Revitalizing Bispeengen - Goodbye to the Car, Greetings to the Stream

Revitalizing Bispeengen Goodbye to the car - greetings to the stream

Master thesis in Landscape Architecture at the University of Copenhagen // Submitted august 2018 Conducted by: Kristian Mousten // zfg150 Supervisor: Ellen Braae

Kristian Mousten // master student at the Department of Geosciences and Natural Resource Management, Faculty of Science at the University of Copenhagen

Abstract This thesis investigates the potentials of transforming the area “Bispeengen” into a more livable and sustainable place in the city. The reader will be presented to a comprehensive site analysis, a strategy and a design proposal, which is all backed up by a vast amount of graphic material.

The place is today dominated by the long flyover “Bispeengbuen”, which stands as one of a kind in Copenhagen, with a raw atmosphere underneath. It is mainly used for parking, but is also an arena for occasional events. A couple of meters underneath the pavement a large pipe is situated with freshwater flowing through. This used to be a scenic stream, winding through the landscape, but the city has since been deprived of its recreative qualities.

This project is based on the preconditions of demolishing the flyover and hiding the traffic line in a tunnel, which allows the stream to be to be revitalized. This idea has been discussed among politicians and professionals for the last couple of years and recently a feasibility study for the tunnel was made, which this thesis uses as a stepping stone for the realization of the design proposal.

The focus is on the landscape above the tunnel, where new buildings, a stream, green space and the traffic are arranged in order to enable a coherent and enclosed park space in the centre of the neighbourhood. A multifunctional approach is suggested, where the park is lowered and will function as a detention basin that prevents flooding of the surrounding area, in which a series of wet and dry gardens with different atmospheres and utilities will appeal to a wide range of users who will democratically share the space.

This thesis has a strong base in the history of the area, and has been an exercise in reintroducing a “green-blue” environment, while preserving and reusing a reasonable amount of the existing concrete environment. The numerous supporting pillars from the flyover are preserved as a dominating feature in the design, which will function as relics, a skeleton around the serial gardens, and more. Other parts of Bispeengbuen will be cut up and given new functions, such as retaining walls and stairs.

All these concrete elements will stand in sharp contrast to the various types of urban nature that are being introduced in and around the serial gardens.

The main topics of the proposal are urban nature, climate adaptation, reuse and social interaction. It is the interplay between the different parts and how it is expressed in the design proposal that is the core of this project. The result can be identified as being environmentally, socially and economically sustainable, with a resilient structure.

Table of contents Prelude 8 Introduction

50 Stakeholders

Challenges and potentials

10

Focus and motivation

54

Research questions Focus Motivation

12 Methods Analysis 16 History

Early history Young Nørrebro The stream is gradually piped Bispeengbuen is build

24

Project area

Bispeengen Frederiksberg and Nørrebro district

26

Regional context

Green & blue infrastructure

Population density

30 Topography 32 Public green space

Green space nearby Tree species

38 Buildings 42 Materials 44 Kevin Lynch analysis

Landmarks Edges Nodes Districts Paths

Key players Meet their needs Show consideration

Physical plans

COWI & Tredje Natur report (2016)

Rambøll report (2017)

Municipal plans

Interlude 62 Preconditions: New tunnel and buildings Tunnel

Placement of new buildings

64 Vision

#1 Urban nature #2 Social interaction #3 Reuse #4 Climate adaptation

Design proposal 76 Masterplan and zoom-in 80 Concept: “like the yolk in an egg...”

82 Physical structure

Overall structure Multifunctionality

Section (long) before and after

Cross section before and after

The curved line

90

Case studies

Parc du Chemin de l’île Islands Brygge Harbourpark Parc André Citroën (serial gardens)

94 Spatiality Spatial gradations

Section (long) of the serial gardens and the spatial

- gradation

Cross section of a serial garden Shadow

104 Infrastructure

Boulevards Entrances

Transverse connections Promenade

110 Squares 112 Serial gardens

#1 Wetland #2 Climbing forest #3 Water lily pond #4 Ball forest #5 Water farm #6 Culture house #7 Platforms #8 Picnic lawn #9 Water playground (basin) #10 Water playground

124 Reuse

New heritage

Historic layers - considerations

Reused resources Pillars

Retaining walls Cobblestone

Stairs & benches etc.

