HS Physical Science Notes

UNIt ENERGY

Monday, AUG He

Energy is the abellity to exert a. force and cause change

• Energy is mensured in Jouks (1)

- Educate - Clam Evidence Reamng (GER)

lam Evidence

Releasoning -

- Answer Data Logical connection (ScientiFic... rule..law, principle, definition)

- Edpuzzle - Words Most AsKed Questions What Enera

Energy - The abolity to do work

Work - Displacing something in the direction of applied force. EX! You apply a rightward force (lie. a push) to a book and it moves to the right

• Displacement -. Morny an object. from one place to another place chaningposition)

Food and lags both contain chemical chergy - Chemical energy is a farm of poteniel energy since the energy is STORED in the bond beetween storms. That energy is converted into heat and for light as those bonds are larken and reformed

• The how of Conservation of Energy -Energy cannot be created or destoryed, but it con be transformed from ore form to another

Tuesday, ALlGa 17

nuclear - light photosyntresis -7 chemical Vanup.

ThursdayAUG 19 Greate a4-step energy transformation sequenee for a nuclear reactor Nuclear -7 thermal -1 electrical ME gererator

• Laws of conservation of Energy"

Energy cannet be created or destroyed, but it can change Forms.

. FACT:In everyereray transformation, Is converted int thermal evergy due to friction.

ME.thermal onlimal2

Name Karsh Pated el 7 Energy Transformations

108

Turbine Moved by Medium Water Flow from Faucet With A Water Heater System

In this system, Mechanical energy from the moving water of the faucet turns the turbine. The mechanical energy of the spinning turbine generates Cecinca energy which is transformed into thermal energy that causes the temperature of the water to increase. The water then becomes steam and gives off more. thermal energy into the 190096 01 7 atmosphere.

Hutroelectricity

Solar Panel in Medium Cloud Cover With

A Regular Light Bulb System

In this system, light energy from the sunlight causes the solar panel to create electrycal energy which flows into the incandescent light bulb. In the light bulb, the electrical energy is transformed into two different types of energy: thermal energy and lIakt energy.

Turbine Moved by Steam from Medium Heat Kettle With A Water Heater System

In this system, thermal energy from the flames of the fire transfer energy to the kettle causing the liquid to become steam. The mechanical energy of the moving steam spins the turbine which generates electrical energy that is used to increase the temperature of the water. The the no! energy of the steam is transferred to the atmosphere. *Note* Another form of energy is released from the kettle. What is it? Thermal eneran

Turbine Moved by Cyclist Pedaling at Medium Speed With A Fluorescent Light In this system, Chemical bulb system is converted to a lot of mechanical energy from the cyclist energy and a little bit of thermal energy. The mechanical energy from the turning bicycle wheel spins the turbine which generates electrical energy. The fluorescent light bulb converts this energy into two new forms: a lot of light energy and very little energy.

10496300

Why must the cyclist be fed in order to continue to pedal? when the cyclist pedals, it is losing it chemical evergy to mechanical energy, so must be feel in order to continue pedaling.

UNIT ENERGY

Monday AUG 23

- Harmui Might bulk from battery chemical -Expleong KF and PE

Quester: How do mass and height (Change mass) (grams) Mass: Light mass (7.5) Distance (cm) Trail cm Trail 2 cm Trail 3 )cm cm Aaron. Maines in (on, Dis tana (m). (grams) Trail I 22 cm Trail 23 um. Trail 3 28 cm Averace 24.3 cm Mass: High (9) (46) Distanca (cm ) Trail.I 32 cm Tel 2 30cm Trail 3 28 cm Average 20 1

(charzeheight)

Hellet: 85 cm Distance 1 3 Average 4: 12

31 cm 21 cm 21 cm 31cm 23 Deenage Height: 15 2 Averagu

43 um 36 40cm 29.7 cm 1: cm 39 ch 39 cm 43 im40.3ст. D: cm 1-2 I renege

USIM45 Cm 45.7 cm

-

Edpuzile - Kinetic and Potenal Energy

• Kinetic energy. (KE) - the cnergy of mation

• Potenial cnergy (PF) - stored energydue to its position

Systenpo System

Interral stracture Internal structure

Kinetic inte Poterial Internal enereu

Kinetic energy Motion

Patenia! energy position close

Internal ereroe Potena energu positior

Kinetie erero motioN closed

• In a closed system, energy is conserved (neither lost nor gamed)

Wher dealing with potored erergy (PF.) and kinette creogy (KE), some of that evergy is Hansformed into Hermal evergy

- When this happens, the total ammunt of erergy stays the same because according to the how of Conservatior of Fnergy, erergy can neither be created nor destonged

As the amount of kinctic. enorry (KF) and perenial erergy (PE) decrease due to Prictron, the amount of Hermad erergy increases

-When you add the creagy (KI + PEt thermal), 4, you get the SAME amount of total cregy that you started with

.

Caleulating gravitational potenial energy(aPE.) : GPE = m g (Aug = m g A y)

Gravitational ticked strengt - science spenk for the force of graily; force of granity is constant on Farth I grantiheight

Practice Problem:

Quit|: -NERGY

A ball with a mos of i Key is tossed into the air to a meximum hergent of 5 m. What r gravitational potenial (GPE A He ball at its highest point

Hints

GraN (GRED potenia creg, mass (m aranta (a)

gramity (g) = 9.8 m|52

[Work m: 2 g: 9.6 4: 5 GRE: (2) (98) (5) GRE: 98 98

* J=Joules (unit of

• Edpuzzle KE and PE Transformations

• Elastic potenial eneroy - results from chaming the SHADE of an object " - Thnk stretching a rubber band Gravitational potental ererge- resets From changing the POSITION if an object relatire to the fore of grovity - Thank of lifting an object off the ground: The higher you lift it the further it called potemally fall if you were to dep it A (A) .. (8) (2)

A: A ball at He top of. a MIl has poteral erergy (PF) but no Kinetic crazy (KF)

• Bi Re ball rolling down a mill has both Kimcie erergy (ME) and potemal energy (PE)

• GiRl ball which has reached the bottom of the hill but is still rolling has freete anergy (KE) hunt no poteral erergy (PE)

• D: A ball at the bottor Kinetic energ the hill which is not rolling his nester potomas nor Max men potental etergy, тптиKinchc evergy = ball Maximur Kinetic cnergg minimum poteral evergy

• As the ball moves from position A to , , paterial enemy (PE) is increasir and the rinetic energy (KF) is decressing

• As the ball begins to full down from position D, pateras errgy (PE) decreases White Kiretu energy (KE) increases

• Comparison of the evergy of the ball at positionsB and 6: The ball was more kinette every (KE) at 8 than at position c. Also, the ball at position has the same amount of total emergy (KE + PE) aS when It Is at position C 2 Kinctre erergy: 0 Poterial ereray: 100 Roller coaster KE:50 DE: 50 KE: 48100 :0

As the rollercoaster moves from positici 1 to position 4, specd increnses from position 1 to 3 and then decreases from position 3 to4

At portion 3, the roller coaster Is morny fastest (100-%. KE) The rollercoaster nas more potenal energy (PE) at position 2 than 4 because the rollercoaster is higher up at position 2 than 4

Part 1: Energy Skate Park

Directions: Select "Intro" to being the sim. Observe the skater skating on the track. Check the box that says "Bar Graph." Use the bar graph to answer questions 1 and 2.

1. How does the potential and kinetic energy change as the skater skates on the track?

As the skater is at the highest pent, pE is the highest and KE is the lowest but when the track is at the lowest point. pE is the lowest and VE 15 the hiatest

2. How does the total energy change as the skater skates on the track?

The total evergy (PE +KE) does not

Change when on the tack

3. Adjust the mass of the skater. What happens to the total amount of energy when you increase or decrease her mass? WHY?

When you decrease ver moss the total energy (PETKE) decreases beccurse the lower mass couses a lower amount of PE. When you increase her mass the total erergy (PE+RE) also increases beccuse a higher mass leads to hio her aocunt of PE

Directions: Click the button that says "Friction" at the bottom of the sim. Use the Friction slider to adjust the friction on the track. Observe the effect and answer questions 4 and 5.

4. What happens to the movement of the skater when you increase the friction on the track?

As you increase friction. PE & KE tronsform into Hermal energy, whuch causes the skater to come to orStop.

5. What happens to the potential and kinetic energy when you increase the friction on the track?

As you increase friction, PE and KE decrease and trons form no Hermal erergy.

Part 2: Pendulum Lab

Directions: Select "Energy" to begin the sim.

1. What happens to the amount of total energy as you increase the height of the pendulum? his you increase the height of the pendulum , the total amout erergy increases.

2. At what point is kinetic energy the greatest? At the lowest point (O degrees). KE 15 the greatest

3. At what point is potential energy the greatest? At the ruptest point (90 degrees), PE is the greatest

4. What happens to the potential energy as the pendulum swings down? As the pendulum swings down, the auno unt 7 PE decreases because it transforms to KE

5. What happens to the kinetic energy as the pendulum swings up? AsHe pendulum swings up, the amount Of KE decrases because it trans forms

to PE Directions: Increase the friction using the slider on the right. Observe the effect of friction and answer questions 6 and 7.

6. What happens to the motion when friction is increased? It's friction increases, He motor of the pendulum comes to a stop because Hermal energy increases

7. What happens to the potential and kinetic energy when friction is increased? As Anchor increoses RE and KE decreases

(he friction 1 PE 8 KE and Hermal ")

grums (y or keg) = mass

meter (M) : herght /distance Joules (1) = Energy

MIs = velocity Ispeed

MIs2 = acceleration

What is the GPE stored in a 60 kg boy sitting at the top of a 2 m high slide?

GPE = mgh

A 2 kg object has 580 J of GPE. How high is the object from the ground?

Wednesday, Aug 25

GPE: 60.9.8 •2 GPE : 1176 J 580 = 2•9.8° 580 = 196.h 19.6 19.4 129.59m= h

A ceiling fan that is 2.5 m from the floor has a GPE of 166.6 J. What is the mass of the ceiling fan? 166.6 = m 98•2.5 166.6 = m• 24.5 124.5 2245 16.8 kg = m

KE = ½mv?

A girl of mass 60 kg can sprint at 8 m/s. What is her kinetic energy?

KF=7:4.0.84 KE = 30 • 64 KE = 1920 J

Wednesday, Aug 25

VI

A motorcycle is travelling at A 1500 kg car has a kinetic 20 m/s and has 45,000 J of energy of 200,000 J. What kinetic energy. What is the is the velocity of the car ? mass of the motorcycle? 45,000 = 2 m-20° 45,000 = ½-m .400 145,000 = m: 200 200 200

200,000 =41,500.7 1000,000 = 750 v2 750 750 1266.67=477 116.33 m/s =V 1225 Kg=m

UnitENERGY

Thunday AUG 260

- Edpuzzle- OPTIONAL - Forms, of Enemy

The two categones that all forms of exerge fall under are. Land Kinetic

Electrical energy- moving (ĸпено) елесетсяхcharges (elections) produce clectruty. That electerly carries every and has the ability to do worle ar cause change o

Erampies de electrical energy. include lightning and toe wives want cirrent that power appliances

1. Otter examples of chectoral energy include state electreal shocks Quid wall outrets

Inermal energy - The vibration / movement. of He atoms and molecules. a substance determme the termal errgy of a substence or matter.

• The fater the molecules move. the hotter the sebastance - Greater thermal energy means the particles are moving foster - kower thermal erigy means the particles are moving slower

• The speed of the vibrating, moving molecules/ atoms of the object determines the amount de termal everqu an object las

# Sometire: it can be difficult to tellIf something to not 1st bu 100k my at it

Mechanical energy (ME) - energy associated with motion or the position of an object

Gravitational potemial energy (GPE) 13 also a rpe of mechanial eery (ME)

• Mechanical energy (ME) is astociated with MOTION..."' So Kinetic energy (KF) 12 a type of mechanical erergu (ME)

" Moving cars, pins hits by bowling balls, boxing moves, and football plays all contain mechanical energy (ME) .

Chemical energy - The potenal cregy (P) stored in the chemical hands on a molecule that is released- by a chemical reaction

Chemical energy Is stored in the foods that you eat. It is ato stored in cells of your body. Batteries are also an example

Wherever something is burned, its chemical erergy is released forms de neat and light (FIRE)

Nuclear erergy - a type of potenial evergy (PE) stored in the nucleus center of anatom

I TiNs tremendous erergy is relensed ine a nuclear Maltion . Tre sun 15 aw example of a huge nuclear reaction that relooses nuclear erergy

Nuclear every can be celesed by the goring and slitting of atoms

Electromagnetic energu (EM)-carried by electromagnetic wares through space.

" Radio waves, microwares, infrared rays, visible light, x-rays, TVs and gamma rays are all examples of EM energy

• Vaible light is the only electromagretie ware that we can sec with our eyes

• Altraviolent rays from the suns and x-rays for a broken bone can be dangerous to the body because they contain a lot of erergy

Fdpuzzle - OPITIONAL - Potenal and Kinetie Energy Calculation Example

Potenial energy (PE) • energy due to position

Kinetic (RE) - every due to motion.

