Post Graduate Portfolio - Krishnanunni Vijayakumar

Graphic generated in processing using perlin noise distribution

PORTFOLIO Krishnanunni Vijayakumar

Portfolio Krishnanunni Vijayakumar

Academic | De Mello’s Residence

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Krishnanunni Vijayakumar Architect | Computational Designer +91 9061105530 | Kerala | India krishnavijay733@gmail.com A young architect who is passionate about design innovations and has a drive to explore diverse possibilities of design using computational methodologies.

linkedin.com/in/krishnanunni-vijayakumar-257564105

instagram.com/krishnanunnivijay/

EDUCATION Master in Advanced Computation for Architecture September 2020 - September 2021 Institute for Advanced Architecture of Catalonia Barcelona

AA Barcelona Visiting School – ‘Vertical Winery / Prototype 3’ June 2020 - July 2020

Architectural Association Visiting School Barcelona

Bachelors of Architecture July 2012 - May 2017

College of Architecture Thiruvananthapuram Thinavila

EXPERIENCE Architect - Founder

SpaceFactory Thiruvalla

November 2019 - September 2020 Studio Spacefactory is an interdisciplinary design practice focusing on using advancements in technology into everyday practice. The practice is aimed at creating efficient building systems that would be sustainable and is responding to the context.

Architect

2C Design House Thiruvananthapuram August 2017 - September 2019 2C Design House is a design studio where there is a constant effort in improving the vernacular architecture based on the latest material technology and design innovations. The role in the firm ranged from design development to site management and offered opportunity to take part in organizational roles for the INDIAN INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTS

Architectural Intern

KSquare Consultants Park Town, Chennai

June 2014 - November 2014 Worked in design execution of commercial projects as well as site management and communications for residential projects. Was part of a the design team for large scale housing projects in various parts of Chennai

LANGUAGES English

Fluent

Malayalam

Native

Hindi

Proficient

Tamil

Basic

Machine Learning Unity

C#

Processing

java

Jupyter/ Collab

Python

Tensorflow Keras Scikit-learn Data Handling Numpy Pandas Graph NetworkX Visualization

Touchdesigner

Matplotlib Seaborn

Html

Altair

Web

CSS

js

Digital Footprint Presentation Indesign

Procreate

Illustrator

Photoshop

V.S Code

C# Scripting for Gh

Evolutionary Solvers Wallecei Galapagos

Rhino Common

GhPython

Environmental sim Ladybug Eddy3D

Hops

Structural/Physics sim

Grasshopper

Karamaba3D Kangaroo Agent Based sim

Rhino

Rhino Inside

Pedsim Quelea Aggregation

Rhino Compute

Revit

WASP Loop Anemone

Sketchup

Lumion

AutoCAD

Table of contents Environmental Simulation

B.I.M

Programming

Machine Learning

Parametric Design

Conceptual

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Architectural Intermediates

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moonscape

MaCAD, B.I.M.S.C Studio project, I.A.A.C

CHOSEN LOCATION

SITE LOCATION: NEW YORK CITY

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ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN ARCHITECTURE  M03 MACAD 2020/21

DATA RICH GEO-LOCATION

Urban Path Maker MaCAD, A.I.A Studio,100 NYC DOT I.A.A.C

OSM Illu_M.L

Open Street Maps

50 WHAT IT OFFERS G2

Data collection points

Department of Transportation

URBANO for Gh

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MaCAD, Thesis project I.A.A.C

Geolocation

10 yrs Worth of bi-yearly data

3D Meshes

Amenities and Gates

Of all of NYC

MaCAD, Data-Encoding Seminar ‘Hits’ I.A.A.CG.P. For each amenity

Google Places Data

Marissa Ridzuan - Cami Quinteros - Andrei Okolokoulak - Krishnanunni Vijayakumar

Modular Edifice

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MaCAD, ACESD Studio I.A.A.C

Gen 49 | Ind 2 F.V 1 : 1.8151e-8 F.V 2 : 0.00019 F.V.3 1568.21885 F.V.4 446.1.1544

Gen 49 | Ind 17

Simplexity by Symmetry F.V 1 : 3.1679e-8 F.V 2 : 0.000402 F.V.3 535.731546 F.V.4 410.85417

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MaCAD, Complex Form Seminar I.A.A.C Gen 49 | Ind 6 F.V 1 : 1.5211e-8 F.V 2 : 0.000152 F.V.3 1296.70996 F.V.4 359.41279

MASTER IN ADVANCED COMPUTATION FOR ARCHITECTURE & DESIGN 2020/2021 Seminar S.1 - Complex Forming SESSION 3 - 18.11.2020

Aleksander Mastalski Keshava Narayan Krishnanunni Vijayakumar

GROUP 1

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Museum and Research Center

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Cultural Center

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De Mello’s Residence

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House No. 3

B. Arch, Undergraduate Thesis C.A.T

B. Arch, Design Studio C.A.T

B. Arch, Design Studio C.A.T

Residential, 2C Design House

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Dandeli Cottages

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Illustrations

Hospitality, 2C Design House

MaCAD | Architectural Intermediates Thesis project | Team Members : Aleksander Mastalski, Krishnanunni Vijayakumar Thesis Guide: Oana Taut

Neural Network or other M.L applications are so integrated into our daily life, that we hardly notice it. These technologies focus on automating the work we do manually, so that we can shift our focus towards more sensible and stimulating subjects.

This is the same in Architecture where there is a lot of work done in using machine learning techniques to deal with more basic tasks while the designer get more time for creative expression.

And thus enabling us to use our brain’s capabilities to intuitively express designs and 3d forms as well as expand on it .. And this lead us the question of

How can we recreate this capability of creative expansion using A.I/Machine Learning?

Project Workflow

The project followed a workflow involving curation and preparing 3d datasets, data conversions, and many iterations of training. Multiple models where tested out with different runs for each with varying hyper parameters until the best combination is achieved.

Workflow diagram followed through the project

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2

3

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[PREPARE DATASET]

[PREPARE DATA]

[STATE OF THE ART MODEL ARCH]

[TEST 1]

Load the CSV into numpy, reshape it and bulk save to the *.npy files

1)Learning a Probabilistic Latent Space of Object Shapes via 3D Generative-Adversarial Modeling 2) rp2707, Greg K (wasd12345) (2017) „coms4995-project“ 3) Smith, Meger (2017) „Improved Adversarial Systems for 3D Object Generation and Reconstruction“ 4) Wiegand (2018) „Eine Einführung in Generative Adverserial Network(GAN)“ 5) Our own approach to creating the model based on projects above.

Testing the Keras implementation of the MIT model, which ended up with the mode collapse. [model 1]

Scrape 3d models from internet, refine and voxelize using automated grasshopper script and save to CSV. Models’ voxel resolution: 643 and 323

Datsaset Preparation Process

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The aim of this paper is : To explore the potential of 3DGAN NNs in architectural design as an efficient method in generating new design solutions.

To unveil the possible use of latent space operations as a design methodology.

To identify the directions in which this methodology can be taken forward as new creative design tool.

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8

7

6

5

[ITERATE]

[FURTHER DEVELOPMENT]

[INTERPOLATION]

[TEST 3]

[TEST 2]

After success with the resolution of 323 we decided to further develop tensorflow 1 architecture by increasing the resolution to 643 and training the model further. [model 4, res: 643]

The outputs of the last test were satisfactory on various different datasets and thus we performed interpolation.

Testing the Tensorflow 1 implementation based on 2nd reference, which uses Wasserstein distance normalization with gradient penalization as a training objective to generate more differentiated outputs [model 3, res: 323]

Testing the Tensorflow 1 implementation of the MIT model, based on coms4996 project, which also tended to collapse and result in unpredictable outputs. [model 2]

In order to get most meaningful results we tested variety of different tools including vector interpolation, vector arithmetics, learning from checkpoints and transfer learning.

MaCAD | Architectural Intermediates

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Run I 3DGAN

The first run involved a keras implementation of the architecture suggested in the MIT paper[5]. This model was ran on two different dataset : IKEA furniture dataset and a column capital dataset.

IKEA Dataset

Column Dataset

With the use of matplotlib libraries in python we were able to visualize the output based on the values predicted, thus giving a deeper understanding of the performance of the model and the output generations. The model architecture had 6 hidden layers for the generator and 7 layers for the generator. A binary loss function is used to calculate loss values . The learning rates used where from the reference paper.The outputs were not refined but the model was still able to generate capitals and tables that were distinguishable.

Neural network architecture

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Column dataset 0-5000 epochs

IKEA dataset 0-5000 epochs

MaCAD | Architectural Intermediates

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The generated outputs showed very low variations and tend to generate almost similar output geometries. This showed signs of mode collapse .

3DIWGAN

“Mode collapse occurs when the generator produces an especially plausible output, the generator may learn to produce only that output. In fact, the generator is always trying to find the one output that seems most plausible to the discriminator.”

“Wasserstein GAN, or WGAN, is a type of generative adversarial network that minimizes an approximation of the Earth-Mover’s distance (EM). It leads to more stable training than original GANs with less evidence of mode collapse.”

With the use of the Wasserstein method the GAN model can be optimized so that the output generations have variations. The model trains to optimize the weights so that it deviates from generating single solutions. This provided a perfect solution to the issue of mode collapse.

