Design for other 94%-Quality of Living- A Right or a Legacy

I thank the energy which kindled this piece of thinking within me, to have found me this platform to explore, express and engage the dots carried throughout be connected and cherished. I’m grateful to the ways the time holds me to mould myself as the process has been demanding me to be grooved.

I hold all the gratitude to my mother, who has been supporting me in all her possible ways every single time of every single day.I hold an unconditional love and respect for your sacrifices and contributions in making me for what I am today.

To Ar. Lalit Kishore Bhati( Urban Planner, Auroville) who has always been there for me to express my emotional baggage on the topic and regain the clarity then and there. I am always grateful for having to cross my path with yours.

To Ar. Harshil Parekh (Faculty at CEPT)-who helped me in developing a coherent understanding and the depth of the study with all the possible motivations gearing me throughout my study and I take this opportunity to thank you with all that I have and assure to pay this act forward in the future.

To Ar. Devesh Balakrishnan-my senior,Srivatsan-Designer,Karthik and Aishwarya-my juniors for all the beautiful inputs and comitments shared in with no bound in time.

To all my friends, seniors, juniors and well-wishers who has always been my support system in keeping me moving with a sign of hope and always wished the best for me. I hold all the respect, love and gratitude to each and every role that you have played in the process.

Disclaimer

This research was initiated as a part of the undergraduate architecture degree but is always very dear and open to oppurtunities and growth.

The ideas,opions and perspectives reflected in this research are sollely mine and do not necessarily reflect any prelaid policies or frameworks.

The report is not for public distribution and has been furnished solely for information and must not be reproduced or redistributed to others.None can use the report as a base for any claim, demand or cause of action and, also none is responsible for any loss incurred based upon. Opinion expressed is the current opinion as of the date appearing on the material only.

All the information illustrated and discussed are for eduation and information purpose only.

To see with the eyes, to listen with the ears and to feel with the heart of another is empathy in life, but to design with the need of people along with them is to embrace the empathy and emotion in architecture. Architecture, when taken and rendered to the deprived,has, inarguably remained to be a great tool by far in bridging many gaps, socially, climatically, financially and emotionally. Architecture is not for a selected few but EVERYONE. To construct a beautiful place is for the creamy 1% with dollars and pounds while to create a roof for survival is for the bottom 5% with contracts and tenders.Having that 1% ensure with the quality of living, is the same service rendered to the bottom 5%?.

Quality of living is a basic right to live in the conditions under circumstances which determine the state of content physically, psychologically, socially, environmentally and in many more layers. It also dictates the ability of the people to develop themselves by rendering them with the right opportunity, which adds to the charm of being their host until then.

This paper explores the possibilities of architecture in addressing the global problems concerning the quality of living - the issues in identifying the root causes, the prevailing situation narrowing it down to a context further deep to understand and resolve the aforementioned issues architecturally by developing a comprehensive scheme in establishing a prospective study area to-be “self-building with participatory design”.

When planned with the ultimate users in mind, spaces become more than just the bricks and mortar and the glass and steel; they become incubators for serving, working, learning, and loving. This is what architecture is all about— providing spaces that encourage people to live their lives to its best.

People in different contexts facing different and diverse needs of necessities

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Title Page No. Preface 5

1.1 Introduction 7

1.2 Area of Concern/Interest 7

1.3 Hypothesis 8

1.4 Aim 8 1.5 Objectives 8

1.6 Research Questions 9

1.7 Scope and Limitations 9

1.8 Research Methods 10

Literature Study 13

2.1 Understanding the concept-Quality of Living 15

2.2 Evolving a coherent relation between the quality of living and its perceptions in the focus group

16

2.3 Identifying the Ground Factors that influence in perceiving the quality of living amongst the people.

17 2.4 Conceptual understanding of quality of living in relation with the context of the study 23 2.5 Role of architecture in social issues 24 3.1 Shankar Bhuvan Centre 30 3.2 METI School 37 3.4 Aranya Community Housing 53 3.5 Karimodam Colony 60

2.6 Role of spatial quality in the quality of living 25 3.3 The Kasungu maternity waiting village 44 3.6 Bait Ul Rauf Mosque 69 3.7 The Pinch 75

Case Study 27

Engineerign A Design Framework 83

Frame Work Module 97

Conclusion 101 Appendix 105

4.1 Deciphering the project brief 85 4.2 Structuring the program 90 4.3 Design 93 4.4 Construction 94 4.5 Occupancy and Analysis 95 6.1Narikuravar Community 107 6.2 Beedi workers 115 6.3 Etikopakka toy makers 117 6.4 Construction workers 119

References 121

At the door services reflects the situation self explaining not about just the sarcastic comfort yet a deeper pain

1.1 Introduction

Across all sections of the people, there is an urge to “live better”. Living better is not just a word of hope and ignition amongst the major classification of the people’s population yet a tangential dilemma of whether it is a right or a legacy to live for it to happen. The distinction between sufficiency and equality allows us to see how profoundly the age of human rights, while a good one for some of the worst off, has mainly been a golden age for the rich. The meaning of human rights has slowly transformed as egalitarian aspiration has fallen. (Not Enough — Samuel Moyn).

Right after the industrial revolution, it is about empowering every aspect of the bigger picture: countries development in the global race but this has been happening while depriving the very essential provisions to the people becomes a problem of social equality and justice.

1.2 Area of Concern/Interest

Architects sensitively aligned towards humanity and social causes, work with a hope and conviction that the process of spatialproblem solving and design can earnestly bring and induce changes in the living of the people. It is approached by comprehensively developing design strategies ensuring the costeffectiveness in promoting self-evolving dwellings in both macro and micro levels of settlement. The area of interest here, is to find certain latent attributes in dwellings that often go disregarded and understand the exponential impact it wields on the lives of people in question, culminating in a proper discernment of all the design strategies that underpin the same.

It is more beyond highlighting the basic necessties for survial.It is not just about surving but living.

1.3 Hypothesis

•Living conditions of the people have a direct impact on defining or portraying the quality of their living.

•Spatial quality of a space hosts and initiates the aspirations of the people and their self-development.

•Architectural intervention in a space can substantially ensure serving quality in physical needs, dignity, equality and social justice in their lives.

1.4 Aim

To recognize the role of architectural design in determining the quality and dignity in the livelihood that is reflected amongst the major population of people and their well-being with its relevance, thereby developing a collective approach in determining the key essential design aspects with regards to the typology of their usage and respect the role of such intervention through participatory design.

1.5 Objectives

•Understanding the issues in the living standards adopted and adapted by the people through many layers-social, psychological, physical, economical, political etc

•Analyzing the design interventions that had made a substantial impact on the people in bringing them out of the stranded situation and providing dignity in spaces and living.

•Analyzing the expectations of the people based on the indices fixed with an approach to determine the issue more locally and initiate the problem solving method to the issues identified.

1.6 Research Questions

•How does a person adapt to their living conditions beyond and after the role of government intervention in lifting him/her from poverty?

• How can design instill a sense of dignity to the people who lie between the poverty line and lower middle class status in the country?

• What is the role of an architect when it comes to solving social issues and the impact of such intervention?

• What are the testimonies of the lives that evolved with the intervention of humanitarian architecture in serving the quality of living through spatial-problem solving?

• Shouldn’t we as architects develop this attitude to address this issue as our responsibility?

• Is the income of the concerned communities a determinant in deciding the type of life they lead or deserve?

• What are the factors which matter / influence when the quality of living is discussed amongst the people?

1.7 Scope and Limitations

This paper seeks to identify the Quality of living through determining the spatial quality indices that could reflect the focus thereby orienting the design approach towards the context. It also expresses the true laid facts of the role of spatial-quality in different typologies of spaces and its intervention in the upbringing of the primary or the tertiary user who would be the people for our focus of study. This paper also discusses the theories and models developed by Martin Heidegger, Amartya sen, Alejandro Aravena, many more sociologists, humanitarian architects, economist and reviews the extent of intervention this could bring in to our study.

People’s aspirations and desires are malleable and ‘‘can ‘adapt’ in various ways to the straitened circumstances in which they live’’

The spatial-quality study is subjective and can pose various perception and perspectives to how one issue is viewed by many people who tries in attempting to understand.

This is also a multidimensional issue which involves the understanding and analysing the contribution of other fields beyond architecture and psychology and run parallels in accepting their contribution to the study and spend time in reading research papers, theories and interventions at the same time.

Due to the COVID Situation, the in person sample surveying from the context study area is left to near impossible yet the collection of near to exact survey from the secondary resources might be used to narrow down the focus of the study and explore from then.

1.8 Research Methods

This study uses “Qualitative Case study” approach so that it will help find patterns and relate the findings to its best utilization in the toolkit created for people associated with such projects.

The preliminary study begun with the background study of various user groups where there was a scope and role of humanitarian architects focusing on the social, economic, physical and psychological factors of QOL discussed. The data collection/background study focused predominantly on the Agha Khan awarded Social/ Humanitarian Projects. The data collection of such varied typologies of projects were done by collecting the data from the reports submitted to the Agha Khan committee by the architecture teams. These data were then decoded to illustrate every little detail the project took to become what it is known for. These case studies were made into an illustrative flow chart module to experience the flow of work in the project encountered. It illustrates the detailed sequentialization on the process throughout the proj¬ect that describes the process and the flow of design from identification of the design need, evolution of design, construction and post occupancy in detail.

This method of developing a case study was inspired from the works of Dwee¬ta (Co-creation as an emerging process of architectural design) Dawda, Dweeta (UA5214)

The data analysis aids in tailoring the findings and observation encountered from each case which is represented as tabulation tailoring a specific se¬quence of actions documented during the execution process and its impact amongst the end user group, architects and the stake holder involved, which helps in analysing the role of each participant and how well a process can tune its capacity in quality of living.

The final finding is a module framework for a toolkit to create better efficiency in improving the quality of space and living created from a public or social driven project which aids support in introspecting every step taken in the project that usually goes unnoticed or overlooked. When concerning these elements within the frame¬work it would significantly change the process and ultimately impact the end user experience from the space intend to create.

LITERATURE STUDY

2.1 Understanding the concept-Quality of Living

2.11 Literature-Quality of Living Definitions

Quality of living (QOL) is a broad multi-dimensional concept defined in numerous ways and in numerous fields of study. The concept of QOL may be simpler to perceive than to comprehend. Many widely varied issues can be constructed and addressed under this but to mark a boundary for the term and to define it comprehensively is a task.

The literature confirms that there is no universally accepted definitions for The Quality of living. However, all the definitions profoundly revolve around in shoving the light on people’s well-being, development, dignity or satisfaction. Also Quality of living is synonymously referred in the literature through the terms like satisfaction, general well-being, and human development. As mentioned in the work by Rajadurai Masilamani, the Quality of living is observed to be defined in three ways.(S, Rajadurai masilamani, 2007)

1.Global or generic definition on Quality of living, which addresses in showcasing the broader understanding of quality of living where it is predominantly evaluated keeping the satisfaction of any factors in mind. (Ex: Quality of living: subjective measure of one’s happiness/well-being).

Global definition: of, relating to, or involving the entire world: worldwide a global system of communication global economic problems global warfare — see also global village, global warming.

(https://www.google.com/search?rlz=1C1CHBF_enIN832IN832&sxsrf=ALeKk02_1zKKctF6C4FvxCV488JfLyg-9g%3A1604629025770&ei=IbKkX8HILpvC3LUPvKm80AM&q=what+does+global+definition+mean&oq=what+does+globa+definition+mean&gs_lcp=CgZwc3ktYWIQAxgAMgYIABAHEB4yCAgAEAgQBxAeOgQIABBHOggIABAHEAoQHjoKCAAQCBAHEAoQHlCtcFjue2CehQFoAHACeACAAXWIAeIEkgEDMi40mAEAoAEBqgzLXd)

Generic definition: Relating to or characteristic of a whole group or class.

