мы будем рады Вам помочь.

Мое заочное участие на аукционе • • • •

Тщательно изучите наш каталог и запишите те лоты, которые Вас заинтересовали. Определите для Себя ту максимальную сумму, которую Вы готовы заплатить за каждый лот. Заполните приложенный формуляр. Отправьте нам Ваш заказ заранее. При 2-ух и более равных ставок на один и тот же лот преимущество получает ставка, пришедшая к нам первой ( ранее других ). • Если стоимость выбранных Вами лотов составляет например 10.000 евро, а Вы могли бы потратить только 2.000 евро, то в этом случае укажите Ваш общий лимит в размере 2.000 евро. • Если у Вас возникли вопросы по заполнению формуляра, звоните нам по телефону +49 (0)541-96 20 268. Наши сотрудники будут рады Вам помочь.

Мое личное участие в Оснабрюке • Мы будем рады Вашему личному присутствию в Оснабрюке. Атмосфера, которая стоит во время аукционных торгов в зале, особенная и непередаваемая. • Для получения более подробной информации по Вашей поездке в Оснабрюк, в частности, бронирования номеров в гостинице, мы просим Вас заранее связаться с нами по телефону: +49 (0)541-96 20 268. • Приобретенные на аукционе лоты Вы можете лично забрать после окончания торгов. Наши постоянные клиенты осуществляют оплату в течение 20 дней после получения счета. Участвующие в аукционе впервые осуществляют 100%-ую предоплату.

Участие по интернету Все каталоги доступны для просмотра на нашем сайте в интернете по адресу www.kuenker.de. На сайте Вы можете выбрать интересующие Вас лоты и отправить Ваши ставки на нашу электронную почту service@kuenker.de. Если у Вас возникнут дополнительные вопросы, мы просим Вас связаться с нами по телефону +49 (0)5 41-96 20 268.

Участие по телефону Для участия в торгах по телефону просим Вас связаться с нами не позднее 48 часов до начала аукциона. Условием проведения телефонных торгов является письменное подтверждение ставки, равной как минимум стартовой цене. Участие в телефонных торгах возможно только для лотов со стартовой ценой свыше 500 евро. Для получения дополнительной информации и регистрации на аукционе звоните Анастасии Кепселль до аукциона по телефону +49 (0)5 41-96 20 268 и во время аукциона по телефону, указанному на первой странице каталога.

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TEL +49 (0)541 96 20 20, FAX +49 (0)541 96 20 222, SERVICE@KUENKER.DE, WWW.KUENKER.DE

Как образовывается цена на аукционе? • Все лоты в нашем каталоге были предварительно оценены нашими экпертами. Минимальная ставка составляет 80 % от оценочной стоимости лота. Конечные цены зачастую намного превышают оценочные. • Ваши письменные ( заочные ) ставки должны быть обязательно обработаны нашими сотрудниками до начала аукциона. Рассмотрим несколько возможных примеров: Пример 1 ( Оценочная стоимость: € 1.000,– ) Заочных ставок нет. Аукционатор начинает торги с € 800,–. Если в зале только один человек, желающий приобрести этот лот, то соответственно он получит его за € 800,–. Пример 2 ( Оценочная стоимость: € 1.000,– ) У аукционатора имеются 3 заочные ставки: Заочный участник 1 : Лимит € 2.900,– Заочный участник 2 : Лимит € 1.800,– Заочный участник 3 : Лимит € 800,– По правилам аукциона аукционатор в интересах заочного участника 1 и 2 должен повышать ставку равномерно ( приблизительно на 5 – 10 % ). Поэтому в нашем случае в интересах заочного участника 1 аукционатор начнет торги с € 1.900,– ( хотя оценочная стоимость составляет € 1.000,–). Если среди очных участников никто не даст более высокую ставку, то заочный участник 1 получит этот лот за € 1.900,–. Его лимит в € 2.900,– ни в коем случае не будет исчерпан. Пример 3 (Оценочная стоимость: € 1.000,– ) У аукционатора имеется только 1 заочная ставка в размере € 850,–. Аукционатор начнет торги с € 800,–.