GPE - myl mass velocity Mas

UNIT • ENERGY

Examples mass :78 Ka ; height: 32 m find GPE

GPE = man = (78) (9.8) (32) = 24,485 Joules =24x104 Joules

Mr. Anderson pitch vS.Mayor League pitcher

Anderson!mass of ball:. 145 kg velocity: 20 mph / 4.0 m/s ; Rand KE : mass of, bell: . 145 Kg ; velocity . 100 mph 45 m/s j find KE

Andersen KE: = m V2 = = («145) (4.0) = : 5.9 Joules

Mayor KE = 2 m' vi 7 (.143) (45)? : 150 Joules

So.. the Mayor meague pitchers pitch: was 5 times 25 times greater in erergy (Joules) compared INS 13 because the velocity(V) is squared (v

greater In spece but to Mr. Andersen's pitch

Monday,AUG 30

- Warmue: common Electic motor electrical

• Electtie generator mechanical ° Speaker electrical

. Microphore sound

erergy : transfurmato electrical sound electrical

NIT2: HEAT

Wednesday

- Warm up 4 65€

- Edpuzzle - Heat (Video 1)

Heat. the transfer of energy from an object that has a higher temperature to an object that has a lower temperature

- Insulating materials feelwarmer than conductive materals because insulating materials DO NOT transfer neat easily

"When we have a higher temperture and lower in contact, energy ' going to be transferred from not to cold, and this is called heat

Heat moves between two objects

Cold objects take neat from warm dejects

1 Objects at the same tamperature do not transfer heat

- Heat is defined as the movement of energy different temperatures. If two materiali AEL (thermal every does not

between the material: at SAMe temperature he other

• Energy moves from. the hotter object. to Me. colder object

Higher Temperature Energy colder Temperature [Heat Ridation Convechon Fluids conduction EM Radiation

Directs contact

Convection- the transfer of heat by the movement of a Plund (liquid or gas) betweenarcos of different tempcrature

Examples 1 connection

• Hot "Lavaour rising above fire rising and faling in a have lamp (* The "lane" is rally Aspecial tupe of wax) A heater in a swimming pool warming the wide pool

Diagram cold

not

UNIT 2: HEAT

Ridiation-the electromagnetic

_

tronsfer of internal erergyin the form (EM waves (EX: lIght)

Examples de light

' A heat lamp warming a reptile exthiat at the 200

• The red glow of the heat clement in a matter

Sunlight warming the surface of the Foote warmth you feel sittine next to a fire

Dia arena

Conduction - heat moves from direct touch

Transmitted through

cM. object to another obfect through collisions between naghboring atoms or molecules

Examples of conduction

• Walking barefrot on not parcement in the summer

- Casting eat hands whale nothing. a bal of lee:cream occurs ever when crergy moved from you to another obreet by direet contact

- Fast moung atoms bumping into cach other inside (A metal pan

Diagram

- Edpuzzle- Heat (Video 2)

Hesting ... the onother transfer of Hermal energy (TE) from ore doject to

• A great cxample would be a hot our ballon Cold Hot Same Heat Same Encroy Heating to they become the soire temperature Heating

When objects of differnt temperatures come into contact with each other , energy is tranfenned from the hotter abgest to the colder object until both objects. ere the sane

Convection Conduction Radation Microscope

* Encigy colde ONLY moves object from the hotter object to the Kinetie energy (KE) % particles

The higher the Mass He

" Heat ONLY flows from a substance in which прорва - не honeth. споду и particle have MORE kimetro evergy to a substance in which the particles have LESS kiretic erergy

• When particles moving at different specs collide with each otter, the faster partict treesfers its kinctie eremy toHe slower particle

UNIt2: HEAT

Wetnesdoy Sept. 1

- Article: The Science of Temperature Is Weirder _ Than You Think. (Google Classroom)

Tempernture. mensure averageKinete energy of the particles: in a object

Thermal equilt o rum - a state of a system in which all parts: ass. at He. some -тетрстаиĸе

• Fresh, not cup of coffee on the table, there get distracted dang something coffee will soon have the same temperture as the table

* They wen't hove amount of thermal every, but. they will have thro same temperature

Same temperature, different thermal energies

• A key concept is that two things but differentFermal evergies

- EX: 16, you put pizza a aluminum foul in the over ether botts reaches the Sure temperature. Howers, the fell is very low miss and has much less termal enegy-that's why your hands- donit Mum. where you pull it out

- Article: How does heat transfer? (Gaoogie classroam)

" Heat can be transfered by threemellicds:concluction pa solid= correction IN Auda (liquids or gases) ; and rodiation theough anything that will allow radiation to pass

• If Here is a repentire difference in , a syster. heat will Alway Move Fiem higher to lower timperature

Conduction direct physical - occurs liber two objects at different certact wolth eat dies temperature

• The moverent of most thouge a substance ly the collison A molecules

• Some substaces conduct neat more raily than others

- Solids are better conductors. than liquids and liquids are better conductors Than gases

Convectionwarner aros liquid or gas rise to cooler areas in the liguid-or gas

• Warmer fluids nie because Hey are less dense than colder fluids. Tus сие results In a continous cireulation pattern called coNection current and heat.is transferred to codler. areas

Radiation the transfer of every that does not rely upon any contact between the heat source and the neated"object

• Heat can be transmitted through empty space by Hermal rites. Thermal meliation often called' inferred racintion. 10 a ippe of electromagnetic (EM)raciation (a.K.a. light)

Wednesday, Sept. 8

- Desmos: Specific treat

Specific heat of water - the amount of leat needed to rasse Its temperature a certain amount

• Water has a nigh specific beat - It takes tokes a lot of heat to get. it not 4.184Joules of leat for He temperature of are gram of water to Increase 1degree Cetus (%)

• Metals have a much lower specific teat capacity. than water which mears it tokes less erergy to heat them up

• Waters high specific heat means it tokes a lot. more eremy. to Change Its temperature

UNit 2: HeAT

Why specie heat capacity 18. important

• Highs specutie heat capacity of water Moct a great deal to do with regulating extremes me the enuronment such as fishe bereft from this protery of water as it prevents water from getting too cold or not where ever temperature changes

• If water's specific rest capacity WAS actually 0.4184 o/g°C and not 4.184 S/g°C , Her.

- Water would heat up quickly and cool down quickly

- Gites near a body. of water will have drastic temperature changet

- Fish would need a new habitat

- Restaurants could make food fuster since water would boil faster

- Video: Chemistry 10.2 Specific Heat Capacity

- The amount of energy needed change the temperatures of a albistence depends on the mass of the substance and how muck. He temperative changes by you had small glass of water and bathtub, it would take more energy to heat up the bathtub as it has more water

- Depends Or mass

• If cup A I B were the but A was to be neated to. 50° B to 40°47 It would require more cnergy to neat up up B to 90 %

- DepenOn how much tempunture changes

Unt 2 HEAT

- Desmos: Specific Heat

A largerspeckie heat value means that moreсĸетои the temperature substance

required to charge

If you to the beach and the what does this mean? Sand Wozer not

- Water has a high specific heat capacity, meaning that it would require more every to change the temperature of are gram of the substance by one degree celsis,On the other hand, that sand has a low specific host capanty, meaning that it would require less erogy to changs the temperature of ore gram of sand ky one. degree Gelses

Thursday, Sept.

- Mentor Text page 16: CIR Response

The higher the specific heat capacity of a substance the More Neat energy (1) It takes to change the temperatere of are gram of He substance. Based on the Ice has the highest specific neat capacity at 2.03 and has 406 Joutes if neat energy. Thes trend to consistent with caold choses specifie leat capacity is the lowest with the lowest heat erergy. Speake leat expocity to defined as the amount of erergy it rates to raise the emperciture of are gram of a substance. Ths would mean that substances with a higher specific teat capacity would require mare heat evergy to chige it temperature , While a substance with the lowest reat amount of neat eruny. Trerefore one can conclude that the higher He specific heat capacity, the more reat erergy it takes to change the temperature ch ore gram of the substanc

- Vesmos: Specific Heat

- At larger speute heat valuemeans that more the temperature o asubstanice nured to chang

IF you go to thebeach What does this mear? are sand 19 hot but WOTer not

- Water has a nigh specific beat capacity meaning that it would require more every to change the temperature of are gieum of the substance by one degre celsitseOn the other hand, that sand hasa low specific hest caponty, inearing that it woudd requere les evergy. to change the temperatureOf are gram of sand ky ore. degra Gelsea

Thursday+ Sept. 9

- Mentor Text page 16 : CER Response

' The higher the speetie reat caprity ofa substance the mor heat erergy (I) it tokes to change the temperatire of are gram of He substance. Based on the дпрĸ Ice has the highest specific heat capacity at 1.03 (8/9'6) and has 406 Joules

Thes trend to consistent with cold whoses specifie beat capacity is the lowest with the lowest heat erergy. Speake leat empocity. to defined as the amoust of cregy it raves to raise the emperciture of are gram of a substance.The would mean that substances with a higher specific teat capacity would require more heat every to chargeIts temperature , While a substance with He lowest ipecific beat capacity would require the reast amourt of net cray Tiercfore, ore can conclude that the righer He specific leet capacity , the mere reat erergy it takes to change the telly crater giam of the substance.

UNIT 2: HEAT

- Pesos: Specie Heat

du larger speutic heat.value means eht more the temperature a substance сĸетои und to change

If you доto the beach what does this mean? and and not

- Water has a nigh specific heat capacity, meaning that it would require more every to change the. temperature of are gram of the substance by one degree census. Orthe other hand. that sand has a lows specific heat capasty, meaning Hot it would require less energy to change the temperature of ore arter of sand ky are degree Gelses

ThursdaySept. 9

- Mentor Text page 16: CER Response

The high the specific heat capacity of a substance the More the (heat erergy (1) it takes to change the temperatire of are gram of the substance. Based on the Ice has the highest specific heat capacity at 1.03 if neat energy. Thes trend to consistent with Good closes.specifie beat capacity is He lowest with the lowest heat energy. Specte reat expocily to defined as the amount of crergy it roses to raise the temperiture of are gram of a substance. Ths would mean that substances with a higher specific beat capacity would requere more heat evergyto chinge temperature, - While a substance with the lowest ipecific beat capooty wold requie the amount of not eregy Trerefore, ore can conclude that the righer He specific leet capacity.He more heat every it takes to change the testycrateere@fore miam of the substance.

Gizmos

Student Exploration: Calorimetry Lab

Prior Knowledge Questions (Do these BEFORE using the Gizmo.)

1. The Latin word calor means "heat," and meter comes from the Greek word meaning "to measure." What do you think a calorimeter does? A device that meosures heat

2. Where have you heard the word calorie before? What do you think a calorie is? Nutrition labels show the amount of calores in a food. The calorie is a unit energy Gizmo Warm-up ( A calorimeter is an insulated container filled with a liquid, usually water. When a hot object is placed in the calorimeter, heat energy is transferred from the object to the water and the water heats up.

Calorimeters can be used to find a substance's specific heat capacity. You will use the Calorimetry Lab Gizmo to determine the specific heat capacities of various substances.

1. On the SIMULATION pane, select Copper. Use the slider to set its Mass to 200 g. Set the Water mass to 200 g. Check that the Water temp is set to 30.0 'C and the copper's Temp is 90 °C. Select the GRAPH tab, and click Play ( -J).

A. What was the Final temperature of the copper and the water ?

B.How much did the temperature of the copper change?

C. How much did the temperature of the water change?

34°4 55.04 'C - 4.96°C

2. Specific heat capacity can be described as a substance's resistance to temperature changes. Which substance has a greater specific heat capacity, copper or water ? Explain. Water has a greater specific heat capocity because it experenced less of a temperature change.

Activity A: Heat transfer

Get the Gizmo ready: • Click Reset (2).

Question: What factors determine how heat energy transfers between objects?

1. Predict: In the Gizmo warm-up, you saw how 200 g of 90 °C copper transfers heat to 200 g of 30.0 °C water, A. How do you think increasing the water's mass would affect the final temperature? The temperature wand change less that before B. How do you think decreasing the copper's mass would affect the final temperature? If the mass decreased eren the temperature change would be greater

2. Collect data: Use the Gizmo to determine the final temperature for each set-up listed below. Record your results in the tables. In the first table, you experiment with changing the water's mass. In the second table, you change the copper's mass. In the third table, you change the initial temperature of the copper. The first row of each table has been completed for you.

Copper Initial Temp. (°C) Water Mass (q) Initial Temp. (°C) Mass (g) Final Temp. (°C) 90 °C 90°C 200 g 200 g 30.0 °C 30.0 °C 200 g 2,000 g 90 °C 90 °C 200 g 20 g 30.0 °C 30.0 °C 200 g 200 g 90 °C 100 °C 50 °C

200 g 200 g 200 g

30.0 °C 30.0 °C 30.0 °C

200 g 200 g 200 g

34 96 °C 30.54 °0 34.96 °C 30.54 34.96 °C 16.79 131.65 °

3. Analyze: For each factor listed in the chart below, explain how the final temperature was changed and why you think that change occurred. What was the effect of increasing the water's mass?

is more sulpstance 10 beat up B. What was the effect of decreasing the copper's mass? The foot temp. ('6) decreoses because the very not copper is no longer molking the substance rise temp. as C. What was the effect of changing the intial temperature of the copper ? muchThe lugher the initias tump ('), the legher the final temp: , and the lower the enitial temp. he lover the firal torp,

Wave Anticipation Guide

A wave is a disturbance that transmits energy through matter or space

Before learning

Rank the waves about in order from MOST energetic to LEAST energetic

Twit

After Learning

Rank the waves about in order from MOST energetic to LEAST energetic.

MOST > LEAST MOST - > LEAST

Explain your reasoning for ranking the waves in Use the words amplitude, wavelength, and that order: frequency to explain your reasoning for ranking the waves in that order: ID has the highest frequency, meaning it has the most energy, while B has the howest frequercy, meaning

it has the lowest erergy. The higher amplitude correlates to a higher every

PART 1 - Waves Intro - Water

Directions: Select Side View and push the green button to start the sim.

1. What happens when you increase or decrease the frequency? Increase Freeeeny do Shorter the ware lengse Decrease Frequency-7 honger the came legth

2. What happens when you increase or decrease the amplitude? Increace areplitude -y Higher height of wore Decrease amplitude -7 hower haught of ware

3. How does changing frequency affect amplitude? Changing the trequency does not change amplitude

4. How does changing amplitude affect frequency? changing the applitude does not change frequery

PART 2 - Waves Intro - Sound

Directions: Listen with headphones! Select Play Tone and Both to see waves and particles at the same time. Push the green button to start the sim.

