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3. dative (dativus) 4. accusative (accusativus), abbrev. Acc. 5. vocative (vocativus) 6. ablative (ablativus), abbrev. Abl. However, in medical terminology we apply only nominative, genitive, accusative and ablative as remaining two (dative and vocative) are not used. From these four cases we have had so far an opportunity to employ only the first two (Nom., Gen.). ●● Nominative is the most basic grammatical case. ●● Genitive is used to express the English prepositional phrase “... of ...” or (less frequently) instead of English possessive case, preserved as the inflexions ‘s and s’.50 Remaining two grammatical cases (Acc., Abl.) are subject of the Lesson 13 of this textbook.
grammatical number Grammatical cases of nouns can be used in two numbers (i.e. Singular and Plural).51 This means that so far every Latin noun has for purpose of this course four different forms (two in singular and two in plural) to express its various roles.
declensions Latin nouns are divided into five groups according similar patterns of suffixes they use in various grammatical cases. These groups are called “declensions”. Declensions are further divided to paradigms. To use a noun properly, we have to know its paradigm. To discern the paradigm, we have to start with the declension. Declensions are assigned to nouns on basis of Gen. Sg. ending, which can be deduced from the vocabulary form. See the table: Declension
1st
2nd
3rd
4th
5th
Gen. Sg. ending
-ae
-i
-is
-us
-ei
50 51
Example: fracture of bone (fractura ossis) or patient’s medicine (remedium patientis). Number is a grammatical category of nouns, pronouns, and verb agreement that expresses count distinctions (such as “one” or “more than one”). In Latin “singular number of noun” means “one” and “plural number of noun” means “more than one”.
Ukázka elektronické knihy, UID: KOS209566