Если среди очных участников никто не даст более высокую ставку, то заочный участник получит этот лот за € 800,–. Пример 4 (Оценочная стоимость: € 1.000,– ) У аукционатора имеется только 1 заочная ставка в размере € 1.200,–. Аукционатор начнет торги с € 800,–. Если среди очных участников никто не даст более высокую ставку, то заочный участник получит этот лот за € 800,–. Если же в зале очный участник согласен на более высокую ставку ( больше € 800,– ), то в этом случае аукционатор в интересах заочного участника имеет право тоговаться до € 1.200,–. Следовательно только при ставке, превышающей € 1.200,–, данный лот получит очный участник в зале. Пример 5 (Оценочная стоимость: € 1.000,– ) У аукционатора имеются 3 заочные ставки, каждая в размере € 975,–. Среди очных участников интереса к лоту не имеется. В этом случае чтобы избежать недоразумений, аукционатор имеет право ненамного повысить лимит и сделать ставку равной € 1.000,–. Данный лот за € 1.000,– получит тот заочный участник, чей письменный формуляр мы получили раньше всего.

Ответы на часто задаваемые вопросы • Комиссионные для клиентов, проживающих в Евросоюзе составляют 23 % к удару молотка, эти проценты уже содержат НДС. Для наших клиентов, проживающих не в Евросоюзе ( например в Норвегии, России, Швейцарии, США ) комиссионные составляют 20 %, если экспорт будет осуществлен через фирму «Кюнкер». Пример 1, Удар молотка клиент из Комиссионные 23 % Евросоюза Почтовые расходы Rechnungs-Betrag

€ € € €

100,00 23,00 5,90 128,90

Пример 2, клиент из России

Удар молотка Комиссионные 20 % Почтовые расходы Rechnungs-Betrag

€ 1.000,00 € 200,00 € 15,00 € 1.215,00

• Непроданные на аукционе лоты Вы можете приобрести в течение 4 недель за 80 % от их оценочной стоимости, прибавив к ним комиссионные и почтовые расходы.

Как я могу получить приобретенные лоты? Вывоз приобретенных на аукционе предметов осуществляется одним из следующих способов по Вашему выбору: • Вы можете лично забрать Ваши лоты. По окончании торгов мы готовим все необходимые документы на вывоз из Германии. При вывозе за пределы Евросоюза, НДС Вам возвращается. • Почтовые отправки в Россию ( Беларусь, Украину ) приобретенных Вами лотов осуществляются по предварительной договоренности. Для связи с нами звоните нам по телефону +49 (0)541-96 20 268. С 1971 года имя Кюнкер является гарантией надежности и компетентности. Мы не станем изменять нашим принципам и в будущем. Спасибо Вам за Ваше доверие, которое является не только самым сильным стимулом в нашей работе, но и наилучшей ее оценкой. Я желаю Вам успехов на нашем аукционе!