134 Water

Water as a resource Hydraulic solution Water quality Fluctuating water levels

144

Flora & Fauna

152

Atmosphere and identity

Biophilia and biodiversity

Vegetation in the serial gardens

Street trees

Water plants Animals Time

Identity

The performance of beauty Juxtaposition

Postlude 158 Discussion

Sustainability Resilience Environment

Social equity Economy

162 Conclussion 164 Sources

Books

Academic articles and essays

Reports and strategies

Online articles Lectures Figures

Prelude This prelude works as an introduction to the report and explains how the project will be conducted and what the focus will be.

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Introduction Challenges and potentials This project takes place in the area under “Bispeengbuen” (the Bispe meadow arch), which is the 400 m long flyover, arching through the city above ground. The place is called “Bispeengen” (the Bispe meadow) and was once a pastoral wetland, but is today characterized by traffic and hard surfaces with no visible water and little green space.

Bispeengbuen is part of a larger highway system, which connects the suburbs with the centre of Copenhagen. The 1,8 km long road “Åboulevarden” continues from Bispeengbuen towards the Inner Lakes, while marking the border between Copenhagen and Frederiksberg municipality, as a noisy barrier. Bispeengbuen and Åboulevarden are built on low-lying land, where the stream ”Ladegårds stream” was dug around five hundred years ago, which is today flowing through a pipe under ground.

Besides being deprived of the recreative qualities of the primordial blue infrastructure, the current sewerage system cannot keep up with the increasingly frequent cloudburst events resulting in flooding of the roads and adjacent basements. The infamous event in 2011 cost the city six billion DKK, and was a wakeup call for the affected municipalities. They have since been working with adapting the city to the climate changes, mainly through green-blue solutions where the water is handled on the surface.

After the cloudburst event in 2011, the idea of revitalizing Ladegårds stream has been taken more seriously, with its dual potential of flood control and recreation. However, the large traffic line cannot be cut and the traffic will need to be put in a tunnel. The cost of the entire stretch from Bispeengen to the inner lakes is currently out of reach, which is why the municipalities are now narrowing down the scope of the project to the area under Bispeengbuen.

This location is chosen due to its topographic circumstances, which causes a high flooding risk. It is a rather urgent case, as a renovating of the flyover is scheduled to happen in 2020, which would make Bispeengbuen live on for many years to come and subvert this project. The renovation would cost 125 million DKK, while the project of building a traffic tunnel under Bispeengen is estimated to cost 1,5 billion DKK. The tunnel will partly be financed by the renovation sum together with new building lots above the tunnel.

This project will reveal the great landscape architectural potentials, that lie in letting the water and the traffic switch place, and what should thereby be the new role and character of this urban space.

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Figure 1 - Aerial photo of Bispeengbuen, arching through the city.

Figure 2 - The idea of turning around the water and traffic.

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Focus and motivation Research question

What landscape architectural potentials does the traffic tunnel enable, and how can they be strategically combined into a holistic and sustainable design proposal?

Sub-questions: • What is the optimal disposition of the buildings, green space, water, traffic etc.?

• What is the history and identity of the place, and how can it be expressed in the design proposal through preservation of relics and structures?

• What social and ecological potentials does the landscape hold and how can they be unified?

• How can the different aspects of sustainability (environmental, social, economic and resilience) be achieved?

Focus The transformation of the area has a high complexity and scale, and thus it must be conducted transdisciplinary, including building architects, engineers, biologists etc. This report is written by a landscape architect, and therefore entails the various aspects of this particular discipline, such as the spatial, functional, aesthetic and ecological aspects, which have been applied to the specific landscape of Bispeengen.

The project area is defined by the tunnel excavation, where everything will be removed below Bispeengbuen in the construction process. This enables a total transformation of the concerned area, where the appearance and functionality can be reconsidered.