( https://www.google.com/search?q=what+does+generic+definition+mean&source=lmns&bih=657&biw=1396&rlz=1C1CHBF_enIN832IN832&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwj_j47G7ezsAhXogGMGHTRxCrcQ_AUoAHoECAEQAA)

2. The definitions which break the concept into series of component parts and dimensions called as extended definitions. Here the components of understanding the Quality of living is addressed and is made to hold the responsibility to orient the discussion based on the key value of what is quality addressed and how is quality perceived to what is the bigger agenda of evaluating the quality with the living. These definitions create the environment to relate and conceive the concept with local relations and bridge the relation to its impact in many other levels.

3.The definitions that focuses on only one or two of the component parts recognised and validated from the former types of definitions.(Ex: Dignity)

2.2 Evolving a coherent relation between the quality of living and its perceptions in the focus group

2.2.1 Focus Group Considered

The study addresses the living conditions, issues and the experiences in the life of the people who had just survived poverty through the support of the government (many schemes and concessions) and other support groups, entitling now in the lower income status. From them, many who are willing to engage themselves with some income based work and other interests push themselves to an urban location but are far from pursuing it in ease because of the living costs the cities put up, thus end up with survival near the city. This population relocation driven by the economic needs and demands have led to settling in peri-urban areas (areas in the periphery of the urban) (Aijaza, R.) (2019) (ISSUE NO. 285) which brings in a diverse exchange and crossover of culture, lifestyle

and many more multitude of factors that differentiates the people within themselves yet is held together, due to their only moto of moving forward in any way possible because of the ill-experiences and tragedy the poverty has taught them. The in-migration of the people to such a context has predominantly impacted the land-use and the occupational patterns.

2.2.2 Perspectives on the Focus group

From their perspective after having gone through a riot of survival and officially who seemed to be away of poverty decided by the statistics, leaves this class of people into a vulnerable phase ,shaking their life once again but now even without those factors which were available to help them in moving forward. From their experiences, the impact of ill-being and bad quality of life is much more than the material poverty. It is endowed in multiple layers of interlocking dimensions which combine to create an environment that deprives any power, choices of freedom but that has gone away now. To survive this trap, they now have become the urban-slaves. The psychological experience of multiple deprivations is intense and painful.(Narayan et al, 2000, Voices of the Poor: Crying Out for Change)

2.3 Identifying the Ground Factors that influence in perceiving the quality of living amongst the people.

With much of references and readings on various Quality of life indices invented and adopted, from different field of study, it is well evident to state that in the due course with the initiation of the study, and the complex nature in handling the study, the focus shifted in obtaining the empirical relations with the indices framed and has lost similarly to how the identification of poverty left these lives ignored, these studies have lost to locate the rock bottom reasons for identified factors to have become significant indices to measure. In this study the QOL factors are just considered as tool in measuring the ‘state of situation’ of the focus group,

determined by both the personal needs and the needs offered to them by the public body.

Here I discuss on those factors which have contributed to develop any well workable index of measure and elaborate the complex of structure that these factors behold beyond the usual radar of focus the studies might involve.

2.3.1 ON LIVELIHOOD:

Refers to the means of securing the necessities of life.

Structuring the survival needs:

While every struggle of living is in meeting those needs of ultimate survival, it is also on those things that play a significant role in motivating and aspiring the people’s behaviour realised from the Maslow’s Hierarchy of needs.

This involves the physiological needs which become the utmost elements needed for survival. This involves food, water and shelter and until when these are not met fundamentally, all the other needs become secondary.

Adding an opinion of thought that these needs has to be owned and earned by the people as it is impossible for any body of work to guarantee this for anyone’s living. Thus a resiliency of survival has to be evolved and equipped by every fellow to ensure his fundamental needs are earned by his actions.

To this focus group, the livelihoods are very seasonal, inaccessible for they are trapped in by the economy and its growth in the society finding no responsibility in ensuring a shared dignity and social justice in survival of the people in all status of life.

Random laundry scene on the open ground

Security is the notion of feeling safe by your own people that you feel is a part of your clan

2.3.2 On the politics behind the people being pushed to dwell in certain locational context

The life situation will vary according to the location since the external conditions and the individual capacity to operate over the external conditions are dynamic.

Availability and accessibility of the infrastructural features and amenities have both direct and indirect impact over many of the personal necessities in order to be accessed.

The place of dwelling of the focus group are isolated, risky, underserviced and stigmatized. This is completely due to the power play of the civic body and the influential negligence in partially attempting to the concerns raised by the people.

The capital inflow to a location primarily depends on the level of economic policies, political climate, infrastructure and the people of the location to be considered as resource for many other betterment which can be contributed and utilised for a large betterment.

2.3.3 On Social relations

The relational nature of survival needs is also central to the social inclusion and exclusion. The social relations play important role in aspiring and sowing hope when the focus group is identified to hold the positive aspiration in their living and at once exclude their role of existence when they are trapped and hence experience the negative aspiration.

The concept of social exclusion implies that there is a downward spiral in which labour market marginality leads to poverty and social isolation, which in turn reinforce the risk of long-term unemployment thus making the livelihood scarce. (Gallie, Duncan,2003)

It is all about collective emotion sharing with not only the primary social relations, but with the friends and the ability to extend the

secondary relations through the exposure attained and connecting the people who could utilise the potential and support the economic aspects of their living. Unemployment increases the risk of securing the elements of the livelihood which in turn creates the lack of social relation and dignity from the society.

2.3.4 Impact of security

Security is the notion of feeling safe and the involvement of measures which are to be taken to be safe or guarded from certain threat. It is one of the necessities that involves both physical and psychological aspects of security.

The physical security of the focus group is to ensure the feeling of being protected from any situation that could put the physical aspects of living and livelihood to risk. Often a perceived lack of physical safety may affect subjective well-being more than the real impact of any threat. (https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php/Quality_of_life_indicators_).

The spatial security amongst the focus group is of the most prior concern pertaining to their act of encroaching the land due to their other concerns of survival. Also within the context of settlements, there is a very strong relationship between spaces and social life which can reflect the social structure that exists in the inhabitants of these settlements. The loss of this fabric of element would intimidatingly impact the quality of living experienced. (Hanson, Julienne, and Bill Hillier. 1987. “The Architecture of Community: Some New Proposals on the Social Consequences of Architectural and Planning Decisions.”)

Theoretically, a community will always have the potential and strength to respond to any form of pressure from outside to stay with the community. The community resilience in a settlement’s environment will be very dependent on the conditions of comfort and satisfaction inhabited to the living environment (Jordhus-Lier, David. 2015.) Thus, it is a very important layer of concern when addressing the intangible aspects of Quality of living and the

underlying concerns.

The concept of psychological security defined according to Maslow (1942) as the presentiment that may arise from dangers or risks in the physiology or the psychology of the individual, as well as the sense of powerfulness and powerlessness of the individual in dealing with dangers or risks, mainly related to the sense of certainty and controllability.

The pertinent fear of such security includes factors of equality protection, livelihood security, and social relation which predominantly will reduce the sense of belonging amongst the people. Nurturing the dependency of the user group is never a solution when self-building has proved to establish consistent betterment in their wellbeing.

2.3.5 Role of Capacity building

The idea of capacity building translates the idea of establishing the inlaid potential skills and talents which in itself support and manage the role, the outside resource would necessarily serve the focus group, thereby equipping the focus group to manage and meet their needs.

The concept of identifying the problem and serving the solution through capacity building has significantly found the negative aspiration for it has been portrayed as their mistake which makes them feel inefficient such as the top-bottom approach.( S. Kenny et al)

Economic factors also determine the psychological security (Van Hal, 2015), which is related and interlinked with occupational stability and occupational risk. A large number of studies have proved that the fear of crime in terms of social security factors increases the psychological well-being (Astell-Burt et al., 2015)

Design for other

Educational opportunity helps the user to enhance the understanding and the competency of the world they live in, which helps in a positive aspiration.

94%-Quality of living-A right or a Legacy

2.3.6 Impact of Education

Education and educational opportunities has always stood to be an important indicator in assessing the quality of living as it is one of the means in achieving employment, income, social status and many more.

The impact of educational and skill development opportunities ensures to improve the skills and competencies acquires in the due course of time which in turn would fetch better jobs and thus the entire set of necessities.

Also educational opportunity helps the user to enhance the understanding and the competency of the world they live in, which helps in a positive aspiration.

There are many findings which ensure in establishing education and access to educational aid to self-empowerment. (Blanchflower and Oswald 2004, Easterlin 2001, Ferrer-i-Carbonell 2005, Graham and Pettinato 2002)

Community capacity-building is essentially not a neutral technical process: it is about power and ideology and how these are mediated through structures and processes. As with the terms community and community development, the term Community capacity building is used to hide a false consensus about goals and interests. In reality they are all arenas for political contestation. And, as with these earlier terms, Community capacity building has been manipulated by governments to give a falsesense of community ownership and control.( Craig, Gary,2007).

To respond effectively to local communities’ demands would mean giving up much of the power which these bodies enjoy. We may well ask: who defines the capacities which communities need and why? What control do local communities exercise over the capacity-building process? And who defines what a strong community would look like? As Banks and Shenton (2001: 296) put it, ‘we

need to question whose purpose capacity-building is serving and ensure that local residents are not mere puppets in the regeneration game played out by large national, regional and local agencies. “Community development” may be a more acceptable term and a more useful approach to promoting social and economic change in neighbourhoods.’

Thus, the politics and the conspiracy within this plays a major impact on deciding what has to reach the user group thereby determining the quality of living in return.

2.3.7 Conclusion

Based on the above discussed aspects, a clear impact on the QOL was able to be perceived and realised to how it is reflecting the experience of people in respect to their access and affordability towards these necessities for their well-being.

The focus is developed in orienting the further chapters of the study in considering these as the aspects to be observed and reflected as they become the core of developing well-being in people.

2.4 Conceptual understanding of quality of living in relation with the context of the study

From the above literature(2.1), by assessing and formulating the cohesive understanding of the subject: QUALITY OF LIVING, it is important to establish the area of concern in regard with study orientation on the space-related quality of living that is to be addressed and assessed from the people’s perception and experience.

In this study, it is proposed to identify the certain components or elements which would define the Quality of living as the focus towards analysing the relationship between the quality and dignity in living/dwelling spaces to its impact on the user.

QOL embraces not only the material aspects of life like increased wealth measured by higher income, the number of dwellings or availability of basic services and amenities such as water and electricity but also the less tangible aspects of life such as satisfaction with the living environment or a greater sense of happiness or joy. (Housing Development Board, HBD, Singapore).

(ii)SPACE- RELATED QUALITY OF LIVING:

Is defined by the factors that enable an understanding to review, think and realise the impact of space and spatial quality received, assessing based on the geographical, environmental, social, emotional and economic conditions of the person of different age groups thereby also analysing the expected perception of Quality of living from what was received.

2.5 ROLE OF ARCHITECTURE IN SOCIAL ISSUES

In the broader understanding of the role of architecture and to what it plays in the society, architectural practice is isolating the environment from the totality of its relational interdependency on social, economic and political dimensions which is an alarm to notice that the level of perceiving the multitude of this service is intense and is yet unattended. Neither in the academic sector nor the practice of architecture, the architects are given a chance to experience the real ground and be equipped to face the problems that is fundamental for the space to be well utilised.

Architects working in for the social betterment through architectural practice engage in areas also other than the design work to which most practices limit themselves —which includes user interaction, ground study on their social background, identifying capacity building through the design intervention and making the space be more flexible in its functionality to host the users neces sities with incremental thinking.

To position architecture up against bread is to guarantee that it will lose; there is nothing very profound in that observation. (Paul Goldberger, Feb. 10, 1985, The Newyork Times)

2.6 Role of spatial quality in the quality of living

Through architecture, people make places in which they tend to do things they do in their lives - places to eat, to sleep, to shop, to worship, to argue, to learn, to store and so on. The way in which they organize their places is related to their beliefs and their aspirations, their world view. As worldviews vary, so does architecture, at the personal level, at the social level and cultural level, and between different subcultures within a society. (Unwin (1997) Analysing Architecture).

From the readings of the German Philosopher Martin Heidegger-Building, Dwelling and Thinking, Dwelling is any space irrespective of the function that we utilise it for from being, a home, to a school, to an hospital to anything and everything. It is also these spaces articulated to help adapt and empower the actions that it follows, thus enabling the experience of the event, through the space and the memory attached with it.

