Graduation Project Thesis- Document

DEGREE PROJECT GoSolo: A mobility solution Sponsor : Alabaster Research and Technologies, Ahmedabad, India

Volume : 1 STUDENT : KRITI ANAND KHADIA PROGRAMME : Bachelors of Design (B. Des)

GUIDE : GAYATRI MENON

2020 INDUSTRIAL DESIGN FACULTY (PRODUCT DESIGN)

COPYRIGHT ©2020 Student Documentation publication meant for private circulation only.

No part of this document can be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means electronically or mechanically, including photo copying, xerography or video recording without permission from the publisherKriti Anand Khadia & National Institute of Design.

Edited & Designed By Kriti Anand Khadia

kritikhadia24@gmail.com www.behance.net/kritikhadia Processed & Published At National Institute of Design Paldi, Ahmedabad- 380007 Gujarat, India

www.nid.edu

The Evaluation Jury recommends KRITI ANAND KHADIA for the

Degree of the National Institute of Design IN INDUSTRIAL DESIGN (PRODUCT DESIGN)

herewith, for the project titled " GoSolo : A mobility solution " on fulfilling the further requirements by*

Chairman Members :

Jury Grade : *Subsequent remarks regarding fulfilling the requirements : This Project has been completed in ________________ weeks.

Activity Chairperson, Education

4 • KRITI KHADIA • GRADUATION PROJECT

O R IGINALIT Y STATE M ENT I hereby declare that this submission is my own work and it contains no full or substantial copy of previously published material, or it does not even contain substantial proportions of material which have been accepted for the award of any degree or final graduation of any other educational institution, except where due acknowledgement is made in this graduation project. Moreover I also declare that none of the concepts are borrowed or copied without due acknowledgement. I further declare that the intellectual content of this graduation project is the product of my work, except to the extent that assistance from others in the project's design and conception or in style, presentation and linguistic expression is acknowledged. This graduation project (or part of it) was not and will not be submitted as assessed work in any other academic course.

Student Name in Full:

Signature:

Date:

5

CO PYR IGHT STATE M ENT I hereby grant the National Institute of Design the right to archive and to make available my graduation project/thesis/dissertation in whole or in part in the Institute's Knowledge Management Center in all forms of media, now or hereafter known, subject to the provisions of the Copyright Act. I have either used no substantial portions of copyright material in my document or I have obtained permission to use copyright material.

Student Name in Full:

Signature:

Date:

GOSOLO GOSOLO GOSOLO GOSOLO A

M O B I L I T Y

S O L U T I O N

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0 0. CO NTENTS 01

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

012

02

SYNOPSIS

014

03

THE NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF DESIGN

016

04

PRODUCT DESIGN

018

05

ALABASTER RESEARCH & TECHNOLOGIES

020

06

PROJECT TIME LINE

022

07

UNDERSTANDING

7 A Blue Sky Thinking

026

THE CONTEXT

7 B Challenges in Terms of the Global Macro Environment Forces

028

7 C Statistics

030

7 D Project Brief

032

7 E Articulating the Role of Design Methodologies

034

9

08

09

RESEARCH

INFERENCE: MAPPING OF OPPORTUNITIES

8 A Issues faced by people with limited mobility in Activities of Daily Living

038

8 B Elderly and Disabled Mobility Aid Devices market segments

042

8 C Product Competitors

044

8 D Trends in Assisted Healthcare

056

8 E Architectural Design Standards for Mobility Aids (Wheelchairs)

060

8 F Online Survey

062

8 G A Day in the Life of Wheelchair User

064

8 H Ergonomic Study of Stand-Sit-Stand Posture in Elderly

078

8I

084

Biomechanics of Knees in Sit to Stand (STS) Activity

8 J Seating and Body Positioning in Wheelchairs

088

9A What does the Potential User Need and Desire?

102

9B How do current solutions fall short?

104

9C Design Direction

106

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IDEATION

DETAILING

10 A User Testing of Engineered Prototype PHASE -1 Alpha Test

112

10 A User Testing of Engineered Prototype PHASE -2 Beta Test

130

10 B Visualization PHASE -1 Form Exploration

134

10 B Visualization PHASE -2 Form Refinement with Details

140

10 C Conceptualization, Design Constraints

146

10 C Conceptualization PHASE -1 Component Concepts

148

10 C Conceptualization PHASE -2 Detailed Concepts (Full Assembly)

154

10 C Conceptualization PHASE -3 Final Concept

164

10 D Scenarios where GoSolo significantly increases user's quality of life

182

10 E Mock up and Prototype

192

11 A Design Development

210

11 B Color, Material, Finish

222

11 C Design Implementation

224

11

12

REFLECTION AND LEARNINGS

228

13

REFERENCES

230

14

CITATIONS

236

15

COLOPHON

238

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01.

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G R A D U AT I O N P R O J E C T

ACKN OWLEDGE M ENTS

This document is a consolidation of

I would like to express my heartiest

Next I would like to thank all my faculties,

my learning from four years of design

gratitude to my friends Ananya Kori, Atharva

Mr. Praveen Nahar, Mr. Naim Shaikh,

journey at The National Institute of Design,

Mandhare, Kasturi, V Kishori, K Krittika

Dr. Ranjit Konkar, Dr. Subir Das, Dr. Shilpa

Ahmedabad.

Iyengar and my brother Devashish for their

Das, Mr. Krishnesh Mehta, Mr. Shashank

constant support and motivation.

Mehta, Mr. Sanandan Sudhir and Mr. Sahil

Life took a rough turn in the year 2020

Thappa to impart their wealth of knowledge

with the advent of the Corona Virus

I would like to thank my industrial mentor

pandemic, which only grew stronger over

Mr. Chintan Shinde for his constructive

time. Working on the graduation project

criticism throughout the project and the

I would like to extend my gratitude to Piyush

has been both overwhelming as well as

Alabaster Team; Prem Shah, Aeshna Amin.

bhai, Rohit bhai, Soni bhai, Dalpat kaka,

intensive. Work from home, implied as a

and experiences.

Jairam kaka and all the members of the NID

preventive measure, served as the major

My guide Dr. Gayatri Menon for offering a

workshop who helped me built my ideas

roadblock in the design process to develop

sense of direction whenever I was stuck

into reality and made me feel being at home

tangible outcomes and meeting deadlines.

and make me think about the sensitivity of

in a far away city.

design decisions in stages of development.

I WO U L D L IK E TO D ED ICATE THIS P ROJE CT TO MY PAR ENTS , WHO H AV E A LWAYS B EEN THE PIL L AR OF STR E N GT H , GUIDANC E AND WAR M TH I N M Y L IF E .

The product design department of NID and my PD batchmates to help me grow both as a person and a designer ; I miss the DVC chronicles of PDUG'16.

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02. SYN O PSIS This Graduation Thesis project focuses on

humans using the technology. In later loops,

Design thinking seems to have answers.

creating inclusive healthcare solutions for the

the application of design ethnography drew

The project tries to create a middle-ground for

elderly and people with limited mobility who

a bigger picture of the users' aspirations and

a ‘ need ’ to be understood and a ‘ desire ’ to

use wheelchairs to mobilize and aspire to be

stigmatization of wheelchairs. This resulted in

be fulfilled.

a part of the system and community through

the key insight that Mobility Assistance devices

independent efforts.

will gain greater user acceptance if they

The project uses Simplicity as inspiration

have an aesthetic appeal that fits into home

for methodology and has a universal design

The project began with a lean engineering

environments, public spaces, and are designed

undertone. Individualistic and positive concepts

approach and progressed to the development

to reflect the user's aspirations, needs

such as independence and self love are

of technology. It later incorporated design,

and self-image.

embraced.

user experience, ergonomics, testing, and

A User-Centric Design based understanding

This thesis accentuates contemporary product

design development via visualization and

to achieve a solution was sought after as the

development notions and trends that harness

conceptualization. It employs a non-linear

best approach to such an intrinsic subject of

the full potential of technology without losing

design process with iterative loops to develop

healthcare, so heavily layered and vital for a

the human touch. The project evolution is

and refine the concepts.

good quality of life. Efforts have been made to

driven by introspection, intuition, and inclusivity.

broaden the horizons of perception of mobility

The final result reflects and connects all of the

The initial iteration loops inquired, "What do

aid devices as mere equipment to support the

listed ideals in some way.

the current wheelchairs lack?" and "How might

body to personal gadgets which the user can

we fulfil those gaps?" The solutions tapped

embrace. How do we reduce inequalities and

more on the technology side while ignoring the

stigma among people with limited mobility?

which includes design research, ethnography,

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i ntrod u c tio n

Elderly and people with limited mobility who

As an exception, GoSolo is an elegant mobility

Devices like GoSolo hold a future that ensures

use wheelchairs to mobilize, aspire to be a

device that disguises itself as a lifestyle

well-being and an independent quality life for

part of the system and community by making

product and expands on the capabilities of

the ageing society. The longer people can

independent efforts. Present affordable

the traditional form of motorized wheelchair

remain mobile and take care of themselves,

wheelchairs in a lower-middle- income country

design. The product has an aura of warmth,

the lower are the costs for long term care to

like India are functional assistive devices with

care and simplicity while aiming to encourage

families and society.

a serious tone that often intimidates it’s users.

independence and provide for the user’s

These equipment facilitates the user to travel

physical needs. It assists the user in a wide

from point A to B but lacks to assist them in

range of daily routine activities, thus leading

performing various daily activities without the

them to an independent active lifestyle.

help from a caregiver in different environments.

Based on WHO’s current global projections, Majority of wheelchair users develop a stigma

the number of people aged 65 or older will

towards wheelchairs because the appearance

outnumber children under age 5 by 2020

of the equipment screams “medical device”

and reach from 12% to 22% by 2050. Driven

and they depend on extra help to transfer

by falling fertility rates and shifting family

or stand up despite the use of assistance

demographics from the joint to the nuclear

equipment. It also makes the users reluctant to

family, fewer older people will have families to

use the wheelchairs in public, thus ‘isolating’

take care of.

themselves from the society and doing what they love!

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G R A D U AT I O N P R O J E C T

03. TH E NATIO NAL INSTITUTE O F DE SIGN The National Institute of Design is

Policy & Promotion, Ministry of Commerce

internationally acclaimed as one of the

& Industry, Government of India and

finest educational and research institutions

has been declared 'Institute of National

for Industrial design, Communication,

Importance' by the Parliament. The

Textile and IT Integrated Design. NID offers

mandate for NID is to offer world-class

professional education programmes at

design education and to promote design

Bachelors and Masters level with 5 faculty

awareness and application towards raising

streams and 20 diverse design domains.

the quality of life. The overall structure of NID’s programme is a combination of

In 1957 the Government of India requested

theory, skills, design projects and field

the Ford Foundation to invite Charles and

experiences. Sponsored design projects

Ray Eames to travel across the India. On

are brought into the classroom to provide

April 7, 1958, the Eameses presented

professional experience.

the India Report based on which the

• • • The institutional pedagogy

Government of India with the assistance

NID's creative education culture brings the

of the Ford Foundation and the Sarabhai

students' evolution from being naive and

underlines ‘hands on,

family established the National Institute of

uncertain to becoming nation builders with

Industrial Design, as it was originally called

a sense of endless possibilities. The culture

minds on’ thought

in September 1961 at Ahmedabad. The

of design colleagues shared between

process, liberal studies

institution functions as an autonomous

faculties and students is conductive for

body under the department of Industrial

creative thinking and professionalism.

and learning by doing.

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T h e N I D a c a d e m i c b u i l d i ng d e s i g n e d by G a u ta m S a ra b h a i i n 19 6 4 re f l e cts a s e ns e of c u l tu ra l a n d m o d e r n i nsp i rat i o n.

2 3 ° 0 0 ' 4 0 . 1 " N 7 2 ° 3 4 ' 1 1 . 7 " E

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G R A D U AT I O N P R O J E C T

0 4. PRO DUC T DE SIGN G R A D U AT I O N P R O J E C T

Product design blurs the boundary

Design projects form the core of a product

between tangible and intangible design. It

designer’s education, with gradual increase

is concerned primarily with the relationship

in level of complexity and cover broad

The end of students' academic tenure

between products, systems and those who

areas that product designers are likely to

at NID is marked by the culmination of

use them.

encounter in their professional careers.

a substantial investigation in the field of design on a topic closely allied to

The product design programme at NID

Students are actively encouraged to

their discipline of study. It is through

accentuates on process centric approach

participate in collaborative projects with

the graduation project and subsequent

which shapes a student’s education

industrial houses, social sector, government

documentation of the same that this

through participation and teamwork.

& MNC's. Design projects can be broadly

investigation takes place. This is the

Responsibility and concern towards

classified into domains of :

final academic project for the student.

the social, physical and ecological

• Design for industry

The graduation project should reflect the

environments is emphasized in the process

• Design for quality of life

thought leadership manifested through

of developing innovative ideas. The

• Design for healthcare

creativity and innovation.

programme assimilates inputs in diverse

• Design for social impact

domains such as human factors, cognitive

• Design for sustainability

A jury comprising faculty members

ergonomics, form studies, studio skills,

• Design led futures

evaluates the student's performance in the

advanced CAD, research methods, design

graduation project, after which the students

management, materials & manufacturing

are awarded NID's professional education

processes & social sciences.

programme final graduation.

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connects people, ideas, objects quality per se eventually everything

the quality of the connections is the key to

Charles Eames - Architect, Industrial and Graphic Designer, Filmmaker

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G R A D U AT I O N P R O J E C T

05. AL ABASTER R E SE ARCH & TECH N O LOGIE S ABOUT

PROJECTS

VISION

Alabaster Research, founded in 2018

The company currently traverses across the

Alabaster aims to be the leading source of

is a startup developing technology that

Medtech and Assistive Tech spaces with

ideas and products to improve the quality

addresses both societal and market

two NPDs (New Product Development) in

of human life, foster independence and

gaps. The company addresses global

the pipeline :

bring dignity to the lives of people.

GoSolo - An Ergonomic Assistive mobility

MISSION

development challenges through well researched high-impact solutions.

Device, that facilitates the elderly and The company works towards the following

people with limited mobility, to move around

Enabling high-impact solutions for a healthy,

UN Sustainable Development Goals

in seated or semi standing posture, stand

equal and sustainable human existence.

(SDGs)-

up, reach different heights and transfer anywhere independently.

SpastoPro - Portable Robot-assisted Therapy for Upper Limb Fine-motor rehab that enables automated extension of wrists and fingers with customized rehab programs for patients.