Neural network architecture

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Voxelized [32, 32, 32]

Church model voxelized as inputs for the neural network

IKEA dataset 0-5000 epochs

MaCAD | Architectural Intermediates

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Improved 3D IWGAN

An update to the 3D IWGAN was done to accommodate and improved dataset of resolution 64 x 64 x 64. This meant adding additional hidden layers at the output of the generator and the input of the discriminator to reshape the generated sample. For this a new dataset of churches in the higher resolution of 64 x 64 x 64 was made .

Voxelized [32, [64, 32, 64, 64] 32]

Church model voxelized with higher resolution for improved N.NW

The first run with this model was done with the same parameters as of the 3DGAN[5] paper and as expected the model had the tendency to leave out finer details. This might be due to the fact that the parameters used in the paper were optimal for generating furniture and other objects with larger and more distinguishable details. This meant the model required more fine tuning through trial and error until an ideal region is identified with the parameters. By increasing the learning rates, we observed that the model started learning more and outputs more detailed but at higher epochs the loss values started to climb up and the GAN model became unstable again.

After a number of iterations an optimal range was reached within which the model kept improving with more training.

The loss values kept reducing and the outputs showed more positive results. With this the process was continued on an extended dataset and 11 rotations per each geometry in the input dataset is introduced. The new generations showed more variations with more mix of features

Neural network architecture

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IKEA dataset 0-5000 epochs

MaCAD | Architectural Intermediates

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epochs 5000-10000

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For the latent space operations to be more appropriate it was one of the priorities to be able to map the inputs in the latent space. This could enable us to develop a method to input 3d geometry and do latent vector operations on it.

Many papers such as the embedGAN[8] addresses this issue and the solution is to further optimize the random latent input vector to reduce the distance between the inputs and the generations.

With this approach we ran further iterations and were able to generate geometries with features almost identical to that of the input dataset. Here on the figure to the left we can see the generations similar to the dataset and as you move further to the right more features and unique solutions can be observed.

Generations with inputs embedded in the Latent Space

MaCAD | Architectural Intermediates

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Latent Space Interpolation Interpolation between selected geometry generations

Latent space representation

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This enabled for a latent space interpolation between inputs as well as new generations. A latent space can be imagined as a 3D space which represents a distribution on to which the generations are mapped. Two points in this distribution represents two generations and a path between the two will mark the transition between two geometries.

By moving through this path we can generate all geometries between these two points. A spherical linear interpolation is showcased on the right between the selected generations. This is exciting as this method , with sufficient data offers a possibility to find the intermediated between any two geometry which have completely different shape, size and topology.

Generations with inputs embedded in the Latent Space

MaCAD | Architectural Intermediates

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Use Case I

Interpolations using ZHA designed buildings

Central Bank of Iran Baghdad

Galaxy SOHO Beijing

Riverside museum Glasgow

Wohanhaus C Vienna

Z.H.A models voxelized in 64x64x64 resolution as inputs

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As the last step of the explorations the approach followed was to identify a small test dataset of architectural data.

We chose buildings designed by ZHA in this case and prepared a dataset of recreated models from sketchup warehouse and used it to embed into latent space to perform interpolations.

Riverside museum Glasgow

Galaxy SOHO Beijing

Phaeno Science Center

Galaxy SOHO Beijing

Interpolation between selected ZHA models

Though the outputs of the interpolations were very crude this still showed signs of promise. We could observe some intermediates between different buildings in the latent spacewalk. Considering the fact that we used 8 models that are very distinct, we are sure that with higher resolution with a large enough dataset like what is available for any architectural practice this method has great value and potential.

MaCAD | Architectural Intermediates

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Combined Workflow

Further steps involving 2d-3d reconstruction and Decor-GAN

The combined workflow will enable new opportunities in the field of design. The reconstruction phase can be altered to input any data that can be embedded in a 2d image format and this will enable us to create generations in a more controlled manner. Thus creating a tool with which the architect or the designer has the role of initiating the creation but with the neural network will be able to generate solution much beyond what they can create themselves.

Further improvements in the direction of 3d generative neural networks can thus open up new expanse in the field of design.

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Image taken from paper.

Image taken from paper.

An extension of this can be a 2D- 3D reconstruction as in the mentioned paper. This method uses paired dataset like a 2D DCGAN and therefore can be made into a 3DCGAN, which has high application in the field of design..

Decor GAN could be another extension where the low resolution outputs can be up-sampled into higher resolution. This also offers the possibility to tune the upscale and meshing based on the dataset the Decor GAN is trained on and there by opens the door to style transfer and similar methods.

Complete workflow including 2D - 3D reconstruction and DecorGAN

MaCAD | Architectural Intermediates

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MaCAD | moonscape Lunar Meditation Temple B.I.M.S.C studio project | Tutors: David Andres Leone, Oana Taut Moon(e)scape is an exploration into envisioning the idea of worship, spirituality and common identity far from where we identify ourselves to be in, in an off world environment. The project is located at the south pole of the moon, specifically along the rims of the Shackleton creator. The temple caters to the residents of the lunar colony.

The project is aimed at creating a universal space that would invoke a sense of collective consciousness while understanding the relationship between the individualistic identity and the coalition of every individual identity into a single collective superpower. The recurrence of SACRED GEOMETRY & NATURE, in various religions, cultures and primitive beliefs will be the driving force of form organization. While ADVANCED TECHNOLOGY and SUSTAINABLE METHODS OF CONSTRUCTION, will aid to create a space that can contribute to a sustained and a healthy community.

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The design development laid its foundation on 4 agendas that we established, allowing moon-lings to isolate within themselves completely while invoking a journey of growth, connecting different programs, people and unifying them into one. A central focus that transitions the inside and outside,respecting the diversity of each individual part, converging the variables into one single form.

Learning from moon based projects we separate our construction process into the exterior and interior spaces.

Basalt with PLA being a non porous airtight material made it ideal for enclosed spaces and lunar Regolith being porous made it ideal for the external shielding

MaCAD | moonscape

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Levels of spatial experiences that transcend into spiritual exchanges within the temple

Entrance

Access

Community Zone

Isolate + Worship

Silent Zone

Meditation Chamber

External Temple

The Peak

The silhouette of this form is divided into 2 portions; the external and the internal temple. Symbolizing the external material world and the world that lies within oneself. This approach has allowed us to split the form into multiple layers, shielding the interior spaces from the harsh radiation. The underground LNS connection marks a safe entry point into the structure, creating communal spaces for meeting. With a level dedicated solely to religious worship rituals and isolated meditation pods, followed by a completely silent group meditation chamber.

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Within the interiors of the temple the areas are subdivided in 4 main levels, creating a spectrum between communal and silent zones

Vertical Spatial hierarchy between different layers based on environmental factors

Level 0 consists of the entrance docks, and the supporting service spaces. Followed by Level 1 having 3 different kinds of flexible worship+prayer rooms along with individual cells for isolated meditation on the periphery. Level 2 contains the completely silent group meditation chamber, in form of a stepped well. The exterior portion of the temple has an alternate access from the outside that connects to the topmost view point.

MaCAD | moonscape

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From the conceptual explorations, we are left with the structure that rises from the terrain and merges into one.

We have several approaches for formalizing this, where we had a concave tower rising up, and then a more convex shape, which we found might be more suitable for the 3d printing construction technique but deviate from the initial conceptual form. Finally we decided to have a multi-layered approach with a combination of concave and convex geometries, keeping in mind the construction methods.

BIMSC STUDIO // TEAM III

Single Layer Maximize Direct Light

Second Layer Maximize Diffuse Light

004.4 // 3D PRINTING STRATEGIES

MULTILAYER SKINS

BIMSC STUDIO //

OPTIMISATION FOR SUNLIGHT (SUNLIGHT TEST + WALLECEI X) The Sun vectors are calculated for lunar south pole - at ≅1 .5 degrees to -1.5 degrees Keeping base area fixed based on spatial requirements, the spiraling form is optimised based on the objectives mentioned.

F.V I Maximize Sunlight Hours

F.V I Maximize Variation

F.V II Average Sunlight

The multilayer approach gave us a way top introduce openings into the 3.D printed structure, and also have a control over it. Bringing in sunlight for the exterior temple was a key factor of the form deriving process. The openings were controlled and ran the evolutionary solvers to optimize light. Sun vectors are calculated for the lunar south pole, and ran a sunlight analysis and the form/openings are optimized based on this. Since the sunlight is mostly horizontal, the analysis surface was divided vertically and based on the sunlight requirement each area was optimized.

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Iterations -

BIMSC STUDIO // TE

Selected 20

The genes picked for the optimization were controlling the opening length, width and density. The simulation is run for a population of 5000 individuals out of which the best performing individual is the selected.

BIMSC STUDIO // TEAM II

004.5 // FORM DEVELOPMENT

Final Selected

As you see, the top view point has large openings and is mostly away from the interiors. The middle region through which light is brought into the interiors has maximum variation in sunlight received, and the bottom part with the interior spaces have less sunlight, to reduce radiation.

MaCAD | moonscape

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We have split up the form and the workflow into 8 different streams, amongst 4 contributors. These streams divide the form into the exterior and interior portions. The exterior branch containing the outer Shells, access ramps, and the internal ramps, and the Interior Branch containing the Walls, Floor Slabs, Staircases, Ramps and the stepped well.