1. How does the sound change as you increase or decrease frequency?

Increase frequency - higher pitch Decrase frequercy-thower pitch

2. How does the sound change as you increase or decrease amplitude? Increase amplitude -a Louder sound Decrease amplitude so Softer sound

3. Compare the particle motion at LOW AMPLITUDE to particle motion at HIGH AMPLITUDE.

Lower amplitude - slower particles movement

Higher amplitude -tr foster particles movement

4. How does changing frequency affect amplitude? changing. a treefrequency does change amphtude

5. How does changing amplitude affect frequency? changing the amplitude does not change frequeray

PART 3 - Waves Intro - Light

Directions: Select Screen. Push the green button to start the sim.

1. How does the light change as you increase or decrease frequency? nerose freovercy cooker color Decrease frequency-D warner color

2. How does the light change as you increase or decrease amplitude? Increase amplitude -7 Brigtter, wore clear light

Decrease amplitude -7 Dull, less char light

3. How does changing frequency affect amplitude? changing frequency doe: not change amplitude

4. How does changing amplitude affect frequency? Changing amplitude des not change Frequency

UNIT 3:

Monday,• Sept. 20

- Edpuzzle - Phasies - Wores

There are two different Types

WAVES

Transverse Woves travel . bramples include

Introduchor MANCE sca sound.

tre vibrations Ar perpendiusbar to ithe direchon. water, oN string, & light wheres

Longitudinal waves - the L. Example is sound. vibrations are parallel. to the direction of travel

* Waves only tranifer energy not matter Wore length (2) - wavelength 12 the length of a full cycle of a wave from or paint to the rextsame point • Easiest to think of the distance betwcen Crest to Crest from Though to Trough Urst

Havelength -2 ПРоиді

Measured in meters Giver theGrek symbol Lambda

Amplitude - the size of a ware

# Measured from the coulibnum postion, in the central lite, to - Amplitude & not measured from the crost to the Gist Fought Triplitude

the Grost Wavelergie- 1

Frequency - He number of complete waves to pase • Given the unt of Hertz (H2)

Number of yules (waves) : 10 celes (waves Time 2.000 seconds 10 2 Wave requency 13 5H7 Number Time : 2.000 second 20 2 Ware frequency is 10 Hz

Speed of a wave speed = Frequency X warcenath

a point every scond

Und 3: Waves

- Fopuzzl from to another

hongitudal

Where eneray partiches vibrate trovels wave motion parallel to the direction in which particle motion 1 Porefoction CompressIon

Compression the places where the coils or particles are bunched

Rare fractions the places where the coils or partiches are furthest apart

• An exasple of longitude waves 15 sourd Traneverec • Energy ware 00CS • Vibrate at 80o left to right • Transverse wave graphs sonally

• Try ake waiter Surface. show the wavelength & amplitude go. up and down (EM) wares like visible ligth + are aso transverse waves

howfrequency Low amplitude

NIT 3

long warlengt

WAVES

quit

Least

High Frequency / short ware ength High amplitude energy. Most

High how fiquency short ware length how amplitude frequency / long wielength amplitude

- Desmos : EM VS. Mechanical Waves

Mechanical waves 06 a medium - WaveS that travel through a material know

Medium a solid, liquid, or gas made up of a particular type particle

Vibrations of particles in the medium produce the mechanical ware Both longitidimal and transverse mechanical waves can travel throu solid medium Слу. водновнов maind wwes can.travel through fluids such as

The turee types of media air. water, and Farth's crust

- an era that contains no particles, liKe space

Electromagreto (EM) wares - waves that travels through a vacuum EM waves are transverse waves

. Tre EM spectrum includes visible light, along with infraced and ultravalet light, rays, x-rays, , and radio waves • Waves IN the EM spectrum are organized by warrength

•EM wares can travel trough oll types of matter, solids, liquido, and gases, at well asthe vacuum of empty area: Mechanical wanes tend to travel relktirely slowy compured to EM waves

- Fdpuzzle - Mechanical and Electromagnetia Waves

" A good way to contrast Hese n to think through эрасс? Потоизĸ. an area there's

CONN they be transmted redium.no matter

An example on the- Moan of electromagnet that we can see are explosions

Why can explosions on the moon be seen but not heard?

1. Sound is an mechanical wave that requires a medium. There is no atmosphere to transmit the sound on the moon so sound cannot be heard on the moor

2. Ever still nsible

though there is no atmosphere on the moon, explosions are because light is an EMWave that does not regure

0. medium,

Erergy, trove fened, through WavesChinese eng

Mechanical

Medium medium

Sound Light

Mechanical wares

• Require some medium to more through As more your lands acroos the

• Examples: occan wares d sound waves surface, water is the medium

Unt 3

WAVES

How does a sound get From a source (swan as the drum)to your car? The vibrating our particles trowel lampstudinal wars througe

IN expanding sphere

2. vibrations them to vibrate 61 the drum InTO our particles. and - Couser

3.1The vibrating AIr particles bump into your ear drum and cause. It to vibrate.Your brain detects those vibrations and interprets them soure

Electromagnetic WaveS

• Require no medium to move things

L. Examples: light 6 rosto waves

EM waves can move through mechuns

- Sunlight cominginto your room through the windw Vacuum - a space devoid

• Complety empty space matter

- Edpuzzle - Transmission of sound

• Every sound is prodiced by a vibration

Vibration - the back and forth movement of an object

Sound every havels in the form Two MAne way of sound weves Transverse Longitudinal

UNIT 3 WAVES

How does a sound get from a source (swah, as the drum)fo your ear? The vibrating _ Our particles trance 05 lampitudinal throughe the Our IN expanding sphere.

2. The Hem vibrations to vibrate, thre drum Dump into Our particees and causer

3. The vibrating It to vibrate sound

AIr partiales Your brain bump into your ear drum and cause detects those vibrations and interprets them

Electromagnetic waves

• Require no medium to move things Examples: light & radio waves

• EM wares can more through - Sunlight comingIntO mediums room your through the window Vacuum - a space devoid Complety empty space o, matter - Edpuzzle - Transmission sound

• Every sound is procluced by a vibrator

Vibration - the back and forth movement sound energy travels in the form Two way of sound Transverse Longitudinal

of an object waves

• Sound :waves are longitudinalwaves I These wares travel Hrough. different speeds mediums and as different

• Medium could be solid. liquid, got

' The speed of a souled ware deperdt on the mediums through which it travels

• Soundly travel faster in solids than in gases because the particles of a solid a closer together so trey donit. hose to more as far to transfer evergy

Ware length or rarefractions - the distance betweentwo consecutive Warciength,

compressIon

FrequencySecond

• It is measured

the number of waves passing through IA Hertz(H2) a point in a

Sound waves trarel all, directions

• Scure) gets reflected,. That is it gets bounced back hitting solid surfare Echo - bouncing back of sound

Before Reading True/False

How Sound Waves Work

Statements After Reading True/False

1. To hear a sound. the particles of a medium must travel from the source o the sound to someone's ear. The vibrations of an obiect cause the air around it to vibrate

. In the real-world, sound waves travel in an expanding spnere Trom the source

4. The higher the amplitude of a sound wave, the higher the volume of the sound

. The faster a sound source vibrates, the higher the frequency of the sound

6. The shorter the wavelength of a sound wave, the higher the pitch.

Things I knew before reading the article: New things I learned from reading the article:

-Edpuzzle - Droppier Effect

Accordingto the Doppler Effect Sourer the sourd moves towards what happens to sound waves as the you

Warlength decreases. Pitch increases V Frequency increases

- When a sound moves towards toward the sound), the you for when you mave waves IN shorter get "squished" together resulting wavelengths and higher frequency, winch we preceive a higher pitch

Accoreling to the Doppler Effect, what happens to sound source U sound Moves away from yon? wares as

Warelength increases Pitch decreases

Frequencydecreases

- When a sound moves away fro He sound),tre wanes get "stretched longer resucting in wavelengths a lower pitch lower frequency, which we pereive

• According to the Doppler Effect, a sound that is traveling towards will not! sound lounder - Whale use may indeed caperience an mercase I velare as a sound mores close to us, the Pappler Effect has nothing to do with volume or ampestedle! The Doppler Effect ONLY describes changed in WAVELENTH and

waves as a souree or listener moves

Ended , Sept. 24

Observations:

Short Medium hong

(Hz) : higher pitch lowervolume (Hz) : high pitch norma valume (Hz) : lower pitch louder volume

Mondhy, sept 27

- Energy of colors Lab Data

EQ: What is the difference between different colors?

Data Color Red Green Bluc White

Voltage (trail 1 351 ,565 .630 486

Voltage (trail a 375 .535 .605 .428

Voltage (trail 3) 372 :450 .611 ,462

Averoge .366 516 16015 459

- Edpuzzle - Color: White Light Reflection 8 Absoption White light - He combination Visible lIght from all parts of many different frequencies He visible spectrum

• When White light strikes an object, it can be transmitted absorbed, reflected, or

• Objects Hermal that abiorb light uxues energy transform light crergy. The Wares appearance of color is due to the selective absorption of light Selective absorption of light more than - the tendency of an object to absorb same frequencies others

UNIt

The color that an object Hat is reflected

3:

WAVES

обрег 13

our the wardent

Piament - a chemical thot alters the absorbing ore or more light freqvencies color of light wave. b

Objects that appear black absoro. all, wavelengths of visible light reflect none Objects that Oppear white reflect ale wave en 0112 and absort nore Color

light selectively and of visible light frequers reflected

• We - the perception of vIsible ligtit wane's can only see light and wave lenths of light that

-Edpuzzle - The Eleatromagnetic Spectrem

Gamma rayt have a shorter wavelength than Visible lighthes a shorter wavelength than X-rays micro waves

" Electromagietio (EM) waves transfer energy

Micracoves have a shorter wavelength, nigher frequency, and moves every than nadio wares X-mys carry more energy than infrared wheres

• Visible light has a longer wavelength laver frequency, and less there ultraviole

• The difference between different colors 15 tht frequencies, amounts of energy, and wavelengths they have different

Tuesday Sept. 28

- Warmup

Red & Blue

• Red has a lover frequency, longer worelengths, and than Blue lower energy

[EXPLAINING THE ELECTROMAGNETIC SPECTRUM]

Red - 700 mm

11. Blue light has a. Orange - 650 mm Shorter wavelength than green light. Mellow - 6000 um

12. Green light has a higher frequency than red light. Gren - 550 nm

3. Red light has Less energy than orange light. Blue - 450 m Valet - 400 nm

VA. Orange light has a lower frequency than yellow light.

15. Yellow light has a longer wavelength than blue light.

6. Radio waves have a Perce frequency and wavelength than microwaves.

7. X-Rays have a Kharter wavelength, nahur frequency, and nicher energy than visible light.

8. Microwaves have a londer wavelength, lower frequency, and lower energy than Infrared

9. When white light shines on a red strawberry, red is reflected and all other colors are absorbed

10. When white light shines on a blue shirt, blue is reflected and all other colors are absorbed

#11. When white light shines on a green leaf, green is feflected and all other colors are absorbed

12. When white light shines on a black jacket, all light 15 absorbed

13. When white light shines on a white piece of paper, all light is reflected

14. Under what color of light would a plant grow the best? EXPLAIN YOUR ANSWER! Red feen light no + "арина

15.SUMMARY: Use the words wavelength, frequency, and energy to explain the difference between red"° different colors. Be sure to include an example in your explanation.

Unt 3 WAVES

Thusday- Sent. 30

- Wave Interoctions Notes (Google Classroom)

Reflection when wane bounces off A surface

Refraction :- the bending of aware as it posses from one medium to another aN angle

Diffraction - the berding of a wave as it around corner • NO NEWMERIUM INVOLVED!

posses throude an opening

Constructive Interference causing amplitude to increase when the crests or two waves overlap -7

Before Interference

At B

Durino Interference

Affer Interference

DestructiveInterference with the trough of another - when the crest of one wave everlaps wave, COursing amplitude to decrease

Before Interference After Interference

- Edouzzle - VIDEO 1 - How Electrety Atom - the smallest ba:

The atom is of three particle

Works (Part 1 d matter

The nucleus o. an atom has protons and neutron

Proton

. Positive charge (+)

• Found IN the nuckers o an atom Protons

Neutrons

• Neutral charge

• Found in the nuckers d. an atom

• Negative charge(-) Elections

Neatront Elections

Found outside the nucleus of an atom

• Electrons can more from atom to atom

• Insulators 00 NOT allow electrons to flow easily

" Conductors are materials that allow electrons to mave costly frem one

arom to another mober Metale A NE 6.9. copper e.g Silicore МОБе

Circuit

If the - a urcult 1s COMPLETE CLOSED OPEN, electrons patt for electians to flow throves cannotHow throug th

Voltage

• Think of voltage like pressure in a water

' More voltage means more pressure

• More pressure means more water can flow

• More voltroc means more electrons con

pIpe flow

Current - theflow of elections.• mensured single pant in a circust within a set amount of time Amperes

(Amps),past resistance Material Temperature More Less FLess Copper Thickness Les More More Less - More Aluminum 1. Size a. Length The longer the wire, the greater the resistance The shorter the wire, the lower the resistance b. Thickness The thicker the wire, the lower the resistance The less thick, the higher resistance 2. Material a. Copper = less resistance b. Aluminum = more resistance 3. Temperature a. Higher temperature results in greater resistance b. Lower temperature results in lower resistance

to the flow of elections MATERIAL.and TEMPERATURE affect Size Length

certain produce light and - Edpuzzle - VIDEO 2 - How Electricty Works (Part 2)

REMEMBER

elections

'Many a magnet in a coil of wire pushes on electrons in that wire making them move. The movement of electrons 15 ELEGTRICITY.