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G R A D U AT I O N P R O J E C T

06. PROJEC T TIM E LIN E 2020

FEBRUARY JUN E JULY AUGUST SEPTEMBER

BR AI NS TO R M I N G + M AR K E T & T R E N DS ANALYSIS + E N G . PROTOT YPE AL PHA T E S T

M A RCH + A PR I L + M AY ; PRO J EC T AT H A LT D U E TO COVI D1 9

D E SI G N R E SE ARCH HYPOT H E SIS + R E SE ARCH

L I T E R AT U R E R E AD I N G + S T R E N GT H E N I N G T H E PR E M ISE

I N T E RVI E WS + E N G . PROTOT YPE BE TA T E S T + G E N E R AT I N G I NSI G H TS + D R AF T I N G D E SI GN BR I E F

SCE NAR I O BU I L D I N G + PRO D U C T VISUAL IZ AT I O N

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OC TOBER DECEMBER JAN UARY FEBRUARY MARCH

D E SI GN & CO N CE P T UAL IZ AT I O N

N OV E M B E R ; PRO J EC T AT H A LT D U E TO COV I D1 9

F I NAL CO N CE P T D E VE LO PM E N T + 3 D MO D E L L I N G + D I GI TAL R E N D E R I N G

2021

D E SI GN D E TAI L I N G + BU I L D I N G APPE AR AN CE M OCK U P

MOCK U P DOCU M E N TAT I O N + VISUAL IZI N G I M AGI N E D POSSI BI L I T I E S

PROJ EC T DOCU M E N TAT I O N + BU I L D I N G F I NAL WO R K I N G PROTOT YPE

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G R A D U AT I O N P R O J E C T

07. U N DER STAN DIN G TH E CO NTE X T Understanding the global macro environment forces such as the social, cultural, material, economic and political, helps to provide a sense of direction for design thought and action. This learning goes through several iterations but at the end of these cycles the level of conviction and sense of purpose is usually very high. One seeks to understand the user, challenge assumptions and redefine problems in an attempt to identify strategies and address ambiguity that accompanies the exploration. Lifetime experiences related to the context are explored through the processes of brainstorming and creative mapping tools. The impact on the situation is examined with an open minded attitude that is inclusive in nature rather than being overly critical.

• • • The ripple effect is an analogy for interdependence of events or forces that have both short-and long-term impacts on the context.

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7A. BLU E SK Y THIN KIN G

Assistance for Do It Yourself - Motivation & Confidence- Independence - Happiness

AI & Sedentary Lifestyle Biomechanics

Primary Concern- Mobility Issues faced in activities of daily living due to aging. Dependence on others for help.

Self Hygiene

Secondary Concern- Mobility Issues faced in activities of daily living due to disability.

Indian Cultural Traditions Social Burden

Target- Private sector initiatives that ensure efficiency, affordability, and sustainability.

Infrastructure

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7B.

•

G R A D U AT I O N P R O J E C T

CHALLEN GE S IN TER MS O F TH E GLO BAL MACRO ENVIRO N M ENT FO RCE S

D E MOGR APH ICS

SOCIO -CU LT U R AL

ECO N OM IC

Increase Longevity

Westernization- Nuclear Families

Who pays?

Generation Gap

Fast & Demanding lifestyles

Affordability

Migration for better jobs

Prevalent Illiteracy in current seniors

Pension

Demographics trend- Older Adults

Marginalization

Lack of job opportunities

Rudimentary stereotypes towards disability

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NAT U R AL

T ECH N O LOGICAL

PO LITICAL

Climate change

AI & Automation

Government Policies

Sustainable manufacturing

Clinical Mobility

Development of cities- Infrastructure

Product Life cycle

Smart Homes

Political Campaigns Certifications

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G R A D U AT I O N P R O J E C T

7C. STATISTICS

Mint, 2018 Times of India, 2019

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G R O W T H O F T H E P O P U L AT I O N A G E D 6 5 & O L D E R I N I N D I A & C H I N A ( World H ealth O rganization)

Mint, Agewell 2018 data

3.9 Cr Senior Citizens in Urban Sector

Million

17.3 crore increase by 2026

Agewell 2018 data

50 L akhs G L O B A L E L D E R LY & D I S A B L E D A S S I S T I V E D E V I C E S M A R K E T F O R E C A S T

Senior Citizens with limited mobility 5 lakh can afford

(Allied Market Research)

• • • Mobility Aid Devices segment is projected as one of the most lucrative segments among the LIVING AIDS DEVICES

MOBILITY AIDS DEVICES

MEDICAL FURNITURE

BATHROOM SAFETY EQUIPMENT

assistive devices market.

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G R A D U AT I O N P R O J E C T

7D. PROJEC T BR IEF TITLE

B R I E F D E TA I L S

GoSolo : A mobility solution

• Physical Ergonomics- Seating and Posture Management, Indian Anthropometric Dimensions, Safety of the device, Task Analysis- Sit to Stand & vice versa

BRIEF

• Cognitive Ergonomics- Revising the operations, Look and Feel of the device

Design research aimed at identifying the

• UI /UX- Market Research and Products Analysis, Clinical Condition Study, Environment

unmeet needs in the wheelchair market and

Analysis, Scenario Mapping, Interviews & Surveys

to design the User Experience, Aesthetics and Ergonomics of a motorized mobility

• User Testing and Generating Insights

device for Indian users.

• Aesthetics- Form Language, CMF (Color, Material, Finish) • Design Development- CAD (1:1 scale model) for rapid prototyping, Mounting Design, Engineered Components Analysis, Technical Drawings • Future Scope of the product

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POI N TS 1. Independence is an important human need.

2. Improvement in independence will lead to greater mental wellbeing (happiness,contentment etc) and

Is independence

hence improve quality of life.

really an important

3. Mobility is one of the major hurdles, that prevents

need for the elderly?

most elderly people from leading an independent and active lifestyle.

What are the aspirations

Are they aware of

of the customer that

various alternatives for

they perceive will make them happy?

Do they actually want active lives?

assisted mobility and what do they think about those?

projec t hypothesis

Do the elderly think that independent mobility would help them in leading more active and happier lives?

Do they want assisted mobility?

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7E .

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G R A D U AT I O N P R O J E C T

ARTICU L ATIN G TH E RO LE O F DE SIGN M E TH O DO LOGIE S

Design deals with the unknown and gives shape to the unknown future. Design Methodology elucidates the set of iterative methods and tools that are employed to facilitate the design process to explore this unknown. It brings out of the box ‘thinking’ into play and removes the barriers of assumptions in a designer’s research regarding the user.

N E E D F O R D E S I G N F R A M E WO R K By, K r i t i K h a d i a / S E M -7 Sy s te m D e s i g n / D e s i g n i n I n d i a n A r my

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GEN ER IC BIOM EDICAL ENGIN EER ING DESIGN PROCESS Design of Biomedical Devices and Systems By, King Fries

DESIGN THINKING

USER CENTRIC DESIGN

SIMPLICITY

Design Thinking is an iterative loop

Shaping experiences to improve lives.

Keeping the features out. This design

where one seeks to understand the user,

User Centric Design revolves around the

philosophy leads to design a simplified

challenge assumptions, and redefine

tangible and intangible aspects of the

product that is less complex to operate

problems in an attempt to identify strategies

user's life. Designing the product around

thus providing a better attitude towards the

and solutions. In employing design thinking,

broader aspirations of users rather than

use of the product.

one pulls together what's desirable from

narrowly focusing on the product, helps to

a human point of view, technologically

tell a bigger story while still remaining highly

feasible and economically viable.

relevant to the product.

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G R A D U AT I O N P R O J E C T

0 8. R E SE ARCH Design research gradually reveals the complexity of design research and strategies. The design process deals with access to information for many different types such as published & reported facts, speculations, field-based observations and self-initiated experiments, which are contextually mediated to fill gaps in the investigation. The aim of these design research efforts tends to be to find useful insights into the design action and the decisions to be taken.

Design research inspires imagination and informs intuitions through a variety of methods with related intent to expose patterns and the rich reality of human behavior and experience, to explore the reactions of probes and prototypes, and to shed light on the unknown through iterative hypotheses and experiments.

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8A. ISSU E S FACED BY PEO PLE WITH LIM ITED

MO BILIT Y IN AC TIVITIE S O F DAILY LIVIN G

B A S I C A C T I V I T I E S O F D A I LY LIVING (BADL)

I N S T R U M E N TA L A C T I V I T I E S O F D A I LY L I V I N G ( I A D L )

• • •

The Basic Activities of Daily Living (BADL)

The Instrumental Activities of Daily living

refers to people's daily self care activities.

(IADL) are not necessary for fundamental

into the issues faced by

Health professionals often use a person's

functioning, but they let an individual

the elderly with reduced

ability or inability to perform ADLs as a

live independently in a community. The

measurement of their functional status,

user may or may not need a caregiver to

mobility and wheelchair

particularly in regard to people with post

perform these activities depending on the

users in their BADLs &

injury traumas, people with disabilities and

status of their clinical condition and ability

the elderly.

to mobilise.

IADLs.

BADL's are the most basic functions which

IADL's include Cleaning and maintaining

includes Toileting, Continence, Bathing,

the house, Managing money, Moving within

Dressing & Grooming, Transferring and

the community, Preparing meals, Shopping

Feeding.

for groceries and necessities, Taking prescribed medications and Using the telephone or other form of communication.

The research digs deep

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SU PPO RT

N EEDS

PR I E S TS S E L F

T E ACH E R S

AC T UA L IZ AT I O N

L I F E E S T E E M

COACH E S

M E N TO R S

PSYCH O LO G IS TS T H E R APIS TS

B E LO N G I N G

I N S T R U M E N TA L A D L s BASIC ADLs

SAF E T Y

H O M EC AR E

AG E N CI E S

C AR EG IVE R S

D O C TO R S PH YS I O LO G I C A L

N U R S E S

BADLs and IADLs compared to the Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs (Ref- kindlycare.com)

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BAT H I N G

TOI LE TI N G/CO N TI N E N CE

D R E SSI N G & GROOM I N G

• The device getting wet while bathing

• Hygiene- touching the toilet seat with

• Standing to wear clothes- pants, saree

• Reaching the towel/clothes

bare hands, Touching controller before

• Bending down to wash legs/pick up

washing hands

• Belts holding the person while standing coming in between while wearing

fallen soap/ pick up tumbler filled with

• Difficulty to reach floor to pick up things

water

• Removing clothes in seating position

• Reaching the dressing table/ drawers

• Changing the room interior to put

• Taking out clothes from the closet

• Wheels dirt in the bathroom, watery wheels inside the house after coming out of bathroom

assistive equipment to hold on

clothes

• Bending down to wear footwear

• Thresholds on bathroom entrance

Source- Google Images

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COO KI N G

T R ANSF E R R I N G

MOVI N G ARO U N D

• Hampered visibility of things on platform

• Support needed- handles, straps, walls,

• Furniture as obstacles

• Reaching high cupboards and shelves

car body etc.

• Small turnings and narrow passages

• Placement of the wheelchair along the

• Fatigue caused during standing up

• Thresholds at doors

platform- knee/foot- front/ side way

• Misalignment of the device with the

• How to carry objects/bags

working • Fatigue caused due to Energy distribution- standing, chopping, kneading, shaping, stirring etc.

bed/chair/car doorway to seat- space and angle, device seat height • Good Upper extremity strength or help required to transfer at heights not equal to wheelchair seat height • Transferring the device to car boot Source- Google Images

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8 B. ELDER LY AN D DISABLED MO BILIT Y AID DEVICE S MAR KE T SEGM ENTS

MANUAL WHEELCHAIRS

POWER WHEELCHAIRS

• Standard- Folding Frame, Rigid Frame

• Standard- Power, Multi terrain, Multi drives

• Special- Commode. Sports, Standing, Stair

• Positioning- Tilt, Recline, Elevating, Standing, Stair

• Hand cycles

• Power Add on to manual wheelchairs

Open mechanisms

Open mechanisms + Portability Issues

Does not provide complete independence in daily activities

Does not provide complete independence in daily activities

Need of extra help even while using an assistive device

Positioning Power Wheelchairs are not affordable to majority of Indian users

Source- Google Images

43

MOBILIT Y SCOOTERS

TRANSFER DEVICES

CRUTCHES / WALKER S

• Standard- All terrain, 3 and 4 wheeled

• Chair / Bed Transfer lift

• Canes

• Lightweight

• Stair Lift

• Crutches- Underarm, Elbow, Platform

• Transfer Boards / Seat / Straps

• Walkers- Rollators, Knee walkers etc.

The look of scooter does not blend with

Installation issues of transfer lifts

interior environments

Portability Issues

Low affordability and availability in India

No assistance to perform daily activities Transfer requires help from caregiver

Source- Google Images

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8C. PRO DUC T COM PE TITO R S The product competitors analysis helps to understand the design and marketing of the Elderly & Disabled mobility aid devices. 13 different products of successful companies from around the world are studied in detail based on capacity, type of users targeted, ergonomics, affordance, challenges tackled, companies’ product vision, aesthetics and pros & cons of the product.

LIST OF PRODUCT STUDIED -

1. Ostrich, Tetra - LX Electric Wheelchair (INDIA) 2. Ostrich, ECSTACY ED220 Mobility Scooter (INDIA) 3. Foldawheel, Pegasus II (Semi-Power Standing Wheelchair) 4. Foldawheel, Draco (Electric Standing Wheelchair) 5. Karma, Ergo Stand (KP-80) 6. Chinesport, Struzzo 7. Pride, Jazzy Air 8. Pride, VivaLift!® Atlas Plus - PLR-2985 Power Lift Recliners 9. Phoenix Medical, Arise- standing wheelchair (INDIA)

45

01

S P E C I F I C AT I O N S

TYPE Need Based customization, aging citizen

OSTRICH, India

USER

Tetra - LX Electric Wheelchair INR 1,44,000

Self weight- 95 kg, LBH- 85 x 64 x 70 cm, DIMENSIONS

4 inches ground level distance, Load- 130 kg Regular, Indoor/Outdoor

FREQUENCY OF USE Metal body, Plastic covering, Rexine & Foam Seats M AT E R I A L S Moving Joystick, pressing buttons, Buckling belts, PHYSICAL DEMAND

holding the handles Maneuvering, Constant check on direction- visual, thinking, Height

M E N TA L D E M A N D

adjustments Suspension for safety & comfort, Split Frame Technology

T ECH N O LO GY Suitable for any road conditions, Total worry free time for users, CHALLENGES TA C K L E D

Urine bag holder provided below the seat Design with you and design for you- customization offered,

PROS

Foldable, Adjustable footrest, Call/Fault Alarm, Drive control stability No posture change facility, Removal of seat for portability, No aid to

CO NS

stand up independently, Open mechanisms, Cleaning issues

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02

S P E C I F I C AT I O N S

TYPE Need Based customization, aging citizens

OSTRICH, India

USER

ECSTACY ED220 Mobility Scooter INR 79,000 (approx)

Self Weight- 80kg, LBH- 110 x 114 x 64 cm, Load- 130kg DIMENSIONS Regular, Indoor/outdoor FREQUENCY OF USE Metal body, Rexine & Foam Seats M AT E R I A L S Moving Joystick, pressing buttons, holding the handle PHYSICAL DEMAND Maneuvering, Constant check on direction, Height adjustments (for M E N TA L D E M A N D

moving in and out of device), Thinking for space management Articulated frame tech