Фриц-Рудольф Кюнкер

TEL +49 (0)541 96 20 20, FAX +49 (0)541 96 20 222, SERVICE@KUENKER.DE, WWW.KUENKER.DE

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Versteigerungsbedingungen Wir versteigern als Kommissionär im eigenen Namen und für Rechnung der Einlieferer, die unbenannt bleiben. Durch die Teilnahme an der Versteigerung werden die Versteigerungsbedingungen anerkannt. Der Zuschlagpreis bildet die Berechnungsgrundlage für das vom Käufer zu zahlende Aufgeld. Für Käufer aus EU-Ländern gilt: Für Verbraucher wird einheitlich ein Aufgeld von 23 % (im Gesamtbetrag ist die gesetzliche Umsatzsteuer enthalten) erhoben. Für Unternehmer i. S. d. UStG wird bei differenzbesteuerter Ware ein Aufgeld von 23 % erhoben (im Gesamtbetrag ist die gesetzliche Umsatzsteuer bereits enthalten), bei regelbesteuerter Ware ein Aufgeld von 20 % (zzgl. gesetzlicher Umsatzsteuer auf Gesamtbetrag von Zuschlag und Aufgeld). Ausfuhrlieferungen in EU-Länder können bei Vorlage der gesetzlichen Voraussetzungen von der Umsatzsteuer befreit sein. Für Käufer mit Wohnsitz in Drittländern (außerhalb der EU) gilt: Das Aufgeld beträgt einheitlich 20 %. Wird die Ware vom Käufer selbst oder durch Dritte in Drittländer ausgeführt, wird die gesetzliche Umsatzsteuer berechnet, jedoch bei Vorlage der gesetzlich geforderten Ausfuhrnachweise erstattet. Führen wir diese Ware selbst in Drittländer aus, wird die gesetzliche Umsatzsteuer nicht berechnet. Für Goldmünzen, die von der gesetzlichen Umsatzsteuer befreit sind, wird ein Aufgeld von 15 % berechnet. Im Ausland anfallende (Einfuhr-)Umsatzsteuer und Zölle trägt in jedem Fall der Käufer. Die Versandkosten werden dem Käufer nach Aufwand berechnet. Der Zuschlag erfolgt nach dreimaligem Ausruf des höchsten Gebotes und verpflichtet zur unverzüglichen Abnahme der Ware. Bei Vorlage besonderer Gründe können wir den Zuschlag verweigern oder uns vorbehalten. Geben mehrere Bieter gleich hohe Gebote ab, können wir nach freiem Ermessen einem Bieter den Zuschlag erteilen, durch Los über den Zuschlag entscheiden oder die Nummer noch einmal ausrufen. Der Versteigerer ist berechtigt, aus wichtigem Grund Nummern zu vereinigen oder zu trennen, in einer anderen als der im Katalog vorgesehenen Reihenfolge aufzurufen oder zurückziehen. Erfolgt ein Zuschlag unter Vorbehalt, erlischt das Gebot mit Ablauf von 4 Wochen ab dem Tag des Zuschlags, es sei denn, wir haben dem Bieter innerhalb dieser Frist die vorbehaltlose Annahme des Gebotes mitgeteilt. Das Eigentum an der Ware geht erst mit vollständiger Bezahlung auf den Käufer über. Sofern nichts anderes vereinbart wird, ist der Kaufpreis von anwesenden Käufern sofort, bei schriftlichen bzw. telefonischen Bietern spätestens 20 Tage nach Erhalt der Rechnung zu zahlen. Bei Zahlungsverzug werden Zinsen i. H. v. 1 % pro Monat berechnet. Der Käufer hat die zugeschlagene Ware unverzüglich beim Versteigerer abzuholen. Gerät er mit dieser Verpflichtung in Verzug und erfolgt eine Abholung trotz schriftlicher Fristsetzung nicht oder verweigert der Käufer ernsthaft und endgültig die Abholung, können wir vom Kaufvertrag zurücktreten und Schadensersatz verlangen mit der Maßgabe, dass wir den Gegenstand nochmals versteigern und unseren Schaden in derselben Weise wie bei Zahlungsverzug des Käufers geltend machen können, ohne dass dem Käufer ein Mehrerlös aus der erneuten Versteigerung zusteht.