• So all.you need to do to generate electruty is move a magist

Mar a coil of wire (or more a call near a magnet)

Transformers used - induce voltage into second col! wen alternating current 1s

Tupes of electricity

There are two tipes of current electricity

1. Alternatmg current (AC) - current moves back and forth with the changing magnetic field

A. This is the type of electmaty from wall sockets in your home

2. Direct current (DC) - current travels only in one direction

a. This is the t upe of electroity in batteries

Electricity and Magnetism Virtual Investigation

Directions- Use this link to access the simulation: brte//phet.colorado.edu/en/simulation/generator

Each section below corresponds to a tab at the top of the simulation. Click the appropriate tab to navigate through the simulation.

Fie Optons Help

Bar Magnet Pickup

BAR MAGNET

Coul Eléctromagnet Transformer Generator

1. Describe what happens to the compass needle as you move the magnet around. ysu move 2 Be the compass neatle around, the winto side ard de red side is recede trade me try a in em, Moth pace it ore подня magnet. Tus shows hero H4 printino to de opposite charge, PICKUP COIL

2. Describe how you can use the magnet to make the light bulb light up. lou can move the magnet inside and out to Malle the egit bulb light ир

3. What do the dots moving through the coil of wire represent? Electrers- these car electriuty,

4. Describe at least 2 different ways to make the light bulb light up more brightly. Mere the magnet 440404 He cail foster or Increase Magicer cats ELECTROMAGNET

5. Describe what happens to the compass needle as you move the magnet around. needle fallous mogret

6. Describe what happens when you move the slider on the battery to zero. The progret to no longer funcheming and the needle will nct folleco the magnet

GENERATOR

7. Explain what causes the magnet to start spinning. wheR The mognet is attached to a week alsospir fin' resulting in the magnet to 8. What moves in the wire as the magnet moves? Electrons

9. Describe what happens to the compass needle as the magnet spins. Te needle also begins tu spin.

10.Describe at least two different ways to make the light bulb light up more brightly. - Increose the number of coils

- Incredie the strength of the magnet

CONCLUSION

Based on your work in this simulation, describe how a magnet can be used to generate electricity.

Movingthe mageet or cont allows the electrons to move and arcoti on electre curent, , generating dectruty.

DINe

Practice Oratoler

An electre heater rest= tance d, the

V= T 2 = 2=12012.2 2 = 37.502

& MAGNETISM 3.2 from 12.01 hertine

Resistance of an electric iron Is What15 the 7 voltage

50П. 4.2 A of current Flowsthrouds V= TR V= (4.2) (50) V= 210V How much current 15 and contain flowing throud Ur cut Dowered InCe a 9V 01 10527 V= TR T=V R T = 910 I= .9 A

Ohm's Law: Investigating the Relationship Between Voltage, Current, and Resistance

Learning Targets:

• Icon define voltage, current, and resistance ond describe how they affect eoch other.

• I can interpret data tables and graphs for voltage, current, and resistance to support a claim about the relationship between voltage. current, and resistance.

• I can predict how voltage, current, and resistance wil change as new loads, pathways, or voltage sources are added to a circuit

Directions: Open the following Phet simulation on your own device to explore the relationship between voltage, current, and resistance according to Ohm's Law. https://phet.colorado.edu/sims/html/ohms-law/latest/ohms-law.en.html

1. Record the equation shown in the sim. Label each of the terms in the equation. V:

-> Restitance

Voltage Current

Plot the current vs. voltage for each resistance value, making sure fo use the symbols that match the provided legend to the right of the graph. Using three different colors and a ruler, draw a line of best fit for each resistance value.

Current vs. Voltage 30.0 25.0 & 20.0

• R = 1000 0 15.0 OR = 500 R AR = 250 0 0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 Voltage (V)

1. For constant resistance, how does the current change as you increase voltage? Explain using evidence from your tables. Voltage -7 co, current 00(positive correlation)

2. Move the sliders to fill out the three tables below: Resistance: 1000 h Resistance: 500 h Voltaae (VI 1.5 V 3.0 V 4.5 V 6.0 V

Current (mAl 3.0 4.6 6.0 4.5 V

Current (mA) Voltage (VI 1.5 V 30V

2). 6.0 a0 12.0

Resistance: 250 h Voltage (VI 15 V 3.0 V 45V LOV

Current (mA) 6.0 12. 18.0 24.0

2. For constant voltage, how does the current change as you increase resistance? Explain using evidence from your tables. Resistance -7 cO, current D- 00 (negative corelation)

3. For constant current, how does the voltage required change as you increase resistance? Explain usina evidence from your tables. Resistance. -70s, voltage - c (positive corrlation)

Wednesdau Oct.

Epuzzle - VIDEO Voltag

• Without - what voltage RuShes elections elei Move around randomly arGuit anydirector

Voltage

* If resistance is constant. then

-> More voltage = more -7 More current = brighter unent lamp

• Voltage • We con exist without current can mense preasure without water Flowing

* -More voltage - More pressure - Lamp Is brighter

= more Dreas = More force When connected in SENES

• More current batteries 2, near and would also more cause voltaze Which means light bulb

Measuring

We measure

• We represent

voltose potenial difference or. voltage this value with a copital He UniS

be brighter of Volts

Voltage Vottage and Volts - the are different preasur Volts - the Units We He

Gizmos

Activity A: Series circuits

Student Exploration: Circuit Builder

Gel the Gizmo ready: Click Clear. Check that Show current is on.

• Build the circuit shown to the right.

Question: In a series circuit, components are arranged in a single loop. What are the characteristics of series circuits?

1. Observe: Turn the switch to ON, which allows charges to flow through the circuit. Notice how brightly the bulb is lit and how much current (shown by the arrows) there is. Now start replacing wire segments with light bulbs. You can fit up to four bulbs in this series circuit.

A. What do you notice about the brightness of the bulbs as you add more bulbs?

Dimmer

B. Do all the bulbs have the same brightness? Yes

C. Look at the current arrows in each part of the circuit. Are there any parts of the circuit that have more current than other parts? No

2. Explore: Now remove a light bulb from your series circuit, leaving a gap. What happens to the remaining bulbs?

They do noT turn

3. Extend your thinking: Build another series circuit with several light bulbs, a 1.5-volt AA battery, and at least a few wire segments. Turn the switch to ON.

A. How does a circuit with a 1.5-volt battery compare to a circuit with a 9-volt battery?

Tre 9-volt baitery has taster current aid brighter bulls & moves the opposite direction

B. Replace one of the wire segments with another 1.5-volt baftery. What happens?

There 15 more current & brighter bulb

4. Compare: Compare a series circuit powered by six 1.5-volt batteries to a series circuit powered by a single 9-volt battery. Make sure there are equal numbers of light bulbs in each circuit and that the batteries are all in the same orientation.

What do you notice?

Same current, same brightness

Activity B: Parallel circuits

Get the Gizmo ready: • Click Clear.

• Check that Show current is on Build the circuit shown to the right.

Question: In a parallel circuit, there is more than one path that current can take. What are the characteristics of parallel circuits?

1. Observe: Turn the switch to ON, which allows charges to flow through the circuit. Notice how brightly each bulb is lit and how much charge is flowing in each part of the wire. Are the two bulbs equally bright?

Yes

2. Experiment: Add two more light bulbs to the circuit, as shown to the right. Turn the switch to ON, and observe the brightness of the bulbs.

A. Did the brightness of the bulbs change? Fist are brght ore Bionit Part B. Remove one light bulb. What happens? the first

The current stay the same

C. How did the parallel circuit respond differently to these changes than a series circuit?

Adding bulbs: Same

Removing bulbs: Same

3. Observe: Replace one of the light bulbs in your circuit with a wire. Now there is a path in the circuit with no light bulb to slow down the moving charges. What happens?

There 15 a Short circuit detected Hu

bulb

is not litt

- Edpuzzle - Series and Parallel Gireuts

Series circuit Parallel urat Resistor Resistors

Ratterg Battery Series circuit: current when because resitance increases more

. The difference between IS increased SCHOS parallel virout

A parallel aireet flowingfrom uses more the battery energy

loada are added... current decreasez parallelureet 15 that the current бессице More current would be

Gizmos

Student Exploration: Circuits Gizmo Warm-up

The Circuits Gizmo shows a circuit board and a variety of components. Create a circuit with a battery, a light switch, a wire, and a light bulb, as shown.

1. Turn on Show current and select Electron flow. The moving dots represent a current of electrons -liny. negatively charged particles--moving through the wire. Voltage is a measure of how much more potential energy an electron at one end of a battery has than an electron at the other end of the battery.

A. How does changing the battery's voltage affect the current?

As voltage increases, current increases

Activity A: Ohm's law

Get the Gizmo ready. Click Clear. Create the circuit shown at right. (Use the 10-ohm resistor.)

• Click on the battery. Set the Selected battery voltage to 10 volts.

Resistors are devices that slow the flow of current in a wire. The resistance of the circuit to current is measured in units called ohms.

1. Observe: Turn the light switch On to start the flow of current. An ammeter is a device that measures current in Amperes (A). Drag the Ammeter (4) to various parts of the circuit.

A. Is the current the same throughout, or does it change? Same thoughout

B. What is the current in the wire now? 1.00 amper

2. Collect data: Measure the current in the circuit using the resistor and voltage combinations given below.

Voltage 10 volts 20 volts 30 volts

• Racistanco Current Voltage • Pacictance ' Current 10 ohms 50 volts 20 ohms 1.00 A 2.50 A 10 ohms 50 volts 400 ahme 2.00 A 0.50 A 10 ohms 50 volts 200 ohms 5.00 A 0.15 A

Activity B: Series circuits

Get the Gizmo ready: Click Clear. Create a circuit as shown.

Click the battery to select it. Set the Selected battery voltage to 10 volts.

1. Observe: Turn the light switch ON and observe the light bulb. Then start replacing the wire segments with new light bulbs.

A. How does each new light bulb affect the others?

Bulbs are dimmer

B. Use the Ammeter to measure the current in various parts of the circuit. Is the current the same throughout, or does it change?

Same

throudout

2. Experiment: Create a series circuit with a 10-volt battery and four 10-ohm resistors, as shown. Measure the current.

A. Based on the voltage and current, what is the resistance of the circuit? (Hint: Use Ohm's law.) ЦО

B. Ohmmeters measure resistance. Remove the battery and attach the terminals of the Ohmmeter (o) •)) to the ends of the circuit, where the battery used to be attached.

What is the resistance? 40

Activity C: Parallel circuits

Get the Gizmo ready:

• Click Clear.

• Create a circuit as shown.

• Click the battery lo select it. Set the Selected battery voltage to 15 volts.

Question: In a parallel circuit, there is more than one path along which charges can flow. What are the properties of parallel circuits?

1. Observe: Turn the light switch ON and observe the light bulb. Then add two more light bulbs to the circuit, parallel to the first two.

A. How does each new light bulb affect the others?

No charge

B. Use the Ammeter to measure the current in various parts of the circuit. Is the current the same throughout, or does it change?

Explain: Change: at the location of the the 50 bat where there is no bulb. He. 400 A.

2. Experiment: With the battery vollage set to 15 volts, measure the current in a parallel circuit with 1, 2, 3, and 4 light bulbs. (In each case, place the ammeter next to the battery.) Use Ohm's law to calculate the total resistance of the circuit. Record results below

Waus relocitacan change

1. Speed ul

2. Slow down

3. Change direction (turn)

- Edpuzzle - VIDEO I - Speed, Velocity, andAcceleration

Scalar quality - tells you EX: 20 meter per seconds an amount. or magnitude. (m/s)

Vector quality• EX: 20 m|s east tells you as amount AND a diretion. Speed = Scalar quality - Velocity / Accleration = Vector

+ In physics, you always use

1.0 ms = 2.2 mph

quality meters per seconds (m /s)

Average how - velocity looking, at A certain fast it moredduring that time period of time. &

Instantanecus specific point Velocita IN - the velocity of an object in motion at a time Velocity = Axe change in the position ALFATHE

Ex: WR - 100. m - 9.58 seconds 10m, = 10.4 m/s

Final position inittat position Velocity tf - IMITTAL finat fie stands for final stands

Ex: XE = 10.0m x: = C 66 = 1.851

V. X6-x. 10.0m - 0 - = - 10.Om : 5.41 m/s 1.855 "0. 1.855

Ex 2: X+= 70.0 m X; 60.0m et = 7.142 ti : 60.325

' X -x; V= = 70.0m - 60.0 m 1.14. - 60.325 : 10.0,82:m = 12.2 ils

Ex 3: X. = 100.0 m Xi : 90.0 m tP = 9.69 t: = 8.79

Ec :ti = 100.0-90,0 9.69 - 8.79 = = IT mis

Acceleration change in velocity

Av Acceleration =

(Ac Acceleration = V Vi

Ex I: (L-

VE = 26.9.1 v, = 0 m/s tF = 2.463 t; = 0-

Vi - Vi tF - 11 - = 7.46-0 10920 : 10.9 m 2

-

Name:

Speed, Velocity and Acceleration Problems

1. What is the speed of a donut that rolled 200 meters in 25 seconds?

2. How far did Michael Phelps swim, if he swam at a speed of 10m/s in 30 seconds?

3. What is the speed of a monster truck if it drove 500 meters in 50 seconds?

4. What is the speed of Lebron James if it took him 10 seconds to dribble 750 meters?

5. What is the velocity of a balloon racer if it traveled 4 meters towards the wall in only 2 seconds?

6. What is the velocity of a water fall if it took 100 seconds to flow 400 meters downward?

7. How long did it take the wolf run, if it ran for 25 meters at a rate of 5m/s?

8. A unicyclist traveled 27 meters south. He did this in only 3 seconds. What was his velocity?

9. A hungry bear chased down some campers in 30 seconds. It only had to chase them for 900 meters. What was the bear's speed?