005.1 // FORM SEGREGATION

BIMSC STUDIO // TEAM III

Temple workflow split-up to 8 different streams using Spekle - Rhino-GH to Revit

CENTRAL MEDITATION CONNECTING WITH THESPACE EARTH

B

View point

On top The Central of the space spiralisyou an expanse can connect in volume, with the scaling earth. the In human contrast to a small with theelement. meditation Thishall, complete here the silent view zone overhas fullacolony radial focus it is in form a to meant stepped empower wellthe with visitor the interaction with energy ofand lightpositivity flowing from for his the top. journey.

Drawings generated using Revit from the collective stream to which all collaborators contribute to.

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Meditation Area within the interior temple - Silent Zone

BIMSC STUDIO

Ramp up to the external temple - The peak

The form is molded by multiple paths, converging into one higher point while create an experiential journey representing the perpetual cyclic renewal of life and infinity, the concept of eternity and eternal return.

MaCAD | moonscape

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With the 3d printing fabrication in mind, as mentioned, we have build an exterior shell based on a convex and concave forms. By doing it we intend to create a balanced between shells that allows a wider convex base as well as we densify the shell structure to increase shielding and lower down radiation.

Radiation and shielding

Both shells work as a balance of convex and concave forces.

Both shells work as a protective shielding and to filter the radiation levels.

BIMSC STUDIO // TEAM III

006 // DUAL SHELL

Convex / Concave

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The fabrication process is based on the 3D printing concept using lunar regolith. Once in the moon, the first step it would be to have a series of rovers building up the ramps and the base where most of the program will be located and protected.

BIMSC STUDIO // TEAM III

Fabrication Process

Exterior Shells and interior spaces

Exterior ramp and protective shield to Internal Temple

regolith scoop

The fabrication will use a series of rovers with capacity to collect and print regolith.

Collect regolith

3D printing Head

006 // FABRICATION

The fabrication will use a 3D printing crane, printing in a radial axis, using regolith for the exterior shells and PLA/Basalt for the interior spaces.

Axonometric

BIMSC STUDIO // TEAM III Exterior 3Dprinting scheme with Lunar regolith using printing crane

01.Base

05.Inner Boundary Layer

02.Ground Floor Entry + Stairs

06.Openings Installation

03.First Floor + Ramps

07.Outer Boundary Layer

006 // INTERIOR TEMPLE

Printing Process

04.Stepped Well Level

08.Skylight

Interior 3Dprinting scheme using robot printers

At the same time the central space starts to get shaped by the ramps, a 3D printing crane (similar to the WASP 3d printing crane) can be placed and allow the shells and interior to be printed in a radial axis, using lunar regolith for the exterior and PLA/basalt for the interiors.

MaCAD | moonscape

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BIMSC

The peak to the vast expanse - The highest view point of the colony

BIMSC S

Spiritual experiences translated into architecture using sacred geometry

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The exterior shell will be supporting the ramp through a interlocked system, together with a series of 3D printed fabricated elements in situ using solar energy.

BIMS

Ramp element 3D printed elements fabricated in situ using solar energy

Interlocked supports 3D printed elements fabricated in situ using solar energy and interlocked into the external shell

Ramp setup into the 3dprinted regolith layers using interlocked supports

005 // FABRICATION

BIMSC STUDIO // TEAM III

The project inquire the notion of creating a universal space that would invoke a sense of collective consciousness while understanding the relationship between the individualistic internal identity and the coalition of every individual identity into a single collective superpower.

MaCAD | moonscape

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MaCAD | Urban Path Maker A.I.A Studio project |Tutors: Angelos Chronis https://github.com/krishnanunniv/UrbanPathMaker

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An analysis tool that simulates pedestrian movement in an urban setting. The tool allows the designer to iterate through multiple interventions and evaluate the impact of their design in the pedestrian flow of the chosen scenario.

There are many existing pedestrian movement simulations, which we plan to implement and mix with machine learning technologies to generate a stronger simulation tool.

+ MISSION & VISION

ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN ARCH

WHAT IS THE USE CASE? An analysis tool that simulates pedestrian movement in an urban setting. The tool allows the designer to iterate through multiple interventions and evaluate the impact of their design in the pedestrian flow of the chosen scenario.

G2

CEPTS

Simulation Tool that Alters City Morphology

Marissa Ridzuan - Cami Quinteros - Andrei Okolokoulak - Krishnanunni Vijayakumar ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN ARCHITECTURE  M03

This works as a symbiosis between simulations and machine learning technologies. We want to create a more evolved agent simulator that applies the characteristics of a city as sourced from Open Street Maps and other available datasets.

Reflecting Mobility on Urban Form

FLOW & MOVEMENT

The flow of water affects its shape over time, forming more curves and oxbows MaCAD Urban Path Maker and |eventually having offshoot lakes.

What affects pedestrian flow?

CROWD AGGREGATION

Crowd aggregation can happen at flows with bottlenecks (negative) or at a attractive urban feature (positive).

How does this affect the public space

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We aimed to create an interactive simulation tool for designers to iterate through multiple interventions with speed and ease so that a holistic evaluation can be made on the impact of our urban design decisions. Currently there are many existing pedestrian movement simulations already available, which we plan to implement and mix with +machine OVERALL METHODOLOGY ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN ARCHITECTURE  M03 MACAD 2020/21 learning technologies to generate a stronger simulation tool.

1

DATA SET GENERATION

IMAGE OUTPUT

SIMULATING 1000 PATHS FOR MACHINE TO TRAIN ON

2

3

MACHINE TRAINING

LEARNING FROM SIM

OUTPUT USER CASE

PREDICTIONS

STILL NEED TO LEARN WHAT HAPPENS HERE..

VISUALIZE PATHS IDENTIFY INEFFICIENCY

New York offers a publicly accessible NYCDOT pedestrian dataset as an alternative to OSM/Google Places data. This particular dataset is publicly available, and the methodology of its collection is completely transparent. New York City G2 Marissa Ridzuan - Cami Quinteros - Andrei Okolokoulak - Krishnanunni Vijayakumar relies on the MTA metro system to collect data on daily riders, however it deploys city workers twice a year to count the number of people crossing a particular street during the morning and afternoon rush hours in 100 locations throughout all five boroughs. This method of data collection means that local pedestrian traffic, not only commuters, are taken into account.

1 CHOSEN LOCATION ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN ARCHITECTURE  M03 MACAD 2020/21

DATA RICH GEO-LOCATION

NYC DOT OSM

Open Street Maps

WHAT IT OFFERS G2

100

Data collection points

Department of Transportation

G.P.

URBANO for Gh

SITE LOCATION: NEW YORK CITY

Geolocation Amenities and Gates

10 yrs Worth of bi-yearly data

3D Meshes Of all of NYC

‘Hits’

For each amenity

Google Places Data

Marissa Ridzuan - Cami Quinteros - Andrei Okolokoulak - Krishnanunni Vijayakumar

New York City, which is a data rich geo-location was chosen for the first implementation of the Urban Path Maker tool.

The availability of this dataset is a crucial part of choosing New York City as our case study. To create a pedestrian simulation tool based on machine learning models, it is important to have reliable data to train these models on to get the best and most unbiased results. We also would like to highlight the importance of the work that the Department of Transit in New York has done in collecting these data as this dataset has allowed us to study and create this tool.

The Urban Path Maker tool can be replicated in any other city that has a similar pedestrian dataset.

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Even with these datasets in hand, we had become highly aware of the faultiness of relying solely on second handARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE sourced web data, and understood the importance of generating our own dataset through alternative methods, IN ARCHIT which prompted us to explore data-generation using an ANN Regression Training.

MANHATTAN GRID A1 TO E3

NYC DOT PEDESTRIAN INDEX

35 POINTS

URBANO OSM DATA 743 TOTAL AMENITIES POST OFFICE BANK THEATRE ARTS CENTER PHARMACY - 15 RESTAURANT FAST FOOD - 88 CAFE BAR PUB DEPT STORE SUPERMARKET CONVENIENCE HARDWARE CLOTHES BOOKS SHOES BEAUTY

G2

-5 - 47 -6 - 55 - 270 - 75 - 42 - 23 -0 -6 - 10 -1 - 81 -2 - 10 -4

Marissa Ridzuan - Cami Quinteros - Andrei Okolokoulak - Krishnanunni Vijayakumar

Data Gathered using OSM to be inputted to the M.L model ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN ARCHITECTURE  M03 MACAD 202

GRID A1 NYC DOT PEDESTRIAN INDEX

0 POINTS

URBANO OSM DATA 78 TOTAL AMENITIES POST OFFICE BANK THEATRE ARTS CENTER PHARMACY - 2 RESTAURANT FAST FOOD - 12 CAFE BAR PUB DEPT STORE SUPERMARKET CONVENIENCE HARDWARE CLOTHES BOOKS SHOES BEAUTY

-1 -2 -2 -5 - 34 -7 -7 -2 -0 -0 -3 -0 -1 -0 -0 -0

A1

Generating our own data set using Machine Learning

G2

Marissa Ridzuan - Cami Quinteros - Andreiwhich Okolokoulak - Krishnanunni Vijayakumar Using the existing dataset, we found was plenty in certain popular areas and sparse in others, we were able to generate predictions of number of pedestrians in any part of New York City. This trained model would be the building block of our tool in the Unity game interface.

MaCAD | Urban Path Maker

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Even with these datasets in hand, we had become highly aware of the faultiness of relying solely on second handsourced web data, and understood the importance of generating our own dataset through alternative methods, which prompted us to explore data-generation using an ANN Regression Training. Using the existing dataset, which we found was plenty in certain popular areas and sparse in others, we were able to generate predictions of number of pedestrians in any part of New York City. This trained model would be the building block of our tool in the Unity game interface.