Im Bedarfsfall sind wir berechtigt, die Limits um 3 – 5 % zu überschreiten. Gebote, die unter 80 % des Schätzpreises liegen, werden nicht berücksichtigt. Unlimitierte Aufträge haben keinen Anspruch auf unbedingte Ausführung. Schriftliche, fernmündliche und Internet-Gebote werden von uns ohne Auftragsprovision ausgeführt; sie müssen den Gegenstand mit Katalognummer und des gebotenen Preises, der sich als Zuschlagsumme ohne Aufgeld und Umsatzsteuer versteht, benennen und sind bindend. Unklarheiten oder Ungenauigkeiten gehen zu Lasten des Bieters. Wir übernehmen für diese Gebote jedoch keinerlei Haftung, insbesondere nicht für das Zustandekommen und die Aufrechterhaltung von Telekommunikationsverbindungen oder/und Übermittlungsfehlern, ebenso wenig für Ausfall- und Verzögerungszeiten, verursacht durch Wartungen und Wiederherstellungen des jeweiligen Servers, durch Störungen und Probleme im Internetverkehr, durch höhere Gewalt, sowie weitere Störungen, die durch Umstände begründet sind, die außerhalb unserer Verantwortung liegen. Dies gilt nicht für den Fall, dass uns hieran der Vorwurf grober Fahrlässigkeit oder Vorsatz trifft. Die Katalogbeschreibungen sind keine vertraglich vereinbarten Beschaffenheiten i. S. d. § 434 BGB, sondern dienen lediglich zur Information und zur Abgrenzung der Ware. Die Angabe der Erhaltung ist streng nach den im deutschen Münzhandel üblichen Erhaltungseinstufungen vorgenommen und eine persönliche Beurteilung. Die Echtheit der Stücke wird gewährleistet, sofern nichts Gegenteiliges im Katalog oder bei der Versteigerung angegeben wird; hier haften wir für einen insoweit entstandenen Schaden bis zur Höhe des Kaufpreises. Im Übrigen übernehmen wir keine Rechts- oder Sachmängel bezüglich der im Katalog aufgeführten Ware. Wir geben durch Vorbesichtigung Gelegenheit, sich vom Erhaltungszustand der Ware zu überzeugen. Fehler, die sich bereits aus den Abbildungen ergeben, berechtigen nicht zur Beanstandung. Bei der Auktion anwesende Käufer kaufen grundsätzlich »wie besehen«. Bei Losen mit mehreren Stücken sind die Stückzahlen nur ca.-Angaben. Gewährleistungsansprüche wegen Sach- und Rechtsmängeln oder irrtümlichen Zuschreibungen sind ausgeschlossen. Innerhalb der gesetzlichen Gewährleistungsfrist vorgetragene und begründete Mängelrügen des Käufers leiten wir jedoch unverzüglich an den Einlieferer der bemängelten Sache weiter. Nach unserer Wahl treten wir unsere gegen den Einlieferer aus der Verletzung des Kommissionsvertrages zustehenden Ansprüche an den Käufer ab bzw. stellen den Käufer durch Rückabwicklung des Kaufvertrages schadlos, wobei ein über die Erstattung des Kaufpreises darüber hinausgehender Anspruch des Käufers ausgeschlossen ist. Wenn Sie die von uns erworbene Ware einem Grading Service übergeben wollen, übernehmen wir keine Garantie, dass die Münzen dort angenommen oder entsprechend unserer Bewertung eingestuft werden. Schadensersatzansprüche des Käufers gegen uns sind – gleich aus welchem Rechtsgrund – ausgeschlossen. Dies gilt nicht für Schäden, die auf einem vorsätzlichen oder grob fahrlässigen Verhalten von uns, unseren gesetzlichen Vertretern oder Erfüllungsgehilfen beruhen bzw. ihre Ursache in der Verletzung von vertraglichen Kardinalpflichten haben; im letzteren Fall ist Haftung jedoch auf den vorhersehbaren, vertragstypischen Schaden beschränkt. Die Haftung für Schäden aus der Verletzung des Lebens, des Körpers oder der Gesundheit bleibt unberührt.

Die Mindeststeigerungsstufen für das Bietungsverfahren betragen: bis zu bis zu bis zu bis zu bis zu bis zu bis zu bis zu bis zu ab

€ 100,– € 200,– € 500,– € 1.000,– € 2.000,– € 5.000,– € 10.000,– € 20.000,– € 50.000,– € 50.000,–

€ 5,– € 10,– € 20,– € 50,– € 100,– € 200,– € 500,– € 1.000,– € 2.000,– € 5.000,– (bzw. 10 %)

Wir berücksichtigen bestmöglich schriftliche oder fernmündliche Angebote bzw. Angebote übers Internet und behandeln diese grundsätzlich gleich wie Angebote aus dem Versteigerungssaal. Aufträge von uns unbekannten Sammlern können wir nur ausführen, wenn ein Depot hinterlegt wird oder Referenzen benannt werden. Schriftliche Gebote können nur bis 24 Stunden vor Auktionsbeginn berücksichtigt werden, telefonische Bieter müssen sich mindestens zwei Werktage vor der Auktion voranmelden.