-10.While traveling along a highway a driver slows from 24 m/s to 15 m/s in 12 seconds. What is the automobile's acceleration?

11.Find the acceleration of a 1967 Ford Mustang Shelby Cobra GT500 if its starting velocity was 10m/s and its final velocity was 90m/s? This only took 8 seconds.

12. Find the acceleration of a 1995 Ford Taurus if its final velocity was 75m/s and its starting velocity was 20m/s? This took 10 seconds.

18.A car accelerates at a rate of 3.0 m/S?. If its original speed is 8.0 m/s, how many seconds will it take the car to reach a final speed of 25.0 m/s?

14.A car drives 12 m/s south for 5.0 seconds, then 18 m/s north for 9.0 seconds, and finally 15 m/s south for 11 seconds. Calculate the average speed and average velocity.

15.A soccer ball is kicked 25 m east, then 15 m east, 8 m west, and finally 12 m east. All this takes place in 45 seconds. Calculate the average speed and velocity of the ball.

16.A sailboat is traveling north at 10 km/h, relative to the water. The water is flowing north at 5 km/h. What is the velocity of the boat relative to the ground?

1. a.: 200 =18 m/: 2. 10.30=200 m 3. a: 300: 10/m/= 4. а= 150 = 75 m/5 a: 4: 2 m/s towards wall L. V= At = 100400.2= 4 ms 7. S= 2 = 5= 2!- = 55 8. V= 17 ax = 21 = 9 m/s south 9.. S = 900 10. a 4 - 109 - mE 11. a = 20 = 10 m/ 87 12. a = 55 = 5.5 m1-2 |3. 14 15. 4. 4= = 15 mI V: At = 45 = 97 mis enst 16. • 10 km/h + 5 km/k = 65 km/' norfr

Wednesday Nov.3

- Edpuzzle - VIDEO. 2 - Position Stop line on a position -time grap

Flat. horizenta On a position

lIme. Graph - Part 1 = time

object moving.quickly (nigh velocity ) HaDh A-1S not movI manIs moving to the right. man 13 movin to the left Negative slope Slode Slope = velocity Negative () slope= Negative () velocity Stope = Zero (0) = not moving Formula m = 42 - VI comparison V: X.' same rabies

LOsTIre slope position - time graph position - tire

FORCE AND ITS REPRESENTATION

A force is a PUSH or PULL. For simplicity sake, all forces (interactions) between objects can be placed into two broad categories:

Contact forces are those types of forces that result when the two interacting objects are perceived to be physically contacting each other. Examples of contact forces include frictional forces, tensional forces, normal forces, air resistance forces, and applied forces.

Action-at-a-distance forces are those types of forces that result even when the two interacting objects are not in physical contact with each other, yet are able to exert a push or pull despite their physical separation. Examples of action-at-a-distance forces include gravitational forces. For example, the sun and planets exert a gravitational pull on each other despite their large spatial separation. Even when your feet leave the earth and you are no longer in physical contact with the earth, there is a gravitational pull between you and the Earth. Electric forces are action-at-a-distance forces. For example, the protons in the nucleus of an atom and the electrons outside the nucleus experience an electrical pull towards each other despite their small spatial separation. And magnetic forces are action-at-a-distance forces. For example, two magnets can exert a magnetic pull on each other even when separated by a distance of a few centimeters.

Contact Forces Action-at-a-Distance Forces planets Electro forces Magnetic Forces Applied

Type of Force Applied Force Fapp

Gravitational Force

known as Weient

Normal Force F.

Friction Force Firict

The

Newton

Description of Force

An applied force is a force that is applied to an object by a person or another bbject. If a person is pushing a desk across the room, then there is an applied force acting upon the object. The applied force is the force exerted on the desk by the person.

The force of gravity is the force with which the earth, moon, or other massively large object attracts another object towards itself. By definition, this is the weight of the object. All objects upon earth experience a force of gravity that is directed "downward" towards the center of the earth. The force of gravity on earth is always equal to the weight of the object as found by the equation:

Fgrav = m * g where g = 9.8 N/kg (on Earth) and m = mass (in kg)

(Caution: do not confuse weight with mass!

The normal force is the support force exerted upon an object that is in contact with another stable object. For example, if a book is resting upon a surface, then the surface is exerting an upward force upon the book in order to support The weight of the book. On occasions, a normal force is exerted horizontally between two objects that are in contact with each other. For instance, if a person leans against a wall, the wall pushes horizontally on the person.

The friction force is the force exerted by a surface as an object moves across it br makes an effort to move across it. There are at least two types of friction force - sliding and static friction. Though it is not always the case, the friction force often opposes the motion of an object. For example, if a book slides across the surface of a desk, then the desk exerts a friction force in the opposite direction of its motion. Friction results from the two surfaces being pressed together closely, causing intermolecular attractive forces between molecules of different surfaces. As such, friction depends upon the nature of the two surfaces and upon the degree to which they are pressed together.

Drawing Free-Body Diagrams

Force is a quantity that is measured using the standard metric unit known as the Newton. A Newton is abbreviated by an "N." To say "10.0 N° means 10.0 Newton of force. One Newton is the amount of force required to give a 1-kg mass an acceleration of 1 m/s/s. Thus, the following unit equivalency can be stated: 1 Newton = 1 kg • m/s' = m

Free-body diagrams are diagrams used to show the relative magnitude and direction of all forces acting upon an object in a given situation. A free-body diagram is a type of vector diagram. These diagrams will be used throughout our study of physics. The size of the arrow in a free-body diagram reflects the magnitude of the force. The direction of the arrow shows the direction that the force is acting. Each force arrow in the diagram is labeled to indicate the exact type of force. It is generally customary in a free-body diagram to represent the object by a box and to draw the force arrow from the center of the box outward in the direction that the force is acting. An example of a free-body diagram is shown at the right.

The free-body diagram above depicts four forces acting upon the object. Objects do not necessarily always have four forces acting upon them. There is no hard and fast rule about the number of forces that must be drawn in a free-body diagram. The only rule for drawing free-body diagrams is to depict all the forces that exist for that object in the given situation.

Thus, to construct free-body diagrams, it is extremely important to know the various types of forces. If given a description of a physical situation, begin by using your understanding of the force types to identify which forces are present. Then determine the direction in which each force is acting. Finally, draw a box and add arrows for each existing force in the appropriate direction; label each force arrow according to its type.

Air Resistance Force

Tension Force Fens

The air resistance is a special type of frictional force that acts upon objects as They travel through the air. The force of air resistance is often observed to oppose the motion of an object. This force will frequently be neglected due to ts negligible magnitude (and due to the fact that it is mathematically difficult to bredict its value). It is most noticeable for objects that travel at high speeds (e.g., a skydiver or a downhill skier) or for objects with large surface areas.

The tension force is the force that is transmitted through a string, rope, cable or wire when it is pulled tight by forces acting from opposite ends. The tension force is directed along the length of the wire and pulls equally on the objects on the opposite ends of the wire.

The

force is the vector sum of all the forces that act upon an object. That is to say, the net force is the sum of all the forces, taking into account the fact that a force is a vector and two forces of equal magnitude and opposite direction will cancel each other out.

Monday.Nov. 15

-Edpuzzle- Balenced and Unbaterked Forces 21-22 symbol for the force of gravity,WHICh points down Fnem - sumbol for normal normal force, which poents up SN Ground 5N

- Same magnitude - Opposite direction - Bolenced: forces - ON of Net force - Rock won't more Fore Fret. 2N FratioN

- Applied force - Force of friction ^SN +72N 15N 3N Friction SN

- Balenced force - Rock will not more - ON of Net force - Unbatenced force - Accelerate to the right due to person pushing it - 2 N of Net force to the right

Far UNIt 6- FORCES & MOTION

-Fore of our . = Alv molecuter

2N 5N

-Uateneed force - Accelerate downward - 4 .N of Net Force down - unbalenced foree - Acceterate right - IN of Net force richt

Name:

Critical Thinking: Forces

1. A car leaking oil at a constant rate was driving down a road. State whether the images below show evidence of a balanced or unbalanced force Image .0056 ...a

Balanced or Unbalanced Unbalenced (Positive accel.) Balenced (NO accel.) Unbalenced (Neg. Accel.)

2. The graphs below show the motion of an object. Look carefully at the labels on the Yaxis to determine if the graphs show evidence of a balanced or unbalanced force

Time Time Balenced Unhalenced (constant vel.) (Pos. accel.)

Time (s) Time (s) Balenced unbalenced (constant vei (Pos. accel,)

3. Free-body diagrams for four situations are shown below. The net force is known for each situation. However, the magnitudes of a few of the individual forces are not known. Analyze each situation individually and determine the magnitude of the unknown forces 200 N Fnet - ON

DIS COVERENG FORCE S

1. Use a spring scale to determine how much force is needed to move the car across the table at a constant speed

Force required: 1, 5 N

2. Add more mass to the car and repeat the experiment. How does adding more mass to the car affect the force needed to move the car ? WHY?

Force required: 1.5 N 2ndLaw © Inertia (43* haw) (2) F= me

3. Attach spring scales to both ends of the car. Gently pull on one spring scale with a force of 4N, while your partner pulls the other spring scale with the same force in the opposite direction. Observe and describe the motion of the car.

No motioN

4. Now try to keep your partner's spring scale reading 2N while you pull with a force of 4N. Observe and describe the motion of the car.

1. A car is coasting to the right and slowing down. Diagram the forces acting upon the car. & Unbalenced force

2. A student rests a backpack upon his shoulder. The pack is suspended motionless by one strap from one shoulder. Diagram the vertical forces acting on the backpack.

From norm Finet Farow Fgrow

3. A 3 kg book is at rest on a tabletop. Diagram the forces acting on the book. ' Include values for the forces.

. E= ma giav=3 kg .9.8 ml' - 1 Tara: 29.4

4. A rightward force of 2 N is applied to a 3 kg book in order to move it across a desk at a constant velocity. Diagram the forces acting on' the book. Balenced Include values for the forces. 5 = ma Chorm=29.4 Egraw = 3:9.% FEgrav = 29.4 3kg Fnet : ON + = 2N REN' 3k9 =>F app: IN Ines Egrow : 29.4 N Fgrav: 29.4 N

From : 29.4 N

Motion

5. A 65 kg skydiver is descending with a constant 6. A 6kg cannonball is shot from a cannon. Diagram velocity. Diagram the forces acting upon the skydiver. the forces acting on the cannonball as it flies through Balenced Include values for the forces. the air. Include values for the forces. -131 N ( F= ma

her =QN Terminal velocity

raw =58.8 N Motion,

F: mo Egro = 60 - 9.8 grav=65:9.8 Egrav = 68.8 Fgrav = 637N 65 kg Egrav = 637 N

Practice Worksheet: Net Force and Acceleration Name

Force (N) = mass (kg) • acceleration (m/s2)

For each of ihe following problems, give the net force on the block, and the acceleration, including units. ma -. 26 N 60 N 7 kg 40 kg 360-40% 14N: 7-a 300N 9= a 1= a Net Force = (14 N acceleration = 2mb" Net Force = 360 N acceleration = 9m/;

5 kg Acceleraion - 10 m /3⅔ £-150 [=4501 -5=600N

E= ma 5=2000 200 kg For-20N, 200 200 :025=a Accoleration - 125 m/a" 10) Challenge: A student is pushing a 50 kg cart, with a force of 600 N. Another student measures the speed

of the cart, and finds that the cart is only accelerating at 3 in/s?. How much friction must be acting on the cart? Hint: Draw a diagram showing the cart, and the two forces acting on it. Solve for net force Fret = 450 N

Ma

(3)

50 kg 1 Motion = 3

F= ma 50 = 5 10= 8) F: ma 50 =m 4 Fopp=50 N, 4157 12.5:m 9) Fiction, = 15N a = 4 m/s? Mass- 12.5 kg mls ->

Newton's 1" Law

State the law: Objects in motion will stay in motion and objects at rest will stay at rest unlest acted upon by an extemal or unbalenced force

- Low of Inertia

Describe 2 examples of the law:

Text Newton's Laws of Motion Fact Sheet

Related vocabulary words (define each):

1. Force - push Gr pull

2. Balancedforce - a force when net force is o Newton the

3. Unbalanced force - a furze whee the net force is greater than

4. Inertia (property of matter)- the matron (more mass = mere

5. Speed -how far you go in certan amount of time a

Newton's 3 Law State the law: Aceleration of an object is degendant state the law: for every action foree, there upon two vanables- the net force acting 13 an equal and opposite reaction ĸрет the object and the mass of the object force. The acceleration of on object is directly profettiero

Newton's 2'd Law

Ho the net force to and inversely proportional the mass of an object,

Describe 2 examples of the law:

Describe 2 examples of the law:

Related vocabulary words (define each):

1. Mass - the arnount of matter in object

2. Acceleration- Caused by an unbalenced forte

Related vocabulary words (define each):

1. Action force ~ The force exerted object A by objeet 13

2. Reaction force - The equal and opposite tovee exerted object Bo by object it

- Edouzzle. - Newton's Laws & Motion

Unbalenced force - causes 4 Net external force

Balenced force - DO NOT

Newton's Laws or Motion

FORCE 8 MotIoN and Force 21-22 accelerator accention

will stay in motion and objecto at rest will =tar external or unbalenced force Second law- the accekration of an object is differently proportiond to the net force and inversely propertonal to the mark of an object Also know the law acceleration - ma Force (Newtons) Acceleration (m/st) -

Weight - Farou Mass "belongs to an obect Fy (weight) M ag

Weight - depends Or the force of gravely on your planet = 9.8 m/sI a

Small mays Small weight: Small

Free BodyDiagram allous Uk qucklyshow the force object and are usually drawn with baxes

- What I causes an object to accelerate? FORLES!