Motivation My personal motivation for choosing to work with Bispeengen for my thesis project lies in my relationship with the area, which I think has a remarkable potential for improvement, along with a wish for bringing back the hidden Ladegårds stream. Throughout the historic development of the city, the amount of green and blue space has been declining. This project is a step in the opposite direction, which I find uplifting.

The motivation for choosing to limit the project area to Bispeengen, instead of the entire stretch of Ladegårds stream, is because of its prospect of a possible transformation in the near future, whereas the full stretch does not presently seem as realistic.

Even though multiple feasible studies have been conducted, the case is still rather unexplored, and it will be interesting to reveal the hidden potentials, along with the opportunity to include topics such as reuse, climate adaptation and urban nature.

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Methods The creative path, that leads to the final design proposal, will be defined by a constant shift between researching and drawing. It will be a process of mediating between various tools and techniques in order to attack the project from different angles, which will all feed the project. There will be used both analog tools, such as simple models and hand sketches, and digital tools, such as 3D-modelling and precise AutoCAD drawings. The four landscape architectural epistemes; morphology (how the place is formed and structurred), praxeology (how it is used), semiology (how it is read) and phenomenology (how it is experienced) will be used as different scopes through which to analyse the site. They will also be used in the design process to prevent it from becoming one-sided.

The analysis will range in scale and detail level. For example investigating small details, such as a specific tree species, or zooming out and e.g. analysing the regional hydraulic context that Bispeengen is part of. Through multiple site visits, at different times and weather conditions, the area will be observed and documented through drawings and photographs. GIS (Geographical Information Systems) will help to investigate the different layers, such as the infrastructure, topography, and history.

Also, Preliminary studies regarding the tunnel solution will be studied, as well as relevant strategic reports conducted by the concerned municipalities, which will root the project in the actuel planning context.

The design proposal will be strategically introduced, explaining the vision and goals that lie behind (based on the analysis), and communicated through plan drawings, sections, diagrams, reference pictures and more. The proposal will be deciphered and the various elements and ideas explained.

Also, similar landscape architectural cases will be presented as sources of inspiration and argumentation, along with more general theoretical texts relevant to the project.

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RESEARCHING Site visit

Start of process

GIS Theoretical texts Site visit Preliminary studies Theoretical texts Municipal plans Site visit Case studies

Theoretical texts

Final design AutoCAD drawing Modelling Sketching AutoCAD drawing Modelling Mapping Sketching Photographing

PRODUCING Figure 3 - This spiral illustrates the creative process from start to finish. It will be a constant shift between researching and producing, which will feed of each other, and the design will tighten up as it progresses. In reality the process will be more fluid than illustrated here.

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Analysis This part goes into depth with various aspects of Bispeengen’s present conditions, history and context, including the hydrology, green space, buildings, stakeholders, municipal plans and more.

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History Early history Bispeengen used to be a wetland, and in the 1500s Ladegårds stream was dug in order to supply Copenhagen with drinking water, leading water to the Inner Lakes from reservoirs up north. On these illustrations you can see how the area used to be a pastoral landscape, and Copenhagen still residing behind the city walls. “Bispeengen” is named after the area “Bispebjerg” which means “the hill where the cattle are grazing” in old danish (Grundtvigsskolen, s.d.), while Ladegårds stream is named after an old farm (Miljøpunkt Nørrebro, s.d.-a).

Figure 4 - 1878, Ladegårds stream where Falkoner Alle turns into Jagtvej.

Figure 5 - 1807, bombing of Copenhagen seen from Ladegårds stream.

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Bispeengen

Figure 6 - This historic map from 1742 shows Copenhagen residing behind the city walls.

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Young Nørrebro In 1852 the demarcation line is abandoned, which makes it possible to build on Nørrebro, resulting in a building-boom. Rapidly, the new district “Nørrebro” would expand towards Bispeengen, but due to the high humidity it would be one of the last places to be built on Nørrebro, and remained a recreational area for some time still. Below you can see pictures of people taking a dip in the stream and walking on the boulevard along Ladegårds stream.

