Asian Architecture Project 1 Case Study Paper

Asian Architecture [ARC 2213/2234] PROJECT 1: CASE STUDY

ANALYSIS ON HOW CONTEXTUAL ARCHITECTURE INFLUENCE THE DESIGN OF THE GLASS SHED IN SEKEPING SERENDAH

NAME:

KONG REN HENG

STUDENT ID:

0316416

LECTURER:

MS. SHAHRIANNE

SUBMISSION DATE:

9 JUNE 2015

Analysis of How Contextual architecture Influence the Design of the Glass Shed in Sekeping Serendah Analysis of How Contextual Architecture Influence the Design of the Glass Shed in Sekeping Serendah

Table of Contents Abstract ................................................................................................................................................... 2 1.0

Introduction ................................................................................................................................ 4

2.0

Contextual Architecture .............................................................................................................. 6

3.0

Introduction to Sekeping Serendah ............................................................................................ 8

4.1

Shading .................................................................................................................................. 10

4.2

Ventilation............................................................................................................................. 10

4.3

Humidity................................................................................................................................ 10

4.4

Poetic feeling......................................................................................................................... 11

5.0

Design of glass shed .................................................................................................................. 12

5.1

Site placing ............................................................................................................................ 12

5.2

Materiality............................................................................................................................. 15

6.0

Other examples of contextual architecture .............................................................................. 19

6.1

East Beach CafĂŠ, England (Thomas Heatherwick, 2007)....................................................... 19

6.2

BOH Visitor Centre, Malaysia (ZLG Design, 2006) ................................................................. 21

6.3

Comparison ........................................................................................................................... 23

7.0

Conclusion ................................................................................................................................. 24

8.0

Reference .................................................................................................................................. 25

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Analysis of How Contextual architecture Influence the Design of the Glass Shed in Sekeping Serendah Abstract The purpose of studying how contexts of a site influence the building’s design is to identify the importance and advantages of responding to surrounding contexts to achieve sustainability and human comfort. Context in architecture can be defined as the characteristics of the site that the building is built upon, including physical elements and non-physical elements such as climate, vegetation, existing structures, poetic feeling, and local culture. An architecture that responds to these characteristics respects the site context and creates a more engaging architecture with its site to achieve various good outcomes such as sustainability. Sekeping Serendah, located near Rawang Town, Selangor, with its rich forest contexts was chosen as the site for a case study. The glass shed of Sekeping Serendah was the focus of this case study with its site placing and materiality analysed to study how the contexts influenced its design. A visit to the site was conducted to better study the characteristics of the forest contexts and the glass shed’s architecture. Literature reviews based on various sources were also conducted to better understand contextual architecture, including examples of contextual architecture for a comparative study between these examples to the glass shed. It is understood that for a forest setting, due to the dense vegetation and heavy foliage shading will be sufficient but natural wind breezes will be minimum. Sunlight that does penetrate creates poetic feeling. The surface of the site is also uneven. The glass shed was built next to a slope and partially elevated due to high humidity and oriented facing east to welcome warm sunlight.

Sufficient shading from the trees reduce the heat entering the shed and ensure thermal comfort and a glass and steel design is adopted where openness and surrounding nature are embraced.

Openness in design also maximized the efficiency of natural ventilation. Although glass and steel are conventionally not considered as sustainable materials due to high embodied energy, their usage on the glass shed combining with the effect of the shading on site enabled them to be used without compromising the environment too much when achieving human comfort. Moreover, they stayed true to the concept of Sekeping Serendah, which is to embrace nature through openness and transparency. It is concluded that the shading and poetic feeling of the site influence the glass shed’s

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Analysis of How Contextual architecture Influence the Design of the Glass Shed in Sekeping Serendah design most with ventilation and humidity also plays a smaller role, resulting in a sustainable and comfortable user experience in the glass shed.

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Analysis of How Contextual architecture Influence the Design of the Glass Shed in Sekeping Serendah 1.0 Introduction Architecture has been progressing continuously since the start of human civilization until today the 21st century. As the issues in relation to environment and depletion of natural resources are being recognized and discussed nowadays, these call for buildings to be green and sustainable and with maximum efficiency in its usage of resources and minimum impact to the environment and human health during its life-cycle. In another word, preserving the environment while maintaining user comfort.