- How much does DEPENDS ON the object accelerate? MASSAND APPLIED FORCES!

Third law reaction force Also (4

- for every force there 1s an equal the law of action and reaction

octing ON and opposite

& MoTION

Tuesday Now 30

Edpuzzle Gravity Explained

Caravity - thei force that pulls things. toward deven 10 Earth

No matter where on Earth an object is will draw the object toward it planet's grantational pull

Mass - o measure of how much matter is in an obfect

• The greater an objects mus 13, the greater the effect full on other objects is - The greaterthe mass of an object and the more it welgive

of its gravity. greater pull of gravity

Newton The amount ofgruitational force. ON how for opart they are pull between object also depends

* Size and mats - Something like large ballon

are NOT the same a small rock can be more massive than a

The The

further closer two dyects ase, obiects are the weaker the the grater pull pul

Weight - the meatere gromitly paling on all object how heave an obfelt 1s: causes by

Air resistance

- the fiction between the air and moving

It's the restose of are pushing against agects that really affect. how fast objects fall.

Objectsappear to fall ot different rates. different messes or werght... but because nt весане they our resistance have

Edpuzzle - Physics of Sky- Diving

• While or still feel Are force of gravity

Terminal velocity - when to the force of gravity the force of our resistance 15 equal

UNIT 6- FORCE & MoTIoN

Wedresday. Dec

- Clost Note 54g

Acceleration Farov = 49 N

{= ma F a= 49N 2=5 kg a: 9.8 m/s Free Fall

Gravity is the Unbalenced forcet ONIV causer force A Far = 25 N 5 Kg

acting acceleration 01 06 citi

ART = 49-25=24N

Farau? Fair = 49 N

49N

Auceleration: F-ma a: Fm c:74 a=4.8 ml5" 49W

Fnet 49-49 = ON

Acceleraton: F=ma a= a=0

Tominal Velouty

• Forces of gravityand our resistance " Objects fall at constant speed are batenced (no acceleration) our = 65N 5 ĸз

Free:= 49-65=16

Acceleration: F=mo a= a = -160 5 0=- 3.2 m/s Z Friday, Dec. 2 - Class Notes nertia - an objects resistance to a change IN • A more massire obeet has more inertia

Fgrav :49N

According to F= ma, moT missive object to more it

motion more force

DIMPLE MACHINES

Thuroday Dee.

- Edpuzzle - Bill Nye The suence Guy - SimpleMachines

• A pulley changes the direction the force applied

• Catapulte have two map parts. There two panta are: never and Fileram

• Another нит (word) used for a fulcrum Va divot

. never are on type of smpte ONto a singleFuterum / pirat. of simpte machire called a

machine When multiple levers are combined peInt ,Hey can become another type

• The geart but in increase

or order the

a beybe allow to make st amount

bikes to go up all more easy,ly, easier to get up a hill,, theMust the pedals are turned

• A a combination of a rod romp

WORL

Analyove

1. Where should (to 484? - Closer

you

move the

the load

MAcHINES

fulcrum male the load ensier

2. The closer less (closer / fartier) the force needed fukrem is to the load, 10 lift the load

3. The 10 lIft greater the the lad lenget effort side les3 force needed

4. The grater 6 greater the lenget of the resistance force needed to lift the side, load the

Activity 1 - Using F=ma to calculate Acceleration Due to Gravity

Data Collection and Calculations

1. Use the Force sensor to measure the force of gravity (a.k.a. weight) pulling on the masses

2. Use the force data you collect to calculate acceleration due to gravity (a.k.a "g") a. NOTE: Use the formula a=F/m

Mass (kg) 0.05 kg (50 g) Force (N) 45 N Acceleration (m/s") 9.

0.1 kg (100 g) .98 N 9.8M's?

Use your data to create a graph showing the relationship between mass and the force of gravity (weight). Label your X axis Mass (g)* Label your Y axis Force (N)* went (N)

0.2 kg (200 g) 2 N 10 m/s"

0.5 kg (500 g) 5N 0 m/s

1.0 kg (1,000 g) ON 10 m/s

Use your data to create a graph showing the relationship between mass and acceleration due to gravity. Label your X axis "Mass (g)* Label your Y axis "Acceleration (m/s?*

Activity

- Graphing

Due to

Mao (a

Analysis:

1. What is the relationship between mass and the force of gravity? Exponential M Mast mcreases, gravity increaset 2. What is the relationship between mass and the acceleration due to gravity? ^ Accelerationmons leceleration is the save to

Gravity's acceleration vo always 98 mi"

Name Group Center

Drawing and Labeling Action Reaction Force Pairs

In the example below the action force is described and the arrow (vector) is drawn. The reaction force has been completed also. In the remaining pictures the action force is described and drawn. You are to describe the reaction force and draw the reaction grrow (arrows go tail to tail or head to head). Then draw your own action-reaction situation, describe the forces and draw the arrows. Finally, figure out the forces at each of the contact points in the final drawing

Example:

Reaction: Force of wall on fis

Equal and force

Action: Force of fist on wall

Reaction: farce of bug on Action: Force of car on bug Reaction ball bot

Action: Force of! flower

Action: Force of hand on bar

Reaction Force flower on hand Reactu bour

Action: Force of head on ball Reaction: force ball on head Action: force of bat on ball Reaction" nose

Action: Force of finger on nose

Draw and write your own here. Draw the picture, the arrows for both action and reaction and the descriptions for the action and reaction forces Rocket

Reaction: rocket Action: rocket pushes fire out

At each contact point draw the action and reaction forces and identify the amount of force at each

The scale reads 60 N

GON 60N

Name:

1. What is the difference between mass and weight? Mass (in a Weight

Gravity Summary

- Belongo to su -Dependt - Mass does not change (constant) on the faraw object (x' kg) On your planet

- Weight can change

2. How is gravitational force related to the weight of an object? Growitational force is canal to theweight

- As gravity increases weight incrates

3. Where would you weigh the most: on a boat, in the middle of space, or on the moon? WHY? On a boat because Farthes gravitational pull is the strongest

4. If Earth's mass doubled, your weight would double they are drectly proportional (gravity a weight? because.

5. How does mass affect the gravitational force? (2 ways)

-As mass increases, gravitational fore increate%

- As mast decreases, gravitational force decreases

6. How does distance affect the gravitational force? (2 ways)

- As distance increases, gravitational force decrease

- As distance decreases gravitational force increases

(Direct relationelp) (Inverse relationship)

Metals Metalloids Nonmetals

weft side of the table table

•Malleable • Ductile Stung

'Found along the the zigzag line: Rightside of the (staircase)

Poor conductors " Tend to gon elections • semiconductor Soild at "Tends to lose clectronyroom temp

, Forms1018)cations (positiva -high melting point

BI rittle Forms vons) anions (negative [High boiling point

Monday- January 10

- Edpuzzle - Elements and Atoms

Atom - The smallest basic unet of matter Element's - o pure substance made of one type of atom

Periodie Table O elements - table that contaIns all elements

All elements have a symbal

• The number of protons are what defines a

• The elements оте waiter according fo table

atom атопис number on theperodie

* Ex: If you had carben with be carbon but nitrogen protone then it would not

• The number of protons are equal to the atonic number

* You changing 176

can the change the number element (the protons alwayx of electrons8 metroNs stay the sape) without

P P

The 12 next to the c is the atonie masa number. The muss number of an element is simply the combined mar of the proton & neutront In. the nucleus of a -Nome (P + N: mess number). In tas excmple, carter-12 и proton 8 6 Meters. 6+6 :12

INIoT: AToMs8 PM

- It ispissible to have of an atom. For with 6

diPterent number ol неĸтомь inthe nucleur 1 carbon - 14 to al atom. o, carbon and 8 8+6=14

- Atones with the same number nuetrons are called vostoper. protons but different numbers of Nuclews of an atore. protons & nuctron

Proton

• Portive Found Equalto IN charge the wexclerk the atonuo o an atom number

Electron

• Negative charge

• Found a outside fire nucleus

• Equal tothe atone number (For neutral atom)

Nuetrons Neutral charge FoundI IN the Equalto the ructeus of an atom atomic mass nines the отолис member

TOns

• Has that gown or lose clections charge

Anions -

" Negative. IoN pisitive protons

some that because itNowgar election has mere negative elestions the

Gations

~ an atone that loser an election

Positive cos because it now har regatre electrons more passive proton then

The Development of the Atomic Model

1. Identify the 3 subatomic particles that make up an atom. Include the charge and location of each.Flection Subatomic particle Proton Neutron Location Nucleus Nuclews Around the Nucteus Charge (positive, negative, neutral) Positire Nuetral Negative

2. What does the Greek word "atomos" mean? "Atamas" = indivisible

3. According to Dalton, what is the difference between elements and compounds? Elements are made of the some atoms at different midoes. compounds are a combination of elementa,

4. What is an alpha particle? The nucleus of a belieatom

5. Ernest Rutherford's experiments with alpha particles show that atoms are mostly empty space. What evidence supports this claim? When he shoot the partices of the atom, most - of there just straught through went

6. What happens if you take hydrogen gas and excite it? NOTE: You can "excite" a substance by adding thermal, light, or electrical energy to it. The excited hydrogen atones will спир certain color (ov of light

7. What is the key to the Bohr model of an atom? Electrons can ONLY be at certain energy the atom

8. What effect does the frequency of light have on electrons? The lugher the frequency, the more absorb more evergy through the light 10 they charge

9. What are the three pieces of evidence that are supported by the Bohr model?

• Elections are small & negatwvely charged

•Protons are in the nucleus absorbed or

have light electors greater compared to the size of the atom (colors) light

- Introduction to Atones

Atom • the smallest partiche Into which element. can be divided and still be the some sustance

• Atoms CAR combIre to form melecutes, compounds , An atom is made parta

• Protons (+)

• Neutron (neutral) • Electrons (-)

• Protons and nuctrons male He nucleus of the atom

• Electron orbit around the miches like plancts aroundthe sun * Actually Hus is not true but is usefulapology

Valence election * electron farthest from the (involved bondina)

# Determiner the propertiere ch the element

Honc number * # Determines - number of protonx the identity ar element

Mass number • ALWAYA A - number:of protons + number WHOLE NUMBER Y of neutrons

Atone mass of an element - the average mass all the knew soteges (versions)

Octet Rule: 2-8-8 Use the Octet Rule to plase electrons around the atones - First shell holts 2 elcctions

Unre 7: Arons 8 PM

- Decond shell holds 8n elections - Murd stell holds 8 electrons

Helium (He) atom И : 2 é= 2 VE: 2 p*= 2 n= 2

Boron +

(B) atom = 5 é = 5 VE: 3 pt=5 n= 6

Beryllum (Be) atom ~ = y 2 n: 5 c = 4 VE = 2 p*=4 n= h Carbon (a) atom * = 6 11 = 6 c" = 6 VE : 4 p*= le n= 6

Magnesium (Mg)atom Orygen (0) atom

A: 12 è = 12 VE = 2

*= 8 n = 8 = 8 VE= 60 p*=12 A = 12 .*=8 n= 8

Sodiuni (Na) 1: 12 = 11 VE: 1

Chlonne (61) atom = 17 n = 18 é : 17 VE=7 p*= 11 1:12

UNIt 7: Arons & PT

Thursday Jon. 13

- Eapuzzle - The (truly) Persodic Table

There an total of 118 clement found on - 94 elements CaR be found in nature - 24 elements can be found in labortores the perradio table

Element in.the ' 65 Kg Oh Oxygen 18 ĸд

Нитаĸ Body of hdrogen

All firstcolumn • A single election in elements the outer most layer (1 valence electron) potassum (K) more similar to rubidium • (R$) or calium (ca)?

- Rubidium because they have the same number of valence elections.

Tuescay Jonuary 18

- Organizing the Perrodie Table

• Elements are arranged the PT in order increating оĸота numbe Vertical columes arG called groups or fanlies

- Elements in a group/family have the same muber valence electron

•Becouse they have have the same number of they aro have simlar. chemmeal properties (they valence electron react with other elemento in the same way)

- The number of evergy level increases by a group/family you move down

• Honzontal rows are called perroce

- The number of valence elections moreares by one of you move from left to rght across a period

- lomo Trends

Key Consepte

• Atones wart to have a complete set of VE (2-8-8) They can achieve a complete set by trumolering electionsTO or FROM other atone

- Atonethat gown electrons• become negative ions (cimens)

- Atones that lose elections become positive ins (cationi)

7: AromA& OT

- Edpuzzle -The PerrodicTable - Grable

AlkalI Metals

" A.K.a arong

Very reactive

• On far left

• Mast reactive elements

CAs explode One loosely bound

ar (esum expose to wat valence electron

Alkaline Farth Metuls

Course hematry#4

(Es) and Fran

A.Va goingITA located on the ught of the Alkal, Metals Twe elections in the outer shell

AmaterAtonese racer than Alkal, Metals

Transition Metals

- Fourly unreachve, mallestole Hige melting & bailing pants

" how arzation energies

elective conductivity

Exhubit wide range Of oxidationstater LocatedIN the muddle rectangle

Halegende

• hocated en "most too far Molet

" Very high electoregativities

• seven velance elections

• Low lonzation епсудень.

• High reature With Alke

Metals Metalloids; Graser Non-metals

• Metal soild at resen terpenture (except priy

" Metallord passes chareteristics of metals and non-metale

- Non metals are britte solid and-gaur electrons 6

• hocated between halogens & transistor metals

hanthanies

• Located on the botten second. (ow

• Very reactive Strong reducing agents.