T ECH N O LO GY Facilitates basic mobility, Best Safety, comfort and technology all CHALLENGES TA C K L E D

combined to give you a perfect driving experience Good Foot space provided, Clean design, Revolving seat for ease

PROS

of coming in and going out of the device, Basket to keep stuff Seat removal for portability, No aid to stand up independently, the

CO NS

scooter look does not blend with interior

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03

S P E C I F I C AT I O N S

TYPE Users with only one workable hand or finger, weaker and gripping

FOLDAWHEEL

USER

Pegasus II (Semi-Power Standing Wheelchair)

power Self Weight- 35 kg, LBH- 90 x 50 x 48 cm ,

DIMENSIONS

INR 3,54,060

Seat Widths provided- 14”, 16” and 18” Regular

FREQUENCY OF USE Aluminium body, Gastrocnemius Belt M AT E R I A L S Pressing the tip for armrest for up/down position, Sliding wheels for PHYSICAL DEMAND

motion, Tying multiple belts, Holding handle Deciding the angle to stand at, Remember to tie multiple belts

M E N TA L D E M A N D Hydraulic system, Quick release casters T ECH N O LO GY Frequent & Easy stand-up or sit down improving health, Prevents CHALLENGES TA C K L E D

bedsore, Minimizes muscle spasm and joint stiffness Lightweight, Adjustable footrest & seat depth, Standing posture

PROS

reduces pressure ulcers Detachment into multiple parts for portability, Open mechanics,

CO NS

Strapy, Cannot move while standing, Cleaning issues

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04

S P E C I F I C AT I O N S

TYPE Wheelchairs users in common

FOLDAWHEEL

USER

Draco (Electric Standing Wheelchair) INR 7,22,872

Self Weight- 135 kg (max) , LBH- 110 x 67 x 80 cm , DIMENSIONS

Seat widths provided- 14”, 16” and 18” Regular

FREQUENCY OF USE Aluminium body, Gastrocnemius Belt, Acrylic sheets M AT E R I A L S Pressing the buttons on panel, Moving joystick with fingers, PHYSICAL DEMAND

Tying multiple belts, holding handle Deciding directions- visual & thinking, Remember to tie

M E N TA L D E M A N D

multiple belts Dynamic Controller, Spring suspensions, 30 km with full charge,

T ECH N O LO GY

LED graphic display, 8 wheels for stability Full function capability to move, stand, sit, recline and lie down in

CHALLENGES TA C K L E D

safe & comfortable positions, No transferring multiple times to rest Automatic speed adjustment while standing, Night lights, H-shaped

PROS

safety harness, Obstructions free space to stand & work High Cost, Open mechanisms, Takes too much space, Strapy, No

CO NS

leg space, Cleaning & Maintenance issues

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05

S P E C I F I C AT I O N S

TYPE Wheelchairs users in common

KARMA

USER

Ergo Stand (KP-80) INR 4,24,910

Self Weight- 91 kg , 80-120 degree backrest angle adjustment, DIMENSIONS

Seat widths provided - 40,44,48 cm Regular

FREQUENCY OF USE Aluminium Body M AT E R I A L S Pressing the buttons l, Moving joystick with fingers, Tying belts, PHYSICAL DEMAND

Holding the handle Deciding directions- visual & thinking, Remember to tie multiple

M E N TA L D E M A N D

belts, Adjustability decision Swing away controller, H- shaped seat belt, Front wheel drive,

T ECH N O LO GY

Min. Turning radius- 62 cm, VR 2 Controller Recline position redistribute weight on buttocks, Knee support for

CHALLENGES TA C K L E D

stabilizing & avoid accidental slipping, Medical benefits of standing Increase your freedom- stand up again, Mud guard, curved seat

PROS

for pressure distribution & reduce slipping Open Mechanism, Cleaning & Maintenance issues, Repair issues

CO NS

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G R A D U AT I O N P R O J E C T

S P E C I F I C AT I O N S

TYPE Paralytic person with enough control of one hand, Spinal Cord

CHINESPORT

USER

Struzzo INR 4,47,000

Injury, Paraplegics, Multiple Sclerosis, Elderly (lift issue) Self Weight - 70 kg, LBH- 95.5 x 60 x 95-115 cm

DIMENSIONS Regular, Indoor FREQUENCY OF USE Anti-decubitus cushion, Metal with a foam rubber M AT E R I A L S

covering- Cladding, ABS body Adjusting the seat for transfer, Joystick motion, Holding handles,

PHYSICAL DEMAND

Leaning on service tray, Wearing the straps, Sliding on to the seat Deciding the angle to stand at, Remember to tie multiple belts

M E N TA L D E M A N D Electric motor with manual control, Joystick T ECH N O LO GY Maintain an upright position, No assistance from caregiver required, CHALLENGES TA C K L E D

Access to high shelves, Ease of movement in narrow passages Adjustable heel rest, Service tray for front body support and

PROS

standing position, Long seat (36 cm) for transfer, Safety Padding Limited use, Cannot sit for long or travel long distances, Incompat-

CO NS

ible with Indian attires, Open mechanism, Cleaning & Repair issues

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07

S P E C I F I C AT I O N S

TYPE All wheelchair users

PRIDE MOBILITY

USER

Jazzy Air INR 2,94,976

LB- 106.5 x 58.9 cm DIMENSIONS Regular, Outdoor/ Indoor FREQUENCY OF USE Upholstered car seat, Plastic lower body M AT E R I A L S Moving the joystick, Holding Handle, Seat & Height Adjustments PHYSICAL DEMAND Deciding directions- visual & thinking, Remembering to tie belts, M E N TA L D E M A N D

Height Adjustment decision Active track suspension with mid wheel technology, Single sided

T ECH N O LO GY

caster forks, Electro-mechanical braking system Elevate your life, Fast rise up to 12 inches, Lower floor to seat

CHALLENGES TA C K L E D

height enabling user to sit comfortably, Face to face engagement Bright LED marker lights, Multiple accessories provided for

PROS

customization, Access to high places No aid to stand up, No access to lower heights,

CO NS

Open mechanism, Cleaning & Repair Issues

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08

S P E C I F I C AT I O N S

TYPE Elderly

PRIDE MOBILITY

USER

VivaLift!® Atlas Plus - PLR-2985 Power Lift Recliners

Self Weigh t- 74.3 kg, Dimensions of a regular sofa DIMENSIONS

INR 1,03,193 Regular, Indoor FREQUENCY OF USE Rexine / Leather- optional upholstery of the seat, Aluminium Internal M AT E R I A L S

chassis Sit on the chair, Operating the remote, Standing up from the chair

PHYSICAL DEMAND Deciding the angle to stand up M E N TA L D E M A N D 4 motor recliner T ECH N O LO GY Comfort & Relaxation, Countless position combinations, Enjoy the CHALLENGES TA C K L E D

luxury of infinite lay-flat positioning, Helps in standing up Hide-away smart phone charging station, Cup Holder,

PROS

Power Headrest, Power Lumbar Limited use- no mobility provided

CO NS

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09

S P E C I F I C AT I O N S

TYPE Disabled with adequate uppe body strength

PHOENIX MEDICAL, India

USER

Arise- standing wheelchair INR 15,000 (approx)

DIMENSIONS Regular, Outdoor/ Indoor FREQUENCY OF USE Metal chassis M AT E R I A L S Applying brakes, Rotating side handles to stand up, Rotating PHYSICAL DEMAND

wheels to move (manual operation) Deciding the direction, Remembering to put brakes before standing

M E N TA L D E M A N D Adjustable rear wheel position for smoother propulsion, Gas spring, T ECH N O LO GY

Standing angle of 75° Elevate your life, Fast rise up to 12 inches, Lower floor to seat

CHALLENGES TA C K L E D

height enabling user to sit comfortably, Face to face engagement Reaching different heights increase confidence and self esteem,

PROS

Health benefits of standing, Affordable solution No mobility while standing, Open mechanism, Cleaning issues,

CO NS

Front center wheel- obstruction for leg movement, No leg space

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cu sto m e r expec tatio n s What feat u res of co m p e ti ng p ro d u c ts d o th e cu sto m ers co n sid er essentia l i n o rder to m a ke a p u rcha se?

BASED ON PRODUCT REVIEWS Regular Indoor & Outdoor use : Household, Parks, Social events Simple Maneuver & Transfer for easy use

What co u ld m a ke a p otentia l cu sto m er wo r r y t hat t h ey ’re m a k i ng t h e wro ng ch oice?

S P E C U L AT I O N S O N L I M I TAT I O N S Proper Certifications and doctors/ therapists recommendations.

The planning of house, less runway space, tight passages, slippery surfaces

Customization options in seat according

and compact rooms causing difficulty in

to health condition and Sitting stability to

movement with the product.

reduce bedsores and fatigue Open mechanical components causing Portability and long lasting battery

injuries and accidents.

Extra returns on investment other than an

The product does not look and feel

aid for mobility like :

worth the money.

User experience & Good looks to feel confident to take it anywhere.

Opportunity for Social Inclusion Enjoy Independent life both physically and emotionally.

55

MORE INDEPENDENCE

GOSO LO

INR

1,80,000 (approx)

3,00,000

4,50,000

LESS INDEPENDENCE

6,00,000

7, 5 0 , 0 0 0

8,00,000

50,000

INR

1,50,000

targe t co m pe titio n

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8 D. TR EN DS IN ASSISTED H E ALTH CAR E "The manufacturers perceive the wheelchairs as a tool of mobility rather than an assistive device that can improve the quality of life, enable people to access of education, livelihood & social opportunities." said Ritu Ghosh, deputy director of training at mobility India.

Feedback from service providers regarding the design of wheelchairs does not reach the manufacturers, thus creating a GAP!

wh eelch ai rs i n I n d ia

57

As part of its service offering, Enable Travel will introduce quality transportation in the form of wheelchair accessible vehicles, aids and accessories like ramps and specialized wheelchairs for those who are wheelchair bound.

People with disabilities have the same desire to travel but lack of accessible environment reduces their desire to travel outside.

a co n ce pt of a ssisted travel i n I n d ia

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With increase in lifespan and children moving out for career and education, senior citizens living independently face issues to tackle on their own in their daily lives. Problems like calling a plumber, carpenter, going to social events, booking movie tickets etc.

The company's endeavor is to recreate the warmth, safety and comfort the elderly get from their children.

“ANAVAYA A” a p p ba sed se n io r H o m e ca re se r vices

59

COMPUTER VISION SYSTEMS Localization & Mapping, Using point cloud data to detect hazards like holes, stairs, or obstacles.

A Comprehensive Review of Smart

A smart wheelchair (SW) is a

Wheelchairs: Past, Present & Future

power wheelchair (PW) to which

BY- Jesse Leaman, and Hung M. La,

computers, sensors, and assistive

Senior Member, IEEE

technology are attached.

Many patients cannot manipulate

HAND GESTURE

a standard joystick due to lack of

CONTROL

muscle coordination, involuntary

Intelligent Control Wheel-

movements, a delay in reaching

chair Using a New Visual

motor skills & shaking tremors.

Joystick, BY- Yassine Rabhi , Makrem Mrabet, and Farhat Fnaiech

i ntellige nt wh eelch ai rs

Using the power of AI in mobility aids to help the severely disabled people restore their independence.

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8 E . ARCHITEC TU R AL DE SIGN STAN DAR DS FO R MO BILIT Y AIDS ( WH EELCHAIR S)

AIR POR

BU ST

S OT O

ES EG LL O

S

H M

C

RK

RE ES

inclusivity and reduces inequalities.

PA

A

standards of public spaces. This promotes

AT E

C

devices more adaptable to universal design

LS

GYMS

S

S

standards for mobility aids by making the

O

E FFIC

O

TE

THE

WHE RE CAN ONE SE E GoSolo?

HOME

solution is to lower the architectural design

S

BANKS

down the development of inclusive spaces for these marginalized groups. A versatile

TA L

ING M ALLS

SPI

renovation of public spaces is a conundrum for policy makers and investors, slowing

H

PS

HO

O

unnecessary barriers for them. The

TS

S

design standards for mobility aids creates

SHOPP

awareness and knowledge of architectural

SP

and economic development. Lack of

IST

with disabilities to participate in societal

UR

marginalized group of elderly and people

TO

and implemented, can empower the

R A I LWAY S TAT I O N

Infrastructure, if properly designed

RS

61

R A M PS

S LI P R E SISTAN T

E L E VATO R S

SU R FACE S Maximum Slope- 1" rise

Concrete, Rubber grips,

to every 12" length

Sand sprinkled on

BAT H ROOM

DOO R WI DT H S

DOO R S At least 6 persons

Opening outside

Minimum 34"

more space inside

wet paint etc.

ACCE SSI B L E

HAN D R AI L S /

H EI G H TS

G R AB BAR S

Objects within reach Lowered electrical switches

ASSI G N E D S PACE

SPACE PL AN N I N G

SI G NAG E S

In walkways, toilets,

Avoid obstruction in

Provision for easy

Easy identification of

bathrooms, ramps etc.

busy public spaces

movement

spaces, cautions etc.

Knee clearance

D E S I G N

S T A N D A R D S

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•

G R A D U AT I O N P R O J E C T

O N LIN E SU RVEY

The survey questionnaire is based on the

A C T I V I T I E S I M P O R TA N T F O R T H E R E S P O N D E N T S F O R A CO N T E N T E D L I F E

research hypothesis questions emerged from the secondary design research, the question pool and previous market research done in the area. The form was circulated across India online.

81 . 3%

3 4.4%

3 4.4%

25%

1 8 . 8%

b ei ng ac t ively Ac tive p a r ticip atio n O cca sio nal O u td o o r Ac tivities Tr aveling & ot h ers e nga ge d i n in so cial events of so cializatio n wit h like ga rd ening , going day-to - day ro u t i n e f r ien ds a n d fa mily f r ien ds a n d fa milies to res t au r a nts , religio us p laces etc .

NUMBER OF R ESPONDENTS- 32

01

02

03

GENDER COUNT

RESPONDENTS AGE

LIVING CIRCUMSTANCES

GROUP

AND SUPPORT

fe m ale 46 .9 % m ale 53 .1%

61 & above 37. 5% 20 - 30

31 - 40

41 - 50

51 - 60

12.5 %

12.5 %

18.8 %

18.8 %

at h o m e (ex te n s i ve s u p p o r t re q u i re d p rov i d e d by f a m i ly) at h o m e (ca n d o d a i ly ac t i v i t i es o n my ow n) at h o m e (ex te n s i ve s u p p o r t re q u i re d p rov i d e d h i re d ca reg i ve rs) co m m u n i t y ca re/ s h e lte re d h o u s i n g s u p p o r te d by s t a f f

4 6 .9 % 3 4 .4% 1 5 . 6% 3 .1 %

63

04

05

06

HOW LONG CAN

HOW LONG CAN

EXPERIENCE OF

RESPONDENT WALK

RESPONDENT STAND

DISCOMFORT WHILE

ON THEIR OWN?