Restrictions and requirements are placed and methods of construction technology and design have changed when designing a building to ensure a minimum level of sustainability. Contexts of the site on which a building is built upon are imperative towards the sustainability and user comfort of that building. To design according to site contexts is to utilize existing natural resources to its fullest potential and this architecture is called “contextual architecture�.

To further understand contextual architecture and its importance in designing a building, research and literature reviews based on how the contexts of Sekeping Serendah influence the design of its glass shed are conducted. This case study paper will answer in details these following questions regarding contextual architecture: 1. What is contextual architecture and its significance?

2. What are the contexts of Sekeping Serendah and its characteristics?

3. How does these contexts influence the design of the glass shed in Sekeping Serendah in terms of: (a) Site placing? (b) Materiality?

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Analysis of How Contextual architecture Influence the Design of the Glass Shed in Sekeping Serendah In addition to these questions, some examples of contextual architecture are also discussed in this paper to have a better understanding on the benefits and advantages of designing according to contexts.

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Analysis of How Contextual architecture Influence the Design of the Glass Shed in Sekeping Serendah 2.0 Contextual Architecture Contexts can be understood as external elements or circumstances that influence an object, such as the setting for a play or event. In the field of architecture, contexts are the characteristics of a site on which a building is built upon. This ranges from physical to non-physical elements of the site, such as climate condition, local culture, topography, sensory such as scent and acoustic, existing structures, and so on.

Contextual architecture suggests an architecture that has taken in all these surrounding contexts into consideration and has a design that is a response to them by respecting and upholding what is already there, hence creating a more engaging and integrated architecture with its site. Its very idea include, but not limited to, understanding the climate conditions of the site and use it for passive design strategies or determining suitable building materials, respecting and following existing structure and topography without demolishing them, and to understand the history and culture behind the site and upholding and integrating them into architecture.

According to Malaysian architect Ken Yeang (2009), “From the monoculture to the ecologically mature site it is necessary to do a thorough ecological analysis before you start putting buildings on it.� (Eco design and planning, p. 178) To design a building on any site, an analysis on the site contexts must be carried out first to understand its contexts. These site contexts must and should always be considered due to the fact that they will influence greatly on the building sustainability and practicality. When the contexts are different, different design approaches must be taken in order to have an effective architecture that preserves users comfort and the environment.

For example, consider the climate context of different countries or different regions. In a tropical country considerations must be taken for the shading devices and shelter from rain water due to the hot and humid climate, hot sunlight and heavy rainfall throughout the year. The building materials

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Analysis of How Contextual architecture Influence the Design of the Glass Shed in Sekeping Serendah used on a site close to the sea must be treated properly to counter the corrosive prevailing wind coming from the sea, which are different when comparing to a site in the forest.

When not designing in accordance with context, for instances, a curtain wall without proper shading devices or glass lamination in a tropical country, the penetrating sunlight would bring much heat into the building. To maintain the user comfort, mechanical ventilation such as air-conditioning must be utilized which will increase active energy consumption and operation cost of the building.

These would render the building unsustainable and take a toll on the environment. Thus it is imperative to consider contexts into design.

Designing according to the site contexts can give an edge to the building in terms of sustainability and practicality. When the building is orientated to capture and utilize prevailing winds on the site, these help to facilitate natural ventilation as a passive design strategy that cools down the building without consuming any active energy. Solar panels can be installed according to the angle of the sun to absorb sunlight and transfer it into electricity which helps to ease on the usage of active energy. Respecting the history and culture behind the site gives the building a sense of place and creates more meaningful architecture. These are the benefits and advantages of designing according to contexts, by using these existing natural resources on site they enhance and enrich the architecture.

