History and theory of sustainability

HISTORY & THEORY OF SUSTAINABILITY Reid Betz

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Master of Professional Studies in Sustainable Interior Environments Athanasiadou Kyriaki (Korina)

New York 2021

Building Report How Singapore’s building design has evolved over time

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Key Facts about Singapore 1

Location Southeastern Asia, islands between Malaysia and Indonesia

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Climate tropical: hot, humid, rainy

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Temperature min. 23-26 Celsius

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max. 31-34 Celsius

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Coastline 193 km

1 22 N, 103 48 E Capital Singapore Area 719.1 km2 Population 5,610,000 Terrain lowland, gently undulating central plateau, with water catchment area and natural preserve Environmental issues industrial pollution, limited land availability, limited freshwater natural resources, seasonal smoke/haze SLIDESMANIA.COM

Geography note focal point for Southeast Asian sea routes

Kampong

OCBC Centre

Marina Bay Sands

Gardens by the Bay

Jewel Changi Airport

1819

1976

2010

2012

2019

Building Types

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Timeline

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Kampong 1819

Kampong, Vernacular Architecture Walls wooden planks Roofs thatched leaves of the attap palm or corrugated zinc sheets Floors woven bamboo strips Skeleton hardwood posts and beams

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A kampong is the term for settlement or village in Southeast Asian countries such as Singapore. Kampongs started as a British attempt at housing the population by ethnicity in the colonial days.

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Structural characteristics SLIDESMANIA.COM

These vernacular structures are usually raised above the ground or water bodies on slits and the structure of their skeletons are built with hardwood posts and beams. Their roofs are formed with layers of palm frond thatch and their walls and floors components are made of woven bamboo strips or hardwood planks.

My sketch

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For ventilation purposes, many buildings have large openings on the sides and grilles are provided at high level in gable ends. Houses raised on stilts are provided with better natural ventilation.

Kampong life In old days there was a lack of general supply of electricity, running water and sewage system in most kampongs. The residents are typically fishermen or rice farmers. Houses were often set among orchard crops, with rice fields outside the village boundaries. Kampongs typically didn’t have any public buildings other than a small mosque.

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Singapore 1970s Teck Seng’s Place, Pulau Ubin’s Chinese Kampong House

In the Malay culture, buildings such as houses and palaces that are highly hand-crafted and beautifully patterned and decorated reflect the building owners high status.

The external and internal environment of the house

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Kampong

Comparison of climatic design with modern houses

Large overhangs and the low exposed vertical areas offer protection against rain, shading, ventilation through open windows

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Control of glare Exclude the open skies from the visual field Less reflective natural ground covers and wooden walls of neighbouring houses

Modern house Higher and larger exposed vertical areas offer Direct sunlight discomfort

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Uncontrolled glare Bigger and higher unshaded windows Paved concrete areas and brightly lit exterior walls of other houses cause discomfort

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Under Lighting

Over Lighting

Psychological effect of coolness

Lighter coloured paints and windows at higher levels

Kampong Attap roof is a thermal insulator

Modern house

Layout randomly arranged (access of wind)

Layout rigid patterns (block of wind)

Roof spaces ventilation joints and panels

Roof spaces insulated by trapped air

Vegetation tall trees for good shade and wind access

Vegetation hedges and small trees for privacy (reduced wind)

Building materials wood and natural materials

Building materials bricks, tiles, concrete and materials of high thermal capacity, store up heat causing discomfort

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OCBC Centre

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1976

OCBC Centre ,Modern Architecture Building type skyscraper Structural material composite structure Architectural style brutalism Architect I. M. Pei & Partners Date of completion 1976 1970s - 1980s

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Singapore experienced an increase in modern architecture near the city centre. Many of the commercial skyscrapers follow the brutalist architecture style as people tend to favour clean and functional building forms after the war.

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Design Principles In order to create a clear-span bank hall, a system was chosen that would transfer the load of the fourteen office floors above the hall via a transfer storey on the fourth floor, and then into the ground through four solid concrete columns.