X

OUR MACHINE LEARNING MODEL

ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN ARCHITECTURE  M03 MACAD 2020/21

ANN REGRESSION MODEL

INPUT Year 2017 or 2016 Season Fall-Spring)

6K DATA SAMPLES

INPUT Layer - (6  ReLu

Time AM  PM Weekend- Weekday # of Amenities # of Public Transportation Stations

HIDDEN Layer - (64  ReLu

OUTPUT OUTPUT Layer - (1  Sigmoid

G2

# of Pedestrians at a given place

Marissa Ridzuan - Cami Quinteros - Andrei Okolokoulak - Krishnanunni Vijayakumar

The architecture of our trained model using 6000 samples of the web-sourced dataset

1D MACHINE LEARNING

ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN ARCHITECTURE  M03 MACAD 2020/21

NUMBER OF LAYERS  3 OPTIMIZER  ADAM LOSS  MEAN SQUARED ERROR

G2

Marissa Ridzuan - Cami Quinteros - Andrei Okolokoulak - Krishnanunni Vijayakumar

Model after training for 10000 epochs

46

PREDICTED PEDESTRIAN NUMBER

DENSE N.N MODEL IS TRAINED TO PREDICT THE PEDESTRIAN TOTAL BASED ON AMENITIES AND PUBLIC TRANSPORT DATA FOR EACH NYC DOT POINTS

TRUE PEDESTRIAN NUMBER

KERAS LIBRARY SEQUENTIAL MODEL DENSE NEURAL NETWORK

After some evaluation of available software programs, we decided on using Unity for the development of the Interactive Game UI. Unity offers a behavior and flock based agent creation that is suitable for simulating pedestrians.

It can also support the trained machine learning model that we have derived from the data collection via Barracuda in Unity. The software has an easy UI component that can be an attractive and friendly interface for the planners and THEdesigners BACK END ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN ARCHITECTURE  M03 MACAD 202 to use.

OSM

Geo. Data

Google Places

.H5

ANN

Regression ML Model

For

to

Attraction Levels

.ONNX

Open source

NYC DOT # of Ped Data

LIVE

Barracuda

PREDICTION

in

IN

Unity

GAMETIME

Generated data into a trained machine learning model to live pedestrian predicted program in Unity.

Marissa Ridzuan - Cami Quinteros - Andrei Okolokoulak - Krishnanunni Vijayakumar

X

SCRIPTING CUSTOM BEHAVIOUR

ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN ARCHITECTURE  M03 MACAD 2020/21

SPAWNS/CLONES

EXIT GATE

ENTRY GATE

AGENT BEHAVIOUR BEHAVIOUR

AGENT

The behaviour is based on the agents attraction to different types of amenities.

The number of agents per behaviour are based on the weight analysis from google places API extracted using urbano hits.

G2

Marissa Ridzuan - Cami Quinteros - Andrei Okolokoulak - Krishnanunni Vijayakumar

The behavior is based on the agent’s attraction to different types of amenities. The number of agents per behavior are based on the weight analysis from google places API extracted using urbano hits.

MaCAD | Urban Path Maker

47

Having evaluated our limitations, we figured that our opportunity lied in trying to bridge the gap between webscraped information, results of computed agent simulators, and pre-developed physics based simulators that use flock functions for multiple agent interaction. This meant that we would collect our second-hand augmented dataset and place it in yet another black box, the pre-computed flock. Unity offered the possibility of integrating all of our data, visualizing our pedestrians, and furthermore publishing our tool as a gamified platform that becomes accessible to non expert users.

Select an area in New York

Enter interactive pedestrian simulation & prediction to make changes and test design in 15 minute runtime

48

You can explore and observe the pedestrian movements by making changes in the type and number of amenities and moving the building blocks around. Also one can use the Navigation to explore views of the pedestrian movements from different angles

Ariel view showing movement through selected roads within the tile

Navigation mode with pedestrian movements

MaCAD | Urban Path Maker

49

MaCAD | Illu-ML: Predicting Sunlight with M.L Location: Moscow Seminar excersice | A.I.A semester] | Design Guide: Garbriella Rossi Create a tool to classify the windows in the apartment block according to the duration of their exposure to direct sunlight.

Case study: multistory apartment building 8 cores | 70X100 m perimeter | 46X76 m courtyard |Facade grid 3X3 m Sun path setup: Moscow, Russia | Date : equinox, 20.03.

50

For this exercise decided to create a tool to classify the windows in the apartment block according to the duration of their exposure to direct sunlight. For the case study we have built a simplified model of a multistory apartment building with 8 cores, arranged into a rectangular urban block 70X100 meters. Its courtyard would inevitably have some dark corners.

> 450 minutes of sunlight 350 - 450 minutes of sunlight 250 - 350 minutes of sunlight 150 - 250 minutes of sunlight 000 - 150 minutes of sunlight

Simulated window performance based on amount of sunlight received calculated using Ladybug

We have set up a simple rectangular grid for the facades – 3 by 3 meters, assuming that would the realistic room front, and set up the sun path for Moscow, Russia, for the date of the spring equinox. Grasshopper is already solving the task of sorting the windows with sufficient and insufficient insulation but the reason to learn how to do this task by the means of machine learning is that it may be required to do quickly in much bigger scales for the large masterplanning projects, when simulation may become require too much computation capacity.

Pseudocode

Position of windows Orientation of windows Building core heights

Calculation of Sunlight Received per window Less than 2 hrs More than 2 hrs

//analysis //parameters

//generation

MACHINE LEARNING

Urban block footprint

Input I Position of windows Input II Orientation of windows Input III Building core heights

//inputs Predicted Sunlight Received

//outputs

G10

Sergey Kryuchkov | Krishnanunni Vijayakumar

MaCAD | Window performance : M.L exercise

51

Upon building up the model and setting up the sun-path, we have generated a dataset with the following input parameters: • • • •

G10

Position of windows Data Set IIof windows Orientation

Window Performance Categorized

Core heights -Path location Dataset is generated for all windows for 1000 iterations

<class 'pandas.core.frame.DataFrame'> RangeIndex: 981402 entries, 0 to 981401 Data columns (total 16 columns): # Column Non-Null Count Dtype --- ----------------------0 normal_vector_x 981402 non-null float64 1 normal_vector_y 981402 non-null float64 2 normal_vector_z 981402 non-null int64 3 position_x 981402 non-null float64 4 position_y 981402 non-null float64 5 position_z 981402 non-null float64 6 b1 981402 non-null int64 7 b2 981402 non-null int64 8 b3 981402 non-null int64 9 b4 981402 non-null int64 10 b5 981402 non-null int64 11 b6 981402 non-null int64 12 b7 981402 non-null int64 13 b8 981402 non-null int64 14 sunpath 981402 non-null object 15 performance 981402 non-null int64 Sergey Kryuchkov | Krishnanunni dtypes: float64(5), int64(10), Vijayakumar object(1)

CSV dataset as input for the machine learning model.

The output is the window performance based on the ladybug simulation of sunlight received.

the dataset using matplotlib

For this set of exploration, all interior windows are considered and five more categories are introduced for the sunlight received by the windows. Thus enabling a broader perspective of the window performances.

52

The P.C.A analysis on the dataset shows a close relation between the features chosen for the machine learning model.

The Y position of the windows have more impact on the prediction results, followed by the height of the building cores oriented to the north due to the chosen location. The analysis shows the features chosen are valid.

P.C.A analysis to figure out which features are appropriate as inputs for the machine learning model

Model: “sequential_2” _________________________________________________________________ Layer (type) Output Shape Param # ================================================================= dense_8 (Dense) (None, 128) 1920 _________________________________________________________________ dense_9 (Dense) (None, 64) 8256 _________________________________________________________________ dense_10 (Dense) (None, 32) 2080 _________________________________________________________________ dense_11 (Dense) (None, 5) 165 ================================================================= Total params: 12,421 Trainable params: 12,421 Non-trainable params: 0 _________________________________________________________________

A sequential model was built for the particular exercise and after testing out various architectures, We arrived at a model with dense layers stacked as shown here, with number of neurons based on input and output parameters, and the model is run for 1000 epochs.

MaCAD | Window performance : M.L exercise

53

The number of wrongly predicted windows have increased relatively but the difference between them remains less, as no windows tagged low performing are predicted as high or vice-versa.

model accuracy vs epoch for test and train runs after 1000 epochs

model accuracy vs epoch plt for test and train runs after 1000 epochs

The validation scores at the end of the training was at 0.997 after 1000 epochs. New dataset not introduced in the train or test data was used to recheck this and the output obtained where fairly close to the actual value from NYC DOT

54

Simulated

Predicted

Simulated

Predicted

The output prediction for a new set of data(which the model has not yet been introduced to) is visualized and compared with simulation results. We observe that the predictions come very close to the simulation, with only a very few wrong predictions.

MaCAD | Window performance : M.L exercise

55

MaCAD | De Academic | Modular Mello’s Residence Edifice Location: Mumbai Kodungaloor, Individual ACESD Seminar project || Semester Studio Project 4 [2013] |Team | Design : Aleksander Guide: Prof.