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Analysis of How Contextual architecture Influence the Design of the Glass Shed in Sekeping Serendah 3.0 Introduction to Sekeping Serendah

N

Figure 3.0.1: Site plan of Sekeping Serendah. Red colour boxes highlight the location of the glass sheds. (Retrieved June 8, 2015, from http://www.sekeping.com/serendah/layout.png) Located in Rawang, Selangor, Sekeping Serendah is a private retreat built on a forest site with a hot and humid climate. The concept behind the architecture is to create a camping experience in its sheds and embrace the nature surrounding it. The idea of openness is adopted to take in nature as the line between interior and exterior is blurred. There are different types of sheds that can be found in Sekeping Serendah and one characteristic that distinguish themselves from each other is the distinctive choice of materials. Some of the sheds use timber as the main materials, some are constructed using mud and concrete, while others utilize glass and steel in design. Glass sheds which have glass and steel as their primary materials are chosen as a focus for this case study paper.

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Analysis of How Contextual architecture Influence the Design of the Glass Shed in Sekeping Serendah

Figure 3.0.2 (left): The front entrance of Sekeping Serendah. (Photo taken during site visit) Figure 3.0.3 (right): The winding path that leads to each shed. (Photo taken during site visit)

Figure 3.0.4 (left): The timber shed. (Photo taken during site visit) Figure 3.0.5 (right): The glass shed surrounded by trees. (Retrieved June 8, 2015, from http://www.sekeping.com/serendah/home.html) For the site contexts, their main characteristics are shading, ventilation, humidity and poetic feeling.

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Analysis of How Contextual architecture Influence the Design of the Glass Shed in Sekeping Serendah 3.1 Shading

Figure 3.1.1: Vegetation on site. (Photo taken during site visit) The major characteristic of a forest site is the large number of trees that can be found. Due to the site being a tropical forest area, the species of trees that can be found there has long trunk and huge span of crown area that provide excellent shading from the sun. Surrounded by dense vegetation and with most of the sunlight obstructed by heavy foliage, UV radiation and heat do not penetrate into the forest and reach Sekeping Serendah, lowering the temperature compared to an exposed site, both of which are under hot and humid climate. Therefore, the temperature in the forest is relatively low even during daytime and lower after nightfall.

3.2 Ventilation Despite the benefits of reduced sunlight penetration and heat gain of a dense vegetation, they contribute to the screening effect that blocks most of the natural breezes from entering the site, resulting in limited natural ventilation. Experience on the site verified that minimum to no natural breezes can be felt during the site visit.

3.3 Humidity The humidity level on site is high as there is a high concentration of water vapour in the air and moisture can be found on the ground. Transpiration process of plants release moisture from the

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Analysis of How Contextual architecture Influence the Design of the Glass Shed in Sekeping Serendah pores on the leaves into outer atmosphere (USGS, 2014) and contributes to the water vapour concentration. Moreover, since the ventilation on site is limited, the damp air cannot be easily replaced. These two factors result in a high humidity level.

3.4 Poetic feeling

Figure 3.4.1: The poetic feeling created by warm sunlight. (Photo taken during site visit) Although the shading effect on site is excellent, they do not obstruct all of the natural light. What little sunlight that does penetrate is actually welcomed as it creates a warm and poetic experience in the forest. In addition, the sound of bugs buzzing and birds chirping can be heard clearly throughout the experience on site, resonating with the essence of nature on the site.

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Analysis of How Contextual architecture Influence the Design of the Glass Shed in Sekeping Serendah 4.0 Design of glass shed

Figure 4.0.1: The front porch of glass shed. (Retrieved June 8, 2015, from http://www.sekeping.com/serendah/home.html) As one of the examples of contextual architecture, the glass shed in Sekeping Serendah responds to the site contexts. In terms of site positioning and materiality, its glass-and-steel design is influenced heavily by these site characteristics that contributes towards its sustainability and spatial poetic.

4.1 Site placing N

W

E

Figure 4.1.1: Position of the glass shed in relation to the sun. (Site plan retrieved June 8, 2015, from http://www.sekeping.com/serendah/layout.png)

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Analysis of How Contextual architecture Influence the Design of the Glass Shed in Sekeping Serendah The glass shed is placed deep in the forest area. With most of the sunlight and heat that associates with it obstructed by the excellent shading provided by the dense vegetation, the heat gain in the interior of the shed is reduced. Therefore, only minimum mechanical ventilation such as mechanical fans is required to achieve thermal comfort and ensure comfortable user experience. Without the need of air-conditioning, the active energy usage is reduced and the shed becomes more sustainable.