Figure 7 - Bispeengen around 1910 - people are enjoying the cooling stream.

Figure 8 - Ladegårds stream at end of the 1800s.

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Figure 9 - History of the streams - traced from historic map “Høje målebordsblade 1842-1899”.

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The stream is gradually piped LadegĂĽrds stream is gradually being piped from 1897-1962 for sanitary reasons, and to make room for a newly arrived item: the car. The wetland is drained, and buildings are now built on parts of Bispeengen. The map to the right shows how bits of the streams have been piped north and south of Bispeengen. On the picture below it can be seen how lush and scenic Bispeengen used to be, but the water was beginning to be a hygienic issue.

Figure 10 - Bispengen around 1960s with its lush vegetation and the new tv-tower in the background.

This was one of the last places where the stream was piped.

Figure 11 - Early 1900s - the pipe is being installed under Ă…boulevarden.

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Figure 12 - History of the streams - traced from “Lave målebordsblade 1900-1953”.

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Bispeengbuen is build The low-lying areas above the piped streams were built with roads and railways rather than settlements due to risk of flooding. Bispeengbuen is built in 1970, as the first and the last of its kind in Copenhagen, due to massive criticism.

The number of car owners exploded during the 50s and 60s, and the Danish engineers had to find ways to accommodate this development. They found inspiration from visits to USA, where the massive development of highways was taking place. A plan, called “Søringen”, was constructed to link the Helsingør motorway in the north, with the Amager in the south, through the city. This involved bulldozing several old buildings, and covering half of the inner lakes, to make room for a six-lane motorway. When Bispeengbuen was built in 1970, it gave the public a taste of what was to come if the plans for “Søringen” would be carried out, which resulted in protest. In 1974 the plans were officially cancelled due to lack of support and financing (Modernissimo blog 2015).

A similar conflict had happened in New York, where Robert Moses, known as the “master builder”, was planning a highway through Manhattan. He was inspired by the modernism wave with architect and urban planner, Le Corbusier, as the pioneering force. The conflict stood between the modernistic grand scale plans of mass transformation versus preserving the local qualities. Also, here the plans were combated due to voices like Jane Jacobs, who raised public support in order to cancel the highway plans (Wainwright 2017).

Figure 13 - Protest against Søringen, Fredensgade.

Figure 14 - Bispengbuen today seen from the teletower.

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Figure 15 - History of the streams - traced from “topografiskkort 25k DTKGST-1986-1997”.

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Project area Bispeengen Bispeengen is situated right between Nørrebro and Frederiksberg municipality. This border was defined by Ladegårds stream, Lygte stream and Grøndal stream, back in the days when the streams were still visible. Bispeengen, which used to be a wetland, is located where the three streams come together. Today the streams are hidden underground, and the wetland has been replaced by a car-dominated area with the big flyover “Bispeengbuen” curving through the area, and a high population density. The two large roads “Nordre Fasanvej” and “Borups Allé” runs underneath the flyover, and the space between is used for car parking, and a recently added outdoor culture house. Three smaller pocket parks are situated around the flyover, and alleys of street trees follow the curvy structure of Bispeengbuen. The buildings in the area are a mix of different typologies, and are mostly residential with an industrial area north of Bispeengbuen.

Frederiksberg and Nørrebro district The two districts differ from each other in many ways. While Nørrebro is part of Copenhagen municipality, Frederiksberg is an independent municipality, like an island, surrounded by the various districts of Copenhagen municipality. Nørrebro is the densest area in the City, and can be characterized as an “edgy” place with a high cultural and ethnic diversity (Områdefornyelsen Nørrebro 2014), whereas Frederiksberg municipality is known as a more “clean” and wealthy district, with beautiful buildings, well-maintained public space, and a high number of trees (Frederiksberg Municipality 2016). Nørrebro is the district in Copenhagen with the lowest average age of only 33 years, which is six years lower than Frederiksberg, that has the highest (out of 11 districts). Also, in terms of average income, the two municipalities are at each end of the spectrum, with Nørrebro as the second lowest and Frederiksberg as the second highest (Dam 2016).