On the nineteenth and thirty-fifth floors, transfer storeys carry the loads into the semicircular core at the side.

This load-bearing system permitted the construction of a clear-span conference floor and a penthouse on the roof.

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Designed by I.M. Pei, the building was Singapore’s tallest building at the time, and an exemplar of innovative construction technology which allowed it to be completed in less than 2 years. Also, it’s the first building involving international architects in Singapore, opening the gates of the country to the contributions of other distinguished architects.

Circulation / Installations To attain maximum flexibility in the arrangement of the office floors, all of the service units, comprising nine lifts each together with wet rooms, are situated in the two semicircular concrete cores at the side. The supply shafts for the equipment rooms, which are located on the roof and in the transfer storeys, are also located in the core areas.

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Site plan Over the past ten years, the shortage of land has induced Singapore to increasingly develop upwards on the basis of an overall-planning strategy.

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In the city centre, small colonial-style office buildings constructed under Chinese influence have given way to skyscrapers. When the Overseas Chinese Bank was completed in 1980, its fifty-one storeys made it the highest building in Singapore. It was erected in the historical Chinese trading centre where it replaced the old company headquarters.

The building made no attempt to adapt to its surroundings, demonstrating instead that it was part of a future skyscraper skyline in the megapolis of Singapore.

Facade

"As solid as a rock" was the bank's motto.

The load-bearing system manifests itself in the external appearance of the building.

Both the concrete cores at the sides and the transfer storeys are clad in white Sardinian granite slabs, creating a smooth surface. This provides a striking contrast to the three cantilevered office-floor units.

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The windows were set back slightly from the facade, to avoid excessive heating in Singapore's tropical climate, giving this part of the skin a rough surface texture.

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Marina Bay Sands 2010

Marina Bay Sands, Postmodernism and High-tech Architecture styles Architect Safdie Architects Location Marina Bay, Singapore Project Year 2011 The building design is inspired by a house of cards; two playing cards are leaned against each other to form a triangle and a flat of one’s hand is placed which exerts a little pressure, leading to bending the card inwards, not much, but just enough to produce some irregular and highly expressive curves.

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This whole concept is developed in transforming into three 57-storey towers as hotels, 191-metre towers and 340-metre-long rooftop terrace.

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Hotel 2,560 luxury rooms in three hotel towers, totaling 265,683 square meters (2,860,000 square feet) Sands SkyPark the three hotel towers are connected at the top (200 meters/656 feet) by a 9,941 square meter (107,000 square foot) park that brings together a public observatory, jogging paths, gardens, restaurants, lounges, and an infinity swimming pool The park’s maximum width is 40 meters (131 feet) The 1,396 square meter (15,026 square foot) swimming pool is the largest outdoor pool at its height and has a 145 meter (475 foot) vanishing edge The entire park can host up to 3,900 people SLIDESMANIA.COM

Casino the “atrium style” casino features four levels of gaming and entertainment in one space totaling 15,000 square meters (161,500 square feet) with the atrium ceiling holding a 7 ton chandelier with 132,000 Swarovski crystals and 66,000 LEDs The Shoppes at Marina Bay Sands includes over 74,322 square meters (800,000 square feet) of retail and restaurant space Sands Expo and Convention Center consists of 121,000 square meters (1.3 million square feet) of flexible convention and exhibition space, including one of the largest ballrooms in Asia with area of 8,000 square meters (86,100 square feet) and the capacity to host 11,000 people

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Museum of ArtScience is 15,000 square meters (161,500 square feet square feet) with 6,000 meters (64,580 square feet) of gallery space, a 3,000 square meter (32,290 square foot) lily pond at grade and has a palm measuring 80 meters (260 feet) in diameter reaching 62 meters (203 feet) above grade and 11 meters (36 feet) below grade

Site plan

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Section through top portion

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Moshe Safdie Architects created a monumental gateway, positioning the city as a centre for innovation, culture and entertainment. With the bar set so high, only the best would do when it came to specifying climate control, acoustic comfort and fire safety. The project's engineers, described the integration of the site's diverse technologies as the "most difficult [task] to carry out in the whole world."