Figure 4.1.2: The deck that forms the floor of the glass shed is elevated above the ground. (Photo taken during site visit) Moreover, the moisture due to the high humidity level poses a certain degree of threat to the structure of the shed, even though it is not as damaging as the corrosive sea breezes found on a beach site. The glass shed is therefore built next to a slope and elevated above the ground to prevent its floor from directly contacting the moisture on the ground.

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Analysis of How Contextual architecture Influence the Design of the Glass Shed in Sekeping Serendah

Figure 4.1.3: The spatial feeling inside the glass shed. (Retrieved June 8, 2015, from http://www.sekeping.com/serendah/home.html) In addition to the sufficient shading effect on site, the sheds are orientated with their entrances facing south and away from direct sunlight coming along the east-west axis. However, sunlight that does penetrates is still welcomed into the interior by the openness in design to create poetic feeling of the space. The overall spatial experience of the interior created by the natural light is warm with a sense of elegancy.

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Analysis of How Contextual architecture Influence the Design of the Glass Shed in Sekeping Serendah 4.2 Materiality

Figure 4.2.1: Glass and steel are used as main material for the glass shed. (Photo taken during site visit) The primary building materials that are used to construct the glass sheds are steel and glass. Steel is highly durable and performs excellently either in compression or tension, as its tensile strength and compressive strength are both very high. Steel also has a high strength-to-weight ratio, thus it is considered as a lightweight material. Susceptible to rusting caused by moisture in the air, steel must first be treated before it can be used to prevent any potential structural threats. In the process of manufacturing steel, large amount of energy is needed, making it a building material with high embodied energy, though it is able to be recycled and reused. In general, the embodied energy of a material is higher if it is highly processed during manufacturing.

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Analysis of How Contextual architecture Influence the Design of the Glass Shed in Sekeping Serendah

Figure 4.2.2: A list of embodied energy for common building materials. Red colour boxes indicate steel and glass. (Milne, G., & Reardon, C. (2013). Embodied energy. Retrieved June 8, 2015, from http://www.yourhome.gov.au/materials/embodied-energy) Glass is a transparent material that does not obstruct views exchanged between the interior and the exterior. Unless laminated or with proper shading devices installed, it has little to no effect on blocking incoming heat and UV radiation from entering the building that contributes to the heat gain. The common problem of a building with curtain walls, faรงades that is made up entirely with glass, is that it needs air-conditioning to maintain interior thermal comfort.

However, in the case of the glass shed of Sekeping Serendah, due to the site itself having such heavy foliage that provides excellent shading, glass can be used to create the openness and transparency required by the concept without compromising its sustainability, as most of the heat is obstructed already. This is a good example of how the site context influences the design in terms of the choice of material. This openness and transparency resonate with the concept of embracing the nature and blurring the line between interior and exterior, in doing so creates a comfortable user experience in terms of thermal comfort and spatial experience.

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Analysis of How Contextual architecture Influence the Design of the Glass Shed in Sekeping Serendah

Figure 4.2.3: The openness created by the glass faรงade. (Retrieved June 8, 2015, from http://www.sekeping.com/serendah/home.html)

Figure 4.2.4 (left): There is no distinctive line between the interior and exterior. (Retrieved June 8, 2015, from http://www.sekeping.com/serendah/home.html) Figure 4.2.5 (right): The light and shadow created by natural lighting. (Retrieved June 8, 2015, from http://www.sekeping.com/serendah/home.html) In addition, the high strength of steel enables long span to create large opening at the entrance. This helps to facilitate maximum natural ventilation, even though it is limited on site.

Together with the reduced heat gain and enhanced ventilation, no air-conditioning is needed to achieve thermal comfort, only minimum mechanical ventilation such as fan, is used.