High meting &- boring pants

Alvery-white metels that tarnish When exposed to our

Actinides

• Located the bottom second TOW

• All reactive

" Higlly electropositure.

'Very dense metals with distinctivestructure Combre directly with most non metals.

VobleGases

hocated on the for for right

Fairly non reactive Complete valenceelectron

• Complete valenree shell now bailing point

" AlL giserat room temperatire

• Very lew electronegat mter

Build an Atom PhET Sim

Driving Question

How does the addition and subtraction of subatomic particles affect the atom?

Investigation

Use the sim to answer the questions below.

1. What effects does changing the number of protons have on an atom? The element's identity changer & moss number incrater

2. What effects does changing the number of neutrons have on an atom? The mass number increases

3. What effects does changing the number of electrons have on an atom? The element becomes are con (nos o charge) & there fore is no longer a nuetrol atom

4. What does mass number represent?

Mari wwwer = Vrotors + Neutrouse MH = P+W

5. Can the same element have different mass numbers? YES or NO (circle one)

a. What evidence do you have to support your claim? The number of neutrons could change, while still having thesome number of protons,

6. What is the difference between a neutral atom and an ion? Neutial atom - number of neutrons it change & No cheerge

Tor ~ Number of electrons change 8 has change

a. Write a rule for making a neutral atom. same number of protons & electrons, but you can changethe neutrons

b. Write a rule for making a positive ion. - Remore dectrous -Or more protons than electrons

c. Write a rule for making a negative ion.

electrons

"Or more election their are torr

Massnumber Atomic wither

-oNe charge

Name Krish

8 O

Oxygen 15.999

element 4 Oxusen 15.999

Atomic # = Moss # Atomic Mass = # of Protons # of Neutrons = # of Electrons 14 SI Silicon 28.086

Atomic # = Atomic Mass # of Protons # of Neutrons = # of Electrons

sumbol

Atomic numberequals the number of protONE and or electrons MosS number Atonie-mass equals the number of 30 ZN Zinc 65.39

Atomic # = 30 Alomic Nass= # of Protons =* 30 # of Neutrons = # of Electrons = 30

B Boron 10.81

Atomic # = Atomic Mass = # of Protons = # of Neutrons = # of Electrons =

3 Li 6.941

Atomic # = 3 Atomic Mass = # of Protons = # of Neutrons = # of Electrons = 35 Br Bromine 79.904

Atomic # = 36 Atomic Mass = 80 # of Protons = = 35 # of Neutrons = 45 # of Electrons = 35

16 S Sulfur 32.06

Atomic #= 16 Atomic Mass = 32 # of Protons = 16 # of Neutrons = 16 # of Electrons = 16 12

Mg

Мадпечит 24.305

Atomic # = 12 Atomic Mass = 24 # of Protons =• 12 # of Neutrons = 12 # of Electrons = 12 79

Au Gold 196.967

Atomic # = 70 Atomic Mass = 167 # of Protons = • 79 # of Neutrons = 118 # of Electrons =

53

Iodine

126.905 62, Atornic # = Atomic Mass = 67 # of Protons = # of Neutrons = 74 # of Electrons 18 Ar Argon 39.948

Atomic # = 18 Atomic Mass 40 18 # of Protons # of Neutrons = # of Electrons =

H 1.008

Atomic # = Atomic Mass # of Protons # of Neutrons = # of Electrons

25 Mn Magnese 54.938

Atomic # =25 Atomic Mass 64 # of Protons = 25 # of Neutrons = 30 # of Electrons = 26 19 K Potassium 39.098

Atomic # = 19 Atomic Mass = 29 # of Protons = 19 # of Neutrons = 20 # of Electrons = 19

Fluorine

18.998

Atomic # = 9 Atomic Mass = (a # of Protons = # of Neutrons = 10 # of Electrons

An Introduction to Chemical Bonding

Valence, exist just by themselves. These atoms are constantly working in conjunction with other atoms. While interacting with other elements, the atoms are attempting to fill their outermost electron orbits. The force of attraction holding the atoms together in groups (also called molecules) is referred to as a chemical bond.

At times, atoms can form strong bonds and get arranged into molecules but they can also form weak or fragile bonds with other atoms. The existence of both the strong bonds and the weaker bonds is important to maintain the chemistry of our bodies and to sustain life itself.

Why do Atoms Form Chemical Bonds?

Atoms want to achieve a state of maximum stability. They can become more stable as electrons fill their valence shells or by having eight valence electrons. In the absence of this desired situation, atoms will always attempt to reach a more stable state by sharing with or transferring electrons to other atoms.

Types of Chemical Bonds

lons

and lonic Bonds

lons are atoms or molecules which have either gained or lost one or more electrons thereby lending the atoms a positive or a negative charge. There are two types of ions; cations and anions. Cations are ions carrying a net positive charge and anions are ions carrying a net negative charge.

For many elements, it is possible to predict whether an atom will form a cation or an anion depending on its position on the periodic table. For example, alkali metals and alkaline earth always form cations and most other non-metals always form anions

Since cations and anions are positively and negatively charged, they usually form bonds due to the force of attraction between them. The bonds that result from the attraction of oppositely charged ions are called ionic bonds

Covalent Bonds

Covalent bonds are formed when atoms share electrons (instead of gaining or losing them) to become more stable. When atoms share one, two or three pairs of electrons between each other, it results in single, double or triple bonds respectively. The strength of the bond depends on the number of electrons that are shared between two atoms. The more electrons shared between atoms, the stronger the bond between them.

Covalent bonds generally form between nonmetals. When two atoms approach each other, each nucleus attracts the other atom's electrons. In a covalent bond, both atoms "fight for" the other atom's electrons, though neither one succeeds. Forces of attraction between the positive nuclei of one atom and negative electrons of the other atom hold the atoms in a position where they are stuck together like magnets and thus bonded through their shared valence electrons

Covalent bonds are commonly found in the molecules of all living organisms and also in smaller inorganic molecules like H,O, CO,, and O,. The structure of carbon-based organic molecules like our DNA and proteins also rely on covalent bonds.

The physical properties of compounds are related to the nature of their chemical bonds. For instance, ionic compounds tend to have high melting points-in the case of ionic bonds this is due to the strong force between positive and negative ions. On the other hand, because the forces between molecules in covalent compounds are relatively weak, covalent compounds generally have low melting points.

1. What is a chemical bond?

The force of attraction holding the atones together in groups (also calledmolecules

2. Describe how each type of bond is formed.

LIONIC COVALENT

- The bonds that result -Formed when atoner from the attraction of share electrous, (instead oppositely charged one of gaining or losing themi т весота more stable

3. Why is it easy for some elements to lose electrons and harder for others? The number of VE peratom yores.

4. What types of elements are most likely to form ionic bonds?

Between metal & nonmetal elemante

5. What types of elements are most likely to form covalent bonds?

Between nommetal elements

6. Why do ionic compounds have higher melting points than covalent compounds?

The to the strong force between positive & negative IoNs.

- January 29, 2022

- Edpuzzle - Howatoms bond

Atoms can bond between the same element or atoms of different elements

Tonic bond Anon - form between oppositely charged cons + Gator = lome bond

* lOne compounds farm crystal lattice structures (Hunk of solt crystals) due to the attraction of oppositily charged cold.

Covalent bond - form cohen atoms shared a pair of elections

Molecules - groups of atoms that share electrons covalenty

Introduction to lonic Bonds

Directions: Click the link to access the ChemThink lonic Bonding Tutorial. Follow the directions on the slides to complete the tutorial and answer the questions below.

1. What is an ion? lost or gained an election and has a charge

2. How are positive ions formed? An atom that has a tendency to hose electrons, (More protons than elections

3. What kind of elements form positive ions? since metals can easily lose elections, the positive lot will usually be a metal

4. How are negative ions formed? An atom that has a tendency to GAiN electrons (more elections than protons)

5. What kind of elements form negative ions? Since nonmetals form come by gaining electrons, the negative Ion will usually be a nonmetas

6. Why do ions stick together to form ionic bonds? The oppositely charged cons attroct each other. When Phy are close enough, they stick together.

7. What kinds of elements form ionic bonds?

Metals 8 Nonmetals

8. How do sodium (Na) and chlorine (CI) come together to form NaCI (slides 10+11)

Sodium loses as election, and is now positiveChlorne gains an electien and us now negative (Chloride), since the two long have opposite charges, they attract to each offer. Chlorine a nonmetal 6 sodium is a metal

9. What is the name of the negatively charged chlorine ion? Chlorde

10. What is an ionic bond? (see slide 11/27) Two rons are held togother by the attraction between the opposite charges

11. How many sodium atoms are needed to react with each chlorine atom? One 12. What do ion pairs spontaneously self-assemble into?

An ion crysta

13. What is the ratio of sodium ions to chloride ions in the formula NaCI? 14. In ionic compounds, what does the formula tell you about the number of ions? Ratio op loss, not the total number

15. What is the formula for the ionic compound formed between calcium and fluoride?

GaFz

Introduction to Covalent Bonds

Directions: Click the link to access the ChemThink Covalent Bonding Tutorial. Follow the directions on the slides to complete the tulorial and answer the questions below.

1. How are covalent bonds formed? A band that forms when atoms are sharing electrons.

2. How is the movement of the electrons different when the atoms are close? All the electrous seem to be moving close legetter

3. What happens if you try to move the atoms very close to each other ? Both atoms begin to move

4. Slide 9: Why is it not quite correct to say that the atoms are "sharing" electrons? They atones are really fighting over the electrous, but neither ore can actually toke there away from the other

5. What kind of elements attract electrons strongly? Nonmetals tend to be good of taking electrons from other atones

6. What kind of elements form covalent bonds? TWo nonmetal atom

7. Will hydrogen form covalent bonds with other nonmetals? Yes. lychegen is considered a nonmetal & will form calvalent bonds with other nonmetals

8. What happens to the PE between the atoms as you move them closer together ? WHY?

As the atonur move closer the potenual evergy (TE.) decreases. Ths is because each nucleus is attracting the other atom's election more and more strongly

9. Slide 20: Complete the statement, "lower in energy = more

10. What is it called when atoms share 2 pairs of electrons? How many total electrons are being shared? Double band; totol of four shared electrons

11. In a triple bond, how many electrons are being shared? Total of six shared elections

12. Slide 24: Rank the covalent bonds in order from weakest to strongest Single --= Pouble - -7 Trole

13. What are the rules for naming covalent compounds? The name of the send demet changed to XXXXxxxIDE

14. What do the prefixes in front of the name of the elements tell us about the elements in a molecule? Number of aters Moro tetra tr - 7 - 2 Penta

15. Name the following compounds: a. NO, = nitregen Drexide b. N,O, = Dinitroo en c. 5,0 = Disulfur d. S,CI, = Druther

Name: Krash. Pat

Claim: Answer the aueston. substance At is most likely an lone compound

Evidence: What data supports your claim? Use complete sentences! From the dato, we sce that substance As conductionto increasol with mere scrops. The dat also showed that Substance B'5 More conductivity atayed the same SCOOpS

Reasoning: Why does the data support your claim? Be sure to include relevant information from the Background Information in your reasoning. lore compounds one formed when oppositely charged ion's bound. This ears that the cations 8 anions would bono, Because the rams are oppositely changed, they will conduct

electreity. From "He dato, suboctance conducity increases, which supports the fact that sulstance1 10MC.

Unit9: CHEMICAL REACTIONS

Tuesdau+ Febuary 27

- Introduction to BalancingChemical Equations: No CoM

Law of conservation o mass (motter) - motter destroyed

' We must have the as were present before

nester crented nor same number and type of atoms after a chenical change the chemical change

# When balapcingchemical equators of the reactants and products only you may change the the coefficents

- Edpuzzle- The have of conservation of Mass

Law of Conservaton of Mass (LOCoM) - matter carnot be created or destroyed

• Energy is required for atoms to rearrange themselves

• Energy, used to breall bords between atoms geft stored in the bonds between the coms of new molecules

Whaterer matter and evergy go into a rection are present and when the reaction is complete

" According to F: mo, energy . equivalent to mass

accounted for

• During the nuclear fusen that tolles place in stoo, the mixed of the starting atoms is the same mass of the routing products

- Intro to Balancing Ctenucal Equatons

" Changing subscripts changes the identity of the molecule in the reaction

• Defirte shape

-Dehmte volume

'strongest intermolecular force

LIQIUD

•No defaite shape

•Detinute volume

•Weaker intermolecular force

GAS

• No definite shape

"No definite volume

•Weakest intermolecutor force

Plasma

1 • lonized

"No definite shape

• No detente volume "Weavest intermolecular forge

o Conducts exectncity ' Magneto

Ex: Ighting

1• Higher temp. gas High tamp. plasma allous far particles

Monday. Marlo 7

- Epuzzle - Changes of state of Matter

Any substance can change from one charging tempenture and for pressure Change of stall are physical changes

state

another by

Kinetic eneray (KE - energy movemest

• Bold -> Maud = Add encogy

The temperature particles substance can he reduced by reducing the rE of the Vaporization

Evaporaton occurs at the surface of a lique that is NOT baling

Boiling rapid vaporization of liguid ot the boling pant

The difference between exporaton and berling. Is that Fraporatien acurs at the surface of a ligued and does not require the addition of energy. Boiling occurs all troughout a substance uten It reaches its boiling paint. Poling requires. the addition of neat enemy

• Dry ic called "day ice" because turns directly from a solid into a ges

- liquid

GaD articles Fastest follor lIquids

Temperature average kenetic enera

• Not every particle IN

At the swere speed

or the particles matter ot the solve a

then followed moving

- Edpuzzie - Understarding Phase Change Dragons

solid Colder Ice Maud liquid water

Gas -y Hotter Vapor or steam

Water molecule

Girek lower case letter Delta (8).