ON THEIR OWN?

STANDING UP

less th a n 1 0 m i n 37. 5% less th a n 1 0 m i n 43 . 8%

ex tre m ely 31 . 3%

30-45 min

45 min +

10-30 min

30-45 min

45 min +

10-30 min

A Little

Mostly

Moderately

Not at All

12.5 %

18.8 %

31.3%

3.1 %

18.8 %

34.4%

3.1 %

18.8 %

21.9 %

25 %

07

08

09

IMPORTANCE OF

HOW CONTENT DO

IS LACK OF MOBILITY

DECISION MAKING

THE RESPONDENT FEEL

HAMPERING THE IDEA

REGARDING DAILY

WITH THEIR ACTIVE

OF CONTENT LIFE OF

ACTIVITIES

LIFESTYLE?

THE RESPONDENT?

m od e rately 3 4.4%

m ostly 25%

yes 59.4%

A Little

Moderately

Extremely

Not at all

Not at all

A Little

Extremely

Mostly

Maybe

No

15.6 %

18.8 %

18.8 %

21.9 %

6.3 %

12.5 %

21.9 %

25 %

12.5%

28.1 %

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8G. A DAY IN TH E LIFE O F WH EELCHAIR USER S 'A day in the life of wheelchair users'- This

th e m od i f icatio n

interaction approach helps to identify the needs, desires & activities of the user on a daily basis. The interviews converts from

A S P I R AT I O N S

E M OT I O N S / B E H AV I O R

being Q&As to discussions & storytelling.

P E R S O N A L FAC TO R S

E N V I R O N M E N TA L FAC TO R S

INTERVIEW T YPE Long, Telephonic, Semi-Structured B O DY F U N C T I O N S & STRUCTURE

AC T IV I T I E S

PA RT I CI PAT I O N

D ATA S T R U C T U R I N G H E A LT H CO N D I T I O N

The International Classification of Functioning (ICF) approved by World

ADLs

Health Assembly in 2001 is a framework to describe & organize information on health and disability. It provides a standard language, addresses design criteria, where the user, user’s activities, health condition the environment etc. are integrated, and if one changes the others change too.

th e I CF m od el (m od i f ied)

NUMBERING

Toileting Cooking Bathing Dressing & Grooming Transferring (Bed/Chair) Transferring (Car Seat)

1 2 3 4 5 6

65

01

A S P I R AT I O N S

E M OT I O N S / B E H AV I O R

Mr. Praful Shah Ahmedabad (G.J.)

In olden days I took long road trips in my

Jolly, Open to talk, “Feels Relieved to be

PRODUCT USED

Ambassador car and wish to keep travelling

able to mobilise”

Mobility Scooter- 10 years

as much possible even if small distances,

Pride Go Go

“Don’t want to be confined in the house”

82 Years old Male, Lives with his family,

Garden, Office, Designed my house- low level plinths

Driver as Caretaker for outdoors

Spends time in Living room /Bedroom

P E R S O N A L FAC TO R S

E N V I R O N M E N TA L FAC TO R S

Heavy body, Tall, Legs spread

Difficulty in transferring to car seat

Retired Trustee @ Polio Foundation,

apart while sitting, Trembling Fin-

as the seat levels don’t match

Socially Active, Gives speeches & talks

gers, Good upper body Strength

No Repair Access, ADLs- 1,3,4,5

@ Institutes, Office work 2-3 hrs daily

B O DY F U N C T I O N S & S T R U C T U R E

AC T I V I T I E S

H E A LT H CO N D I T I O N

Paraplegic, Weak knees, Major mobility issue

PA R T I C I PAT I O N

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02

A S P I R AT I O N S

E M OT I O N S / B E H AV I O R

Flt. Lt. Parikshit Hastekar Nagpur (M.H.)

To be able to stand up & talk to everyone.

Exclusion, Determined, Empathizes with

PRODUCT USED

“Freedom of movement for family and

people in similar situations-“Such people

Manual Wheelchair- 6.5 Years

himself.”

living without a family, the wheelchair is

Current- Power Wheelchair

their lifeline.”

Male, Lives with his wife and parents,

Reflexology Research Center @ AIIMS Delhi, Gym, Garden,

A caretaker required for exercises

Shopping malls, Supportive family & friends

P E R S O N A L FAC TO R S

E N V I R O N M E N TA L FAC TO R S

Developed upper body strength,

Was a Helicopter Pilot in Indian Air

Improved Cognitive functions &

Does daily physiotherapy exercises

Force, Gives inspirational speeches and

can maneuver on his own

& gym, ADLs= 1,4

visits at schools, Socially very active

B O DY F U N C T I O N S & S T R U C T U R E

AC T I V I T I E S

PA R T I C I PAT I O N

H E A LT H CO N D I T I O N

Paraplegic, Accidental Chopper crash in Siachen- on recovery of physical & cognitive functions due to brain damage

67

03

Mr. Ritesh Avaidhya Bhilai (C.G.)

A S P I R AT I O N S

E M OT I O N S / B E H AV I O R

Work for my family

Casual, Acceptance of the condition

PRODUCT USED Motorized Wheelchair Model FW639, Mediquip

40 Years old Male, Lives with his family,

Small House, Spends most time in Bedroom, Supportive

Wife and children as caretaker

relatives & friends, Banks, Shopping malls

P E R S O N A L FAC TO R S

E N V I R O N M E N TA L FAC TO R S

Tall, healthy body,

Stands up for short periods by hold-

Office Worker, Tries to actively

Good upper body Strength

ing something, ADL’s= 1,3,4,5

participate in society

B O DY F U N C T I O N S & S T R U C T U R E

AC T I V I T I E S

PA R T I C I PAT I O N

H E A LT H CO N D I T I O N

Accident leading to permanent loss of mobility, Physiotherapy

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04

A S P I R AT I O N S

E M OT I O N S / B E H AV I O R

Ms. Anju Bhatnagar Dehradun (U.K.)

Travel with people and not alone, Attend

“Maan mein bahut rakhna padta hai!”,

PRODUCT USED

marriages, parties with dignity and on her

Strong personality, Waiting is sad, Belief-

Manual Wheelchair- 40 Years

own (Inclusion)

extra power given to disabled people which makes them no less than able bodies!

52 Years old Female, Single (Marriage not possible due

Parking issues, Travelling in trains is difficult, No access to

to her condition), Lives alone in her own apartment

washrooms outdoors, Spends most time in drawing room

P E R S O N A L FAC TO R S

E N V I R O N M E N TA L FAC TO R S

Good upper body strength, short

Daily Exercise, Cooking with maid,

Senior HR Executive, Tries to be socially

heighted - 5’1”, Heavy body

Transferring and reaching doors

active, Grocery shopping alone, Loves

takes time, ADLs= 1,2,3,4,5

singing & posting it on social media

B O DY F U N C T I O N S & S T R U C T U R E

AC T I V I T I E S

H E A LT H CO N D I T I O N

Childhood Polio

PA R T I C I PAT I O N

69

05

Ms. Gururaj Kulkarni, Pune (M.H.)

A S P I R AT I O N S

E M OT I O N S / B E H AV I O R

Get back to walking again!

Very Casual to the situation, Takes helps and solves the problem

PRODUCT USED Manual Wheelchair- 7 months

67 Years old Male, Married,

Home Interiors, Supportive family and relatives,

Lives with his family

Family members as caregivers

P E R S O N A L FAC TO R S

E N V I R O N M E N TA L FAC TO R S

5’10’’ height, Heavy Body,

Requires basic help, Problem while

No leg strength

sitting due to wheels, ADLs= 1, 3, 5

B O DY F U N C T I O N S & S T R U C T U R E

AC T I V I T I E S

H E A LT H CO N D I T I O N

Accident- No mobility temporarily, Temporary User

No work, Sit and chat sessions

PA R T I C I PAT I O N

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KRITI KHADIA

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G R A D U AT I O N P R O J E C T

06

A S P I R AT I O N S

E M OT I O N S / B E H AV I O R

Mrs. Archana Nattoji, Mumbai (M.H.)

Freedom for everyone- “You be on your

Family First, “I took care of myself, so I was

PRODUCT USED

own and let me be on my way!”

able to do all the things for my children!”,

Manual Wheelchair- 32 Years

Friendly- Making food for friends of her kids, Strong Willed, Open to share

68 Years old Female, Lives with her family, Hire caretaker

City Transfers, Reaching heights, Furniture heights,

when kids got outstation for work, Regular driver

Rough Terrains

P E R S O N A L FAC TO R S

E N V I R O N M E N TA L FAC TO R S

Weak hand & leg joints, height

Help required in cooking, Transfer-

Retired Teacher, Singer, Active in Vol-

reduced by 3”-4”, Weak wrists &

ring (Toileting, Chair, Car) difficult as

unteering, Visiting Art Exhibitions, Movie

ankles, Can’t part legs much

weak wrists, ADLs- 2,3,4

Premiers, friends etc, Arranging parties

B O DY F U N C T I O N S & S T R U C T U R E

AC T I V I T I E S

PA R T I C I PAT I O N

H E A LT H CO N D I T I O N

Arthritis, Condition worsened due to wrong Allopathic treatment, Ayurvedic treatment improved condition

71

07

A S P I R AT I O N S

E M OT I O N S / B E H AV I O R

Mr. Hem Nishadraj Raigarh (C.G.)

Live and earn for family, When able to

Lives in reality- “Wheelchair wale aur normal

PRODUCT USED

mobilise- things seems normal instead of

admi mein farak toh rahega hi rahega!”,

VISSCO Manual Wheelchair

sitting in one corner of the house

Adaptive, Wheelchair- “Sahuliyat hai!”

4 Years

35 Years old Male, Married, Lives with his wife and

Home Interior According to wheelchair, Supportive family and

kids, Family members as caregivers

relatives, Spends most time in Bedroom

P E R S O N A L FAC TO R S

E N V I R O N M E N TA L FAC TO R S

Good upper body strength, Can stand up with support but not for

Difficulty while transferring,

Regular office job, Does not go

long, Weakness most of the time

ADLs= 1, 3, 4

out in Wheelchair

B O DY F U N C T I O N S & S T R U C T U R E

AC T I V I T I E S

H E A LT H CO N D I T I O N

Paraplegic- lower limbs not working, Physiotherapy in progress

PA R T I C I PAT I O N

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G R A D U AT I O N P R O J E C T

08

A S P I R AT I O N S

Mr. Hitesh Vaishnav Bilaspur (C.G.)

To travel, Be less of a

PRODUCT USED

the family.

E M OT I O N S / B E H AV I O R troublemaker for

Lives in reality- “Pehle jaisi situation toh vapas nahi aa sakti, apna koi bas nahi iss

Manual Wheelchair- 4 Years

par”, Moving on nature, Understands family also faces a lot of problems because of him

29 Years old Male, Married,

Mostly stays out (Market,Travelling), Reaching heights above

Lives with his family

4-5ft or on ground is difficult, Time management is an issue

P E R S O N A L FAC TO R S

E N V I R O N M E N TA L FAC TO R S

Good upper body strength, Can stand up with support but

Meditation, Workout,

Regular office job, Active social life,

not for long

ADLs= 1, 3, 4, 5, 6

Frequent road trips with friends

B O DY F U N C T I O N S & S T R U C T U R E

AC T I V I T I E S

H E A LT H CO N D I T I O N

Accident- lost mobility

PA R T I C I PAT I O N

73

09

A S P I R AT I O N S

E M OT I O N S / B E H AV I O R

Mr. Gopal Agrawal Raipur (C.G.)

Family members can do their daily chores

Acceptance with time, Gets irritated looking

PRODUCT USED

and enjoy without any tension- they are not

at the chair sometime but compares his

Manual Wheelchair- 2 Years

bounded me, Does not need a personal

progress & calms down, Feels independent

assistant all the time

37 Years old Male, Married,

Rearranged house furniture for him to move, Adjustable table

Lives with his family

for eating, Spends most time in bedroom / hall

P E R S O N A L FAC TO R S

E N V I R O N M E N TA L FAC TO R S

Balance issues, Less coordina-

Eating, Standing up but not for long

Business man, Plays indoor games with

tion Reduced sense in right hand

so easy transferring, Workout

family, Tries to be socially inclusive

B O DY F U N C T I O N S & S T R U C T U R E

AC T I V I T I E S

H E A LT H CO N D I T I O N

Accident in Russia- lost mobility, Recovery stage, Temporary User

PA R T I C I PAT I O N

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G R A D U AT I O N P R O J E C T

10

A S P I R AT I O N S

E M OT I O N S / B E H AV I O R

Mr. Prateek Khandelwal Banglore (K.A.)

Breaking Barriers regarding wheelchair

Fighter, Ambitious, “Instead of fearing the

PRODUCT USED

users in India, Acceptance in the society,

challenge I challenged the challenge!”

Manual Wheelchair- 6 Years

“I am & always will be the part of the solution”

Wheelchair Spatial issues, Rejection from friends, Pity from Mid 30’s Male, Single

people around, Always seen like a Patient

P E R S O N A L FAC TO R S

E N V I R O N M E N TA L FAC TO R S

Entrepreneur, Holds campaigns, TED Reduced lower body motor

Workout, Physiotherapy, Cannot

Talks, Active on social media, Guidance

movements, Fit body

walk long distances, ADLs- 1,2,3,4

to wheelchair users

B O DY F U N C T I O N S & S T R U C T U R E

AC T I V I T I E S

PA R T I C I PAT I O N

H E A LT H CO N D I T I O N

Accident @ under construction site- Spinal Cord Injury leading to permanent reduced mobility

75

i nte r views su m m ar y D em ogra p hics & troublesome daily ac tivities

NO. OF INTERVIEWS- 10 Age Group- 30-40 years, 52-82 years Location- Across India Majority Lives with family

Pa r ticipatio n & af fec t of environmental fac tors

SOCIAL INCLUSION & BARRIERS Less social inclusion because of shyness and embarrassment to show their weak bodies in public. Reduced acceptance in

Job Type- Desk jobs, Volunteering

the society- less or no invitations, losing

Troublesome ADLs- Transferring,

friends & job rejections

Cooking, Toileting

Barriers- No / less mobility devices support infrastructure, Time management

H ealth Co n ditio ns & t ypes of mobilit y issues

BOT H T E M PO R ARY & PE R M AN E N T

Co n clu sio n s & obser vations

W H AT D O T H E U S E R S A S P I R E ?

Health conditions-

Collective Aspiration- To be a part of

Muscle and Joint weakness due to old

the system & community by putting

age, Paraplegics, Childhood Polio,

independent efforts.

Spinal Cord Injury, Hip Fractures, Arthritis

Self Transfer is important to have an

in lower extremities, Rehabilitation

independent and dignified life.