Thus, this gives an understanding of how the built spaces and the buildings are itself perceived with this notion and is thus accepted to be a fundamental way of viewing building and built spaces. He believes that building is not just an end but a way of dwelling. Within any dwelling the activities of cultivating and erecting is accomplished. Thus, dwelling in any case be the goal of all the buildings.

Now, when we try to understand how a person relates to the spaces and the surounding in which he dwells, we certainly should look up at the way those influencing factors take control in determining the level of exposure and quality in living. If we are there to understand the buildings and the spaces within, we must understand the society, culture, politics, psychology and economics in which

they exist. This realisation and development of a coherent understanding will not only help in developing methods of evolving a design and its process, furthermore on how an environment can create behaviour patterns for the people to dwell, evolve and outgrow the cycle of their living style

CASE STUDY

The case study includes seven projects of varied typologies and contexts invented as a part of evovled user interaction with the client and the ability of the client to see the oppurtunity to improve and aspire the people in impowering themselves through the intervention and its function.

The projects are explained initially briefing on the story line of how the project was coined ,the ideology of the stake holder and the initally identified needs of the people.

The second part is a detailed sequentialised process throughout the project that describes the process and the flow of design from identification of the design need, evolution of design, construction and post occupancy.This also simultaneously describes the interaction of the stakeholders with the architects, end user and vice versa.

The third part decodes the findings from the flow chart which tailors a specific sequence of actions documented during the process and its impact amongst the end user group, architects and the stake holder involved which helps in anlysing the role of each participant and how well a process can tune its capacity in quality of living.

This method of developing a case study was inspired from the works of Dweeta (Co-creation as an emerging process of architectural design) Dawda, Dweeta (UA5214) and one part of this chapter (3.1)presents a case study developed by her in her research which is very well articulated to also understand the purpose of process in the design in developing a holistic improved quality of living through architecture

3.1 SHANKAR BHUVAN CENTRE

-A Support School combined with Community Centre

Architect: Harshil Parekh

NGO: ManavSadhana and Team Seva

3.1.1 PROJECT BRIEF:

This case study includes two projects, Shankar Bhuvan centre and Shakti centre. Both the projects are located in the Shankar Bhuvan community situated in the Shahpur area of Ahmedabad. The second project, which is the Shakti centre, was a result of the success of the first project, the Shankar Bhuvan centre.

Shankar Bhuvan, the project serves the community as a Support School combined with a Community Centre. This project as a sign of upliftment of the community aims at emphasising the importance of educational spaces within the community rather than individual houses for each family.

The objective was to provide a value-based education that would teach them ways to improve their own living conditions, along with the formal education that the support school would offer.

Manav Seva initially started as a street school on a road beside the community. The NGO built a relationship and trust with the community over a span of six years and the number of students increased.

By 2015, it was difficult for the NGO teachers to manage and run the centre due to the exponential growth of attendee numbers with limited space and an imbalance in the student to teacher ratio. A thought to resolve the space issue had already emerged in the minds of founders and other individuals from both the NGOs. The architect conceived that he could explore the new development above the existing roofline as most houses were single storied and there being a space crunch on the ground floor.

3.1.2 DESIGN DEVELOPMENT CHART

3.2 METI SCHOOL

Architect: Anna Heringer

NGO:Dipshikkha

3.2.1 PROJECT BRIEF:

METI Handmade School, a primary school,designed by Ar. Anna Heringer, was established with the assistance of local craftsmen using traditional materials, mainly mud and bamboo, in Rudrapur in northern Bangladesh that consists of 168 students. The project funded and concentrated on the community’s resilience to cope with the worst situation in the future with the required and necessary skills and expertise to overcome the unforeseen. The project is located near the compound of Dipshikha, a Bangladeshi NGO that helps children learn to read and write in rural areas. To create a functional building that is not only sustainable but also consists of user-centered services, the local construction materials that are traditionally used have been combined with the proven construction techniques.

This project materialized from a series of events. In 1997 Anna Heringer came to Bangladesh as a gap-year volunteer with a German NGO to support Dipshikha’s Schaft-Shanti Bangladesh partner. They suggested the compound that was being designed under the METI (Modern Education and Training Institute) program of Dipshikha as part of their study The inputs for improvising the facilities were sought during these visits.

GENESIS OF THE PROJECT:

NGO-Dipshikha has been dedicated to helping children in rural areas to learn reading and writing.METI –the brainchild of Dipshikha, aims to promote individual abilities and interests taking into account the different learning speeds of the school children and trainees in a free and open form of learning. It provides an alternative to the typical frontal approach to lessons.

This project found its need for expansion of the classrooms and engage children within the compound of the NGO-Dipshikha. Thus, a Primary School for 168 Students as a representative public building to be evolved with the active participation of the team and earning the trust in the neighborhood was conceived.

To communicate and develop knowledge and skills within the local population is the project’s main strategy so that they can make the best possible use of their available resources. Historic building techniques are developed and improved, later the skills are passed on to local craftsmen transforming in the process the image of the building techniques.

The project was commissioned in January 2004 and the design was started in March 2004 and got approved by the client in August 2005. In September 2005 the con struction started and was completed in December 2005.

Design features

The proportion of the interior spaces is well handled, receiving an enthusiastic response from the users, in providing repeated rhythms of the bamboo structural elements introduce an ornamental feature into the environment during this rural vernacular setting the blockiness of the design appears alien, particularly because it lacks a pitched roof. This can be often mitigated by the more contextual choice of materials: mud load-bearing walls with bamboo framing. Since it’s the local custom to need a seat on the lowest, there was no use for furnishing aside from cane and straw mats. Colorful cotton drapes hung at ceiling level and in doorways soften the tough walls of the mud structure. Light passing through the drapes fills the spaces with a stimulating glow. On the lowest floor with its thick earth walls, three classrooms are located each with their access opening to an organically shaped system of ‘caves’ to the rear of the classroom.

3.2.2 DESIGN DEVELOPMENT CHART

3.2.3 FINDINGS

MANAGEMENT FINDINGS

SOCIAL PROCESS (story+actors invovled)

COUNTERING THE CONFLICT OF INTEREST:

When Anna was up in intervening the design with the native construction material-the NGO Dipshikha wanted a monumental concrete buildign as they had lost hope in their local resources.

IMPLEMENTING CREATIVE SOLUTIONS TO USUAL FUNCTIONS:

The architect presenting unique design ideas and the effect of it on the users.

A regular design discussions and prehand design model, experimentation with the material technology(mud) and testingwith the NGO and the Local people.

Regular interaction and bonding with the stakeholder and the end user group develops trust and expands more openness in dealing with the issues. Local traditional building materials have been combined with learned construction knowledge to produce a building that is not only sustainable but also a much-needed facility for the village children to regain respect to what is native and cherish the local knowledge.

Such intervention ensures much more belief in the local materials and change the perception of mud being a third world material.

RESPONSE TO, AND PLANNING FOR,EMERGENCY SITUATIONS

The classrooms beyond providing the usual standard requirements, addressing the creative oppertunites to create more life to the building by making them in mud walls with apertures that truly nurtures the kid and excites them with strategic thinking in the planning and orientiation with respect to light and wind.

In response to the flooding issue in Bangladesh, the plinth of the building was rised and now that the ground is much higher than the surrounding and the water level is low, flood will no longer be a threat to structure.

Local native material- bamboo was used in structure, walls and roof in the floor above with conscious design as a precautionary measure for earthquake and wind withstanding.

Opens up the possiblity for the people to experience such small changes in thinking to bear a beautiful fruit of space and the quality rendered through it.

Considering the local yet emergent issue and developing a design solution more natively such that even if failed could be made resilient because of the relevance developed.

Architects Conventional Skill: Material sensitivity for walls with clay as material and the conventional technique developed.

Certain bond amongst the people and the ability to ask certain things helps the architect ot consider the issue and work on it thus developing the design in depth understanding.

Traditional village houses are formed from mud balls reinforced with straw and stacked one on top of the other. The mud walls are not properly compact and have cavities that provide a ready habitat for rats from the rice fields.

image from the table

The school project has devised a new method of mud wall construction where the straw is laid lengthwise in a stretcher bond fashion and then knitted with straw laid perpendicular to the stretcher bond.

The local people readily accepted their lack of awareness for the technique and was very happy to take this up and utilise in their constructions

t

3.2.4 CONCLUSION:

Architecture must evolve from the everyday lives of individuals and communities, i.e. it must follow a design approach from the bottom up rather than top-down since planning from the top down is focused on solutions and standards, which are not necessarily in the best interest of people to enforce. The reality of the local environment or the privacy of the individuals it is meant for is not taken into account. In brief, the architect must think internationally and construct socially. The strategy should be focused on sustainable development concepts, which concentrate on the value of community engagement in decision-making and in which the architect is not only a planner but a mediator. His job is to direct participatory operations and promote them.

A new adaptable wall taxonomy was then created to allow for the new prototype to be adaptable.

3.3THE KASUNGU MATERNITY WAITING VILLAGE

Architect: MASS Design NGO: Malawi Ministry of Health

3.3.1PROJECT BRIEF:

In sub-Saharan Africa, Malawi suffers from a paucity of human resources in the health sector, which has the highest maternal and infant mortality rates in the world. The major population of over 86% of Malawi lives in a rural settlement with little access to professional healthcare and amenities. The site comprises the existing structures such as a maternity waiting home; a bare-bones rectangle, housing 36 beds, and a small bathroom at its core. Outside, a small, unshaded space for washing laundry. Beyond these provisions, the mother to be women of the village couldn’t find their comfort and ease in utilizing the space for giving birth. Many researches have encountered the statement of lack of privacy, safety, hygiene, and/or the quality with the spaces provided within.

In the quest to combat maternal mortality beyond the Village, a key design objective had been developed to inspire the fellow mother’s return to their villages and passively encourage other pregnant women to make their way to the Maternity Waiting Village in Kasungu. The design aims to be an initiative in reducing the maternal mortality rates, therefore, provides a functional, clean constructive prototype to create a more inviting maternity waiting home. The Malawian village’s vernacular layout comprises family compounds that are composed of several small housing unit branches of an immediate family, which was the inspiration for the MASS Design Group in designing the unique prototype. This twelve-bed cluster model served as the start line from which to develop a performance-based and user-centered design adapted to the requirements and habits of expectant mothers. Because of their smaller size, sleeping rooms have improved lighting and ventilation and are easier. Rather than a single water outlet, each cluster includes fourth unit housing toilets and showers

A collective desicion on providing a platform to empower the women lead to gather halls in learning local crafts

Mass Design broke the conventional styled large dormitory waiting home into similarly intimate four-bed units. The design consists of buildings that are arranged around courtyards into ‘clusters’ of three rooms that can accommodate twelve mothers. Despite the impersonal scale of the sleeping hall, they created clusters of small communities that encourage knowledge sharing between experienced and first-time mothers. These twelve-bed clusters can be assembled and can be aggregated over time as an available additional construction capital. Similarly, the MASS design assembled three clusters for a 36-bed Maternity Waiting Village A new adaptable wall taxonomy was then created to allow for the new prototype to be adaptable. With this new taxonomy, the maternity waiting village can easily be expanded in contextually appropriate ways as funding and new sites are made available

.

One of a very casual conversation with the local nurse led us to her inviting vision for these women beyond just a place for giving birth to a place that could empower them and send them back to their village with a skill taught. This led the designers to incorporate and articulate the gathering spaces to support such activities which prejudicially seem to be like a light-headed program at the center yet inspire them and take up to play a role in their income generation and thus improve their quality of living on their own. The ministry thus planned to build 130 more maternity waiting homes across the country, based on that model.

3.3.2 DESIGN DEVELOPMENT CHART

3.3.3 FINDINGS

3.3.4 CONCLUSION:

This design proved that the designer should not begin to design with some preconceived idea, but the idea should always be the result of the careful study and the observation of the end-user and their activities to meet their needs

3.4 CASE STUDY ON ARANYA COMMUNITY HOUS

ING

Architect: B.V DOSHI

Team: Indore Development Authority

3.4.1PROJECT

BRIEF:

In most cities in India, the people who had just survived poverty and saw a chance to connect themselves with the tapestry of urban life, almost always got trapped in undesirable conditions of living called “adjusted sacrifices for future betterment”.