Polar - slightly - positively charged side & slightly negatively charged side

. A water molecule es polar

• The slight positive a negative charges cause water molecules to be. attracted to each other because opposites attract

Temperature - average Kietie everge (KE) substance (measure of the average speed of the substanse) ou the particles In a

" Heat energy causes the particles to vibrate more

. More energy causes the particles to more more & spread out

• Removing спаду would cause the partictes to slow down a more closer to each other the makingthe substance mare dense

• For water .-the liquid form merG dense

It, is cabler to easy through a gas then it is to see througe a solid because the parietes in a gos are tarter apart which Allow _ 114 light PODS Mange more

The symbol delta (A) means changeIn

' Entholes -'"heat content"

Enthalpy Heat KE DE

Farms energy Joules

Energy wilt of measurement ability to do work Heat an area

- The transfer of energy low temperature from. an area of lugh

' Adding energy caused. the particies to vibrate more

' Magma co liquid rout

When heat isadded to 0° Ice, When a solid has melted into addled to the liquid the tempenture of the

temperature stays constant liquid and more liquid incenses added

• Water vaporizes at 100°6 -Whir water resetes no' C 8 begins to bail, andMItE

• temperture stays the some

to the

- When energy is addled to water at 0'C the later will not increase. Insted , the band between the water Molecules

Істостани used to break the polar

• Water molecules want to be close to each other because there no c attraction betueen the positive & negative sides (poles) of the water molecule

" As heat is acided to a prase change grapie indicate is increasing or decrearing As heart is added to a Change graph indreate the

substance the that the average DIAGONAL the parts the particies (temperature) substance, the HORIZONTAL parts of thee phose PE -Va increasing

During a plase спалде,when energy added f0 temperature does not increase It as turnce into PE AWostance

Once to the Kinectre sole hos fully melted into a liqued, the beat energy the prentices & temperature. incenses converted

• It is possible to nave 100° c water & 100°C steam

. Dunng a phase change of state, temperature substance either increnses decreases - Recalling that changes state ( wrelting ;, boiling, freezing, etc.)

OLeUr on the HORIZONTAL line segments of He HORIZONTAL lines graphiThose shows that temperature 15. consteent

Осто Nane

Observations

• Volume increase

Terp. increase

Q8A InitialJerry

"Why did the increase ?

Why did the increase Sell inflating ballon

volume. The molecules toke out bythe vacuum creates space for the tmp. out molecules in re ballon 60 it expands a volume increases

Find Theery

" Volume there increases, stays constant at a certain point Marshmellow" After the decreases.volume

Man /No longer "Huffy"

Whydid it not return struture to, 45 anginal

Drinking

bailing water

• Hot water

1 Boiling water

- Edpuzzle - Boyle's haw

Boyle's hiev the Preasure and Resportional As lona as IT= temperAs

• До as pressure increases lineroses decreases This also and as volue

volume c an ideal200 and mass reman constant decreases or asPressure changes10- Vollure, decreases, pressure increases.

are JOINE

.

deal aaD theoretical gos composed of randenty maring VASCrOCATE

particles

The deal gases spry Chanes' Lowe and Exampleas IACH gore

the lass de ideale such Bor Gray hussacks Lau oxygen (0) , пубодел (Н), carbon deede (602)

Examples of Boyle's haw

•If a diver returns to the surface quickly, dissolved gases in the blood expand and form bubbles, which can get stuck. in capillaries and eaganse

• Deep - sea fist dis when they're brought from the depths to the suface it pressure deceases dramatically as they are rassed, increasing- the volume of gases in Her blood and suum bladder .Essentiolly the fist pop;

• Opering a bosto of soda decreases. the pressure inside the bottle and alksurs the dissoleed cOs to expand and bubble out of the soda.

- Edpuzzle - Charle's haus of Ideal Gases

Charle's how of Ideal cases - the temperature and volume of an ideal gos are directig proportional so long as Its pressure and mass remain constant

• 10... as tempcrature increases, volume increases or as temperature decrenses, volume decreases

CharlesLow stotes that the volume or a Volume. BO at constant long as the DrESSiere

Examples of Charels' haw

v0 proportion to the absciute Powelina and temperature a quantity of the 204

If you take a basketball outside on a cold dau the ball shines but as the temperature is decreased

. The banner on do not our baller heats the air inside the ballon causing it to increase in volume. Tues increase in volume causes the density of the gas inside to decrease wich allows the hot our ballen 40 rise abore the colder, more dense our

. If you over inflate a pod foot on a hot day+ It can swell in the sun & brust

- Echpuzzle - Gay hussachs Law

Gay Lassoe's haw The temperature and pressure of an ideal gas dilectly proportiond as longas its volumo and eves remain constant So... as temperature increases, PreSsure Of tauperosan decreases, pressure decreases

* The reason the law world is that temperature is a messure of average kinetic evergy, so as the Kirette energy increases, more partice collision occur and pressure increases. IF temperadare decreases, there is less kinetic energy, fewer collisions, and lower pressure.

Solubility - An Investigation

Solubility is the ability of one substance to dissolve into another substance to create a solution. A solution is made up of a solute and a solvent. The solute is the substance that dissolves and the solvent is the substance that the solute dissolves into. For example, when you make Kool-aid, the sugar and Kool-aid mix are solutes, the water is the solvent, and the Kool-aid drink is the solution.

Part 1 - Predict

1. How does the temperature of the solvent affect the rate at which a solute dissolves? Yes terp. 4 suzar (sotute) melto a metro

2. How does agitation (stirring) affect the rate at which a solute dissolves? Disolve a Mix into it

3. How does particle size (surface area) affect the rate at which a solute dissolves?

7 Particle sIZe ote

Part 2 - Investigate

Use the materials at your station to carry out an investigation into how temperature, particle size (surface area), and agitation (stirring) affect the rate at which a solute dissolves. Record your variables and results in ine table below.

Temperature Agitation (stirring) Particle size (surface area)

Manipulated variable: Temperature

Responding variable: Rate (s)

Controlled variables: •Solvent & solute отось

Manipulated variable: Manipulated variable: Agitation (stiring spell Particle =1ze

Responding variable: Responding variable: Rote (5) Ratels)

Controlled variables: Controlled variables: •solvert 8 solste . solvent & sclute amounts

Data: Data: Cube reg teMp: 45 Prown sigar MIN cube higher fast: 1 MIn cube about WiNe slow: 2 MING

Data: Augor cabe; greater that 5 minutes, gravellated auger: a 114412 pouseredovesugar a little over MINE

Part 3 - Analysis

1. How did you determine when the solute was completely dissolved?

The solute w008 longer visible with Are naved еще

2. Did it matter how much solute and/or solvent you used? WHY OR WHY NOT? yes more solute would toKe Mast be constant larger more solvent weuld offeet temp.

3. How does the temperature of the solvent affect the rate at which a solute dissolves? Support your answer with data that you collected.

Higher tomp., faster Reg tmp : 5 mine rate VO. Higher teny = 2 mine

4. How does agitation (stirring) affect the rate at which a solute dissolves? Support your answer with data that you collected.

Fast stirring , foster rate

Fast =1 miNs V5. blow, =

5. How does particle size (surface area) affect the rate at which a solute dissolves? Support your answer with data that you collected.

smaller Bigger size taster rate size; slaver rate

Solubility Learning Guide

PART

Cobalt (lI) chloride

Potassium dichromate

Copper (II) sulfate

Solute The subst once discolves , that

Solvent The substance that the solute dissclvere into.

Saturated A solutior contains as much solute as it can hold

Unsaturated Describer o soluten that contours LESS solute than it con hold

o soluter- that conforwo

Gizmos

Student Exploration: Solubility and Temperature

Background Knowledge

1. What happens when you stir a spoonful of sugar into hot water ? It dissdver

2. Does sugar dissolve more easily in hot water or cold water ? Hot

4. Experiment: Click Reset, and select Sodium chloride. With the Temp. still set to 20 °C, click OK. Add sodium chloride to the beaker until it starts piling up at the bottom.

A. How much sodium chloride did you add?

B. How much sodium chloride piled up at the bottom?

C. How much sodium chloride dissolved in the water ?

3700 grand 00.34 grans 36.606 длино D. What is the solubility of sodium chloride in 20 °C water ?

Activity A: Solubility

Get the Gizmo ready: Click Reset. Check that the Temp. is 20 C and that Potassium nitrate is selected Question: How do we find how much solute can be dissolved in a solvent?

1. Observe: Click OK. Click Add 20 g, and observe the potassium nitrate being mixed into the solution. On the right, select the BAR CHART tab and turn on Show numerical value. The bars show how much solute has been added and how much has piled up on the bottom. Did all of the solute dissolve? Yer

2. Calculate: The concentration of a solution is equal to the mass of solute divided by the volume of solvent. Units of concentration are grams per 100 milliliters (g/100 mL, or g/dL). What is the concentration of this solution? 20 8/100 mL of water at 20°G

3. Experiment: Click Add 20 g again. A. Did all of the solute dissolve? Explain how you can tell. No: 9.35 va still ot the bottom B. Based on the amount of solute added and the amount piled up on the bottom, how many grams of solute dissolved in the water ? 30.65 grants C. The solubility of the solution is equal to the maximum concentration of the solute. What is the solubility of polassium nitrate in 20 °C water ? 30.6 8/ 100 ML d, water Rem nail use enly. Puttic shariny or posting prohoiled. © 2020 ExploreLearring™ Ail nghts reserved

Activity B: Solubility and temperature

Get the Gizmo ready: Click Reset. Set the Temp. to 10 °C Select Potassium nitrate, and click OK.

Question: How does temperature of the solvent affect solubility? 1. Predict: Based on your own experience, how do you expect temperature to affect solubility? Terpenture solubility

2. Gather data: Use the Gizmo to measure the solubility of potassium nitrate at each temperature given in the table below. Then, graph the resulting solubility curve at right.

220 160 160 20 30 40 50 00 70 00 90 Temperature (C)

cucational

Reading Solubility Curves

Solubility of Salt and Sugar 500 450 400 350 300 250 200 150 100 50

Sugar Salt 1.

20 40 60 80 100 Temperature (°C) What does the graph say about the relationship between temperature and the amount of sugar that can dissolve in 100 mL of water ? Direct relationiup What does the graph say about the relationship between temperature and the amount of salt that can dissolve in 100 mL of water ?

How many grams of sugar can dissolve in 100 mL of water at 100°C? 4. What might happen if 490 g of sugar is dissolved in water at 100°C and then the water cools to 20°С2 super saturated; sugar will preceparate out

How many grams of sugar can dissolve in 1500 mL of water at 100°C?

potassium lodide potassium nitrate sodium chloride 'potassium chlorate Temperature in Dearees Celsius 1. How many grams of potassium iodide can dissolve in 100 cm3 of water at 20°C? 160 2. Which compound shown on the graph is LEAST soluble in 100 cm3 of water at 90°C?

Sodium chlorde 3. If 80 g of sodium nitrate are dissolved in 100 cm3 of water at 45°C, will the solution be saturated, unsaturated, or supersaturated? Unsaturated 4. If 110 g of potassium nitrate are dissolved in 100cm3 of water at 30°C, will the solution be saturated, unsaturated, or supersaturated? supersaturated 5. Which substance(s) is/are saturated when 133 g of solute is dissolved in 100 cm3 of water at 68°02

TuesdayApr. 12

- Edpuzzie - Video 1 - Acids & Bases

• Electiolytea Dissociation

arb substances than can conduct electro cuitent - a compound separates into the HOMe made de

Aces & braco are eleciralytos, and therefere conduct electore current

Anoqueas solutionThe latin word a solution formed when sometthurg dissolves in water "qua"means water

• Acida are substances that producepasitive hydrogenions in an aqueawa solution

• Bases are substance that produce negative hydroide cons in an aqueous solation

Conductivity of Acids and Bases

Question: How does the pH of a substance affect its electrical conductivity?

Background Information: Acids are substances with an excess of hydrogen (H*) ions. Bases are substances with an excess of hydroxide (OH') ions. Substances with a pH of 7 are neutral while substances with a pH below 7 are acidic and substances with a pH above 7 are basic.

Identify

Prediction: How does the pH of a substance affect its electrical conductivity? The more the extreive side ofthe oH scale, there the electrical conductivity will be greater.

Procedure:

1. Put 60 mL of distilled water into a beaker.

2. Make sure the conductivity probe is set to 0-2000 uS/cm.

3. Before adding anything to the distilled water: a. Use the pH probe to determine the pH of the water.

b. Put the conductivity probe into the water. Swirl the water briefly.

c. Monitor the conductivity of the tap water until the conductivity reading stabilizes.

4. Add 1 drop of hydrochloric acid (HCI) solution to the water.

a. Stir gently with the probes

b. Monitor the conductivity and oH of the solution until the reading stabilizes.

5. Repeat the procedure from Step 4 FIVE more times.

DISPOSE OF YOUR HI SOLUTION ACCORDING TO YOUR TEACHER'S DIRECTIONS.

6. Put 60 mL of distilled water into a beaker.

7. Add 1 drops of sodium hydroxide (NaOH) solution to the water.

a. Stir gently Use the pH probe to determine the ph of the water.

b. Put the conductivity probe into the water. Swirl the water briefly.

c. Monitor the conductivity of the tap water until the conductivity reading stabilizes.

8. Repeat the procedure from Step 7 FIVE more times.

DISPOSE OF YOUR NaOH SOLUTION ACCORDING TO YOUR TEACHER'S DIRECTIONS.

CLEAN UP: Rinse your probes with distilled water and GENTLY dry with a paper towel.

Dato Table: MV: PH Water: 6.68

RV: Conductivity