Mastalski, Soumini Keshava Raja Narayanan, Krishnanunni VIjayakumar| Tutors: Rodrigo Aguirre | Oana Taut The proposed proposed project project isisaamixed-use summer residence office building for anthat was designed for artist the tropical and sculptor. climate The of mumbai site is aand piece design of land to be snuck climate responsive using beautifully between environmental simulation the banks and of following an estuary a modular and the approach of construcfoot tion. of rocky mountains.

The site is located in a bustling industrial area next to a comparatively idle port in the city of Mumbai. The urban fabric consists of majorly commercial buildings and warehouses as this is an industrial area. The site is accessible through road and rail and within 5 minutes of walk from the nearest railway station (Reay Road) and it is located on two main roads.

Hence the site is a potential commercial centre lying undeveloped because of the heavy noise from the surroundings.

The urban fabric consists of majorly commercial buildings and warehouses as this is an industrial area.

LOCATION Hence the site is suitable for any commercial or even recreational program.

Plot size : 300 x The 200 sitem is located in a

bustling industrial area next to a comparatively idle port in the city of Mumbai. The urban fabric consists of majorly commercial buildings and warehouses as this is an industrial area.

The site is closer to the east coast of the Mumbai City.

Plot size : 300 x 200 m

Site Location in Mumbai east coast

The site is mostly barren and left undeveloped. The site is unsuitable currently because of the high noise levels even though it is green. The noise is mostly due to the construction activity that happens around the site and due to the ship breaking yard nearby.

Primary constraints for site interventions

The proposed programs for the site are a public retail area with landscaped paths at the site level and a commercial office space for the rest of the building.

58

CONTEXT AS THE DRIVING FORCE OF DIGITAL DESIGN

Objectives: Objectives ● To use modular a way of sustainable by To use modular thinking as a thinking way of as sustainable building building by developing a modular building almost entirelybuilding in timber and up cycling existing developing a modular almost entirely in timber and materials as a carbon reducing and sustainable approach. upcycling existing materials as a carbon reducing and sustainable approach.

To look into how non visual aspects like radiation/sound/noise and wind can also shape the design with the help of digital simulations. ● To look into how non visual aspects like radiation/sound/noise and wind can also shape the design with contribute the help of digital Integrating active environmental systems that to both simulations. structural integrity and optimize environmental impacts.

To address ● the lack of public space in Mumbaisystems and to increase the quality Integrating active environmental that contribute to both of public/social life in Mumbai. structural integrity and optimize environmental impacts.

To address the lack of public space in Mumbai and to increase the quality of public/social life in Mumbai.

The different conclusions arrived at earlier were compiled together to form the design principles.: Noise | Light | Views towards the sea | Cross- Ventilation | Incremental building ●

STRATEGIES ADOPTED The different conclusions arrived at earlier were compiled together to form the design principles.

1.

2.

3.

a.

4.

5.

Noise Light Views towards the sea Cross- Ventilation Incremental building

STRATEGIES Shield the site from noise ADOPTED

by placing the building along the boundary of the site

b.

Protect the building from strong light from south and west by using a second skin

The different conclusions arrived at earlier were compiled together to form the design principles. c.

1.

2.

3.

d.

Noise Light Views towards the sea 4.

CrossVentilation a.Shield the site from noise by placing the building along the boundary of the site, b. Protect the building from strong light from south and west by 5. using aIncremental second skin, building c. Promote views towards the sea by increasing the height of the building, d. Break down the building to allow for cross ventilation and for public access into the site

views towards the sea by MaCADPromote | Modular Edifice increasing the height of th building

Break down the building to allow for cross ventilation and for public access into the site

59

The initial access points on the site boundary is connected with interior points where maximum interaction is desired.

This creates a network of paths which is then further developed to form smooth walkways from the streets, through the building into the green zones.

a.

b.

c.

a. Green Zones b. Access Nodes c. Paths based on priority d. Smooth walkways Simulating possible pedestrian walkways using kangaroo

d.

tern Period 1

ues to

Period 2

re s

y

ioin

Period 1: The highest radiation values over the year are from South East to South 120 to 220 Degrees. Constant wind during this period are from North with higher wind speeds from WNW to NNE Period 2: The radiation is relatively uniform with higher radiations from east and west directions., Major wind flow is from west direction from SW to WNW

60

THERMAL COMFORT ANALYSIS Comfort Range based on UTCI Typical Summer Period

Typical Winter Period

The thermal comfort analysis for extreme climate periods show that the region with denser vegetation remains relatively comfortable for major part of the year.

These zones are identified as green zones to which pedestrian paths lead into.

The thermal comfort analysis for extreme climate periods show that the region with denser vegetation remains relatively comfortable for major part of the year. These zones are identified as green zones to which pedestrian paths lead into.

The access points on the boundaries are defined based on the street type with higher number of access from the street with the highest pedestrian activity. The vehicular access into the co working block is provided from the connecting road with low pedestrian and vehicular activity. Access from the main road into the site is limited.

MaCAD | Modular Edifice

61

Geometric Optimization

Based on Environmental Simulations using evolutionary solvers SS CRITERIA

en i to ding l

The footprint identified was taken ahead in Wallacei to optimize the building for environmental parameters.

FV1, FV2 FV3 FV3

FV4

FV1 FV2

FV5

Maximum exposure towards ocean (East) and South Minimum exposure towards West (sun radiation and view improvement) Minimum total sun radiation (yearly analysis) Aim for volume range of: 30 000 - 31 000 m3

The building volume was optimized based on the climatic requirement of the site as per the climatic studies, The FV4 Minimum total sun radiation (yearly Maximum exposure towards building footprint obtained by thermal comfortanalysis) studies along with pedestrian paths was extruded to a height as per ocean (East) and South spatial requirement of the programs. This volume becomes the base for the optimization.

FV1, FV2

FV3 Minimum exposure towards West (sun radiation and view improvement)

FV5 Aim

for volume range 30 000 - 31 000 m3

of:

The vertices of this volume was allowed to move within certain defined domains to generate various transformation of shapes. Evolutionary Algorithms were used to find the best geometry based on the fitness cafeteria’s, which lead to a massing that is optimized for a climate responsive design.

62

The solver was ran for a population of 10000 with 100 generations of 100 individual each, Out of which best performing solution were selected and the individuals are colour coded to represent the overall performance based on all fitness cafeteria’s.

Best performing Individuals from all generations colour coded to find the most balanced solution

Thanks to simulating with volume constraint we reassured ourselves that the geometry found in earlier simulation is still validated. We decided to stick with the iteration from last simulation as it had cleaner geometry and better properties while maintaining very similar shape.

Ind 34 - 6 277 600 kWh/m2; 30 592 m3 Ind 10 - 4 960 800 kWh/m2; 35 209 m3 (From last simulation)

n by ess eal.

on and as black.

ntinue ic facade systems sis.

s to simulating with volume constraint we reassured ourselves that the geometry n earlier simulation is still validated. We decided to stick with the iteration from mulation as it had cleaner geometry and better properties while maintaining very shape.

- 6 277 600 kWh/m2; 30 592 m3

10 ast simulation)

4

960

800

MaCAD | Modular Edifice

kWh/m2;

35

209

m3

63

Aggregation Logic

Using WASP Components in Grasshopper

Developing interlocking modular approach

Modular entities have objects which repeat with respect to each other.

Cells Modularity can also lead to sustainability as the form-work used to build one module can be repeated to build the other modules hence saving material, money, as well as time.

Modularity can allow for phase wise construction which can help in incremental building.

The programmatic requirements for a coworking space in general are studied in order to be incorporated in the proposal. Public spaces like the library, cafeteria.

A small composition of the modules showing the different functions

The shared pods can be attached to the larger modules which can be a cabin for a single person as well as for 2 people as shown. Different Clusters of spaces can be defined and spaces can be connected or disconnected which offer flexibility.

64

CONNECTION LOGIC

A|0_A|6 A|6_A|0 A|1_A|7 A|7_A|1 A|2_A|4 A|4_A|2 A|3_A|5 A|5_A|3

A|0_B|6 A|6_B|0 A|1_B|7 A|7_B|1 A|2_B|4 A|4_B|2 A|3_B|5 A|5_B|3

By using Wasp plugin the geometry that was found using simulation was aggregated with truncated octahedron modules. The initial modular approach was tested.

Aggregation logic and populating modules with in the building massing

The facade of the building grows down into the site forming a barrier envelope from sound and high radiation but also provide natural ventilation. The envelope meets green zone of the site and merges the building, the public paths and the green zone into one structure that works together.

Aggregated building volume merging into the site

MaCAD | Modular Edifice

65

SHELL ANALYSIS GRAVITY WIND AND FLOOR LOADS

Structural Analysis

Using KARAMBA in Grasshopper The final form chosen was structurally analyzed to understand the benefits and shortcomings of the form which can help in programmatic distribution. Structural analysis including, utilization, displacement and stress flow analysis was conducted.

SHELL ANALYSIS

GRAVITY WIND AND FLOOR LOADS

Result case - 3 Floor load 0% 27.05 % 3.18 %

Min util: Max util: Mean util:

0.65 cm 0.08 cm

6 cm

Shell height: Mass:

Max disp.

Mean disp.

FORCE FLOW LINES

8 107 7006 cm kg

Shell height: Mass: Min util: Max util: Mean util: Max disp.

Mean disp.