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Marina Bay Sands’ sustainability efforts have been recognised by international bodies and certifying boards.

Its Sands Expo and Convention Centre is the first MICE facility in South East Asia to obtain the ISO 20121 Sustainable Events Management System certification in 2014.

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In 2018, Marina Bay Sands was recertified as a Green Mark Platinum building by the Building and Construction Authority, a level above the gold certification it received in 2012

Marina Bay Sands’ S$25 million Intelligent Building Management System includes 110,000 control points that allows automated controls over ● ● ● ●

Lighting Heating Air-conditioning water supplies for the entire property

This helps the integrated resort to save over 46 million kWh of energy a year.

The system is also capable of monitoring electricity usage and air quality, and can also detect fires.

90% of Marina Bay Sands’ property lightings, or over 60,000 lightings, use energy efficient lighting.

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Gardens by the Bay 2012

Gardens by the Bay , Sustainable Architecture Architects WilkinsonEyre and Grant Associates Project Year 2012

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Gardens by the Bay is one of the largest garden projects of its kind in the world. The energy-efficient conservatory complex is built using sustainable building technology to recreate suitable indoor conditions for various plants gathered from all over the world to thrive within a tropical country.

The most impressive features of the domed greenhouses is the lack of interior support for the large glass roof and the low environmental footprint of the infrastructure produced during construction.

The Supertrees found within the park are also used to collect rainwater and exhaust hot air efficiently to cool the building systems to the required level.

The site will total 101 hectares comprising three distinct gardens – Bay South, Bay East and Bay Central.

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Located on reclaimed land in Singapore’s new downtown at Marina Bay, the site will provide a unique leisure destination for local and international visitors.

Functionality

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Nature and Technology Taking inspiration from the form of the orchid, Grant Associates’ masterplan is a rich fusion of nature, technology and environmental management.

Stunning architectural structures are combined with a wide variety of horticultural displays, daily light and sound shows, lakes, forests, event spaces and a host of dining and retail offerings.

The whole plan has an intelligent environmental infrastructure, allowing endangered plants, which could not normally grow in Singapore to flourish, providing both leisure and education to the nation.

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Supertree model section

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Site plan

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Strategies

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'Here they have produced greenhouses covering two hectares that are carbon-positive. What's more they have pushed the boundaries not only environmentally but also structurally, giving the city a new and public landmark.' RIBA

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Jewel Changi Airport, Neofuturistic Architecture Architects Safdie Architects Project Year 2019

Jewel Changi Airport or Jewel is a Neofuturistic mixed-used entertainment and retails complex built beside the international Changi Airport.

The Architect in charge of this nature-themed building was also involved in the design process of Marina Bay Sands.

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The most outstanding feature of this infrastructure is the indoor waterfall known as the Rain Vortex which is the tallest indoor waterfall worldwide.

Jewel Changi Airport 2019

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Jewel weaves together an experience of being in nature with culture and leisure facilities, dramatically asserting the idea of the airport as an uplifting and vibrant urban center, and echoing Singapore’s reputation as “the City in the Garden.”

Building section

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Forest Valley At the heart of Jewel is the Forest Valley, a terraced indoor garden that offers many spatial and interactive experiences featuring walking trails, cascading waterfalls, and quiet seating areas.

Amid the more than 200 different species of trees and flora, is the world’s tallest indoor waterfall —a ‘rain vortex’—showering down from an oculus in the domed roof to the Forest Valley garden seven stories below.

The waterfall at peak conditions flowing at more than 10,000 gallons per minute, aids in the cooling of the landscape environment and collects significant rainwater to be re-used in an around the building.

Surrounding the gardens is a multi-level retail marketplace on five levels that access the garden via a series of vertical canyons.