This almost rips and tears the very basic comfort of the people and puts them to live in appalling conditions due to the economic instability. These spaces that these people occupy (or are made to occupy) are nevertheless planned by the planners and even at times designed by architects when it comes down to their locality and to their dwelling. Thus, it makes it very obvious that there is a discrepancy between the way our cities have been built and the way in which our cities have governed our way of living.

The Aranya community housing plan was commissioned in the year 1983, owing to the shortage of proper housing and the pathetic conditions of the pre-existing dwellings (slums) in Indore, found during a survey conducted by the Indore development authority and the Madhya Pradesh housing board, which was then funded by housing board of india and partly by the World bank. The strategic objective of the project was to develop a design framework and support the EWS (Economically Weaker Section) community of Indore in order for them to have access to owning a land and develop the spaces according to their needs rather than a stereotypical well finished identical dwelling units.

Ar.B.V.Doshi was involved through the invite notice circulated by the authoritative bodies in developing the design and tenders. His ideologies have already drawn fraternal attention from across the nation in being responsive, practical, and deeply rooted into our traditions

His works have been seminal in discovering a style of architecture that is based not so much on the shape and colour as it is to emphasise the very life and longings of the individual residents.

At the advent of the design, he ensured to develop a deep understanding of the living style of the user group and the way their activities tailor their usage of spaces through studying their neighbourhood streets which revealed that the existing slums in Indore hosts small scale domestic income generation. These activities range from preparation of any eatables, production of incensesticks, repair and refurbish of the wooden furnishings. This was one of the subtle yet impactful takes from the user to design accordingly.

There was a clearly laid objective of minimum construction from the commencement of the design , so as to allow people to add and develop the house as per their requirements and affordability in the future. This has instilled into the project, the aspect of a sense of belonging and identity, which is a strong social issue for the habitation of the people in the community.

3.4.2 DESIGN DEVELOPMENT CHART

3.3.3 FINDINGS

3.4.4 CONCLUSION:

Abiding by Doshi’s argument on how housing can never be permanent, Aranya paved its way to ensure the significance of design evolution not only during the designing with the stakeholders and designers but also after the occupation, that the initial planning and designing finds no contradiction with the future needs of the user and promises to host them, nurture them and flourish them into better phases of their lives.

Creative staggering of the individually dwelling units ensured to provide each family a piece of sky to own from earth above

3.5 KARIMADOM COLONY

-A housing redevelopment program for the underprivileged Architect: Laurie baker

NGO: Centre of Science and Technology for Rural Development (COSTFORD)

3.5.1 PROJECT BRIEF:

This case study documents the Slum Redevelopment Program in Karimadom, a home to 2341 residents comprising 632 families. The colony is located just south of East Fort Trivandrum central market, Chalai with a total area of 9.73 acres. The design was aimed to tackle the root problem of the colony during the monsoon season- drowning, property damage, and health hazards from the sewage overflow, adding to the poor physical and social conditions. This resulted in the colony being socially isolated which has become a regular part of Karimadom life. Further, the sign of relief came with the intervention of the government, when the Karimadom colony was selected as part of the government’s Basic Service for the Urban Poor program, under the Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission.

It was also important to those shaping this colony to consider aesthetics, economy, function, and the natural environment.

The first phase was Ar.Laurie Baker’s design for the slum inhabitants comprising 140 families. He perceived that the intent of the project was not just to provide proper housing but also to promote social activities to develop the relationship of the community within. But the idea of each family owning their own open space would create a sprawl with the occupancy of the available space. And another opposition in developing the design is the restricted permissible height This is where the concept of vertical stacking was implemented. First, by moving vertically, the demands on the ground space were lessened and allowed the formation of vacant plots that could be developed into the community and open spaces. Second by reducing the number of built units on each floor have resulted in the creation of dwellings in a staggered form, which made the users gain access to have open spaces and also compensates their share of ground space.

The design accommodates 28 buildings with 20 units each, allowing a unit for every family. Each unit was designed in a stack-like formation comprising 8 units on the ground floor, 6 units on the first floor, 4 units on the second floor, and consequently 2 units on the third floor.The second phase was the COSTFORD’s design for the 560 families who lived in dilapidated staggered houses, which were provided with multiple community-oriented upgrades.

The design was framed on the requirements to shelter 560 households, interactive community spaces including Health Centre, Anganwadi, and Work centres.

The strategy used in the project was user-centred design that promotes community involvement in the whole design process. Individual prototypes of each module were planned and developed in accordance with the user. The usage of vernacular materials and techniques is pertaining to the low cost and sustainable housing. The spatial planning was developed out of 9.73 acres, where 6.12 acres is the building area, where the number of units to be provided is 560 with an average size 40 sqm, and Laurie Baker’s housing typology was adapted and also used for the design of the 560 families housing project.

The National and State Governments financed most of the project, the beneficiaries are responsible for about 10% of housing and community facility construction. Each apartment building costs 68 lakhs to build, 340,000 Rupees per flat. The beneficiary’s in-kind contribution per flat is 25,000, with concessions made to reduce the cost for scheduled caste or tribe members.

Karimadom colony redevelopment was to be done initially in 4 phases, but only 2 phases were completed by 2012. Due to the political intervention the other phase constructions were delayed. And in the context of child-safe redevelopment, the cost-effective program was working well, but due to the non-plastered brick wall is prone as a threat to the children living in the colony, which could have reworked on plastering the walls up to the height of a child.

The newly redeveloped blocks were located on artificially raised ground to prevent flooding and no attempt was made to integrate the low-lying public spaces between the older government housing already present in the heart of the slum. This has resulted in dangerous differences between levels and an unfinished, debris-strewn, and rubbish-cluttered open space system that puts children at risk of injuries while using their local area. According to Baker’s proposal the central open spaces in the blocks were mentioned in DPR as children’s playground / social gathering spaces and the spaces that were created in between the blocks are supposed to serve those purposes rather the blocks were scattered without a proper attempt in creating streets, pavements, courtyards.On the positive note, Karimadom provided larger habitable dwelling apartments, than any other previous slum redevelopment housing projects done by the government.

Many private organizations and third party sectors are venturing into the Slum Redevelopment for monetary benefits. Unfortunately, while these projects achieve a speedy completion, unlike the Karimadom Colony, fairly often they are not respectful of the occupants’ ways of living, resulting in misuse where homes are sublet to get an extra income while the slums still are used or created.

This will be overcome only if architects interact with the people, understand their demands, then evolve their designs around the needs of the end-users.Once the location of dilapidated shanties and therefore the stronghold of drug peddlers and crime mafia, located near a government sewage overflow pond, communities living here could also be wont to the stench and squalor that’s a neighborhood of slum life, but they’re optimistic that the memories of that deplorable existence will fade within the years to return. Every site has its own requirements, shortcomings, and opportunities but it’s a valuable lesson to show within the ideology of design that has been well portrayed through the evolution of Karimadom.

3.5.2 DESIGN DEVELOPMENT CHART

3.5.3 FINDINGS

3.5.4 CONCLUSION:

Many private organizations and third party sectors are venturing into the Slum Redevelopment for monetary benefits. Unfortunately, while these projects achieve a speedy completion, unlike the Karimadom Colony, fairly often they are not respectful of the occupants’ ways of living, resulting in misuse where homes are sublet to get an extra income while the slums still are used or created. this will be overcome only if architects interact with the people, understand their demands, then evolve their designs around the needs of the end-users. Once the location of dilapidated shanties and therefore the stronghold of drug peddlers and crime mafia, located near a government sewage overflow pond, communities living here could also be wont to the stench and squalor that’s a neighborhood of slum life, but they’re optimistic that the memories of that deplorable existence will fade within the years to return. Every site has its own requirements, shortcomings, and opportunities but it’s a valuable lesson to show within the ideology of design that has been well portrayed through the evolution of Karimadom.

3.6 BAIT UL RAUF MOSQUE

Architect: Ar.Marina Tabassum

Client: Local Community of Dhakha

3.6.1PROJECT BRIEF:

This case study documents the Baitur Rauf Jame Mosque with a built area of about 754sqm located on the periphery of Dhaka (referred to as an urban village), is recognized for the process that it exemplifies a small scale participatory project for a community building, built within a modest budget, one that was raised through charitable funding. It is also known for its flexible design that comprises a school, a meeting room, an informal playground, and also as a worship place. The 75 by75 feet structure was built amidst the chaos during the construction yet stood imposing itself in the vicinity. The commission was originally claimed from the architect’s grandmother Sufia Khatun. The mosque’s architectural expression is quintessential, elegant yet elemental. With spaces that reflect the quality direct, simple, and robust, allowing the congregation to gather in prayer as equals.

The most significant feature is the absence of the minaret or a dome and the classical symbols that typically constitute a mosque. The mosque is a perfect square that sits on a high plinth, on which it allows the people to sit and act as a gathering space that separates sacred space from the busy streets. The terracotta brick building is projected in an exquisitely scaled, that holds the corner in what is a fragmented, chaotic urban landscape. from within the prayer hall is a reflective space, with no views out, but all lighting is allowed inside from above, that reflects on the bricks and creates a scenic beauty in the interiors. The construction and craftsmanship are exceptional. The design itself manages its physical constraints- the Mosque is a perfect square that sits on an irregular shaped site with its raised plinth that portrays the quality of indigenous, that is designed to withstand during flooding.

The second physical constraint is the qibla wall (the west wall), which faces the street. To emphasize the direction of the qibla, Tabassum allows a gap in the brick wall that denotes the qibla so that, during the worship, it prevents distraction rather provides the beautiful articulation of the sunlight bouncing off the wall beyond.

The design also depicts the well-planned structured articulation of the bricks, which are used in the paving, the steps, the raised plinth, load-bearing brick walls, and jalis. The intricate geometric layers of design in the plan is well structured, coming from the heritage of mosques of the Bengal Sultanate Period. The structure’s main facade is formed by the outer square which is 7.6m high. The mosque consists of a small square-shaped pavilion inside a cylindrical structure that orients itself with the qibla, which is the prayer hall which portrays the clarity of form and separates itself from the rest of the structure by skylights on either side of the cylindrical form and the pavilion. The design also uses the riwaq or colonnade to provide additional depth on the south-facing side.

3.6.2 DESIGN DEVELOPMENT CHART

3.6.3 FINDINGS

3.6.4 CONCLUSION:

This is a small yet effective example of the people’s will towards a far better living environment within the fastest growing city within the world. When the government’s lack of attention, plan, or policy towards unmanageable growth fails to respond to the necessity of urban dwellers, people unite their will and resources toward a positive living environment that contributes to a healthy urban life. In contemporary cities, small-scale participatory projects are a unique way of contributing to urban dwellings.

3.7 THE PINCH

Architect:

John Lin, Olivier Ottevaere

Funding: Supported by the Knowledge Exchange Impact Award, HKU

3.7.1PROJECT BRIEF:

THE PINCH is a library and community center built after the Shuanghe Village was destroyed by an earthquake in 2012 which established the need for community spaces and contributory design in post-disaster landscapes. The government built an open plaza as part of the reconstruction process, which lacked a program or activity. In response, the PINCH provides direct access from the houses to the public library and provides meeting spaces, play areas, and reading zones in Shuangzhe Village, Yunnan Province, China.

The University of Hong Kong sponsored the design to activate the communal space, where the project was initially planned as a temporary shelter for the children. Later the idea of a joint library and community center was proposed by the architects, at the heart of the village confirmed to be an effective way to rebuild the sense of community lost after the earthquake. Since the site is located in the new public plaza, the library design would help enliven the community by providing a socializing zone, playground, and reading zone while serving as a site emphasizing as a memorial to the earthquake. The library was built against a 4 m high retaining wall, where the structure provides a new viewing platform overlooking one end of the square, bridging the rebuilt village and the new memorial plaza.

The design and the construction of the library was part of the government-led reconstruction program, which involved collaboration with a local timber manufacturing factory as a Knowledge Exchange Project. This process resulted in the development of designing a diverse form through simple means.