Types of mobility issues-

Made for India increases cultural &

• Temporary mobility loss- Rehab stage

societal inclusion. For ex. wearing

• Permanent reduced mobility- Rehab

traditional clothes or having family meals

• Permanent loss of mobility

without any issues due to the devices.

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G R A D U AT I O N P R O J E C T

06

INTERVIEWEE

01

"Wheelchair became my best friend" •

INTERVIEWEE

"Don't want to be confined in the house"

Prefers a motorized wheelchair but the weak wrist and fingers are the hurdles to operate

•

cloth ; Less leg space

the controller •

Big Back wheels causes less vibrations as

Spreading of legs is controlled by tying them with

•

Uncomfortable to maneuver with joystick controller as fingers tremble

compared to smaller ones •

Slipping of device while transfer- bad brakes

•

Feeling of device toppling on uneven surface

•

Accessories like cup holder is good

•

"Make me something that makes me transfer to car seat on my own"

peo ple & th ei r p rod u c t 's review

77

02

INTERVIEWEE

"With power w h e e lc h a i r s ,yo u do not depend on others to push you"

04

INTERVIEWEE

"Power wheelchair se aaram milta hai"

07

INTERVIEWEE

•

" W h e e lc h a i r- S a h u liyat h a i "

on the type of devices available •

•

•

Lack of awareness in non metropolitan cities

Not able to lift herself due to heavy body while transferring

A device for office, one for home Portability issues

•

Back Pain, Curved Spine due to long sitting

Jugaad- Increased seat height by

•

Transferring is very time taking

keeping two pillows

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G R A D U AT I O N P R O J E C T

8 H. ERGO N OM IC STU DY O F STAN D-SIT-STAN D POSTU R E IN ELDER LY

Stand-Sit-Stand posture analysis of elders aged 60+ includes identifying biomechanical and postural loading in their bodies.

The observations and analysis forms ergonomic design constraints for the product.

METHOD

PA R T I C I PA N T S

ENVIRONMENT

Video Analysis

Family, Relatives, Friends & Colleagues

Indoor- Home, Regular home clothes, Daily

Family, Neighbors

use furniture for seating (Chair / Sofa)

C H A I R

D E S I G N S

U S E D

B Y

T H E

P A R T I C I P A N T S -

79

01

Age - 73 y/o Height- 4'7" Health - Asthmatic, Weak Knee & Elbow joints

1. Holds the tip of the seat handles to support the body weight while standing.

2. Comfortable position for hands- elbow on handle, rest on lap.

3. Slides forward to lay feet on the ground to stand up.

4. Head crosses the knees while lifting the body. Continuous pressure on handle tips.

5. Elements in the lower half of the product to avoid trapping/dangling of clothes like saree and dhoti to prevent accidental falls.

1

2

3

4

5

2

3

4

5

SIMILAR CASE -

1

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G R A D U AT I O N P R O J E C T

02

1. C shaped spine in females due to aging causing too much bending to sit.

2. Intense pressure on wrists and handle tip in transition position to stand up or

Age - 85 y/o Height- 4'5" Health - Weak Knee & Elbow joints, Fatigue

sit down.

3. Low seat height, reduced knee strength and increased body weight makes the body fall on chair to sit rather than sit smoothly.

4. Elbow rests on handle to maintain the body posture.

1

2

3

4

SIMILAR CASE -

3

4

2

81

03

1. Feet distance parallel to shoulder distance for stability.

Age - 60 y/o Height- 5' Health - Weak Knees, Joints Pain, Lack of stamina

2. Intense pressure on wrists and handle tip in transition position to stand up or sit down.

3. Slant back legs of the chair to bear the fall of body and avoid toppling of chair.

4. In the process of standing up- pressure on hands, feet grips on stable ground, bent back and pressure on feet with hands continuously holding the handle.

1

2

3

2

3

4

SIMILAR CASE -

1

4

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G R A D U AT I O N P R O J E C T

04

1. Straight back in older men as compared to older women.

Age - 81 y/o Height- 4'11" Health - Heart Condition, Weak Bladder, Weak Knees

2. Placement of hands on the handle than on laps. Downward slant handles leads to hanging of palm and fingers causing numbness.

3. Feet dangling in the air while sitting leads to increase in pressure on buttocks Reasons- raised front edge of the seat, long seats, Small height of the user.

1

05

2

3

1. Straight back in older men as compared to older women.

Age - 75 y/o Height- 5'9" Health - Lack of stamina, Fatigue

2. Intense pressure on wrists and handle tip in transition position to stand up or sit down.

3. Long backrest for back comfort in tall people.

4. Extra strength required in tall people to get up from seat having low height compared to the person.

1

2

3

4

83

synth esis E rgo n o m ic design co nst raints

T H E CO M M O N FAC TO R S

INFERENCE

Holding the tip of handles to support body while

Strong armrests to bear full body weight, Flexible

standing up or sitting down, Intense pressure on wrist

placement of controller so it does not obstruct the hold

and palm.

on the handle tip, Soft padding on handle tips.

The head crosses the knees along with excessive

Adequate clearance for the person to stand up or sit

bending while standing up or sitting down.

down so that their head does not collide with the front

(Majorly in older women)

support handle.

Components in the lower half of the device to avoid

Avoiding open mechanisms or sharp edges in the form

trapping / dangling of clothes to prevent falls.

of the device. Making it clutter free and smooth.

Aging effects on spine and posture, ex. C shaped

Designing an ergonomic backrest & seat by

spine in women.

understanding the postural abnormalities.

Feet distance parallel to shoulder distance for stability.

Wide and stable footrest.

Fixed seat height- Feet dangling in air (short people)

Customized or changeable seat height for compatibility

and increased knee pressure to stand or sit

with different heights of people.

(tall people).

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G R A D U AT I O N P R O J E C T

BIOM ECHANICS O F KN EE S IN SIT TO STAN D (STS) AC TIVIT Y

Standing from a seated position is a common

TO RQU E

task for most healthy people. However, with age, injury or chronic conditions affecting joints

activities of daily living.

DI

ST

AN

TORQUE- Torque is the measure of the force

FO

to stand up & sit down is critical to perform

RC

E

or muscles, it may become difficult. The ability

CE FIG. 1

(

that can cause an object to rotate about an axis. (aka rotational force / turning effect) (Fig.1)

EXTENSION

0°

) T h e k n e e to rq u e c u r ve i n t h e b i o m e c h a n i c a l d at a fo r t h e S T S m ot i o n ( P l ot te d fo r a 75 k g p e r s o n) STS PHASES

KNEE ANGLE (°) (Flexion)

Start (A) (Fig.3)

=90°

Seat Off (SO) (Fig.3)

80°- 85°

160-170 (Peak Torque)

Extension (Fig.3)

-90°

140-10 (Decrease in Torque)

Stabilization (Fig.3)

0°

0-10 (Constant Torque)

KNEE TORQUE- Torque of the quadriceps muscles of the knees i.e. Patellar tendon pulling the knee into extension via tibia.

KNEE FLEXION EXTENSION- The movement of the knees where the knee acts as a hinge.

During flexion & extension tibia and patella act as one structure.(Fig.2)

FLEXION

135° FIG. 2

KNEE TORQUE (Nm) (Approximation) 140-160

G r a p h S o u r c e - O bta i n i n g N a t u ra l Sit-to -Sta n d M ot i o n wit h a B i o m i m e t i c Co nt ro l l e r fo r Powe red K n ee Pros t h es es , H i n d awi J o u r n e l

85

P H A S E -2

PHASE-1

Loading from Star t to SO

0°

Rising from SO to Stabilization

0°

FULL EXTENSION

0°

0°

0°

0° 53°

90°

82° 105°

135° S TA R T

S E AT O F F ( S O )

EXTENSION

S TA B I L I Z AT I O N

FIG. 3

T H E S T S P R O C E S S C A N B E D I V I D E D I N TO T WO P H A S E S W I T H D I S T I N C T DY N A M I C C H A R A C T E R I S T I C S , S E PA R AT E D BY T H E I N S TA N T O F S E AT- O F F ( S O ) :

LOADING PHASE (from start to SO) : With

RISING PHASE (from SO to end) : After

the body weight shifted from the seat to the

reaching the maximum value, the knee torque

lower limb, the knee torque increases rapidly

reduces with the joint extension and settles

to support the body weight and initiate the

at a steady-state value after the standing

upward motion. (Fig.3)

position is reached. (Fig.3)

FULL FLEXION FIG. 4

An increase in the knee flexion angle, increases the load on the knee joints. It strains the structure that provides stability to the knee joints during flexion and extension phases. Chair height affects the knee flexion.

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G R A D U AT I O N P R O J E C T

Human locomotion is a highly coordinated

2 The chair height is a significant factor in

4 During the rising phase, the weight

process, involving complex dynamic

determining the maximum achieved angles

shifts from the body to the lower limbs.

interactions between the lower limbs,

of lower body segments and the torque

This reduces the area of support from the

balance centers and rest of the body. The

developed in the lower extremity joints (hip,

buttocks & thighs in contact with the seat

execution of sit-to-stand (STS) can be

knee, & ankle). (Fig.5)

to feet in contact with the ground (Fig.6)

affected by several factors, including age,

People with weak lower extremity joints

seat height, feet position, muscle strength,

often require environmental support during

and balance ability.

this phase to for STS and to maintain dynamic stability.

FAC TO R S A F F EC T I N G T H E S I T T O S TA N D A C T I V I T Y

1

Weakness in legs ( due to weakened

paretic leg muscles) does not allow for adequate contraction to complete the sitto-stand activity in short time duration.

FIG.5

3

The standing up and sitting down,

which requires fine postural control and accuracy in the final part of the movement, is affected by ageing. Motor slowing observed in the aged is related to reduction in postural control, like the difficulty to mobilize the trunk correctly during STS. This difficulty makes standing up difficult

Source- Google Images

FIG. 6

5 Dynamic Stability ( Momentum Transfer

and causes the body to fall backwards

Strategy ) is also based on how the trunk is

when sitting down.

positioned relative to the feet prior to lift off.

87

co n clu sio n Pu rpose of st u dy

R E D U C I N G T H E E F F O R T T O S TA N D U P

A P P L I C AT I O N O F D ATA

The objective is to obtain the optimum tilt angle in

Seat off Phase Knee Flexion= 80°-85° (Approx)

the device's seat that reduces the knee torque to

Seat off Phase Knee Torque= 160 Nm (Approx)

decrease the pressure on knees in the process of standing up.

Knee Flexion angle achieved with seat tilt = 45° Knee Torque with seat tilt = 40 Nm (Approx)

The seat tilt reduces the efforts of the user to cross the seat off phase which has the peak torque.

Therefore, Knee Torque Reduction= (160 Nm − 40 Nm)= 120 Nm Knee Torque Reduction (%)= 75% (Approx) Hence, the seat tilt feature reduces the efforts to stand up by 75% approximately.

Note : The seat height has to differ for different human heights to reach 45° Knee Flexion angle with a constant seat tilt angle.

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G R A D U AT I O N P R O J E C T

SE ATIN G AN D BO DY POSITIO N IN G IN WH EELCHAIR S

p reve ntio n is be t te r th an cu re!

C L A S S I F I C AT I O N O F S E AT I N G & W H E E L E D M O B I L I T Y E Q U I P M E N T Durable Medical Equipment

C o m p l e x R e h a b i l i t a t i o n Te c h n o l o g y

The study is to understand the abnormal

DME are used for medical purpose and at

CRT are designed to meet specific and unique

postures created by poor seating in a

home for patients who are not severely injured,

medical, physical & functional needs of user

wheelchair and how ill-fitting components lead

sick or disabled. DME mobility equipment are

with the primary diagnosis resulting from a

to abnormal postures in long term care.

suitable for use when a patient :

congenital disorder, neuromuscular disease

Few goals to keep in mind for both long term

• Has basic mobility needs & has non or slow

and injury or trauma. CRT mobility equipment

and short term care : • Maximize patient comfort • Minimize pain • Correct deformities when possible • Prevent further deformity • Prevent pressure injury • Increase functional safety & independence

progressing condition.

are suitable for use when a patient :

• Propels primarily indoors & short distances

• Uses a wheelchair as primary mobility daily

• Has limited/no need for positioning support

• Needs specific dimensions to maintain

beyond that provided by an appropriate

posture, support, configuration, and/or

seat cushion or back support.

adjustments to maintain posture, protect skin, and maximize function.

• Does not have a postural deformity and is at minimal to no risk for developing one.

• Is at risk for/has current postural deformities and has a progressive condition.

• Sits in "standard" dimensions without compromise & has good sitting balance.

• Sits in the wheelchair for short intervals.

•

Has limited sitting balance.

• Sits in the wheelchair for long intervals.

89

POSTERIOR VIEW

R I G H T L AT E R A L V I E W Cervical Curvature

Thoracic Curvature

ABNORMAL POSTURES ARE G R O U P E D I N T O 5 C AT E G O R I E S : • P O S T E R I O R P E L V I C T I LT with

Lumbar Curvature

thoracic kyphosis with or without forward neck flexion.

• P E L V I C O B L I Q U I T Y with scoliosis with or without lateral neck flexion

Sacrum

• P E L V I C R O T A T I O N with rotation

Coccyx

Posterior Superior Iliac Spine (PSIS)

of the spine with or without lateral neck

Sacral Curvature Anterior Superior Iliac Spine (ASIS)

flexion • WINDSWEPT POSTURE • A N T E R I O R P E L V I C T I LT with lumbar lordosis with or without neck hyperextension

Greater Tr o c h a n t e r

Ischial Tu b e r o s i t i e s ( I Ts )

Femur

spi ne and pelvic anatomy

wi th p rolo nged s i t ti ng, u se rs begi n to s h i f t th ei r bod ies i nto wh at i s k n ow n a s ab n o r m al post u res to seek sta b i li t y a n d/o r alleviate pa i n a n d p ress u re.

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G R A D U AT I O N P R O J E C T

00

01

N E U T R A L P E LV I C P O S T U R E

P O S T E R I O R P E LV I C T I LT

P E LV I S :

SPINE :

HEAD :

P E LV I S :

SPINE :

HEAD :

Pelvis in midline.

Spine is balanced and

Head is functionally

Pelvis sits with ASIS

Excessive thoracic

Decreased lordosis in

ASIS & PSIS at equal

upright, no rotation, no

upright with only mild

higher than the PSIS,

kyphosis, which

cervical spine, causing

height: no pelvic tilt

lateral curvature and

forward/lateral flexion

resulting in the

produces 'C' shaped

forward neck flexion &

L ASIS & R ASIS at

creating the desired

or rotation.

posterior pelvic tilt,

spine.

downward eye gaze to

equal height:

'S' shape.

no obliquity L ASIS & R ASIS at equal depth: no rotation

aka sacral sitting posture.

the floor or lap.