8 107 700 kg

0% 0% 91.45 % 91.45 % 13.23 % 13.23 % 3.13 cm 0.59 cm

3.13 cm 0.59 cm

Result case - 1

gravity Result case - 1 gravity

0% 0% 91.4591.45 % % 13.23 % 13.23 % 3.13 cm 0.59 cm

3.13 cm 0.59 cm

Result case - 2 Wind load 0% 16.86 % 2.56 % 1.02 cm 0.1 cm

Result case -WIND 2 AND GRAVITY FLOOR LOADS Wind load Result case - 3

Resul Floor

0% 0% 16.8627.05 %% 3.18 % 2.56 %

0% 27.05 % 3.18 %

1.02 cm 0.1 cm

0.65 c 0.08 c

Floor load

0.65 cm 0.08 cm

Utilization and displacement analysis under gravity, wind and live load calculated.

The simulation model was prepared and analyzed based on the following result cases: Gravity Wind load FORCE Analyzed for 2 predominant directions a. West – facade area 4226 m2 FLOW LINES b. North – facade area 3505 m2 GRAVITY WIND AND Force: 1.5 kN/m2 FLOOR LOADS Floor load : Total area: 12 928m2 Force: 1.5 kN/m2

Tension lines Compression lines Force flow lines

The model was analyzed using two approaches. The first one was the shell model (h=6cm), the second was a rectangular timber beam model (24 x 24cm).

Final iteration was further reinforced by introducing steel grid(8 x 8cm) in atrium to improve overall performance and decrease total mass of the building.

Stress flow diagram Tension lines Compression lines tension/compression Force flow lines

These analysis showed regions of high and structural members with high utilization or regions with more displacement than permissible. Thus members where replaced with steel core and other design strategies adopted to accommodate all the programs.

66

LIBRARY / OPEN DESKS || 27*37*22m

CONFERENCE /MEETING ROOMS || 33*23*39m

LARGE OFFICES || 30*35*17m

Based on earlier analysis and module clustering algorithm the function was distributed into the aggregation. And these clusters were made with the main circulation inside the building was designed to be located in the atrium

Program clusters based on Structural Analysis

Active Shading System Using Ladybug in Grasshopper

Due to high radiation in Mumbai and glare analysis inferences the active external skin system was introduced. Not only it is designed to minimize the effects of sun on the building, but also to support natural ventilation

EXISTING ENVELOPE

FINAL MODULE

West

Solar radiation analysis on the aggregated form | Active facade panels

MaCAD | Modular Edifice

67

Active shading system opened

Radiation analysis of the building, the parts of the facade with the highest amounts of radiation were selected. Found elements were further populated with designed system. Active shading system reacts to the daily sun path to shade the interior of the building from intense radiation. Each panel moves independently based on sensors. This allows to maintain bigger openings without additional cooling.

ACTIVE SYSTEM

Analysis of the radiation on the module tested for the highest radiation period. The analyzed time was 15.02, from 9:00 to 10:00. high

low Panels opened fully, total radiation: 682 kWh/m2

Panels half-opened, total radiation: 400 kWh/m2

Panels fully closed, total radiation: 162 kWh/m2

Active shading system against radiation received MASTER IN ADVANCED COMPUTATION FOR ARCHITECTURE & DESIGN 2020/2021 Seminar S.1 - Environmental analysis

Aleksander Mastalski Keshava Narayan Krishnanunni Vijayakumar

GROUP 1

SESSION 3 - 27.10.2020 The panel movement can also be used to promote natural ventilation during night. Analysis of the radiation on the module tested for the highest radiation period. The analyzed time was 15.02, from 9:00 to 10:00.

68

Main circulation inside the building was designed to be located in the atrium with Modules having smaller vertical circulation systems of their own. Thereby allowing maximum mobility within the complex spatial distribution.

Exemplary floor plan

MaCAD | Modular Edifice

69

2

2 OPEN LOUNGE

LIBRARY

1

1

Exemplary section 1

OPEN DESK AREA

6m 3m

8

8

6m

CONFERENCE AREA

7

Exemplary Section 2

70

7

Office Interior 1 MASTER IN ADVANCED COMPUTATION FOR ARCHITECTURE & DESIGN 2020/2021

Aleksander Mastalski Keshava Narayan Krishnanunni Vijayakumar

MASTER IN ADVANCED COMPUTATION FOR ARCHITECTURE & DESIGN 2020/2021

Aleksander Mastalski Keshava Narayan Krishnanunni Vijayakumar

Seminar S.1 - Environmental analysis SESSION 3 - 27.10.2020

Seminar S.1 - Environmental analysis

Office Interior 2 SESSION 3 - 27.10.2020

MaCAD | Modular Edifice

71

MaCAD | Symplexity by Symmetry Location: Mumbai ACESD Seminar Excersice |Team : Keshava Narayanan, Krishnanunni VIjayakumar| Tutors: Arthur Mamu Mani The exercise was aimed at designing a parametric system that is influenced from nature / mathematics and use this system to develop sensible design space.

https://krishnanunniv.github.io/lecture2/example3/

WHY SYMMETRY SYMMETRY & AND REPETITION? REPETITION RULED SURFACE

It is because if one unit / module is figured out in terms of constructability, then it is possible to repeat the unit / A ruled surface can be module to create livable though radial when described as the set of points clipped spaces. swept by a moving straight

The images in different forms gets rid of the strong line. A surface is doubly ruled centrality that the can form proposes and Repetition also if through every one lead of its to hence can be a possible for sustainability astwo theinspiration formwork points there are distinct used to build one can lines that lie on themodule surface. producing complex forms. be repeated to build the other modules hence saving money, Seemingly complex forms can can alsoaslead totime. sustainability material well surfaces. as be built by ruled

Repetition as the form-work used to build one Ruled surfaces are formed when one curve to is extruded module can be repeated build the other along another curve. modules hence saving money, material as well as time. Hence by changing the parameters of these two

curves many forms can be Source: achieved. https://www.wikimediacommons.org

Source: https://www.wikimediacommons.org

Inspirations a. Symmetry and repetition, b. Ruled Surface, c. Coconut leaf weaving technique

A ruled surface can be described as the set of points swept by a moving straight line. A surface is doubly ruled if through every one of its points there are two distinct lines that lie on the surface.

b.

c.

e.

f.

a.

d.

a. Basic arcs as controlling parameters b. lines connecting two arcs move vertically c.The connecting lines form the ruled surface d. Weaving pattern on the surface d.timber members as weaving e.final form

Seemingly complex forms can be built by ruled surfaces. Ruled surfaces are formed when one curve is extruded along another curve. Hence by changing the parameters of these two curves many forms can be achieved.

74

Steam bent Timber Only Junctions

Steel Plates/ Steam bent Timber Junctions

The design development laid its foundation on 4 agendas that we established, allowing moon-lings to isolate within themselves completely while invoking a journey of growth, connecting different programs, people and unifying them into one. A central focus that transitions the inside and outside,respecting the diversity of each individual part, converging the variables into one single form.

Steam bending of timber members

Inspired from traditional coconut leaflet weaving , this base surface is reconstructed from a diagrid timber knitting.

For the manufacturing of this a steam bend approach is to be done. The knit pattern is defined as completely of timber strips and as another option with timber strips as the main grid and a secondary structural grid made of steel members.

Fitness Objective 1

Fitness Objective 2

Fitness Objectives 3 and 4

Compression Shadow

Tension Minimising overall displacement in karamba shell analysis.

Maximising shadow for a mean sun position selected, based on sun path analysis.

MASTER IN ADVANCED COMPUTATION FOR ARCHITECTURE & DESIGN 2020/2021

Seminar S.1 - Complex Forming Fitness Objectives for optimization SESSION 3 - 18.11.2020

3- Maximise overall volume of the structure 4- Minimising the distance of the centroid of the structure and the bounding box Aleksander Mastalski Keshava Narayan Krishnanunni Vijayakumar

GROUP 1

For the next step of development the base unit is optimized using evolutionary solver called wallecei. The optimization is based on three criteria: Fitness Objective 1 : Minimizing the displacement for the overall shell of the structure.

Fitness Objective 2 : Maximizing the shadow cast by the structure on the ground. For this a mean sun path position is extracted for the site using ladybug analysis.

MaCAD | Simplexity by Symmetry

75

Gen 49 | Ind 2 F.V 1 : 1.8151e-8 F.V 2 : 0.00019 F.V.3 1568.21885 F.V.4 446.1.1544

Gen 49 | Ind 6 F.V 1 : 1.5211e-8 F.V 2 : 0.000152 F.V.3 1296.70996 F.V.4 359.41279

MASTER IN ADVANCED COMPUTATION FOR ARCHITECTURE & DESIGN 2020/2021 Seminar S.1 - Complex Forming SESSION 3 - 18.11.2020

Aleksander Mastalski Keshava Narayan Krishnanunni Vijayakumar

Best performing individuals based on the Fitness cafeteria’s

The optimization was ran for a population of 10000 individuals along 5 generations. Out of these iterations three were chosen as the final selections based on a balanced result values for each criteria. From this a best performing option was selected.

Selected Individual

The next step was to create a more balanced and stable structure by using the base units. So an approach of symmetry and repetition can bring in more stability as the interconnections increase. Based on structural analysis, an optimal orientation of structures was found.

76

G

Best performing individuals based on the Fitness cafeteria’s

This interconnected from is then optimized further based on stability and volume. and the final set of iteration was derived from which the best performing individual would become the final design form.

These forms integrated landscape features into it creating an optimized output that functions well with the surroundings and activities The final best performing solution is selected considering aesthetic and functional qualities as well.