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Der Käufer kann nicht aufrechnen, es sei denn, seine Gegenansprüche sind rechtskräftig festgestellt, unbestritten oder von uns anerkannt. Zurückbehaltungsrechte des Käufers sind ebenfalls ausgeschlossen, es sei denn, er ist nicht Unternehmer i. S. d. § 14 BGB und sein Gegenanspruch beruht auf demselben Vertragsverhältnis. Es gilt ausschließlich das Recht der Bundesrepublik Deutschland. Das Übereinkommen der Vereinten Nationen über Verträge über den internationalen Warenkauf (CISG) findet keine Anwendung. Gegenüber Unternehmern i. S. d. § 14 BGB und Käufern ohne allgemeinen Gerichtsstand im Inland ist Erfüllungsort und ausschließlicher Gerichtsstand bei allen aus dem Vertragsverhältnis unmittelbar oder mittelbar sich ergebenden Streitigkeiten Osnabrück. Sollte eine der Bestimmungen ganz oder teilweise unwirksam sein oder werden, bleibt die Gültigkeit der übrigen davon unberührt. Die unwirksame ist durch eine wirksame zu ersetzen, die dem wirtschaftlichen Gehalt und Zweck der unwirksamen Bestimmung am nächsten kommt. Gleiches gilt für eine Lücke. Soweit die Versteigerungsbedingungen in mehreren Sprachen vorliegen, ist stets die deutsche Fassung maßgebend.

TEL +49 (0)541 96 20 20, FAX +49 (0)541 96 20 222, SERVICE@KUENKER.DE, WWW.KUENKER.DE

Terms and Conditions of Auction We auction goods as commission agent in our own name and for account of not named consignors. Participation in the auction shall be deemed express acknowledgement of these Terms and Conditions of Auction. The hammer price is the basis for the calculation of the buyer’s surcharge. For buyers from EEC countries the following applies: for consumers there is a standard surcharge of 23 % (relevant VAT already included). For traders according to the Value Added Tax Act the surcharge is 23 % (relevant VAT already included) for goods delivered by difference taxation; for goods delivered by standard taxation the surcharge is 20 % plus the relevant VAT on the entire amount of hammer price and surcharge. Export deliveries to EEC countries shall be free of VAT on existence of the respective legal requirements. For buyers from abroad (no EEC country) the following applies: there is a standard surcharge of 20 %. As far those buyers export the good in person or by third persons, the relevant VAT will be charged but refunded by presentation of the legal export certificate. In case we export these goods the relevant VAT will not be charged. For gold coins, which are not subject to the legal VAT, the surcharge is 15 % of the hammer price. Foreign taxes and custom duties shall be carried by buyer as well as shipping expenses charged according to effort. The hammer shall fall after the highest bid has been called out three times. The knockdown shall oblige to take immediately delivery of the goods. Upon good cause shown we can refuse or reserve the knock down. In the event of several equal bids we have the right to knock down at our own discretion, to decide by drawing lots or re-open the bidding. The auctioneer reserves the right to combine or to separate lots for good cause. In case of a reserved knock down the bid expires four weeks after the knock down unless we informed the bidder within this period of the unreserved acceptance. Ownership of the goods shall not pass until full payment. Unless mutually agreed otherwise, payment of the auction bill from buyers present at the auction is due immediately, for other buyers within 20 days after receipt of the bill. Defaulted payments shall bear an interest charge of 1 % per month in the amount in default. Buyer shall immediately take over the knocked down goods. In case buyer is in default with this obligation and does not take over the goods in spite of a written deadline, or refuses to take over, we can withdraw from contract and claim damage provided that the item may be put again to auction at this buyer’s cost. In this event the buyer shall be liable for any shortfall, while he shall have no right or claim towards any excess proceeds. The minimum rates of increase for the bidding procedure are: up to up to up to up to up to up to up to up to up to above