91

02

03

P E LV I C O B L I Q U I T Y Neutral Pelvic Position

P E LV I C R O TAT I O N Pelvic Obliquity

P E LV I S :

SPINE :

HEAD :

P E LV I S :

SPINE :

HEAD :

Pelvis sits with the L or

When one side of the

The neck will go into

Pelvis sits with L or R

The thoracic spine fol-

The neck will go into

R ASIS higher than the

pelvis is raised higher

lateral flexion as if

ASIS more forward than lows & rotates in the

other, causing one hip

than the other, the

dropping the ear on the

the other, producing

same direction as the

dropping the ear on

to raise.

thoracic spine curves

shoulder. It is usually

the rotation in the hips.

pelvis. If the right side

the shoulder.

away from the higher

towards the side where

of the pelvis is rotated

side, creating a

the hip is higher.

forward, the right side

scoliosis over time.

of the spine is rotated forward as well.

lateral flexion like

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G R A D U AT I O N P R O J E C T

04

05

WINDSWEPT POSTURE

A N T E R I O R P E LV I C T I LT

P E LV I S :

SPINE :

HEAD :

Pelvis sits with PSIS

Excessive lordosis of

Excessive lordosis of

higher than the ASIS.

the lumbar and cervi-

cervical spine causes

be accompanied by

cal spine: the patient

hyperextension of

forward flexion.

hyperextends his /her

the neck and

abduct, presenting as

back over the rear of

upward eye gaze.

if the legs were “swept”

wheelchair, placing them

away together to one

at risk to tip the

side of the wheelchair.

wheelchair backwards.

HEAD :

P E LV I S :

SPINE :

Usually occurs with a

Will present usually with The neck will go into

rotation or an obliquity

a rotation or scoliosis,

lateral flexion and may

& causes one leg to

depending on the

adduct & the other to

position of the pelvis.

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body p ress u re ca n n ot be eli m i n ated i n seati ng , so i n stead , th e focu s ca n be o n 'red i st ri b u ti o n' of th e body p ress u re.

Peak Pressure under

Pressure spread out

pelvis (before pressure

under pelvis & femur

redistribution)

with increased surface contact area

S P R E A D I N G B O D Y P R E S S U R E O V E R A G R E AT E R S U R F A C E A R E A C A N B E D O N E W I T H 3 D I F F E R E N T M E T H O D S Offloading / Partial Offloading

Immersion

It follows the principle of taking pressure off of a

It follows the principle in which a material allows

It follows the principle in which a material

small surface area and loading it onto a greater

the body to compress or “sink” into it to provide

allows the body to compress or “sink” into it

surface area that can withstand more pressure

some pressure redistribution with increased

and the material conforms to the body’s shape

and prevent unwanted skin breakdown.

surface area contact.

to provide further pressure redistribution and

• Provides stability to users lacking trunk

• Envelops or captures the exact curvature of

reduction of peak pressures.

or pelvic strength to prevent unwanted

the pelvis to increase pressure redistribu-

movements while sitting.

tion over the largest area possible.

• Contours can make independent transfers difficult for user with decreased strength.

• Firmer surface, may create a “safer” end feel for the patient.

• Reduces peak pressures at the bony prominences (IT's, Sacrum and Coccyx) • Less firm surface, may create a “softer” end feel for the patient.

Immersion and Envelopment

• Less stable surface that may not be suitable for someone with trunk and pelvic weakness, causing fatigue with prolonged, upright posture.

• High Maintenance product

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cu s h io n geo m e t r y

co nto u red cu s h io n co m po n e nts A D D U C T O R S TAPERED

STR AIGHT Front

LINEAR

Front

Front View

Rear

Rear

A B D U C T O R S

Posterior Pelvic Well

Anti-Thrust

Rear View

ABDUCTOR COMBINED WITH ADDUCTORS

MEDIAL Front

Top View Front View

Front View

Adductor Medial Abductor

CO N TO U R E D ADDUCTORS- Side seat contours that

Rear

A N T I -T H R U S T

provide lower extremity (LE) alignment.

They Assist to load the trochanters.

ABDUCTORS- They minimizes adduction of LEs, promotes LE

LINE AR

Front

ANTI-THRUST

alignment and helps create leg troughs when combined with adductors

P O S T E R I O R P E LV I C W E L L

WEDGE

Rear

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wh eelch a i r seati ng syste m i ss u es af fec ti ng postu re a n d pote ntial m ea s u res ( TAB L E-1)

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n o m at te r th e geo m e t r y, th e q u ali t y of th e m ed i u m wi ll af fec t th e a p p licati o n of th e cu s h i o n .

02 H I G H R E S I L I E N C Y ( H R ) F O A M

04

• Instantly "springs" back to its original

• The cushions are made of a thermoplastic

shape post compression

properties, making them lighter or heavier, more or less supportive and thus influencing how long a user can sit in a wheelchair, ease

material in a hexagonal honeycomb shape

• Good Durablility - Can withstand repeated compression and maintains resiliency

Cushion mediums differ in their qualities and

• Provides structure and stability

AIR

There are different types of air cushions: INDIVIDUAL AIR CELLS AIR BLADDERS • Promote immersion and envelopment of bony prominences, increasing pressure

• Can be perceived as “firm”

05

• Great for use as the base layer of cushion

C O M B I N AT I O N

• The cushions are a combination of foam

• Most foams retain heat and moisture

and air or foam and gel • Foam provides a stable base for transfers

of weakness.

01

• Lightweight and Inherently breathable

over time

of transfers, and pelvic posture in the presence

CUSH IO N M E D I U M T YPE S USE D I N MO BI LIT Y AI DS:

H O N E YCO M B

with the skin protection of air/gel • Allows immersion and envelopment of bony Before Compression

03

During Compression

After Compression

VISCO ELASTIC FOAM

prominences

06

GEL /FLUID INSERTS

• Memory foam, it takes time to resume to

• New gel technology offers solid gel options,

the original shape post compression

eliminating the problem of gel dispersion

• Allows for immersion and envelopment, contouring to the unique shape of the user • Great to use as top layer of a cushion

redistribution

• Allows immersion of bony prominences for pressure redistribution • Fluid gel can migrate and result in high peak pressures

• Perceived as “soft” and comfortable

• Certain styles require daily maintenance or with every reposition, need to be kneaded

• The softness may affect transfers Before Compression

During Compression

After Compression

and readjusted to provide pressure relief

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synth esis M ea su res fo r Seating system data conclusion for table 1

Seating G oal s

F O R A WH E E LCHAI R USE R • Provide pelvic & trunk stability • Protect the skin to prevent/ heal existing pressure injuries • Maximize comfort • Minimize unwanted movement • Correct or accommodate for postural abnormalities

Co nclu sio n

S E AT D E S I G N M E A S U R E S • High occurrence of Posterior Pelvic Tilt & Pressure Injuries in users due to improper wheelchair fittings • Cushion geometry - Bony / Lateral Immersion, Lateral Adduction, Medial Abduction • Cushion medium - Combination of HR Foam & Memory (Visco Elastic) Foam or HR Foam & Air • Wheelchair fittings- Seat width, depth & height, Leg rest length & width, Armrest height, Backrest height

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09. IN FER EN CE : MAPPIN G O F O PPO RTU NITIE S Design problems are better understood when factual and observational findings are contrasted with imagined possibilities, which are visualized at an early stage in a 'how might we' mode of thought and action. New scenarios emerge for active consideration and informs about the possible gaps in the information required to progress. These scenarios drive design investigation further, in the form of advanced scenarios of parts or the entire design situation, as well as narratives that cover both the micro and the macro levels of observations.

Inferences drawn from these lines of action, are taken to the next level of investment planning, decision cycles, conceptualization and design development. The inferences are shared with stake-holders and are used to conduct focused experiments or building of expensive prototypes of the product.

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9A. WHAT DO E S TH E POTENTIAL USER N EED AN D DE SIR E?

PHYSICAL

needs

• Moving from point A to B i.e. mobility.

• Clinically : Position change ( e.g. stand up) to avoid muscle wastage

PSYCH O LOG ICAL

• Self trials of changing position to feel motivated and positive • Simple interface : Elderly are mostly

• Smooth maneuvering

confused about using an interface

• Good braking system to avoid slipping

like searching the correct buttons or

of the device while transferring • Good postural support to prevent any potential spinal deformities • Good body pressure management to avoid pressure injury due to long sitting hours • Avoiding personal injuries due to device and accidents

identifying the icons • Natural sit to stand movement in assisting device to develop confidence on the device • Maneuvering of device like a two wheeler is comfortable

SOCIAL

• Work to earn for family • Freedom of movement for oneself • Purchasing groceries and utility stuff • Do not want to face rejections for job and education

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PHYSICAL

desires

• Easy + Self Transfer from device to chair / car seat & vice versa • Device Portability • Reaching different heights • Move fast & swiftly to manage time • To attain standing posture • The device sticks out too much in different environments

PSYCH O LOG ICAL

• Maintain dignity while changing postures / transferring with assistance • Performing basic activities of daily living on their own to stay independent • The device should not feel like toppling sideways or backwards • Want to enjoy things that they gave up

SOCIAL

• Don't want to be confined in the house!

• Freedom of movement for family •

Travel

• Self care to lessen the burden on the family members • Do not want to cause trouble to people in public spaces due to their presence

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9B. H OW DO CU R R ENT SO LUTIO NS FALL SH O RT ?

AFFORDANCE & AVAIL ABILIT Y

O PE N M ECHAN ISMS

MAI N T E NAN CE

Lack of affordable solutions available in India

Cleaning Issues of the device at home due

No local Repair : Non availability of repair parts

to open mechanisms; Settling of dust and

in India, lack or no knowledge of

weathering in components

repair mechanisms

availability in the market ; Leading to lack of

Restrictions to wear flowy attires as they can

Decrease in product life due to improper

recommendation of special mobility

cause accidents / personal injuries ; Missing

cleaning and weathering

devices to patients

out on cultural inclusion

Lack of training / knowledge in special mobility devices among doctors or trainers due to non

Cluttered and mechanical look

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SE ATI N G SYST E M

USE R E XPE R I E N CE

VISUAL APPE AL

Advent of postural abnormalities due to

Limitations in independently performing daily

Cluttered and mechanical look due to open

improper seating

activities despite being able to mobilize ; Need

mechanics does not blend in with home,

of extra help to transfer or stand up even with

educational and office spaces

User's body needs to adapt to the seat for

the use of an assistance equipment

comfortable sitting and not vice versa

Lack of positive emotions provocation Lack of feel good vibes and motivation to live life to fullest

How to make it look a personal gadget instead of a medical device?

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9C. DE SIGN DIR EC TIO N

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U S E R S S T A K E H O L D E R S

1

Whom to design for?

Users Age Group :

Baby Boomers (aged 55 years & above)

Clinical Mobility

Temporary mobility loss- Rehab stage (3-7 years of rehabilitation),

Condition :

Permanent reduced mobility- Permanent Rehab

Physical & Mental

Adequate Upper Body strength, Can stand and walk for less than 10 min at

Condition :

one stretch on their own, Stable mental health

Occupation Type :

Desk Jobs (Education, Government & Public Administration, Banking, Arts etc.), Business, Volunteer work, Homemaker

Income group :

Middle Class (min 6.5 lakh yearly income), Upper Middle Class, Rich

Stakeholders Family members, Caregivers, Nurses

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P R O D U C T G O A L S

2

H ow might G osolo benef it the lives of the users?

Providing an Independent Active lifestyle.

Reduce the effort to stand up and move around.

A safe companion.

Breaking the barriers of Isolation.

Happiness in sunset years.

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P R O J E C T K E Y W O R D S

3

Cha rac ter sketch of G oSolo.

Assistance Comfort Empathy Independence Made for India, Make in India, Multi-utility Nature Reliability Simple, Smooth Trust Universal Design, User Experience

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1 0. IDE ATIO N The design activity necessitates the articulate expression of intermediate findings, as well as expressive presentations of the same. These presentations involve design explorations as well as justifications for the investments needed to bring the concept to life. Visualization is a unique technique used by designers to transform abstract design ideas into concrete designs using cognitive and external modelling practises. Visibility of the concepts at an early stage helps to effectively communicate them to the team and a wide range of stake-holders.

A series of diagrams, sketches, models, and prototypes are used to iteratively explore and articulate the concepts until an appropriate solution emerges.

• • • 'Pencil & paper sketching' & digital tools like CAD modelling are different mediums used to express visualizations at different stages of the process, where digital tools are still deficient in handling the flexibility required in the early stages.

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1 0A. USER TE STIN G O F EN GIN EER ED PROTOT YPE PHASE-1 : ALPHA TE ST

p rotot ype -1

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p rotot ype -2

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obse r vatio n s of alp h a test

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m ech an ical an d e rgo n o m ic an alysis of d evice co m po n e nts/par ts

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p rofessio n al m ed ical advice A review o n G oSolo p rotot ypes

D R . V I V E K R A M A N A N D I , P R I N C I PA L & S R . L E C T U R E R AT S AT I S H G O S WA M I C O L L E G E O F P H Y S I O T H E R A P Y, N A R O D A , G U J A R AT, I N D I A • Patients who can be recommended this device- Spinal Cord Injury, Paraplegics, Geriatric Rehab.

• For patients who are about to soon loose their mobility and cannot recover, use of this device is very motivating.

• Facilitating the patients with a posture from which they can stand up easily is helpful in their rehabilitation.

• To come from sit to stand efficiently- Femur 4-6 cm outside the seat edge is recommended, Heel has to be behind the line of knee point and Legs should be 12’’-16’’ apart while starting to stand.

• Wide base support balances the COG (Center of Gravity) of the user's body in the standing up process.

• Slouching while sitting is a natural posture for humans. A concavity in the backrest like in car seat without headrest would be preferable for supporting spine.

• Safety belts if used, should allow mobility. Belts/ Straps similar to mountain / wall climbing belts could be used. Velcro straps makes the patient feel tied up to the device.

• Knee support required in special cases and not in general use.

• Armrest plays a crucial role in the standing up process.

• A computer workstation height or two wheeler handle height would be optimal for the front support handle.

• Using this device at rehab centers can reduce load on doctors and caregivers to hold patients during therapies.

• Standing or tilt in space wheelchairs are rarely recommended to patients as they are costly as well as the training and teaching management of such devices is difficult.

• The elderly (aged 65 above) loose interest to learn new technology and techniques. Simplified operations and tasks of the device leads to better acceptance.

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1 0A. USER TE STIN G O F EN GIN EER ED PROTOT YPE PHASE-2 : BE TA TE ST

p rotot ype -2

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obse r vatio n s of be ta test

Doctor recommends knee support to avoid body

Front casters brush against wall & people while rotating. Going out of the frame.

leaning forward while tilting for critical patients.

Maneuvering in awkward posture - a slight twist with left hand extended to hold the The Nurses/Caretakers can make the patient stand

handle and right shoulder pushed back to control the joystick.

without much physical effort and transfer them easily.