MaCAD | Simplexity by Symmetry

77

FABRICATION

The timber pieces are extracted from the selected form to generate the temporary fabrication formwork for the timber to be bent.

This will enable easy structural assembly without the necessity of complicated pressers for steam bending the timber strips.

Framework for steam-bending each member

TIMBER STRIPS

3 STEEL MEMBERS DETAIL 1

2

STEEL SUPPORT

TIMBER STRIPS

1

DETAIL 2

FORMWORK

Fabrication Steps

Based on the study models a truss assembly approach for fabrication was adopted. The individual timber strips extracted from the final form is bend individually in a bending form-work and these bend timber strips are connected in pairs using steel brackets. These paired timber strips forms a truss and this is then assembled together. For this approach form work for bending each timber strip is extracted and the angles and position of each member of the form work is extracted from grasshopper.

78

Stages of Pro-typing to study fabrication possibilities

This framed form which created the ruled surface was studied based on the possibility of bending strips in place and assembling them together. But the initial model informed us that the framed system itself hinders the process of interconnection of the timber strips.

Internal View

MaCAD | Simplexity by Symmetry

79

Academic | Museum and Research Center Location: Pattanam, N. Paravoor B. Arch Graduate Thesis | C.A.T | Semester 10 [2017] | Guide: Prof. J. Jayakumar

Pattanam archaeological excavations began with the accidental finding of few terracotta artifacts which later revealed evidences of a hidden port town underneath with a large amount of historical foreign artifacts and trade evidences. Initial surveys revealed a large mound of artifacts spread around the small town of Pattanam and nearby areas. However, only ~ 1% of this has been excavated .

The project aims to provide facilities of interdisciplinary studies, material analysis of all the artifacts as well as a space to exhibit these artifacts as it is essential in imparting awareness to the public about the historical importance of the land preventing deterioration of material evidences through land exploitation.

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The Museum and Research Center is propsed as a Gateway into the Pattanam excavations and also as a means to imMuseum and Research Center isand proposed as a Gateway partThe more curiosity into the excavations the excavation sites. into the Pattanam excavations and also as a means to impart more curiosity into the excavations and the excavation sites. .As a port town, major warfs which .As a port town, major warfs which were the primary point of contact were the primary point of contact were located in front of religious were located in front of religious structures. These warfs opened structures. These warfs opened up to a large open area where up to a large open area where all meetings,markets and other all meetings,markets and other public gatherings were held. public gatherings were held.

Evidences of this can be traced Evidences of this can be traced from existing religious structures from existing religious structres which continued to follow the which continued to follow the same spatial organization and same spatial organisation and layouts, as per the ariel image. layouts, as per the ariel image.

The exhibition for artifacts The exhibition for artifacts with with complementary venue for complementory venue for research research synonymous to the synonymous to the religous religious structures will be the structures will be the interface interface with the public. So a with the public. So a similar spatial similar spatial organization is organsation is followed. followed.

Lakes and backwaters Religious Structures Open activity areas

The two functions - Research Zone & Exhibition zone require visual connection and physical authorised connection Research & Exhibition zone require connection and physical authorized connection but The also two havefunctions the need- to be two Zone separate segregated units withvisual different functionalities and usage.

The structural & but also have the to be two separate segregated different functionalities and usage. The structural & horizontal planning ofneed the building has been stratagized tounits fulfillwith this circulation and requirement horizontal planning of the building has been strategized to fulfill this circulation and requirement

building has two access points - the backwater and approach The design focuses on enhancing the exuser The The building has two acces points - the backwater and approach road. road.

The design focuses on enhancing the user experience onapproach. their approach.

The public is exposed to the museum/exhibition of the building. perience based based on their The public is exposed to the museum/exhibition part ofpart the building.

Each ofEach these offloors thesehave threeplacement floors haveofplacement of facilities design of each planned to the attractors, probable three facilities and design ofand each planned according to according the attractors, probable navigation navigation paths, optimal utilization of space and most common patterns of switching between facilities.

The paths, optimal utilisation of space and most common user patterns ofuser switching between facilities.

The research part research part of the out and aids the laborious archaeological The goal of was optimiof the building eases outbuilding and aidseases the laborious archaeological research life cycle.research The goallife wascycle. optimisation design design that meets these constraints. that zation meetsof these constraints.

Academic | Museum and Research Center Academic | Museum and Research Center

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Shadow Analysis on Physical Model

Uncured excavations fairly large in size are difficult to transport and bring into a research facility for further analysis.

Leaving these large-sized findings might lead to incomplete insights making the research goal less meaningful. The research center by the excavation site not only means easier transportation but also relevant facilities for authentic information processing irrespective of the size of the finding. The section below shows the receiving area with overhead crane with access to all floors of the research center.

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Architectural Remains with exhibition above

Section D-D’

Academic | Museum and Research Center

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Ground floor plan - Lobby, Cafeteria, Library, Activity Area, Toilets

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Academic | Museum and Research Center

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6.83

3

16.84 5.05

7

O

4.96

6

7.31 n

5

W3

O m

982

25.35

Con

serv

atio

5.99

n La

475

b

n

W2

466 LVL +4.40 M

l

W5

578

57.14

530

D1

Terra stigilatta with roman

W1

2.55

LVL +5.40 M

+4.50 M

LVL +5.40 M

glazed

potter

RW

RW

y

uise

W2

Turqo

635

675

Toilet features 1.92

601

lean

se Porce

Large storage

Chine

n Ovioid

South

Jars

512

D3

Arabia

LV

L+

Gen (37 ts To Sq ile .m t ) 650

D1

6

Torpe

1.73

Cu ra (26 tors off Sq.m ice )

D1

290

jars

do Jars

8.17

W1

391

2.07

LVL +0.45 M

520

i

D1

800

2

SD

6.99

2.87 395

340

8.25 W3

LVL +5.40 M

(161 Sq.m)

Froeign Pottery

591

351

D1

W2

494

lobby below

4.69

1.51

8.47

2.21 284 512

1012

245

Museum Staff (20 Sq.m)

D1

LVL +6.10 M

4.07 Ramp up slope 1:12

1570

lobby below

824

LVL

312

Brown glazed jars

LVL +5.40 M

1022

D2

190

230

800

230

LVL +5.40 M

396 1631 800

815

160

489

Local Pottery

W2 exhibits and shreds

1018

1018 LVL +5.40 M

LVL +5.40 M

Roman pillared bowls

Wells

206

FG

Amphorae complete

15.87

200

stamp

FG

10.45

FG 200

LVL +7.40 M

224

W3

W2

W2

W1

200 Pottery storage below

Museum Staff (20 Sq.m)

D1 Ramp up slope 1:12

Ramp up slope 1:12

W2

490

LVL +5.40 M

W2

800

395

5

LVL +5.40 M

307

D2

Pottery sample Catalouging (24 Sq.m)

D2 3.31

310

LVL +5.40 M

W2

200 Emergency Shower 380

548

726

Microscope stations

230

9.47

2.73

W4

LVL +5.40 M

D2

932

Low speed cutters

5.39

Lab

480

W1 l

310

6

6.99

2.86

3.12

325

858

7

K

Researchers room (13 Sq.m) 228

D1 228

D1

Material preparation

9.48

457

597

7

J

D1 5.15

W1

W2

W3

212

Pottery and Lithics Analysis 268 (200 Sq.m)

1767

p view)

Microscope stations(grou

LVL +5.40 M

160

258

LVL +5.40 M

W3

W3

W3

D1

K

Pottery Wheels

230

LVL +5.40 M

200

272 Researchers room (13 Sq.m)

495

368

380 Firing Klin (8 Sq.m)

230

W2

528

W1 LVL +5.40 M

De-Humidifier Unit

1561

230 272

5.86

3.95

6.04

4.17

4.17

5.61

4.16

4.05

m

W5

9.05

5

3.74

0.58

5.68

4.13

5.4

0M

RW

6.57

Fish Plates

items and

routes

5

5.77

M

0.47

Up

LVL +5.40

M

La di (34 es To Sq .m ilet )

G

4.17

Dwn

456

490

790

5.89

LV

L+ 2.70

3.47

M

2.08 i

4.18

J

origin of

LVL +5.40 M

H

displaying

LVL +5.40 M

0.4 L+ LV

Screen

Laboratory Reception (49 Sq.m)

LV f

5 0.4

LV

L+

M

L+

LVL

+2.10

M

363

3.2

0M

0.9 M

L+

LV

3.8

Up

M

0M

+2.2

LV

L+

M

Do wn

970

5

05

LV

L+ 5.4

55

M

4.

M

LV

0M

Meta l Tech

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Up

M

L+ 2.1

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Up

273

0.47

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0 5.4 L+

LV

41.6

6.05

279

5.4

0M

Su Pla spen de lev tform d wit els caseh displa s y

RW

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L+

4.