€ 100.– € 200.– € 500.– € 1,000.– € 2,000.– € 5,000.– € 10,000.– € 20,000.– € 50,000.– € 50,000.–

€ 5.– € 10.– € 20.– € 50.– € 100.– € 200.– € 500.– € 1,000.– € 2,000.– € 5,000.– (respectively 10 %)

If necessary, we are allowed to increase the bids by 3 – 5 %. Bids amounting to less than 80 % of the estimate shall not be executed. Unlimited bids shall not oblige us to consider, accept or carry out such order. Written orders or those via telephone or Internet will be carried out without charge of an extra commission; they shall name the item with catalog number and the bid price and are binding. Ambiguities shall be carried by the bidder. We do not assume any liability for such bids, especially not for connecting and keeping up telephone lines and/or transmission errors, as well as not for off times and lag times, caused by attendance and restore of the server, by errors and problems of the Internet, by force majeure or reason outside of our responsibility. This does not apply in case we are acting in intentional or grossly negligence. The descriptions of the goods in the catalog do not constitute any warranty or liability in the meaning of § 434 BGB but are provided as mere information. The state of preservation of items is strictly assessed in accordance with the grades accepted by the German coin trade and only represents an individual and personal assessment. The authenticity of the coins is warranted (up to the total purchase price) unless anything to the contrary is noted in the catalog or the auction. In other respects, any and all warranty claims based on material defects of quality and defects of title are excluded. In view of the opportunity of prior inspection to ascertain the state and condition of the auction lots, complaints of errors resulting of the images are excluded. Buyers present at the auction acquire items strictly on the basis of »as is where is« and »as inspected«. If and when auctioned in lots, the quantities of individual pieces given, only represent an approximate figure. Any and all warranty claims based on material defects of quality and defects of title or on an error in the allocation of individual pieces to a certain lot are excluded. We forward quality complaints to the deliverer claimed within the legal period of warranty. To our own choice we assign possible claims resulting out of the commission contract to buyer or compensate buyer by unwinding of contract, at which a claim of buyer exceeding the purchase price is excluded. In case buyer intends to deliver goods to a Grading Service, we do not guarantee the respective acceptance or the classifying according to our valuation. Damage claims of buyer – irrespective of legal basis – are excluded. This shall not apply for damages resulting out of our intentional or grossly negligent conduct of our legal representatives respectively are caused in the breach of contractual cardinal obligations; to this degree, liability is limited to damages that are foreseeable and typical for this type of contract. This shall not effect our liability for damages to life, limb, or health. Offsetting counterclaims of buyer are excluded, unless the claim is uncontested or has been declared legally valid by court. Retentions rights of buyer are excluded unless he is not a trader (§ 14 BGB) and his counterclaim results from the same contractual relationship. This Agreement shall be governed by and construed in accordance with the laws of Germany. The UN Convention (CISG) on the International Sale of Goods shall not apply. Against traders (§ 14 BGB) and purchasers from abroad the exclusive jurisdiction shall be the Court of Osnabrück in relation to any dispute or claim arising out of or in connection with the purchase. The German version of these conditions shall be the legally binding. The invalidity or inefficiency of any provision shall not effect the validity of all other provisions. In lieu of the invalid or inefficient provision or for the purpose of closing the gap, a reasonable provision shall apply.

We carry out best possible written or orders via telephone or internet and treat them equal to orders to present bidders. Orders from collectors unknown to the auctioneer can only be accepted and carried out if a deposit or references to the satisfaction on the auctioneer are given. To be bindingly accepted, written bids need to be received at least 24 hours before auction, bidders via telephone need to be registered at the latest two work days before auction.