Holding the front support handle while maneuvering- misconception of it being direction A closer front support handle avoid body leaning

controller like in two wheelers.

forward to reach it.

Horizontal Bar preferred in the front support handle to maintain neutral hand postures.

Inadequate armrest length reducing the comfort.

Reduce the seat depth- the combination of current seat depth and recline backrest creates bad sitting posture.

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Tricky maneuvering in

Aligning to the sofa few minutes- the user tries to reduce

Parallel alignment of the device to table due to front

small turnings and

the distance between the device and the furniture as much

handle. Not a desired position to sit on a table.

narrow passages due

possible. Increase in distance to transfer from device to

to protruding wheels.

sofa requires extra strength in the user to lift the body.

Need to collapse the handle before sitting on the table.

Furniture as obstacles.

User leans on one of the armrests giving a bad posture to

Increased mental load of device alignment with indoor

the spine and buttocks due to seat width & plain seat.

furniture without colliding with or damaging anything.

Compact structure and small turning radius helps in easy turning in tight spaces.

Current driving system- Rear Wheel Drive A mid wheel drive system can reduce the turning radius to the minimum possible value and ease the mental load of thinking directions while turning around.

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tra nsfe rri ng tech n iq u es u sed

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1 0 B. VISUALIZ ATIO N

PHASE-1 : FO R M E XPLO R ATIO N

This phase includes exploring the device's form language from an aesthetic standpoint. The mood board is created using the collective recommendations by the team members as well as reflections on the inferences gleaned from the design research.

m ood board

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seat & back rest

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fro nt su p po r t h an d le

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M APPI N G O F T H E SE L EC T E D FO R MS

fo rm l angu age

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1 0 B. VISUALIZ ATIO N

PHASE-2 : FO R M R EFI N E M ENT WITH D E TAI L S

This phase entails refining selected set of form languages from the visualization phase-1 with details such as approximate overall dimensions and combining individual components like as an armrest, a front support handle, a seat, and a foot platform.

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1 0C. CO N CEPTUALIZ ATIO N

D E SIG N CO NSTR AI NTS

UNIVERSAL DESIGN

SYMMETRICAL PART DESIGN

SMOOTH EDGES

Gender Neutral, Environment Neutral

Low cost and ease of manufacturing,

Avoid accidents / injuries, Increase edge

simple design

strength, smooth visual flow

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NO MECHANISMS VISIBILIT Y

COLL APSIBILIT Y

DIMENSIONS

Avoid accidents / injuries, Uncluttered look,

Takes less space as much possible, Easy to

Overall Area (L x B), Foot platform Area

Easy maintenance

collapse, Less or no dismantling

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1 0C. CO N CEPTUALIZ ATIO N

PHASE-1 : COM PO N ENT CO N CEPTS

k n ee rest

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arm rest

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fro nt su p po r t h an d le

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fu ll a sse m bly co m bi n atio n s of selec ted co m po n e nt co n ce pts a n d fo rm l a ngu age

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1 0C. CO N CEPTUALIZ ATIO N

PHASE-2 : D E TAI LED CO N CEPTS (FU LL ASSE M BLY )

This phase entails permuting and combining multiple component concepts with full assembly concepts to produce detailed concepts with mechanisms and benefits for further development via CAD and prototypes.

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BENEFITS : • Simple design of front handle • Ease of Portability • Curved Seat Edges- No compression of extra tissues behind the knees • Cushioned armrest tip provides grip & comfort

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BENEFITS : • Simple design of front handle • Reduction of physical and mental load of carrying and placing a transfer board

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BENEFITS : • Multiutility design (handle cum table) • No additional accessories like table / cup holder required • Flip handle provides- good path visibility, multi-axis grip, portable table

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BENEFITS : • The gap in handle- no obstruction in path visibility • Angled foot platform provides scope to change feet positions while sitting • No bending to operate handle height adjustment button

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BENEFITS : • Integrated support handles- reduces number of components, clean design • Scope of entry and exit on the device from front • Reduction in physical & mental load of adjusting front handle

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BENEFITS : • Easy front handle collapsibility • Easy reach to front handle height adjustment button • Space between handle to extend & relax legs in front

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BENEFITS : • Simple design • Scope of entry and exit on the device from front • Reduction in physical & mental load of adjusting front handle & carrying / placing transfer boards

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BENEFITS : • Integrated support handles- reduces number of components, clean design • Scope of entry and exit on the device from front • Reduction in physical & mental load of adjusting front handle

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BENEFITS : • Curved top bar of the front handle provides extra space for fat bodies to fit small space • Integrated transfer boardseasy slide transfer, no worry to carry & place transfer boards

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1 0C. CO N CEPTUALIZ ATIO N

PHASE-3 : FI NAL CO N CEPT

This phase entails developing renders of the final concept with anthropometric data, material properties and design for manufacturing and assembly (DFMA) via CAD 3D modelling.

S O F T WA R E S U S E D Rhinoceros 5 (3D Modellin & 2D Drafting) Keyshot (CMF Renders) Photoshop (Posters)

concept-3

concept-5

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a nth ro po m e tric d i m e nsio ns

Average of Combined male and female measurements of 5th and 95th percentile of the following parameters are considered-

A- Backrest width B- Seat Width C- Backrest Height D- Lumbar Support Heights- difference of upper and lower lumbar E- Armrest Length F- Seat Depth G- Seat Height H- Foot Platform Length I- All Handle grip diameters

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back

front

tilt

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CUSHIONED ARMREST & ARMREST TIP TO REDUCE PAIN AND INCREASE COMFORT

JOYSTICK CONTROLLER WITH PLACEMENT CHANGE OPTION (RIGHT HAND / LEF T HAND)

CONTOURED MEMORY FOAM SEAT CUSHION TO MAINTAIN BODY POSTURE

FLIP ARMREST

FIXED SEAT BASE PROVIDES CUSHION CHANGE FACILITY BASED ON MEDICAL PRESCRIPTION

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BREATHABLE DOUBLE MESH TO NATUR ALLY FOLLOW THE CURVATURE OF LOWER BACK

HANDLE FOR MANUAL PUSH)

ADJUSTABLE LUMBAR SUPPORT

ANGLE ADJUSTABLE BACKREST

features

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OPEN LEG SPACE FOOT-PLATFORM WITH GRIP MAT

COLLAPSIBLE & COMPACT

ADJUSTABLE SEAT HEIGHT

DUAL DRIVE MODE: RELEASE MOTOR BR AKES FOR MANUAL MODE

SEAT TILT ON FULL EXTENSION (STAND-UP ASSIST)

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MULTI AXIS FLIP HANDLE-CUM-TABLE

TELESCOPIC HEIGHT ADJUSTABLE FRONT SUPPORT HANDLE

features

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BACKREST FR AME JOYSTICK CONTROLLER

DOUBLE MESH

AR MREST CUSHION AR MREST BASE CONTROLLER SLIDER

LUMBAR SUPPORT METAL CAP AR MREST STAND SE AT CUSHION

HANDLE-CUM-TABLE

SE AT BASE SCREW CAP

TELESCOPIC MECHANISM METAL ROD

HANDLE BODY

REMOVABLE BACK PANEL SIDE PANEL

BELLOWS

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METAL PANEL MOUNTINGS

GRIP MAT FOOT-PL ATFOR M BODY

BELLOWS MOUNTING FR AME SCISSOR LIF T

ACTUATOR WHEEL HUB MOTOR

METAL CHASSIS

FRONT BR AKE CASTERS

RE AR T YRE WHEELS

METAL BASE COVER PL ATE

exploded view

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BRAND

CHINESPORT ; Struzzo

KAR MA ; Ergo Stand(KP-80)

SELF TRANSFER

√ √ √

√ √ √

L EG S PAC E

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•

•

I N R 4 , 4 7, 0 0 0 ( + D u t y )

INR 4,24,910 (+Dut y)

S TA N D U P A S S I S T A D J U S TA B L E H E I G H T

PRICE

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PRIDE MOBILITY ; Jazzy Air

O S T R I C H ; Te t r a L X

GOSOLO

•

•

•

•

•

√

•

•

√ √ √ √ √ √

I N R 2,94,976 (+D ut y)

INR 1,44,000

INR 1.80,000

√ √

Limited

•

competition

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REMOTE MANEUVERING Many patients are unable to use a standard joystick due to a lack of muscle coordination, involuntary movements, a delay in developing motor skills, and shaking tremors. For many, bringing the device from a distant corner of the room to the sofa one is sitting on necessitates the assistance of others.

With personal Smart phones becoming a complete remote control system for the device, the user can have greater independence.

future scope

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1 0 D. SCENAR IOS WH ER E GOSO LO SIGN IFICANTLY IN CR E ASE S USER ' S QUALIT Y O F LIFE

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LIFE FILLED WITH HAPPINESS AND POSITIVE ENERGY

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S E L F T R A N S F E R F R O M C A R S E AT T O D E V I C E S E AT ; S M O O T H W O R K F L O W F O R C A R E G I V E R

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O B J E C T S I N A C T I V E R E A C H ; C H A N G E T O D I F F E R E N T H E I G H T S ; C L E A R K I T C H E N P L AT F O R M V I S I B I L I T Y

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S W I T C H T O M A N U A L M O D E W H E N E V E R N E C E S S A R Y ; N O H A S S L E W H E N B AT T E R Y R U N S O U T

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AVO I D AW K WA R D B O DY TO U C H W H I L E T R A N S F E R ; D I G N I F I E D E X P E R I E N C E F O R C A R E G I V E R S & U S E R S

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B L E N D I N WI T H T H E E NVI RO N M E N T ; N E VE R M ISS O U T O PPO RT U N I T I E S TO E AR N

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D E V E LO P S E L F CO N F I D E N C E A N D P R E S E N T YO U R S E L F W I T H P R I D E ; S K Y I S T H E L I M I T

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M OV E TO G E T H E R ; LO O K E Y E TO E Y E ; E N J OY T H E S U N S E T Y E A R S

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B R E A K T H E B A R R I E R S O F S O C I A L I S O L AT I O N ; C U LT U R A L I N C L U S I O N

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1 0 E . MOCK-U P AN D PROTOT YPE This phase entails developing 1:1 scale model of the 3D concept developed digitally. The following mock-up is a 1:1 scale appearance model without any working parts. The mock-up is documented in the form of photographs and video. The video demonstrates the working of the product in different home environments.

M AT E R I A L S U S E D • Thermacol for form of the outer body • White Acrylic wall putty to give strength to thermacol parts and smooth finish • Recycled plywood for structure of seat, armrest, backrest , front support handle and model base • Recycled memory foam for seat cushion and armrest cushions • Rexine for upholstery • Aluminium pipe for front support handle • Mesh fabric for backrest • Felt Fabric for foot platform mat • Ivory sheet (Paper) for bellows • Spray Paint • Fastening- nut and bolt, screw, simple door hinge, nail S PAC E U S E D Converted home verandah into small workshop with necessary hand tools and a small work table.

Reason being- No access to NID workshops due to COVID 19 situation and lack of availability of any kind of maker's space in Raipur city.

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raw, m ach i n i ng , f i n i s h i ng, a sse m bly, d ocu m e ntati o n 194 • KRITI KHADIA • G R A D U AT I O N P R O J E C T

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F e m a l e , A G E - 4 6 y/o H o m emaker Lives with family Paraplegic, Rehab Sta ge ASPI R ATIO NS : Prefers S are e a s daily at tire Par ticipation in daily chores D o n ot want to b e a family bu rden

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LOOK TURN MOVE

GOOD VIBES O N LY

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CHOP CHOP CHOP

G R A D U AT I O N P R O J E C T

EMBRACE YO U R INTEREST

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ENJOY EVERY MOMENT

BELIEVE IN YOURSELF

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MAKE IT HAPPEN

FEEL THE FRESHNESS

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o pe rati ng th e fu n c tio n s

FLIPPING THE HANDLE-CUM-TABLE

STAND UP WITH SEAT TILT

FRONT SUPPORT HANDLE HEIGHT ADJUSTMENT

SEAT HEIGHT ADJUSTMENT

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f i n al wo rki ng p rotot ype

Developing an appearance model of the product gave a clarity on the dimensions and aesthetics of the 3D Rendered Model in reality. The team finally went ahead with making the final working prototype of the product.

The engineering team created the final working prototype in Ahmedabad at the Alabaster Research and Technologies workshop. The team was unable to manufacture the seat designed in the 3D Rendered Model for this stage due to resource constraints during the COVID-19 pandemic. The goal was to user test this model while also developing the seat.

M AT E R I A L S U S E D • Fibre-reinforced plastic (FRP) for the body works • Foam Seat covered with Leather Textured Rexine • Cavas Bellows

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W O R K I N G PROTOTYPE

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PROCESS

PROCESS

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PROCESS

INDOOR

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COMPACT

COLLAPSED

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EXTENDED

SE AT TILT

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11. DE TAILIN G All new products are created and developed through the process of innovation where a goal is achieved through the pursuit of a strategic vision. The search for solutions assists in gradually articulating desirable details at various stages of the process until a specific concept is embodied in the form of a final solution or a set of alternatives. The details cover all of the product's attributes such as features, technical specifications, dimensions, design engineering, stages of manufacturing, material qualities, and design implementation. The coordination among these product attributes results in the creation of a Minimum Viable Product ( MVP ).

Symbolizing creation, The Flower of Life is a series of overlapping circles forming a grid. When used as a blueprint, desirable geometric shapes can be formed while alternative shapes emerge.

• • • The flower of life is an analogy for the coordination among product attributes that helps to shape desirable solutions.

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DE SIGN DEVELO PM ENT

This section elaborates on the technical design details, ergonomic design details and technical drawings required to develop the Minimum Viable Product ( MVP ). The technical drawings of side panel, back panel and foot platform are used to manufacture the final prototype via Fabrication process using Fibre-reinforced plastic ( FRP ).