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Analysis of How Contextual architecture Influence the Design of the Glass Shed in Sekeping Serendah

Figure 4.2.6: The large opening at the entrance and the mechanical fan for ventilation. (Retrieved June 8, 2015, from http://www.sekeping.com/serendah/home.html)

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Analysis of How Contextual architecture Influence the Design of the Glass Shed in Sekeping Serendah 5.0 Other examples of contextual architecture To further understand contextualism in architecture and how the contexts influence the design, two examples of contextual architecture are listed here for a comparison study between case studies.

5.1 East Beach Café, England (Thomas Heatherwick, 2007)

1. Figure 5.1.1: The façade of East Beach Café. (East Beach Cafe Littlehampton. Retrieved June 8, 2015, from http://www.eastbeachcafe.co.uk/design-overview)

Contrasting to the usual white-washed architecture found on the seaside, the architect Tomas Heatherwick took a new approach to the relationship between the building and its site. Located in Littlehampton, England, the design of East Beach Café was inspired by a piece of drift-wood washed up on shore, though it also resembles various kind of natural shapes of sand dunes, rocks and waves found on the coast.

The outer shell of the café is composed of steel ribbons sliced diagonally that wrap up and over the building. The structural steel is treated in a way that a layer of rust was allowed to form first before it is treated with an oil-based coating. While the coating prevent further rusting, the layer of rust actually protects the coated steel from being corroded by the seaside wind. The resulting façade

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Analysis of How Contextual architecture Influence the Design of the Glass Shed in Sekeping Serendah is raw and weathered and it should be noted that the method of constructing and treating the outer shell is the same as how one would construct a ship’s hull.

The site also has a history of vandalism, thus the outer shell is designed in a way that no large flat surface can be found by tempted graffiti artist to spray their creativities at. Therefore, it can be concluded that the East Beach Café responds to its seaside contexts and the history of the site and is designed according to them.

Figure 5.1.2: The outer shell of East Beach Café. (East Beach Cafe Littlehampton. Retrieved June 8, 2015, from http://www.eastbeachcafe.co.uk/design-overview)

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Analysis of How Contextual architecture Influence the Design of the Glass Shed in Sekeping Serendah 5.2 BOH Visitor Centre, Malaysia (ZLG Design, 2006)

Figure 5.2.1: Boh Visitor Centre overlooking the landscape. (Miraculix1951. (Photographer). (2008, November 22). Cameron Highlands, BOH Sungei Palas Visitor Centre [digital image]. Retrieved from https://www.flickr.com/photos/miraculix/3187838691) The BOH Visitor Centre located on Cameron Highland, Malaysia is another example of contextual architecture. Designed to stretch and form a simple path from the hilltop to the tea factory, the centre creates a sense of arrival akin to the experience when climbing a hill. The stretching design responded to the site context by avoiding and preserving existing trees. Most of the building is elevated above the ground to minimize any impacts on the original contour.

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Analysis of How Contextual architecture Influence the Design of the Glass Shed in Sekeping Serendah

Figure 5.2.2: The cantilevered deck at the end of the centre. (BOH Visitor Centre / ZLG Design. (2008, September 1). Retrieved June 8, 2015, from http://www.archdaily.com/6062/boh-visitor-center-zlgdesign/) One interesting design of the BOH Visitor Centre is a cantilevered deck overlooking the valley at the end of the centre which provides exceptionally beautiful views towards the tea plantation. The deck is designed with sliding glass panels to maximize views and natural ventilation.

Another interesting design is the usage of recycled wood trunk on the faรงade. By using natural materials as infill for the spaces between the steel frames this enhanced the natural essence of the building and reduced its harm towards the environment. Openings for extensive daylight penetration reduce contrast between interior and exterior lighting condition and raise awareness towards the external views.

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Analysis of How Contextual architecture Influence the Design of the Glass Shed in Sekeping Serendah

Figure 5.2.3 (left): The recycled wood trunks found on the faรงade. (BOH Visitor Centre / ZLG Design.