The design of the structure initiated with a series of trusses anchored between the upper road level and lower plaza level. The form of each truss was designed in a way changing the orientation to create both a gradual incline and then a sharp upward pitch that elevates the roof thus acting as a ramp.

The well-oriented trusses were then covered in an aluminum waterproofing layer and timber decking., the trusses extend downward on the interior to support a floating bookshelf above the ground as they retain the feel of a continuous open space that progressively morphs into a new form and simple traditional school benches were used as chairs. The usage of polycarbonate doors opens to create a completely open space extending out to the plaza.

3.7.2 DESIGN DEVELOPMENT CHART

3.7.3 FINDINGS

3.7.4 CONCLUSION:

Before the earthquake, the houses in the locality were built of traditional mud bricks and timber roof structures, however post-earthquake, the same materials were considered unsafe and unequivocally replaced by the generic three stories reinforced concrete houses. With the construction of the library and in terms of rather than submitting to the abandonment of using wood which was the local construction methods failed during the earthquake, the project involves a different approach by utilizing local craftsmanship and simple techniques to engage and strengthen the community reasserts the ability to build contemporary timber structures in remote areas of China.

ENGINEERING A DESIGN FRAMEWORK

Based on the following methods adopted in the study, there was a sequential approach identified in each project for it to hold its ground and build its vision over the project as a trigger for the well-being of the people, granting an opportunity to develop an indigenous impact. This framework is not based on any guideline, but can be used as a base for further research on designs oriented towards better quality in living to the focus groups. This method of carrying the process can be attempted in any typology of the project and any context and community but the only orientation is when the design focuses on ensuring the focus group a better quality in living holistically and not just spatially.

This framework aims to provide an extended vision of looking up into the details at which the work rendered - when concerning these elements within the framework - would significantly change the process and ultimately impact the end user experience. For those anticipating a design project from community engagement through occupation, perhaps for the first time, the following is a constructively approached and analyzed set of phases and steps involved in the projects which has aspired to build more resilience to the community through this gateway of opportunity. It is a multi-faceted module , which has ensued from the above studies, and a constructive analysis on those projects and theories which was devised for and with the purpose, balancing the mission, design and resilience/feasibility.

4.1 Deciphering the project brief

The Need:

The grounding ideology of the architects and associated streams of fields working in this arena (of rendering service to people), always hold the responsibility to hear the voices of the end user and make it a very mandatory step in moving further into the design, thereby identifying the much more inlaid potential the project could seek if there is a slight modification and consideration in the brief.

STEPS:

4.1.1 Project’s Relevance identified from the stakeholder perspective

The way a stakeholder would perceive the identified need for the design intervention could sometimes be shallowor still be rooting to the need of the issue in a more general perspective even if the brief developed portrays the contextual care and concern, it is still not going to be the way how a designer would perceive the multitude nature of any issue and equip a split-focus agenda to address the manifold nature of the same.

Questions to consider:

•What is the prime interest of the stakeholder in the project?

•What steps are being taken by the stakeholder in uplifting the focus group/community?

•What unique perspectives and possible biases do they hold?

•In what ways do they differ from the other teams in concern with the project?

4.1.2 Initial Interaction with the local people in developing a backstory locating the primary issue and its source

Every community has its unique interventions of history, culture, traditions and those in the verge of merging with the civilized liv- ing also holds the threshold of changing and evolving ways of carrying their roots forward. The design has to identify this as the important factor of concern when ensured to evaluate the quality of living. The design should hold space and respect this aspect as a part of design thinking, for that is how people identify themselves through the thick and thin in their living. (Masolo, Dismas A. Com- munity, identity and the cultural space). Every community will hold an exceptional value system of its kind guided by the context and the culture which can be distinctly identified as the team gets in good relationship with the people.

Engaging with the native people of the location helps in gathering much more interesting facts of their evolution in living, in many layers- social, political, economically, climatically, culturally which will be a strong guidance in orienting the process and streamlining the rock bottom concerns from the focus group/community.

Questions to consider:

•How is our project’s purpose aligning with specific needs of the community/focus group beyond the primary aim of the project?

•What are the needs that our project could address with respect to the considerations?

•Tabulate the formation of community/focus group and its hierar- chy in functioning

•Overviewing of the activities and contributions of the people with respect to their neighbours, to the street, to the sector and on the whole

•Identifying the opportunity to engage the focus group in the design, implementation and training process

•Identifying the people/sub target sector who share similar notion of needs for further discussions and developments considering as the voice of the focus group/community

•The distinct value systems identified amongst the focus group/ community

4.1.3 Project’s intended extent of support to the user group

It is always healthy to know and set vision on what the intervention could sow into the lives of the people from both the stakeholder’s (quote the findings and its number so as to validate the writing) and the well analysed user identified need for the intervention (quote the findings and its number so as to validate the writing). This also creates an environment mentally for the people, engaging themselves in this process of work (from the stakeholder, design team, local authorities, local people involved, native artisans, labors and the focus group if specifically any) to work towards the bigger picture and orient the shortfalls if any,

that could happen to be just a stone in the way, yet staying focused on the progress.

Questions to consider:

•How can the program of the potential project find opportunities in incorporating the extended needs identified?

•What potential positive impacts need to be recognized from the focus group/community?

•What are the potential negative impacts in the focus group/com- munity that has to be recognized?

•In what ways can the impact be achieved during the implementation process?

4.1.4 Matching the common layers of concern with the project and the extended issues identified from the user

If the project’s focus is onto one specific problem and the role of the designer is briefed by the official authorities to be pertaining around that one major reason of intervention and the step 1.2 helped in identifying a tabulation of multitude of issues summarised from the interaction will help to view a bigger picture of what more this one subject focus of design can support and attempt in deriving small minor changes in the programme development, holding a thought on future incrementality of the people’s exposure, economy and the expectations.

Questions to consider:

•What are the factors that need to be identified in facilitating the basic infrastructures to the focus groups?

•What are those common additional impacts identified by the team and user group?

•Broad understanding and developed analysis on the trend in demographic data, literacy data, the user group

•Which other set of people can be involved in the process to take advantage of the learning opportunity in skill training?

•A detailed analysis on the climate and its factor.

4.1.5 Identifying the community relationship and the potential of their involvement in the process

As envisioned to be a project with a purpose, community participation is an important ingredient to make the purpose be utilised.

User participation allows design and the creation to be more efficient and self- motivating, such that the newly built environments can become more efficient for the purpose aimed. (Hamdi, 1991). ‘Habraken’s theory that designing is a process with multiple participants also includes different kinds of professionals. It is certainly tricky to handle the opinions and needs when the size of the user group is expanding without any biases.

Each community is unique in its own way with its own set of concerns and thus it is essential to equip the team in assessing various interests and potential that could lead to a successful holistic engagement of the community.

Points to Consider

•Understanding the direct and indirect user group who can be im- pacted by the work seeking exposure.

•Formulate the platform of objectives that can be engaged with the user participation through training.

•Relevant study on the existing skill-set and interest of the people categorised efficiently

•Anticipatory analysis on the subject of focus for training and the methods of planning the training.

•Strategic thinking and planning on partnering the process either with the local bodies and (or) any specific participatory interven- tion outsourced to focus on the specific skill training

4.2 Structuring the program

As envisioned to be a project with a purpose, community participation is an important ingredient to make the purpose be utilised. User participation allows design and the creation to be more efficient and self- motivating, such that the newly built environments can become more efficient for the purpose aimed. (Hamdi, 1991).

‘Habraken’s theory that designing is a process with multiple participants also includes different kinds of professionals. It is certainly tricky to handle the opinions and needs when the size of the user group is expanding without any biases.

Each community is unique in its own way with its own set of concerns and thus it is essential to equip the team in assessing various interests and potential that could lead to a successful holistic engagement of the community.

Points to Consider

•Understanding the direct and indirect user group who can be im- pacted by the work seeking exposure.

•Formulate the platform of objectives that can be engaged with the user participation through training.

•Relevant study on the existing skill-set and interest of the people categorised efficiently

•Anticipatory analysis on the subject of focus for training and the methods of planning the training.

•Strategic thinking and planning on partnering the process either with the local bodies and (or) any specific participatory interven- tion outsourced to focus on the specific skill training

A. Community engagement by the trust earning collaborative body

The local bodies or the NGO’s are usually the first sector in the field to get in direct contact with the focus group and do the groundwork before even the advent of any other initiations. The trust is a very important factor.

Key essential aspects to focus at:

•To identify the opportunities that could amplify the positive partic- ipation of the focus group/community.

•To identify the area of concern where awareness and engagement of the people is required to change the pattern of negative actions.

•Engaging the organisation’s interaction with the focus group fur- thermore to identify the focus objective of the organisation over the intervention.

•To engage the organisation with the focus group in dealing the following social evils

•Women abuse

•Awareness on basic sanitation

•Motivate the families to send the children to educational facilities nearby

•Addressing the discrimination against women in economical grounds· Analysis and strategies on executing economic capacity building amongst the focus group.

B.Financial health assessment and management

All these projects identified and adopted by any field of service would have already involved much time and resources in locating the needs, issues and attempts in approaches to solve the same. Before the advent of the project brief, a certain calculation should be made in anticipating the demand of the resources to be spent wisely and to make wise choices over the alternatives available. This has to be carried by every field of service so as to compute the overall expense required and thus, strategically plan further steps and commissioning of the tasks.

Key essential aspects to focus on:

•An initial resource assessment should be carried out either in parallel with the groundwork to get an overall perspective of what more the process would require for the favorable output.

•Skill assessment from within the team that can cut short of some funding by student volunteering, economics of happiness

approach and many other ways possible at the same time to be aware of where the team has to spend on outsourcing a work.

•Strategic planning chart of fund-raising trees with branches met- aphorically, referring the options if any resource doesn’t turn up as per plan

•Once when the initiation of work has begun and during the design and construction phase, a detailed cost of construction has to be formulated in engaging a discussion amongst the stakeholders on deciding the possibilities of expenditure in each intervention within the design.

•Involving cost estimation guide to assess the range of potential expenses along with the expenditure on the focus objectives of the intervention.

Assessing the feasibility of the focus group in contributing towards the intervention and thereby executing methods and approaches if there is a potential possibility for such collaboration in funding along with the anticipated estimation of time for collection of the fund.

C. Preparation of the official approvals and permissions for the execution of the objective activities in coordination and compliance with the governement rules and regulation.

Based on the variability of the typology of the intervention coined for the context and the focus group, a wide and varied judicial steps in concern with the building regulations, existing government schemes and policies are framed to be rendered specifically if mentioned any, has to be noted and utilised appropriately with care and concern.

Key essential aspects to focus at:

•Identifying and documenting all the related government rules, bye-laws, policies and schemes in line of concern with the project, the focus-group

•Identifying any concessions approved by the government based on any requirement if that has to be adopted further in the programme.

•Analysing the impact of these approvals on the design and the process of scheduling the project.

3. Design

Every potential problem and need when identified gives way to an intervention. These interventions always need a translation and transcription from the focus group through their inputs and participation in the developing process up until as above. This not only develops a vision but also inspires them to believe in the betterment in their living. Here in this phase, a series of important aspects has to be reviewed and frozen for it to be executed.

This includes the stage wise discussion on the documentation, conceptualization, mock-ups, and then to get set with the execution plan and allied aspects.

The strong and coherent inputs from the focus group and the stakeholders in determining the form, functions and modelling helps in refining the process.The design team should develop an attitude in respecting the native (local) knowledge in these user groups for that is the one profound way of innovating the indigenous solutions with the knowledge developed from the technical learning acquired by the design team.

It certainly is also necessary that the design team provides comfort to the potential people in the focus group who could discuss their knowledge with the team to develop a native solution customizing to the situational needs and changes in the process.

Key essential aspects to focus at:

•The brief developed initially should be well articulated into a set of functional spaces that can serve the focus objective

•Developing a conceptualization keeping in mind the adaptability of the people to work with it and to make it more comprehendible

•Developing incremental strategies found as core essential for the future and initiating the process around it

•There should be a frequent reviewing of the brief and programmed framed to keep in track of the bigger picture of the project intervention

•Developing a set of schematic drawings, design development and the construction documentation

•Develop the strategic planning of involving the user in the process of execution of the focus objective.