HOLES TO REDUCE THE RIGIDITY OF THE MATERIAL IN LUMBAR SUPPORT

2 MM DEPTH ON THE TABLE TOP TO BALANCE OBJECTS SMOOTH EDGES TO HOLD THE HANDLE

HAMMOCK CURVE WITH SIDE CONTOURS FOR CENTR AL BODY PLACEMENT, SLIGHT SLOPE ON FRONT EDGE TO AVOID PRESSURE ON KNEE BACK TISSUES

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DEEP HOLE TO FLUSH THE FASTENER WITH PART SURFACE TAB EXTENSIONS FOR FASTENER HOLES

SNAP FIT FASTENER CAP FOR CLEAN LOOK

SPACE TO INSERT TOOL TO OPEN THE FASTENER CAP

ENVIRONMENT MAP FOR SURFACE CHECK ; SMOOTH & BLENDING SURFACE FINISH

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EXTENDED CURVED PATH FOR ARMREST TO FLIP BEYOND BACKREST

REMOVABLE CABLE CLIPS TO MANAGE DANGLING WIRES

FLUSHED IN FASTENERS FOR CLEAN LOOK

TR ACKS TO ADJUST CONTROLLER PLACEMENT

ARMREST FLIP BEYOND BACKREST TO AVOID ACCIDENTAL FLIP DOWN WHILE TR ANSFERRING

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FLUSHED WIRE PASSAGE UNDER SEAT BASE FOR CLEAN DESIGN

ENTRY POINT FOR WIRE INTO THE BELLOWS

WIRE PATH DESIGN IN GHOSTED VIEW ; HIDDEN WIRING, EASY RIGHT OR LEF T HAND INSTALLATION

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p rod u c t d i m e n sio n s & tech n ical s peci f icatio n s 1. OVERALL LENGTH : 965 mm ( 3' 2" )

1. WEIGHT OF THE DEVICE : 70 kg

2 . O V E R A L L W I DT H : 4 8 0 m m ( 1 ' 5" )

2 . T U R N I N G C I R C L E R A D I U S : 76 0 m m

3. OVERALL FULL EXTENSION HEIGHT : 1224 mm ( 4' )

3 . G RO U N D C L E A R A N C E : 5 5 m m ( 2 .1 " )

4. OVERALL COLLAPSE HEIGHT : 525 mm ( 1' 7 " )

4 . LO A D CA PA C I T Y : 1 2 0 k g

5 . S E AT W I DT H : 4 6 0 m m ( 1 6" )

5. MAXIMUM SEED LIMIT : 6 km/hr

6 . S E AT D E P T H : 470 m m ( 1 8 . 5" )

6. SPEED SELECTIONS : 5 speeds

7 . S E A T T I LT A N G L E F R O M H O R I Z O N T A L : 2 0 °

7. CHARGING TIME : 3- 4 hrs

8 . BAC K R EST H E I G H T : 51 6 . 5 m m ( 2 0 . 3" ) 9. B A C K R E ST W I DT H : 3 5 0 m m ( 1 3 .7 " ) 1 0 . A R M R E S T L E N G T H : 4 2 0 m m ( 1 6 . 5 " ) 1 1 . A R M R E ST W I DT H : 3 8 .1 m m ( 1 . 5" ) 1 2 . A R M R E S T H E I G H T F R O M S E A T B A S E : 1 7 8 . 6 m m ( 7 " ) 1 3 . F O O T P L A T F O R M L E N G T H : 4 0 4 m m ( 1 5 . 9 " ) 1 4 . F O O T P L A T F O R M W I D T H : 2 8 0 m m ( 1 1 " ) 1 5 . F O O T P L A T F O R M H E I G H T F R O M G R O U N D : 1 2 8 m m ( 5 " ) 1 6 . H A N D L E - C U M - T A B L E L E N G T H : 3 5 0 m m ( 1 3 . 7 " ) 1 7 . H A N D L E - C U M - T A B L E W I D T H : 2 0 0 m m ( 7 . 8 " ) 1 8 . F R O N T S U P P O R T H A N D L E M A X . H E I G H T ( T A B L E F L I P P E D U P ) : 8 1 6 m m ( 2 ' 6 " ) 1 9 . L U M B A R S U P P O R T H E I G H T F R O M S E A T B A S E : 1 5 6 . 7 m m t o 1 7 5 . 6 m m ( 6 . 1 " t o 6 . 9 " )

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tech n ical d rawi ng (sid e pan el)

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tech n ical d rawi ng (back pan el)

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tech n ical d rawi ng (foot pl at fo rm)

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G R A D U AT I O N P R O J E C T

CO LO R , MATER IAL , FINISH (CM F )

M AT E R IAL

:

&

FI N ISH

:

1. BODY WORKS- ABS PL ASTIC WITH SEMI GLOSS PANTONE 13-0815 TPG BANANA CREPE

2. SEAT AND ARMREST CUSHIONS - MOULDED L AYERS OF MEMORY FOAM AND HARD FOAM, PANELLED STITCHED FABRIC UPHOLSTERY (LE ATHER TEXTURED) 3. BACKREST- KNIT TED POLYESTER MESH FABRIC (DOUBLE L AYERED) 4. CHASSIS- ALUMINIUM STRUCTURE

PANTONE 11-0601 TPG BRIGHT WHITE

5. FOOT PLATFORM MAT- RUBBER WITH EMBOSSED TEXTURE GRIP

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DE SIGN IM PLE M ENTATIO N

This section includes product marketing ideas based on design research. Promotional strategy of the company includes digital marketing, print media, free demos in public spaces like airports, malls, educational institutions and startup innovation competitions.

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12. R EFLEC TIO N AN D LE AR NIN GS Since childhood, my interest lied in building

application in the product development

and enhance the quality of life. However,

connections between the tangible and

process. It changed the way I presented

since the domain sits at the intersection of

intangible, existing and fiction. The vast

ideas and concepts, transforming them

technology and humans, there is always a

land of design nurtured my interests to

from speculative plans to comprehensive

risk of solutions tapping more towards the

maturity. It opened my mind to imagine

implementation plans. I learnt to combine

technology side. My goal was to create a

and build endless possibilities. To think

abstract artistic concepts with the

better design for everyone in the scenario

something is impossible, is impossible now.

seriousness of the healthcare industry to

by using design thinking methods to solve

Communicating my interests and thoughts

produce responsible results.

the complexities at the intersection of

has always been a challenge for me. Over

healthcare technological requirements and

my 4 year journey at NID, 'Design' has

Creating a product for mass production

become the medium to express myself.

was a rewarding experience. It taught me

user aspirations.

how to design with constraints (human

This project gave me the confidence

My internship at Alabaster Research and

body) and the value of every millimeter that

to venture into new areas, which is not

working from home due to the COVID 19

makes up the product. I learned how to

possible if one remains in one's comfort

situation helped me to become a better

deal with financial responsibility for projects

zone.

version of my former self. While working

when designing for manufacturing.

at Alabaster Research, I was a significant contributor and had the opportunity to

Healthcare has always been a field

work on two projects. I was able to learn

dedicated to assisting people. Healthcare

a lot about an unknown field, industrial

initiatives, if properly designed and

terminologies and stages of design

implemented, can improve life spans

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13. R EFER EN CE S WEB PAGES

The Problems Faced by the Elderly

Turner, Troy. “The World’s First 3D-Printed

“Assistive Devices and Technology in

Wheelchair

Activities of Daily Living.”

Yanko Design

Share and Discover Knowledge on SlideShare

[https://www.yankodesign.com/2016/05/19/

[https://www.slideshare.net

the-worlds-first-3d-printed-wheelchair/]

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Accessed on 26 February 2020

technology-in-activities-of-daily-living] Accessed on 28 February 2020

Site de POPE India [https://www.popeindia.org/english/elderlypeople/problems-faced-by-the-elderly/]

Maitreyi, Assisted Travel, The Hindu

Accessed on 10 February 2020

[https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/

“90% of Wheelchairs Used by the Disabled

Hyderabad/extending-care-to-the-elderly-up-

in State Inappropriate: Study | Bengaluru

close-and-personal/article30437067.ece]

News - Times of India.”

Accessed on 27 February 2020

[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/

Ageing and Health World Health Organization

bengaluru/90-of-wheelchairs-used-by-

[https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/

the-disabled-in-state-inappropriate-study/

detail/ageing-and-health#:~:text=By%20

The 10 Principles of Good Medical Design

articleshow/59359906.cms]

2050%2C%20the%20world’s%20

Team Consulting

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population,aged%2080%20years%20or%20]

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“Daughters-in-Law, Daughters Main

Ostrich, Electric Wheelchair Ttera LX

Karma, Ergo Stand (KP-80)

Caregivers for Elderly in Households:

[https://www.ostrichmobility.com/tetra-lx-2/]

[https://www.karmamedical.com/featured_item/

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Accessed on 10 June 2020

kp-80/] Accessed on 12 June 2020

The Times of India [https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/ india/daughters-in-law-daughters-main-

Ostrich, Mobility Scooter Ecstacy 220ED

caregivers-for-elderly-in-households-survey/

[https://www.ostrichmobility.com/ecstacy-

Chinesport, Struzzo

articleshow/69847163.cms]

220ed/]

[https://www.chinesport.com/catalog/standing-

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frames/struzzo/AV3221B3342C-struzzo-tomove-independently] Accessed on 12 June 2020

“Future Projects - SMOI.”

Foldawheel, Pegasus II (Semi-Power

Specialized Mobility Operations and Innovations

Standing Wheelchair)

[http://smoi.org/research-and-development/

[https://www.wheelchair88.com/product/semi-

Pride, Jazzy Air

future-projects/]

power-standing-wheelchair/]

[https://www.pridemobility.com/jazzy-power-

Accessed on 4 June 2020

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chairs/jazzy-air-2/] Accessed on 12 June 2020

Permobil Resources

Foldawheel, Draco (Electric Standing

Aging Concerns: New Solutions with Today’s

Wheelchair)

Pride, VivaLift!® Atlas Plus - PLR-2985

Technology

[https://www.wheelchair88.com/product/

Power Lift Recliners

[https://hub.permobil.com/permobil-resources]

draco-standing-wheelchair/]

[https://www.pridemobility.com/pride-power-lift-

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recliners/vivalift-atlas-plus-plr-2985/] Accessed on 12 June 2020

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Pheonix Medical, Arise Wheelchair

Acess Your life, Wheelchair Reviews

History & Background, NID

[https://www.phoenixmedicalsystems.com/

[https://www.accessyourlife.co.uk/reviews/]

[http://nid.edu/institute/history-background]

assistive-technology/standing-wheel-chair/ ]

Accessed on 2 August 2020

Accessed on 11 March 2021

Seniority, Wheelchair Reviews

Mandate (Mission, Vision, Values), NID

Wheelchair Seating and Positioning Tips

[https://www.seniority.in/blog/wheelchairs/]

[http://nid.edu/institute/mandatemission-vision-

Medifab

Accessed on 2 August 2020

values]

Accessed on 12 June 2020

Accessed on 11 March 2021

[https://www.medifab.co.nz/knowledge-base/ wheelchair-seating-and-positioning-tips] Accessed on 6 July 2020

Martina Tierney, Type of chair for elderly

Home Page Alabaster Research & Technologies

Product Design

[http://alabasterresearch.com/]

National Institute of Design

Accessed on 11 March 2021

[https://www.nid.edu/education/master-design/

[http://blog.seatingmatters.com/chairs-for-

product-design/p-overview]

elderly]

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MP Ranjan- “Design for India.” [http://design-for-india.blogspot.com/] Accessed on 12 March 2021

National Institute of Design

Design Thinking for the Elderly

[http://nid.edu/education/education-at-nid-2/

[https://silverevolution.wordpress.

education-at-rd-campus.html]

com/2015/04/15/a-new-perspective-design-

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Sharma, Neetu Chandra. “62% of Elderly in India Lack Long-Term, Palliative Care, Reveals Survey for UN.” Mint News [https://www.livemint.com/Politics/7QY3bpYM 2EzWaV03vC1lCP/62-of-elderly-in-India-lacklongterm-palliative-care-rev.html] Accessed on 14 March 2021

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VIDEOS

Car Assist Products for Seniors - Elder

Orangebox Do Chair - User Instructions

Ease India

[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=THAohFn

[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BYkjoMLy

SfrA&abchannel=HuntsOfficeFurniture]

6QA&abchannel=ElderEaseIndia]

Accessed on 7 December 2020

Accessed on 9 July 2020 Cindy paraplegic transfer wheelchair LifeStand Standing Power Wheelchair

to toilet [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cWj8r-

Bed Transfer after hip replacement

[https://www.youtube.com/

z7moo&ab_channel=cindyranii]

[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ctmUr0_

watch?v=q_X_67eumBY&ab_channel=OpenBo

Accessed on 9 July 2020

FGhk&ab_channel=MichiganMedicine]

xMedicalWarehouseDeals]

Accessed on 10 July 2020

Accessed on 10 December 2020

Bathroom Transfers: SCI Empowerment Project Wheelchair Skills Video 19

Standing Wheelchair

[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NWqQ_

[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZZflvXzMe

gC-Trw&ab_channel=UWSpinalCordInjury]

Nc&abchannel=ParalyzedLiving]

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Accessed on 12 October 2020

Ch. 4: Bathing & Dressing (Caregiver

Expand Your Mobility - 2019 Permobil

College Video Series)

F-Series

[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lvQtjY3-

[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0qruZ9H7

bcE&ab_channel=FamilyCaregiverAlliance]

GS8&abchannel=Permobil]

Accessd on 9 July 2020

Accessed on 13 October 2020

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JOURNELS

Whole-Body Movements During Rising

A kinematic comparison between

to Standing kom Sitting

elderly and young subjects standing up

By Margaret Schenkman, Rlchard Berger,

from and sitting down in a chair

Patrick Rlley, Robert Mann , W Andrew Hodge

By France Mourex, Thierry Pozzo, Rouhier

Physical Therapy

Marcer, Jean Pierre Didier

Intelligent Control Wheelchair Using a New

Age and Ageing 1998

Visual Joystick

By Yassine Rabhi, Makrem Mrabet,

Obtaining Natural Sit-to-Stand Motion with

Farhat Fnaiech

a Biomimetic Controller for Powered Knee

Hindawi, Journal of Healthcare Engineering

Prostheses

By Molei Wu, Rejwanul Haque, Xiangrong Shen Hindawai, Journal of Healthcare Engineering

A Comprehensive Review of Smart Wheelchairs: Past, Present and Future

By Jesse Leaman, and Hung M. La

Characteristics of isometric and dynamic

Senior Member, IEEE

strength loss following eccentric exercise induced muscle damage

By C. Byrne, R. G. Eston, R. H. T. Edwards

Katz Index of Independence in Activities of

School of Sport, Health and Exercise Sciences,

Daily Living (ADL)

University of Wales, Gwynedd, Wales, UK

By Donna McCabe, DNP, APRN-BC, GNP New York University Rory Meyers College of Nursing

Wheelchair Seating & Positioning Guide Permobil Resources

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14. CITATIO NS All content in the publication belongs to the author. Images depicted are either clicked or sourced via the Interweb.

The diagrams, info graphics and content visualizations are all created by the author.

Icons and Symbols sourced from The Noun Project [https://thenounproject.com/]

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15. CO LO PH O N This document has been designed and written by Kriti Anand Khadia.

It has been printed at The document has been set in :

AGENDA , Designed by Greg Thompson and released by Font Bureau, a digital type studio.

Helvetica Neue LT Std, Designed by Max Miedinger and released by Mergenthaler Linotype Company.

Frutiger, Designed by Adrian Frutiger and released by Linotype Type Foundry.

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K R I T I ANAN D K HADIA

PRO D UC T D E SIGN , UG' 16 BATCH NAT IO NAL I NS T I T U T E O F D E SIGN AH M E DABAD, I N DIA

+91 74350 4 4241 kritikhadia 24@gmail .co m Beha nce: K riti Khadia