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The publicly accessible 135,700 sqm center includes all these facilities under one roof ● ● ● ● ● ●

landside airport operations indoor gardens leisure attractions retail offerings restaurants and cafes hotel facilities

Directly connected to Terminal 1 and to Terminals 2 and 3 via pedestrian bridges, Jewel engages both in-transit passengers as well as the public at large.

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Each of the cardinal axes—north, south, east, and west—are reinforced by gateway gardens that orient the visitors and offer visual connections between the internal program elements of Jewel and the other airport terminals.

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“In some ways, Jewel is uncharted territory.”

– Adam Greenspan Partner PWP Landscape Architecture

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Jewel is slated to receive Singapore’s GreenMark Platinum status. The building’s efficient displacement ventilation system regulates the thermal comfort for occupants as well as the vast array of interior planting within.

Section Courtesy Atelier Ten

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Atelier Ten used CFD to model airflows in the atrium volume, for creature comfort.

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With a strong background of cultural and ethnic diversity, Singapore architecture is a result of its varied influences. Contemporary Singapore architecture has a strong focus on sustainability, with many examples of vegetative landscapes being introduced into high-rise buildings while green architecture and ventilation is particularly important for the architecture in Singapore due to its humid climate.

Citation Weather and Climate in Singapore. (2021). Hawksford. https://www.guidemesingapore.com/business-guides/immigration/get-to-know-singapore/weather-a nd-climate-in-singapore Singapore. (2021). [Photograph]. https://ramboll.com/media/rgr/leading-design-and-engineering-company-in-singapore-joins-rambollgroup Singapore 2021. (2021). [Photograph]. https://www.forbes.com/singapore-billionaires/#1386eabb757d

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Seah, S. H. J. (2021, June 30). Evolution of Architecture in Singapore Through 15 Structures. RTF | Rethinking The Future. https://www.re-thinkingthefuture.com/architectural-styles/a3076-evolution-of-architecture-in-singa pore-through-15-structures/ A. (2021a, October 2). How “Smarter” Cities Can Exacerbate Inequity. ArchDaily. https://www.archdaily.com/country/singapore Clinical Chemistry, Volume 66, Issue 8, August 2020, Pages 1122–1123, https://doi.org/10.1093/clinchem/hvaa020 The Malay House: Rediscovering Malaysia's Indigenous Shelter System Paperback – July 30, 1991 Hays, J. (2021). HOMES, KAMPONGS AND KAMPONG LIFE IN MALAYSIA | Facts and Details.

Facts and Details. https://factsanddetails.com/southeast-asia/Malaysia/sub5_4b/entry-3651.html Climatic design of the traditional Malay house to meet the requirements of modern living. (2004). https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.3130/jaabe.1.2_193 SLIDESMANIA.COM

Content / Architects’ Works / I. M. Pei - ArchSociety. (2006). ArchSociety. http://www.archsociety.com/e107_plugins/content/content.php?content.14.2

Marina Bay Sands | Safdie Architects, Rockpanel, GROHE. (2021). Archello. https://archello.com/project/marina-bay-sands A. (2021a). Gallery of Marina Bay Sands / Safdie Architects - 27. ArchDaily. https://www.archdaily.com/70186/marina-bay-sands-safdie-architects/50124ab628ba0d0a48000203-mar ina-bay-sands-safdie-architects-plan?next_project=no Winston, A. (2021, May 25). Moshe Safdie on Marina Bay Sands: a single tower would have been “unbearable.” Dezeen. https://www.dezeen.com/2014/10/11/moshe-safdie-on-marina-bay-sands-habitat-67-skyscrapers-lego/ Wilkinson Eyre Architects. (2021). WilkinsonEyre. https://www.wilkinsoneyre.com/projects/cooled-conservatories-gardens-by-the-bay Safdie Architects. (2021). Safdiearchitects. https://www.safdiearchitects.com/projects/jewel-changi-airport Post, N. M. (2020, April 18). Singapore's Jewel Mall Project Was No Walk in the Park. ENR. https://www.enr.com/articles/47117-singapores-jewel-mall-project-was-no-walk-in-the-park SLIDESMANIA.COM

Thank you

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