•Checking in and scheduling the community training workshops on the essential skills which are found common.

•Assessing the scope of the design and its intervention within the budget planned

•Scheduling of material selection procedure, testing the material and analyzing the factors of concern which are to be worked on before the actual erecting and the involving focus group.

•Detailed discussion on the local harvesting of the material and its study.

•Identifying the potential local artisans by time after all the above steps such that it helps balance the economical part of the execu- tion when someone has to outsourced.

•Sharing of the detailed explanation on the execution scheme in the language that could be comprehended by the people and bring in their suggestions and evolve the construction techniques further- more before execution.

•Engaging the community every time they gather for the design review to be found a chance to execute the other identified potential developments amongst the user group.

•To keep verifying the tangibility of in the identified objectives and the impact assessment with the gradual progress with the project.

4.Construction

“The need to plan for the time and budget needed to build trust and involve the community…physical improvements make better photo ops but investment in human and social capital make better cities. (Perlman, 2014).Within this phase, the potential project will find the both initiation and the completion of the scheduled construction. Also during this very phase the design team should anticipate execution changes and issues if any to be well carried out and still solved as that improves the bond between the team and the focus group enabling them to believe in themselves once again

Key essential aspects to focus at:

•The commissioning of the drawing and the level of detail translated for the comprehension of the people to pull off the fine execution.

•To dedicate a team of professionals along with the local people who have significant experience in construction and to let them make the execution decisions as their final say in implementing the changes.

•To keep analyzing the construction activities and the proposed site-community engagement with the irrespective of the time and money rigidity

•To execute the programmed cultural intervention from above during this phase where people come together and this becomes the cherry on the top to build community attitude.

•Regular finance analysis to be carried out in order to keep track of the funding left and spontaneously managing the circulation of the flow of money for the scheduled purposed

•Regular stakeholder meetings in discussing the funding distribu- tion during the construction and any change in the approach of the intervention which could be adapted even of late shall be discussed and decided in the phase.

•The checking of the efficiency of the team members along the local people in the execution process and managing the clash of ideas or understanding still not developed between them.

•To analyses the potential of the local people to itself carry out for a day or speculated time to assess the efficiency of the design and the techniques adopted to be utilized further by them at any point of time

5.Occupancy and Analysis

Key essential aspects to focus at:

•Handing over the operational plan and other pedagogy of the functions planned and programmed by the other fields of service to execute and make the people and the official body take over utilizing the space for them.

•Evaluating the process involved so far while identifying and an- alyzing the gaps that are left or failed to be executed in the other potential objectives beyond the focus objective of the project intervention.

Design for other

•Assessing the direct and indirect impact of the project interven- tion on the different user groups classified initially

•Assessing the potential changes identified once after the occu- pancy of the people and the execution of the activities entitled with in the program framed for the focus group

•To keep analyzing the construction activities and the proposed site-community engagement with the irrespective of the time and money rigidity.

•To execute the programmed cultural intervention from above during this phase where people come together and this becomes the cherry on the top to build community attitude.

•Regular finance analysis to be carried out in order to keep track of the funding left and spontaneously managing the circulation of the flow of money for the scheduled purposed

•Regular stakeholder meetings in discussing the funding distribu- tion during the construction and any change in the approach of the intervention which could be adapted even of late shall be discussed and decided in the phase.

•The checking of the efficiency of the team members along the local people in the execution process and managing the clash of ideas or understanding still not developed between them.

•To analyses the potential of the local people to itself carry out for a day or speculated time to assess the efficiency of the design and the techniques adopted to be utilized further by them at any point of time

1. BRIEFING THE PROJECT

Brief the grounding ideology of the architects and streams of fields working in this arena of rendering service to people, always holding the responsibility to hear the voices of the end user and make it a very mandatory step in moving forward further towards the design thereby identifying the much more inlaid potential the project could seek if there is a slight modification and consideration in the brief change.

1.1 PROJECT’S CAUSE OF NEED IDENTIFIED FROM THE STAKEHOLDER PERSPECTIVE

Questions to consider:

• What is the prime interest of the stakeholder to hold concern for the project?

• What is the objective of the stakeholder with respect to the focus group/community?

• What unique perspectives and possible biases are stakeholders bringing?

• Where are the gaps in what the others teams are doing in concern with the betterment with the living quality of the focus group/community?

1.2 INITIAL INTERACTION WITH THE LOCAL PEOPLE IN DEVELOPING A BACKSTORY LOCATING THE PRIMARY ISSUE AND ITS SOURCE.

Questions to consider:

• How is our project’s purpose aligning with specific needs of the community/focus group beyond the primary aim of the project?

• What are needs that our project could address that we have concerned to consider so far?

• Tabulate the formation of community/focus group and vits hierarchy in functioning

• Overviewing of the activities and contributions of the people with respvv`ect to their neighbours, to the street, to the sector and on the whole

• Identifying the opportunity to engage the focus group in the design, implementation and training process

• Identifying the people/sub target sector who share similar notion of needs for further discussions and developments considering as the voice of the focus group/community

• The distinct value systems identified amongst the focus group/community

1.3 PROJECT’S INTENDED EXTENT OF SUPPORT TO THE USER GROUP.

Questions to consider:

• How can the program of the potential project find opportunities in incorporating the extended needs identified

• What potential positive impacts from the focus group/community has to berecognized?

• What potential negative impacts in the focus group/community has to be recognized?

• How can the impact during the implementation process be achieved?

1.4 MATCHING THE COMMON LAYERS OF CONCERN WITH THE PROJECT AND THE EXTENDED ISSUES IDENTIFIED FROM THE USER.

Questions to consider:

• What are the factors that has to be concerned in facilitating the basic infrastructures to the focus groups?

• What are those common additional impact identified by the team and user group?

• Broad understanding and developed analysis on the trend in demographic data, literacy data, the user group

• Which other set of people can be involved in the process to take advantage of the learning opportunity in skill training?

• A detailed analysis on the climate and its factor.

1.5 IDENTIFYING THE COMMUNITY RELATIONSHIP AND THE POTENTIAL OF THEIR INVOLVEMENT IN THE PROCESS

Questions to Consider

• Understanding the direct and indirect user group who can be impacted by the work seeking exposure.

• Formulate the platform of objectives that can be engaged with the user participation through training.

• Relevant study on the existing skillset and interest of the people categorised efficiently

• Anticipatory analysis on the subject of focus for training and the methods of planning the training.

• Strategic thinking and planning on partnering the process either with the local bodies and (or) any specific participatory intervention outsourced to focus on the specific skill training.

Design for other 94%-Quality

2. STRUCTURING THE PROGRAM

2.1 COMMUNITY ENGAGEMENT BY THE TRUST EARNING COLLABORATIVE BODY

Key essential aspects to focus at:

• To identify the opportunities that could amplify the positive participation of the focus group/ community.

• To identify the area of concern where awareness and engagement of the people is required to change the pattern of negative actions.

To engage the organisation with the focus group in dealing the following social empowerment:

• Women abuse

• Awareness on basic sanitation

• Motivate the families to send the children to educational facilities nearby

• Women centred economic empowerment strategy

• Analysis and strategies on executing economic capacity building amongst the focus group.

2.2 FINANCIAL HEALTH ASSESSMENT AND MANAGEMENT

Key essential aspects to focus at:

• An initial resource assessment should be carried out either in parallel with the ground work to get an overall perspective of what more the process would require for the favourable output.

• Skill assessment from within the team that can cut short of some funding by student volunteering, economics of happiness approach and many other ways possible at the same time to be aware of where the team has to spend on outsourcing a work.

• Strategic planning chart of fund raising tree with branches metaphorically the options if any resource doesn’t turn up as anticipated and planned.

• Once when the initiation of work has begun and in during the design and construction phase, a detailed cost of construction has to be formulated in engaging a discussion amongst the stake holders on deciding the possibilities of expenditure in each intervention within the design.

• Involving cost estimation guide to assess the range of potential expenditure along with the expenditure on the focus objectives of the intervention.

2.3. PREPARTION OF THE OFFICAL APPROVALS AND PERMISSIONS FOR THE EXECUTION OF THE OBJECTIVE ACTIVITIES IN CORDINATION AND ABIDEMENT OF THE GOVERNMENT RULES AND REGULATION.

Key essential aspects to focus at:

• Identifying and documenting all the related government rules, bye-laws, policies and schemes in line of concern with the project, the focus-group

• Identifying any concessions approved by the government based on any requirement if that has to be adopted further in the programme.

• Analysing the impact of these approvals on the design and the process of scheduling the project.

3. DESIGN

Every potential problem and needwhen identified gives way to an intervention. These interventions always needs a translation and transcription from the focus group through their inputs and participation in the developing process up until as above. This not only develops a vision but also inspires them to believe in the betterment in their living. Here in this phase, a series of important aspects has to be reviewed and freeze for it to be executed. This includes the stage wise discussion on the documentation, conceptualization, mock-ups, and then to get set with the execution plan and allied aspects.

Key essential aspects to focus at:

• The brief developed initially should bewell articulated into a set of functional spaces that can serve the focus objective

• Developing a conceptualisation keeping in mind the adaptability of the people to work with it and to make it more comprehendible

• Developing incremental strategies found as core essential for the future and initiating the process around it

• There should be a frequent reviewing of the brief and programmed framed to keep in track of the bigger picture of the project intervention

• Developing a set of schematic drawings, design development and the construction documentation.

• Develop the strategic planning of involving the user in the process of execution of the focus objective.

• Checking in and scheduling the community training workshops on the essential skills which are found common.

• Assessing the scope of the design and its intervention within the budget planned.

• Scheduling of material selection procedure, testing the material and analysing the factors of concern which are to be worked on before the actual erecting and the involving focus group.

• Detailed discussion on the local harvesting of the material and its study.

• Identifying the potential local artisans by time after all the above steps such that it helps balance the economical part of the execution when someone has to outsourced

• Sharing of the detailed explanation on the execution scheme in the language that could be comprehended buy the people and bring in their suggestions and evolve the construction techniques furthermore before execution.

• Engaging the community every time they gather for the design review to be found a chance to execute the other identified potential developments amongst the user group.

• To keep verifying the tangebilty of in the identified objectives and the impact assessment with the gradual progess with the project.

4. CONSTRUCTION

The need to plan for the time and budget needed to build trust and involve the community…physical improvements make better photo ops but investment in human and social capital make better cities. (Perlman,2014).Within this phase, the potential project will find the both initiation and the completion of the scheduled construction. Also during this very phase the design team should anticipate execution changes and issues if any to be well carried out and still solved as that improves the bond between the team and the focus group enabling them to believe in themselves once again.

Key essential aspects to focus at:

• The commissioning of the drawing and the level of detail translated for the comprehension of the people to pull of the fine execution.

• To dedicate a team of professionals along with the local people who have significant experience in construction and to let them make the execution decisions as their final say in implementing the changes.

• To keep analysing the construction activities and the proposed sitecommunity engagement with the irrespective of the time and money rigidity

• To execute the programmed cultural intervention from above during this phase where people come together and this becomes the cherry on the top to build community attitude.

• Regular finance analysis to be carried out in order to keep track of the funding left and spontaneously managing the circulation of the flow of money for the scheduled purposed

• Regular stakeholder meeting in discussing the funding distribution during the construction and any change in the approach of the intervention which could be adapted even of late shall be discussed and decided in the phase.

• The checking of the efficiency of the team members along the local people in the execution process and managing the clash of ideas or understanding still not developed between them.

• To analyse the potential of the local people to itself carry out for a day or speculated time to assess the efficiency of the design and the techniques adopted to be utilised further by them at any point of time.

5. OCCUPANCY AND ANALYSIS

Key essential aspects to focus at:

• Handing over the operational plan and \ other pedagogy of the functions planned and programmed by the other fileds of service to exectute and make the people and the official body take over utilising the space for them.

• Evaluating the process involved so far while identifying and analysing the gaps that are left or failed to be executed in the other potential objectives beyond the focus objective of the project intervention.