LV

L+

LV

L+

LV

M 0 2.7 L+ M 5 +3.1 M L 0 LV 3.6

L LV

0 1.8

L+

6

5.52

Up

M

L+ LV

5 1.3

LV

Ramp slope up 1:12

0

LV

5.47

160

970

L+

LV

35.55

H

6.14 4.03

3.26 3.53

1170

6

2.72 f

970 LV L LV

L+

40

L+

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43.42 403

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LV

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578

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W2 4

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912

970

5.98

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a

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4.23

3 2

10.24

0.5 20.28

First floor plan - Exhibition, Conservation Lab, Staff Lounge, Researchers’ Room 9.54

6.83

3

16.84 5.05

7

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4.96

6

7.31 n

5

25.35

LV

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5.99

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10.21

n

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LVL +4.40 M

7

4.82 LV

Rec

L+

ievi

l

9.05

57.14

3.95

6.04

4.17

4.17

5.61

4.16

4.05

1.63

1.6

D1

D1

5.9 Sand Blasting LVL +9.60 M

1.63

Passage 2.40mts

2.4

width

4.09

m

L+

9.6

0M

9.72

Catalouging (31 Sq.m)

3.87 2.38

D2

3.23

Ramp up slope 1:12

Precious metals

W4

W2 FG

W2

2.16

4.89

3.07

LVL +9.60 M

LVL +9.60 M

3.38

5.93

LVL +9.30 M

8.3

6.11 2.07

Metal Artfeacts

V1

D3

LV

L+

9.6

0M

V1

5.71 3.96

1.4

3.14

8.54

6

D3

D2

1.74

J

6.15

D1

FG

6.18

V1

D1

W2

V1 H

4.17

M

LVL +9.60

5.89

M

3.47

4.18 6.14

i

1.26 1.71 Up

LVL +9.60

G

D2

W2

3.63

35.67

V1

f

4.03

RW

H

5.47

L+ 9.6

RW

0M

D2

3.47

eta

+9.6

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LV

0M

f

5.7

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Exc oth avatio (55 er his n S 9.7 Sq tori ites c R an .m ) em d ain sD LV L

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41.6 6

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4.84

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2.05

6

D2

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LV

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W4

9.6

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Le ap Wi ing th Ac Lion rylic Int on aglio Me Art tal fra work me

D

6

D2

5.73

Ro (Fo man Int (27 rtuna ag Sq an lio d Le .m ) LV ap L+ ing 9.6 Lio

L+

6

ob jec (85 ts an d Sq .m Bead ) s 9.6

D

C

ss

LV

0M

8.85 Gla

ss

ob

LV

jec

0M

6

9.7

ts an

9.6

d Be

ad

s C

L+

LV B

L+ 9.6

Down

0M

D2

W2

5.55

2.55

a

b

b

6

4

a

4.22

3

10.24

K

J

(186 Sq.m)

LVL +9.60 M

ving Digital Archi ) (42 Sq.m

5.13

Lab)

Metal Artfeacts

8.53

Ramp up slope 1:12

3.03

FG

1.64

LVL +9.60 M

Cleaning Area (Wet (41 Sq.m)

coins

W3

W4 W2

9.12

D2

FG

Foreign and native

10.27

1.67

LVL +9.60 M

LVL 6.80 M

Ramp up slope 1:12

1.2

FG

FG

17.16

i

11.3 W2

2.55

Archaeolo

9.47

Ramp up slope 1:12

Ramp up slope 1:12

6

5.14

D2

(50 Sq.m)

Gold ornaments

LVL +8.30 M

LVL +9.05 M

LVL +9.60 M

3.29

7

5.44

gy Research Lab

LVL +9.60 M

6.26

LVL +9.60 M

LVL +9.40 M 7

LVL +9.60 M

Sorting (Dry Lab)

D1

1.91

Metal Lab (44 Sq.m)

5

W2

W4

1.24

LVL 7.55 M

Archaeology Studio (58 Sq.m) 5.3

15.87

2.78

D2

Electrolysis

3.5 4.45

4.35

7.77

5.15

1.6

1.6

4.68

W2

86

4.95 LV

l

2.4

3.55

Second floor plan

y

De-Humidifier Unit

V1

2.4

V1

8.17

D2

0M

Ba

7.74

5

3.74

0.58

5.68

4.13

5.86

9.6

ng

6

46.26

0.46

6

2.07

6

South View From Access Road - daily access

West view from the river bank -tourist access

Academic | Museum and Research Center

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Academic | Cultural Center Location: Vellayanni, Thiruvananthapuram Individual project | Semester 5 [2014] | Design Guide: Prof. Niranjan C Warrier

The cultural center acts as a common platform for different performance artists to meet and hold performances, talks and discussions.

Vellayanni being a very cultural rich part of the city is usually a venue for performance arts from around the country. The aim is to create a perfect space of balance for different artists to collaborate and offer a common ground for the art enthusiast sharing interest.

The site has a very interesting and contrasting context on either sides of the river bank.

On one side, is the lush green forest with waterfall and rock formations which extend into the site. On the other side, is a disturbed terrain. This contrast is structurally made clear creating two separate zone through the stair structure with walls., Thereby emphasizing on deforestation,sustainability, ecological balance while creating awareness about environmental impacts

Zone I: Context- Disturbed Terrain Site Intervention - Maximum Protection of Natural Landscape

Zone II Context- Ecologically rich terrain Site Intervention - Concrete structure blending into the rocks Concept Sketch

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Academic | Cultural Center

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Entrance : Traditional elements merging with Plain bold exposed materials and finished

Floor Plan

Ground Floor Plan

90

Lobby & Waiting Area

The earthen materials and raw finishes from the exterior is extended inside and provides a seamless transition between spaces. The entrance areas have open but still intimate spaces and is designed in a way to enhance activity and initiate interactions.

Central Walkway stairs framing up the view to the ocean

Academic | Cultural Center

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Academic | De Mello’s Residence Location: Kodungaloor, Individual project | Semester 4 [2013] | Design Guide: Prof. Soumini Raja The proposed project is a summer residence for an artist and sculptor. The site is a piece of land snuck beautifully between the banks of an estuary and the foot of rocky mountains.

The studio is made to look like its floating in the pool on one side and the rock formation is brought inside making it almost seem like the space is sculpted out of the rocks by the bank.

Schematic Plan

92

Academic | De Mello’s Residence

93

Sculpting is usually done in one of the two ways - additive and subtractive. Majority of the structure is made from poured concrete and Natural stone both of which are done following processes similar to additive and subtractive sculpting.

94

Academic | De Mello’s Residence

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Professional | House No. 3 Location: Thiruvananthapuram | Area: 3200 sq ft Lead Architect and Designer | Renovation - Exterior & Interior | Under Construction The main aim of the project is renovation of a 30 year old house to a completely new look and feel. Minimal demolition and limited cutting of openings in the wall were critical constraints. Alteration to the structure was limited to only the components that would increase the overall structural integrity.

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Planning is done so that the new structure merges cohesively with the existing, creating a sense of balance between the two.

Living room is expanded by moving stairs outside, creating a free and modern front facade. The use of textures on the facade gives a more contemporary feel to the overall form and structure.

Professional | House No. 3

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The interior design is done keeping the structural details in mind such that the interior and exterior form parts of the whole instead of separate entities.

Interior design - master-bedroom

98

Play of wood, concrete and metal - materials identity is translated into design

Professional | House No. 3

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Professional | Dandeli Cottages Location: Dandeli | Area: 550 sq ft per cottage Lead Architect and Designer | Renovation - Exterior & Interior | Under Construction The site is located right next to a reserved forest with rich vegetation all around and a river flowing by the side. The brief was to design cottages for an existing home stay resort. Since the site is ecologically very rich and the river is the main source of water for various wild animals, it makes an ideal destination for nature and wildlife enthusiasts.

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Sloped Slopedroof rooffor forthe theheavy heavymonsoon monsoon rains rains

Levelled Levelledup upbalcony balconyfor fora atreeline treeline viewview-perfect perfectfor forwild wildlife lifeviewing/ viewing/ photography photographyorora aromantic romanticnight night G.I G.Iframe frameininwood woodcolour colour

Lintel Lintellevel levelsliver sliverwindows windowsfor forperfect perfect natural naturallight lightand andprivacy privacy Exposed ExposedBrickwork Brickworkon onConcrete Concrete Frame Frame

Raised Raisedplinth plinthasasa aprecautionary precautionary measure measurefrom fromfloods floods and andalso alsototoreduce reducefootprint. footprint.

Raised Raisedconcrete concreteplinth plinthon onstilts stilts

Swimming SwimmingPool PoolSection Section

The pool raisedfrom fromthe theground groundas asa preventivemeasure measure from commonly occuring floods the area.

The height The pool preventive measure from commonly occuring floods inin the area.

The height The poolisis israised raised from the ground as aapreventive from commonly occurring floods in the area.

The height difference from the river surface meant a new design solution was required to achieve the effect of an infinity pool.

Thus difference from the river surface meant a new design solution was required to achieve the effect of an infinity pool.

Thus difference from the river surface meant a new design solution was required to achieve the effect of an infinity pool. terraced edgewas was made whichalso alsoadds adds thestability. stability. a aterraced edge made toto the Thus a terraced edge waswhich made which also adds to the stability

Professional Professional| |Dandeli DandeliCottages Cottages

101 10 10

Illustrations

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Left: Gorman Residence by Juan O’ Gorman Right: Pulitzer Foundation By Tadao Ando

Personal | Illustrations

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Casa Duncan and Le Volcan by Oscar Neiymer Casa Duncan and Le Volcan by Oscar Neiymer

Westrand De Bleek and Arcosanti Westrand De Bleek and Arcosanti

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Quarantine Colours: An interpretation of isolated living deep in the forest.

Personal | Illustrations

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Jantar Mantar Re-imagined

Sculptures by Ben Petrson Re-imagined

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Cube 4 by Umomotto Re-imagined

Abstract Series: A series of surreal architecture in extreme conditions.

Personal | Illustrations

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