TEL +49 (0)541 96 20 20, FAX +49 (0)541 96 20 222, SERVICE@KUENKER.DE, WWW.KUENKER.DE

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Numismatische Ausdrücke/Numismatic Terms/Expressions Numismatiques/ Termini di Numismatica/Нумизматические Термины DEUTSCH

ENGLISH

FRANCAIS

ITALIANO

RUSSKIJ

Abschlag Am Rand Berieben Blei Dezentriert Doppelschlag Einfassung Einseitig Emailliert Erhaltung Etwas Exemplar Fassungsspuren Fehlprägung

struck at the rim/border slightly polished lead uncentered double struck frame uniface enamelled condition/preservation slightly specimen, copy trace of mounting mis-strike

frappe en tranche frotté plomb décentré double frappe encadrement uniface émaillé conservation un peu exemplaire traces de monture défaut de frappe

coniazione al bordo trattato piombo non centrato ribattitura cornice uniface smaltato conservazione un poco esemplare tracce di montatura difetto di coniazione

Feld(er) Gedenkmünze Geglättet Gelocht Geprägt Gewellt Goldpatina Henkelspur Hübsch Jahrh. = Jahrhundert Kl. = klein Korrosionsspuren Kratzer Kupfer Legierung Leicht(e) l. = links Min. = minimal Nachahmung Prachtexemplar Prägeschwäche Randdelle Randfehler Randschrift r. = rechts Rückseite

field(s) commemorative coin tooled holed minted bent golden patina mount mark attractive century small traces of corrosion scratch(es) copper alloy slightly left minimal imitation attractive, perfect piece weakly struck edge nick edge faults lettered edge to right reverse

champ monnaie commémorative retouché troué frappé ondulé patine dorée trace de monture joli siècle petit traces de corrosion rayure cuivre alliage légèrement gauche minime imitation pièce magnifique de frappe faible défaut sur la tranche défaut sur la tranche tranche inscrite droite revers

campo moneta commemorativa liscio bucato coniato ondolato patina d´oro tracce di appicagnolo carino secolo piccolo segni di corrosione graffio(i) rame lega leggero sinistra minimamente contraffazione esemplare magnifico conio stanco ammaccatura al bordo errore nel bordo inscrizione sul bordo destra rovescio

оттиск на гурте потертая свинец ассиметричный двойной чекан кайма односторонняя эмалированная сохранность слегка экземпляр следы обработки ошибка в процессе чеканки поле памятная монета отглаженная проколатая отчеканенная волнистая золотая патина следы от ушка красивая столетие маленький следы коррозии царапина медь сплав легкий слева минимальный имитация превосходный экземпляр издержкн при чеканкe вмятина на гурте ошибка на гурте гуртовая надпись справа реверс

198

TEL +49 (0)541 96 20 20, FAX +49 (0)541 96 20 222, SERVICE@KUENKER.DE, WWW.KUENKER.DE

DEUTSCH

ENGLISH

FRANCAIS

ITALIANO

RUSSKIJ

Schriftspuren

traces of inscription

traces de légende

tracce di leggenda

Schrötling Schrötlingsfehler Schwach ausgeprägt Selten in dieser Erhaltung

flan flan defect weakly struck rare in this condition

flan flan défectueux de frappe faible rare en cet état

tondello errore di tondello conio stanco conservazione rara

Seltener Jahrgang Stempel Stempelfehler Überdurchschnittlich erhalten Überprägt Unediert Unikum Vergoldet Von allergrößter Seltenheit Vorderseite Winz.= winzig Zain Zierrand Zinn ziseliert

rare year die(s) mistake in the die extraordinary condition

année rare coin erreur de frappe conservation extraordinaire

overstruck unpublished unique specimen gilt extremely rare averse tiny flan ornamental border tin chased

surfrappé inédit unique doré de toute rareté en face petit flan tranche ornée étain ciselé

annata rara conio errore di conio conservazione estraordinaria ribattuto inedito pezzo unico dorato di estrema raritá diritto veramente piccolo tondello taglio ornato stagno cesellato

следы предыдущей надписи заготовка брак заготовки слабо отчеканeна редкая в такой сохранности редкий год штамп ошибка штампа сохранность выше среднего перечекан неопубликованная монета уникальная позолоченная наиредчайшая аверс незначительный заготовка декоративный гурт цинк гравированный