Figure 16 - The location of the project area - situated in between Nørrebro and Frederiksberg - surrounded by the other Copenhagen districts.

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j anv e Fas rdre No

pe e n Bis

Bo

gbuen

Frederiksberg

Nørrebro

rup

sA

llĂŠ

Figure 17 - Project area and municipal border on ortho foto (2018).

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Regional context Green & blue infrastructure The map shows that there are no water bodies in a radius of almost two kilometres of Bispeengen, even though it used to be an area characterized by the very presence of water. It is also clear that the area does not have abundances of public green spaces, and that the green spaces are poorly connected, except for the green bicycle lane.

Bispeengen is situated as a blue node, where Grøndal stream and Lygte stream meet and turn into Ladegårds stream. Today, these streams are flowing through pipes under the surface. The water comes from the larger water reservoirs upstream, Damhussøen and Utterslev Mose, and is led down into the Inner lakes in the centre of Copenhagen and ultimately out in the harbour.

Copenhagen municipality controls the hydraulic freshwater system, where water is being led from Harestrup stream, through various lakes, open and closed streams, and ultimately out into the Copenhagen harbour. The main principle for this system is to ensure appropriate water quality and water flow (Copenhagen Municipality 2013).

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Utterslev Mose

The Inner lakes

Damhussøen

Copenhagen harbour

Figure 18 - Green- blue infrastructure of Copenhagen.

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Population density The city is becoming continuously denser. Nørrebro is the densest populated district in Copenhagen, and has very little green space pr. citizen, with only 7 m2 green space per citizen, which is remarkably lower than the rest of Copenhagen. It is a problem since access to green space is important for the physical and mental health of the public. The green space has been constantly diminished throughout Nørrebro history (Nørrebro Lokaludvalg 2017), however, the numerous climate adaptation projects happening in these times, carries a great opportunity to turn this development around. Therefore, it is also a focal point in this project to offer more green space.

From looking at the map to the right, it is clear that Bispeengen is surrounded by dense areas, also on the Frederiksberg side. This can be used as an argument for creating a new recreative space, where the flyover will be removed, instead of transforming Bispeengen into a new dense neighbourhood.

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Figure 19 - Residents pr. hectar.

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Topography The old streams, Ladegårds stream, Grøndals stream and Lygte stream, were all located at the lowest points in the area as river valleys. The streams have since been laid in pipes, on top of which roads and railways are found. Even though the terrain has been altered, the historic river valleys are still apparent when looking at a topographic map (see fig. 22).

Bispeengen used to be a wetland, but is today dominated by roads and other impermeable surfaces, resulting in a high frequency of flooding. Especially the area where Nordre Fasanvej goes underneath Bispeengbuen is vulnerable to flooding (Rambøll 2017), where the terrain drops about one meter from 7,5 m ABMS (above mean sea level) to approximately 6,5 m ABMS. The rest of the terrain below the flyover ranges from 7,5-8 m ABMS, which is higher than some of the surrounding building areas, and thereby Bispeengen does not ease the risk of flooding in the neighbourhood when cloudbursts hit (see fig. 21).

The green space “Ågadeparken” just south of Bispeengen is low-lying, and has a long ditch in the centre, with the lowest point at 6,0 m ABMS, making it suitable for handling cloudbursts. Wherefore, this pocket park has been included in the municipal cloudburst plans (see fig. 69).

Figure 20 - One of the yearly floodings on Nordre Fasanvej, under Bispeengbuen.

Figure 21 - Flooded areas at the rainwater event 27. december 2015 (40-50 mm in 30 hours).

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≼ 10 7.5 ≤5

Figure 22 - Topographic map of Copenhagen with the shading adjusted to emphasize the terrain of the primordial river valleys.

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Figure 23 - Topographic map of Bispeengen.