(2008, September 1). Retrieved June 8, 2015, from http://www.archdaily.com/6062/boh-visitorcenter-zlg-design/ Figure 6.2.4 (right): The interior daylight penetration. (BOH Visitor Centre / ZLG Design. (2008, September 1). Retrieved June 8, 2015, from http://www.archdaily.com/6062/boh-visitor-center-zlgdesign/) 5.3 Comparison Each of these buildings can be considered as contextual architecture in their own rights as they all respond to the contexts of the site they were built on respectively while staying true to their individual design concepts. This can be seen in their design approaches, including on-site placement and orientation, the choice of materials and the attention paid to the history behind the site.

By responding to the contexts, they become quite successful in maintaining sustainability, as well as solving an issue faced on site, which again informed the importance and advantages of contextual architecture.

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Analysis of How Contextual architecture Influence the Design of the Glass Shed in Sekeping Serendah 6.0 Conclusion To conclude the case study paper, the contexts of Sekeping Serendah hold a certain degree of influence over the design of the glass shed, even though some play a larger part than others. The effect of shading is the most prominent influence as it enables the usage of glass, material that is conventionally not considered sustainable and appropriate in a hot and humid climate to be used without compromising sustainability of the glass shed.

The second element that plays a larger role is the poetic feeling of the forest site as it resonates very well with the concept behind the shed. The serenity of the forest induced poetic spatial feeling in the shed when openness and transparency are adopted to embrace the nature.

Ventilation and humidity plays a smaller role in influencing the design, with the former being limited on site and the latter results in the elevation of the glass shed from the ground.

It is then understood that the glass shed in Sekeping Serendah is one fine example of contextual architecture, in terms of its site placing and materiality. By studying how contexts influence its design and the resulting architecture, the importance and benefits of contextual architecture can be verified and understood.

Last but not least, it is imperative to consider contexts when designing a building as it is one of the major factors that affects the architecture’s sustainability and practicality.

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Analysis of How Contextual architecture Influence the Design of the Glass Shed in Sekeping Serendah 7.0 Reference 2. Thomas, R., & Garnham, T. (2007). The environments of architecture: Environmental design in context. London: Taylor & Francis.

3. Antoniades, A. C. (1992). Poetics of architecture: Theory of design. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 4. Mohd Firrdhaus Mohd Sahabuddin. (2011). How important is context in contemporary architectural design?. (Academic exercise, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, England.).

Retrieved from https://www.academia.edu/2040500/How_Important_Is_Context_In_Contemporary_Archit ectural_Design 5. Yeang, K. (2004). Eco-Design and Planning. In Jodidio, P. (Eds.), Iran: Architecture for Changing Societies. (p. 177-185). Torino: Umberto Allemandi & C. 6. Perera, L. S. R., & Wickramasinghe, N. (2001). Rational use of glass in tropical urban climate conditions. Built environment: Sri Lanka, 02(01), 45-52.

7.

Gültekin Çizgen. (2012). Rethinking the role of context and contextualism in architecture and design. (Academic exercise, Eastern Mediterranean University, Gazimağusa, North Cyprus.).

Retrieved from http://i-rep.emu.edu.tr:8080/jspui/bitstream/11129/348/1/Cizgen.pdf

8. Simpson, J. (1989). The Oxford English Dictionary (2nd ed.). Oxford: Clarendon Press;.

9. Greenbuildingindex.org - What & Why Green Buildings?. Retrieved June 8, 2015, from http://www.greenbuildingindex.org/why-green-buildings.html 10. East Beach Cafe Littlehampton. Retrieved June 8, 2015, from http://www.eastbeachcafe.co.uk/design-overview 11. BOH Visitor Centre / ZLG Design. (2008, September 1). Retrieved June 8, 2015, from http://www.archdaily.com/6062/boh-visitor-center-zlg-design/

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Analysis of How Contextual architecture Influence the Design of the Glass Shed in Sekeping Serendah 12. Transpiration - The Water Cycle. Retrieved June 8, 2015, from http://water.usgs.gov/edu/watercycletranspiration.html 13. Milne, G., & Reardon, C. (2013). Embodied energy. Retrieved June 8, 2015, from http://www.yourhome.gov.au/materials/embodied-energy

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Analysis of How Contextual Architecture Influence the Design of the Glass Shed in Sekeping Serendah Turnitin

The Turnitin similarity result is 2%.

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