• Assessing the direct and indirect impact of the project intervention on the different user groups classified initially

• Assessing the potential changes identified once after the occupancy of the people and the execution of the activities entitled with in the program framed for the focus group.

• Analysing the utilisation capacity of the people on the skills and exposure rendered during the entire process

• Analysing the trust factor and the slow disclosure of identifying other interventions in future from the focus group directly.

• Analysing the efficiency of the built space to me selfhealing, and less maintained concerned.

CONCLUSION

The concept of quality of living is never accidental, it is a holistic result of articulating many wants into the needs and thus working together towards it with strategic planning and skilful execution. It determines a strong will to be envisioning a better life with consistent inputs and improvement to the current lifestyle. The above study has made a strong realisation on how a design can bring in changes from versatile aspects and initiate a positive change holistically. Making strategic changes in the process to empower the design which inturn improves the purpose beyond,brings in an ultimatum to the over all journey of the person with respect to the subject of intervention.

6.1 Area Study

Origin and shift of livelihood:

A gypsy, nomadic community who fought not for food, nor freedom but to be considered “equal”.The word “Narikurava” is a fusion of two Tamil words “Nari” and “Kurava” meaning “fox people” or the “jackal people”.They are an indigenous community from Indian state of Tamil Nadu. The main employment of this community , is hunting. But since they were prohibited from entering into the forests to continue their main occupation, they were forced to sell beaded ornaments as an alternative to survive. Hence, they had to migrate from one place to another in search of a market for their beads. Children also accompany their parents wherever they go, which invariably means they don’t get to attend schools or colleges.

Cultural linkage:

The community’s ancestral linkage with gujarat gave them the title of Vagrivel jath. Vagri in Gujarati means Kurivikkaran and Vagrivel Jath means Tribe of Kuruvikkarans.

Language:

The Narikuravas speak an Indo-Aryan language called Vagriboli. Almost all Narikuravas are well-versed in Tamil.Notwithstanding, most of their literary works are found written and expressed in Vagriboli.

Living style:

Their entire families live together in small huts or tents, in both rural areas and cities of Tamil Nadu, which are at times even made of elephant grass stems. Men as well as women wear jewelleries made out of shells, beads and coins. The women often wear ghagro which are colorful pleated skirts that are not as long as saris.

People’s characteristics and identities that they posses

They are a nomadic people who are often known to other people for their passionate behaviour, independent nature and unwillingness to work under others. The Narikkuravas are distributed throughout Tamil Nadu. They largely occupy the rural sectors of the state, where they engage in a variety of occupations.

Broadlined issues prevailing amongst the community

The Narikuravas face a lot of issues , viz. Poverty, illiteracy, unemployment, diseases, discrimination etc. If the government continues to be indifferent about their problems then perhaps the mental hardships they face would worsen resulting in a distrust of the system. Care must be availed for the women and children because records show that they are the worst affected

Discrimination and its impact

Social discrimination against the Narikuravas can be easily traced down to a very long time in history.Due to their consumption of animals (tabooed by settled Hindu communities) and other similar habits, they are tagged as untouchables as per the Hindu Varna system and are excluded from streets inhabited by people belonging to the upper castes. Hence, their status in society is the same as any dalit and at times, even worse.

Genesis of criminal participation

Rapidly increasing crime rates and unemployment constitute other problems which erodes the Narikurava community. The prohibition of fox-hunting as well as killing endangered species of birds and animals has deprived the Narikuravas of their traditional sources of livelihood. As a result, unemployed Narikurava youth have taken to crime and illegal activities. There have also been instances when Narikurava have been arrested for the possession of unregistered firearms such as country rifles which are banned as per the Indian legal system.

Differences

in living conditions and culture-The issue of adaptability.

The tribal community’s socio- cultural norms are different from the general population, having distinct civilization, rituals, and customs depending on forest and traditional agricultural technology. The practices of the impoverished economy and exploitation have made them economically poor.

Complications due to adaptablility issues

A large proportion of the nomad tribal groups are suffering from issues like unemployment, malnutrition, diseases, poverty and lack of even the basic resources like food and water, not to mention electricity, cooking fuels etc.

Drastic shift in their lifestyle

Due to the sufferings experienced at the hands of the government, globalization and modernization, many of these populations have come out of their inveterate spheres of previous lifestyle and are desperate to adapt to new types of occupations. Although this move was significantly seen from their side, the acceptability was lacking significantly from the people in providing jobs, in teaching their children indiscriminately , in women participatory welfares and many more.

The circumstances have led them to accept what has been imposed upon them as something that they duly deserved, leaving them in a situation where they had no choice but to put on stake their dignity in the promise of a purported quality of living.

Futher nourishments of issues unimagined by them

Poor sanitation and inaccessibility to drinking water was a usual observation in their settlement, Unhygienic living conditions, degraded quality of fodder, and consumption of dirty water

increases the probability of transmission of infectious diseases, such as tuberculosis, and waterborne diseases, such as diarrhoea, in their settlement; and as if to add to the ordeal, preparing food using biomass fuel led to indoor air pollution which subsequently causes respiratory problems and increases the risk of tuberculosis.

Due to the unacceptability by the general public the young and old alike in their community had taken toodd jobs, which psychologically demanded toxicities-thus with increasing barley production, there has been a significant increase in consumption of barley wine or local alcoholic drinks, as indicated by an increase in liver problems and stomach aches within the community (according to records from the health centres).

Other transitional social issues

Improved road transportation has always been associated with increasing numbers of traffic accidents, infectious diseases, and also social issues. Women seem to be more sensitive to these issues, which can be associated with the daunting amount of stress stoked onto them by the absence of men at home. The impact is felt at varying levels as one analyses the temporal and spatial aspects

Demographic ratios

Statistical surveys conducted in the Narikuravas put forth a very transparent image of the socio-economic conditions prevailing in the community . The survey puts light on the distribution of demography based on various parameters such as gender, age, religion and so on.

It was noted that there was a 1.25 : 1 male to female ratio ,which despite being a healthy one, is seldom employed for proactive tasks. There is a mixed distribution of ages which is predominated by age groups above 41. A further classification, based on religion, would show that the community easily represents the dominance of hindu population ,with muslims being minimal in number and christians accounting to none.

It also becomes painfully evident that the educational sector hasn’t been of much appeal to the Narikurava community, only a few (38%) enjoy primary level schooling, whereas the numbers for higher levels of education is better left unsaid. A reason could be the lack of awareness or more probably the inefficacy of the various existing government schemes and policies.

Income levels have also been considered as a mode of classification,which separates the community into groups earning Rs.10002000, Rs.2001-4000, Rs.4001- 6000 and Rs. 6000 above per month into various categories of study. This unveils the pathetic economical condition in which the Narikuravas are leading their lives, equating the conclusion to the fact that majority of the population fall under the category earning only an avg. of Rs.4000 a month.

Reasons for lack of proper care rendered for education

It is because of the lack of proper settlement in one place, lack of educational institution in their area, poverty, child marriage, negligence of government and lack of awareness about importance of the education.

Demand for support

Classification based on the monthly income of respondents produced four category groups.. More than one-third (41.3) % of the respondents come under the 2001-4000 rupees category. Another One- third (33.3) % of the respondents fall under the 40016000 rupees category. Remaining make up the 1000-2000 (17.5) percentage category and above 6000 rupees category, which is (7.9) percentage. The table shows that average monthly income of Narikurava of keerannur is 4000 thousand rupees only which indicate the pathetic condition of life both economically and socially. Inhibition in terms of social can also be attributed to their income

. It is worth observing that the category of above 6000 thousand monthly incomes constitutes only a miniscule 7.9 % people

Presently Narikuravar Community is in a very pathetic condition as they are subjected to various kind of discrimination, living in a poor socio, economic and health conditions. So necessary Health, Education and Employment facilities have to be created by the Government by long-term planning. Long term and short-term courses of vocational training should be provided to develop skills and knowledge of Narikurava community people. Special attention needs to be given to the Narikurava community’s women and children and the Government should have a long-term plan for improvement of the Socio-economic status of the Narikurava community.

Intiations intiated for their welfare

•In 1996, a social-welfare organization named Narikurava Seva Sangam was formed in order to educate Narikurava children and facilitate them to lead a settled life.

•In May 2008, the creation of a Welfare Board for the Narikuravas headed by the Backward Classes Minister was authorized by the State Government.

•Steady progress is being made in educating Narikuravas and assimilating them into society.

•Other social-welfare organizations, too, have poured in their ef- forts to improve the lives of the Narikuravas.

•The demand for the Welfare Board and the appeal to remove them from the Backward Class list and to include them into the Scheduled Tribes class are still going on.

Conclusion

The above study is an initiative initiated in order to test the framework in the later parts of my contiuation on the study. Please find it attached as a piece of work initiated to bring the framework to utilisation and is open to even be adopted for any studies by fellow readers.

Since the rest of the process demands the in person visit and engagment with the community and by far the process couldn’t support the physical visit due to Covid 19 protocols and rules, the study can be adopted in further researches and refered for the process

6.4 Construction Workers

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Design for other 94%-Quality

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Shah, Amita. (2008). Patterns, Processes of Reproduction, and Policy Imperatives for Poverty in Remote Rural Areas: A Case Study of Southern Orissa in India. esocialsciences.com, Working Papers.

Mohit, Mohammad. (2013). Quality of Life in Natural and Built Environment – An Introductory Analysis. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences. 101. 33–43. 10.1016/j.sbspro.2013.07.176.

Gallie, D., Paugam, S., & Jacobs, S. (2003). UNEMPLOYMENT, POVERTY AND SOCIAL ISOLATION: Is there a vicious circle of social exclusion? European Societies, 5(1), 1–32. https://doi.org/10.1080/1461669032000057668

Teschl, M., & Comim, F. (2005, June). Adaptive preferences and capabilities: Some preliminary conceptual explorations. Review of Social Economy. https:// doi.org/10.1080/00346760500130374

Rian, I. M. (2011). MULTICULTURAL FLEXIBLE HOUSING: ADDRESSING THE NEED AND SCOPE OF FLEXIBLE HOUSING IN COSMOPOLITAN INDIAN CITIES. In ICBDE 2011, International Conference, Penang.

Bane, M. J., & Ellwood, D. T. (1986). Slipping into and out of Poverty: The Dynamics of Spells. The Journal of Human Resources, 21(1), 1. https://doi. org/10.2307/145955

94%-Quality of living-A right or a Legacy

Articles

“The Role of Architecture in Shaping Communities.” https://beebreeders.com/ the-role-of-architecture-in-shaping-communities

“Fighting Poverty, by Design – Harvard Gazette.” Anon. n.d. “Fighting Poverty, by Design – Harvard Gazette.” Anon. n.d. “ARCHITECTURE VIEW; WHAT HAS ARCHITECTURE TO DO WITH THE QUALITY OF LIFE? - The New York Times.” ttps://www.nytimes. com/1985/02/10/arts/architecture-view-what-has-architecture-to-do-withthe-quality-of-life.html

“How Buildings Influence Society and How Society Is Influenced by Buildings - an Introduction.” https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/how-buildings-influence-society-influenced-ana-maria-ghinita

Thomas, B. K., Muradian, R., De Groot, G., & De Ruijter, A. (2009). Multidimensional Poverty and Identification of Poor Households: A Case from Kerala, India. Journal of Human Development and Capabilities, 10(2), 237–257. https://doi.org/10.1080/19452820902940968

FOR SHANKAR BHUVANA ND SHAKTHI CENTRE

Parekh, Harshil Hareshkumar Dwellers perceptions and development of built environment : learning through interaction with a chawl community near Keshavnagar, Ahmedabad http://library. cept.ac.in/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=50584

Dawda, Dweeta (UA5214) Co-creation as an emerging process of architectural design http://library.cept.ac.in/cgi-bin/koha/ opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=57616

FOR METI SCHOOL

Anon. n.d. “Content / Architects’ Works / METI School | The ‘Handmade’ School by Anna Heringer & Eike Roswag in Critical Lens - ArchSociety.” Retrieved September 11, 2020 (http://www. archsociety.com/e107_plugins/content/content.php?content.31).’