Erhaltungsgrade/Grading Terms/Degrès de Conservation/Gradi di Conservazione/ Шкала сохранности DEUTSCH

ENGLISH

FRANCAIS

ITALIANO

RUSSKIJ

Polierte Platte Stempelglanz Vorzüglich Sehr schön Schön Gering erhalten

Proof Uncirculated Extremely fine Very fine Fine Very good

Flan bruni Fleur de coin Superbe Très beau Beau Très bien conservé

Fondo specchio Fior di conio Splendido Bellissimo Molto Bello Bello

полированная превосходная отличная очень хорошая хорошая удовлетворительная

Seltenheitsgrade/Rarity Terms/Degrés de Rareté/Grado di Raritá/ Шкала редкости DEUTSCH

ENGLISH

FRANCAIS

ITALIANO

RUSSKIJ

R = Selten RR = Sehr selten Von großer Seltenheit Von größter Seltenheit Von allergrößter Seltenheit Unediert

R = Rare RR = Very rare Very rare Extremely rare Extremely rare Unpublished

Rare Très rare De grande rareté Extrêmement rare De la plus extrême rareté Inédit

raro molto raro di grande raritá di grandissima raritá di estrema raritá inedito

редкая очень редкая большой редкости наибольшей редкости наиредчайшая ранее не описанная

TEL +49 (0)541 96 20 20, FAX +49 (0)541 96 20 222, SERVICE@KUENKER.DE, WWW.KUENKER.DE

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IMPRESSUM NUMISMATISCHE BEARBEITUNG FOTOS LAYOUT DRUCK

Alexandra Spreu, Dr. Sebastian Steinbach, Jens Ulrich Thormann M. A., Eva Weber, Manuela Weiß Lübke & Wiedemann, Stuttgart danner pc - gesteuerte systeme waiblingen meister print und media, Kassel, Januar 2013 Jeglicher Nachdruck, auch auszugsweise, bedarf der Genehmigung des Auktionshauses

ZAHLUNGEN AUS DEM INLAND Deutsche Bank Osnabrück Commerzbank Osnabrück Sparkasse Osnabrück Volksbank eG Bad Laer-Borgloh-Hilter-Melle Bankhaus Lampe KG, Bielefeld Postbank Hannover HypoVereinsbank München Oldenburgische Landesbank AG Oldenburg Paypal

(BLZ 265 700 90) Konto-Nummer 0 177 006 (BLZ 265 800 70) Konto-Nummer 780 520 200 (BLZ 265 501 05) Konto-Nummer 247 320 (BLZ 265 624 90) Konto-Nummer 1 200 222 400 (BLZ 480 201 51) Konto-Nummer 174 076 (BLZ 250 100 30) Konto-Nummer 2900 60-308 (BLZ 700 202 70) Konto-Nummer 24 17 952 (BLZ 280 200 50) Konto-Nummer 508 50338 00 paypal@kuenker.de, Service charge: 3,5 %

ZAHLUNGEN AUS DEM AUSLAND FOREIGN PAYMENTS Deutsche Bank Osnabrück Sparkasse Osnabrück Postbank Hannover Credit Suisse Credit Cards Paypal

IBAN: DE11 2657 0090 0017 7006 00 Swift-Code: DEUTDE3B265 IBAN: DE50 2655 0105 0000 2473 20 Swift-Code: NOLADE22XXX IBAN: DE73 2501 0030 0290 0603 08 Swift-Code: PBNKDEFF IBAN: CH43 0483 5177 3509 0200 0 Swift-Code: CRESCHZZ80A We do accept VISA and MASTERCARD, Service charge: 4,5 % paypal@kuenker.de, Service charge: 3,5 %

ZAHLUNGEN INNERHALB RUSSLANDS PAYMENTS WITHIN RUSSIA Deutsche Bank Moskau ʽʽʽ Ηʪ̸̨̜̖ ʥ̡̦̌Η

200

ИНН 7728717332; КПП 772801001 Получатель: ЗАО "Кюнкер" счет №: 40702810500000000825; БИК: 044525101 корсчет №: 30101810100000000101