Handmade school in Bangladesh | Anna Heringer Architecture | Archello. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://archello.com/project/handmade-school-in-bangladesh

FOR THE KASUNGU MATERNITY VILLAGE

McIntosh, Nathalie, Patricia Gruits, Eva Oppel, and Amie Shao. 2018. “Built Spaces and Features Associated with User Satisfaction in Maternity Waiting Homes in Malawi.” Midwifery 62:96–103.

Design for other 94%-Quality

of living-A right or a Legacy

“Empathy in Architecture: Maternity Waiting Village by MASS Design.” Retrieved November 6, 2020 (https://www.slowspace.org/empathy-architecture/).

Anon. n.d. “Maternity Waiting Village by MASS Design Group - Architizer.” Retrieved from (https://architizer.com/projects/maternity-waiting-village/).

Olaniran, Abimbola, Barbara Madaj, Sarah Bar-Zev, and Nynke Van Den Broek. 2019. “The Roles of Community Health Workers Who Provide Maternal and Newborn Health Services: Case Studies from Africa and Asia.” BMJ Global Health 4(4).

MASS Design Group - Maternity Waiting Village. (n.d.). Retrieved from https:// www.theplan.it/eng/award-2016-health/maternity-waiting-village-2

Singh, K., Speizer, I. S., Kim, E. T., Lemani, C., Tang, J. H., & Phoya, A. (2018). Evaluation of a maternity waiting home and community education program in two districts of Malawi 11 Medical and Health Sciences 1117 Public Health and Health Services. BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth, 18(1). https://doi. org/10.1186/s12884-018-2084-7

Anon. n.d. “Built Spaces and Features Associated with User Satisfaction in Maternity Waiting Homes in Malawi - PubMed.” Retrieved from (https://pubmed. ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29660576/).

Anon. n.d. “Kasungu Maternity Waiting Village by MASS Design Group | 2016-07-01 | Architectural Record.” Retrieved from (https://www.architecturalrecord.com/articles/11775-kasungu-maternity-waiting-village-by-mass-design-group).

Anon. n.d. “(No Title).” Retrieved November 6, 2020 (https://core.ac.uk/ download/pdf/26851316.pdf).

FOR ARANYA LOW COST HOUSING

Barker, T. (2019). Housing the poor: a study of Aranya, India. Retrieved from http://archangleblog.blogspot.ca/2011/01/housingpoor-study-of-aranya-india.html

https://www.irjet.net/archives/V5/i12/IRJET-V5I1253.pdf

http://web.mit.edu/incrementalhousing/articlesPhotographs/ pdfs/aranya-3-Details1146.pdf

Sharma, Utpal, and Bhavesh Metha. 2007.Balkrishna Doshi An Architecture for India Vol. 6. Space and Society retrieved from https:// jrap.neduet.edu.pk/arch-journal/JRAP-2007/2-Utpal.pdf

BALKRISHNA DOSHI, VSF ARANYA LOW COST HOUSING. (n.d.). Retrieved fromhttps://divisare.com/projects/381258-balkrishna-doshi-vsf-aranya-lowcost-housing

Dewan Verma, G. (2000). Indore’s Habitat Improvement Project: Success of failure? Habitat International, 24(1), 91–117. https://doi.org/10.1016/ S0197-3975(99)00031-4

Revisit: Aranya low-cost housing, Indore, Balkrishna Doshi - Architectural Review. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.architectural-review.com/buildings/ revisit-aranya-low-cost-housing-indore-balkrishna-doshi https://archnet.org/print/preview/sites=870&views=i https://tos4thyear.files.wordpress.com/2016/11/aranya-community-housing-and-vidyadhar-nagar-ruchika-omkar-tirthraj1.pdf

Anon. n.d. “Architecture In Development - Aranya Housing Project.” Retrieved September 11, 2020 (https://www.architectureindevelopment.org/project. php?id=401#!prettyPhoto).

Joshy, R. (2008). Spatial Analysis of Affordable Houses In India. International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology, 285. Retrieved from www. irjet.net

Davidson, C. C., & Serageldin, I. (1995). Aranya Community Housing. Architecture Beyond Architecture, 64–71.

FOR KARIMODAM COLONY

“A Sustainable Approach to Slum Redevelopment | COSTFORD.” Retrieved November 6, 2020 (https://costfordblog.wordpress.com/2014/07/11/a-sustainable-approach-to-slum-redevelopment/).

Karimadom Colony-A Case Study of Urban Shelter Jaison. Retrieved from https://www.kudumbashree.org/storage//files/if8rj_81.%20karimadom.pdf “ABOUT US – Karimadom Clothing.” Retrieved November 21, 2020 (https:// karimadom.com/pages/about).

Anon. n.d. Conditions And Processes For Success Of Urban Slum Transformation : A Case Study | Request PDF. Retrieved from https://www.researchgate. net/publication/287967957_Conditions_And_Processes_For_Success_Of_ Urban_Slum_Transformation_A_Case_Study

Anon. n.d. “Building Sustainable Communities, Not Trophy Homes.” Retrieved September 11, 2020 (https://worldarchitecture.org/architecture-news/pzvhn/building-sustainable-communities-not-trophy-homes.html).

of living-A right or a Legacy

Envisioning Kerala: Karimadom (and Chenakalchoola). (n.d.). Retrieved from http://alanainkerala.blogspot.com/2012/01/karimadom-and-chenakalchoola.html

FOR BAIT UL RAUF MOSQUE

Architect Marina Tabassum on career, food and films - Architectural Digest Middle East. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.admiddleeast.com/architecture-interiors/architecture/the-it-list-marina-tabassum?page=4

“Baitur Rauf Jame Mosque - Dansk Arkitektur Center - DAC.” Retrieved November 17, 2020 (https://dac.dk/en/knowledgebase/architecture/baiturrauf-jame-mosque/).

Dhaka. 2005. By Nondita Correa Mehrotra 2016 On Site Review Report Bait Ur Rouf Mosque Architect Marina Tabassum Architects Client Sufia Khatun Design Bait Ur Rouf Mosque.

(PDF) Bait Ur Rouf Mosque | Amir Seyfaddini - Academia.Edu.” Retrieved November 17, 2020 (https://www.academia.edu/37909976/Bait_Ur_Rouf_ Mosque).

Architect Marina Tabassum on her Aga Khan Award-winning design for the Bait Ur Rouf mosque in Dhaka - The National. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www. thenationalnews.com/arts-culture/architect-marina-tabassum-on-her-agakhan-award-winning-design-for-the-bait-ur-rouf-mosque-in-dhaka-1.160592 seyfaddini, amir. (n.d.). Bait Ur Rouf Mosque. Aaa. Retrieved from https:// www.academia.edu/37909976/Bait_Ur_Rouf_Mosque

(674) Bait Ur Rouf Mosque- Why Win World’s Best Architecture Award - YouTube.” Retrieved November 17, 2020 (https://www.youtube.com/ watch?v=Oe3lxUniIFk).

Home - Jumana Mahrous. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://mahrous.format com/7375331-homepage/baiturrouf

Https:/www.dezeen.com/. (2017). Daylight filters in through the roof and walls of Bangladeshi mosque by Marina Tabassum. Retrieved from https:// www.dezeen.com/2017/03/05/bait-ur-rouf-mosque-dhaka-bangladesh-marina-tabassum-brick-aga-khan-award/

Marina Tabassum’s architecture of resistance | ICON Magazine. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.iconeye.com/architecture/features/marina-tabassum-s-architecture-of-resistance

Bait Ur Rouf Mosque by Marina Tabassum | The Strength of Architecture | From 1998. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.metalocus.es/en/news/baitur-rouf-mosque-marina-tabassum

FOR THE PINCH

Anon. n.d. “Innovative Detail: The Pinch in Shuanghe Village, Yunnan Province, China | Architect Magazine.” Retrieved November 17, 2020 ( https://www.architectmagazine.com/technology/detail/innovative-detail-the-pinch-in-shuanghe-village-yunnan-province-china_o).

The Pinch community library in China turns a roof into a playground. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.dezeen.com/2014/04/09/pinch-community-library-john-lin-olivier-ottevaere-china/

Anon. n.d. “The Pinch Library And Community Center / John Lin + Olivier Ottevaere | ArchDaily.” Retrieved November 17, 2020 (https://www. archdaily.com/499654/the-pinch-library-and-community-center-olivier-ottevaere-john-lin).

Anon. n.d. “OLIVIER OTTEVAERE PINCH SWEEP WARP - PDF Free Download.” Retrieved November 21, 2020 (https://docplayer.net/189982064-Olivierottevaere-pinch-sweep-warp.html).

TABLE REFERENCES:

Table 3.1.1 *:Design Development Sequence1.1 toTable 3.1.6: Design Development Sequence1.6* are from Dawda, Dweeta (UA5214) Co-creation as an emerging process of architectural design http://library.cept.ac.in/cgi-bin/ koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=57616

The tables without * are made by the author.

ON NARIKURAVAR

Jayachithra, Dr. J. 2016. “A Study on Narikuravar (Nomads) Community in Palamalai Nagar, Sivagangai District, Tamilnadu.” Undefined.retrieved from https://repository.upenn.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1035&context=joseph_wharton_scholars

Anon. n.d. “Meet M. Swetha, Tamil Nadu’s First Engineering Graduate from the Narikuravar Community - The Hindu.” Retrieved November 8, 2020 (https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/society/meet-m-swetha-tamil-nadus-first-engineering-graduate-from-the-narikuravar-community/article8370568.ece).

( https://www.worldwidejournals.com/paripex/recent_issues_pdf/2016/ April/April_2016_1461042597__144.pdf).

Design for other 94%-Quality

94%-Quality of living-A right or a Legacy

Anon. n.d. “(PDF) Intergroup Dialogues: An Innovative Approach to Teaching About Diversity and Justice in Social Work Programs.” Retrieved November 8, 2020 (https://www.researchgate.net/publication/254158489_Intergroup_ Dialogues_An_Innovative_Approach_to_Teaching_About_Diversity_and_Justice_in_Social_Work_Programs).

Anon. n.d. “A Study on Narikuravar (Nomads) Community in Palamalai Nagar, Sivagangai District, Tamilnadu | Semantic Scholar.” Retrieved November 8, 2020 (https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/A-Study-on-Narikuravar-(Nomads)-Community-in-Nagar%2C-Jayachithra/cee50bdd59e03fc15bd5d8039c0ae171b47a10e2).

Anon. n.d. “(PDF) Ethnomedicinal Plants Used by Malayali and Narikuravar Communities in Erode District, Tamil Nadu, India.” Retrieved November 8, 2020 (https://www.researchgate.net/publication/323418619_Ethnomedicinal_Plants_Used_by_Malayali_and_Narikuravar_Communities_in_Erode_ District_Tamil_Nadu_India).

Nagda, Siren A., Margaret L. Spearmon, Lynn C. Holley, Scott Harding, Mary Lou Balassone, Dominique Moïse-Swanson, and Stan De Mello. 1999. “Intergroup Dialogues: An Innovative Approach to Teaching about Diversity and Justice in Social Work Programs.” Journal of Social Work Education 35(3):433–49.

(https://www.mmg.mpg.de/57849/WP_09-05_Alex_Folk-healing.pdf).

GENDER ROLE TRANSITION: A CASE STUDY ON NARIKURAVAR COMMUNITY IN ADIGATHUR VILLAGE, THIRUVALLUR. SUBMITTED BY Ministry of Youth Affairs and Sports, Government of India Sriperumbudur -602105, Tamil Nadu | Shekhar Suman - Academia.Edu.” Retrieved November 8, 2020 (https:// www.academia.edu/43528134/GENDER_ROLE_TRANSITION_A_CASE_ STUDY_ON_NARIKURAVAR_COMMUNITY_IN_ADIGATHUR_VILLAGE_THIRUVALLUR_SUBMITTED_BY_Ministry_of_Youth_Affairs_and_Sports_Government_of_India_Sriperumbudur_602105_Tamil_Nadu).

Shridevi, S. n.d. A Study on Challenges and Issues in the Access of Education among the “Narikuravar” Community Children in Pudukkottai District Tamil Nadu. Retrieved from http://shabdbooks.com/gallery/562-may2020.pdf

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