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Public green space Green space nearby There are several green spaces found nearby Bispeengen, however most of them are small and poorly connected. The green spaces are in general highly cultivated with little to no “wild nature” and are dominated by areas of mowed grass and trees. There can be found both sports facilities, playgrounds and urban farming within close range of Bispeengbuen (see fig. 29).

The three green spaces, adjacent to Bispeengbuen, all have a small size, and are referred to as “pocket parks” in this report, and will be described on the following page.

The large park “Nørrebroparken” is situated a few hundred meters west of Bispeengen and is characterized by lawns, trees, sports fields and playgrounds. It is part of a larger green wedge that stretches through Nørrebro, which turns into the newer public space “Superkilen” up north, with a very diverse and multicultural image. To the south it is connected to a green bicycle path which continues through Frederiksberg (see fig. 18).

The northwestern part of Frederiksberg, adjacent to Bispeengen, has a surprisingly low amount of green space (see fig. 29).

The northern end of the project area is connected with the recycling station “Bispeengen” through a tunnel, and on the other side of that you find the northern part of the green wedge “Grøndals parken” (see fig. 29), which continues all the way to the lake, “Damhussøen”.

Figure 24 - The tunnel that connects the north-western part of the project area with the recycling station.

Figure 25 - Nørrebroparken is a rather large park with a cultivated and diverse character.

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(1)

(2)

(3) Figure 26-28 - The three adjacent pocket parks: 1. One of the pocket parks located besides Nordre Fasanvej was renovated last year and offers table tennis, petanque, flower beds and a lot of big robinia and hornbeam trees with an understorey of flowering bushes.

2. The pocket park on the opposite site also has a lot of big trees, mainly oak. It connects Bispeengen to the road “Hillerødsgade” through the green playground space.

3. The southern pocket park “Ågadeparken” is the biggest of the three. It is around three hundred meters long and enclosed by a dense wall of vegetation, consisting of mainly hawthorn trees. This park is rather monofunctional and is mostly used by dogwalkers.

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Recycling station “Bispeengen”

Grøndalsparken

Pocket park

Grøndalsvænge schoolgarden

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Superkilen

Playground “Bispeengen” Nørrebroparken

Byhaven 2200

Assistens Cemetery

Ågadeparken

Figure 29 Public green space Page 35 / Analysis / Public green space

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Tree species The area has a high number of large trees, which were presumably planted at the same time as Bispeengbuen was built around 50 years ago. There are many different species, especially in the southern area, in Ă…gadeparken, but around Bispeengbuen only a few species stand out. Most of the street trees, facing towards Bispeengbuen, are sycamore trees (Platanus x acerifolia). Behind these, in the pocket parks, and in the private green space, many large robinia (Robinia pseudoacacia) and hornbeam (Carpinus betulus) trees can be found.

Figure 30-32 - Robinia pseudoacacia, Carpinus betulus and Platanus x acerifolia.

Figure 33 - Sycamore avenue.

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Figure 34 - Tree species Page 37 / Analysis / Public green space

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Buildings The building style is rather mixed around Bispeengen with different typologies, such as industrial buildings, traditional apartment blocks, 12-storied social housing and new flashy student housing.

The buildings add an element of diversity with architecture from different eras, ranging from the old timber framed house to the new colourful glass facade at “Engbakken”. The diversity should be evident from looking at the illustration below, and also suggest a mixed residential group around Bispeengbuen.

On the following page a map (see fig. 43) provides an overview of the building-use in a radius of 500 m around Bispeengen. It is clear from the map that most of the buildings are residential, but with a concentration of businesses north of Bispeengen. Also, a lot of schools can be found close to the project area, as well as active streets with shops, cafés etc., including the popular shopping street “Jægersborggade”.

The area is easily accessed by means of public transport both by train, bus and next year also metro. Fuglebakken train station is located a few hundred meters north-west of the project area, and the new metro station “Nuuks Plads” will soon open south-east of the area.

Figure 35 - (1) Engbakken student appartments

Figure 36 - (2) Novozymes

Figure 37 - (3) 12-storied social housing

Figure 38 - (4) The teletower from 1959 (TDC Telco ApS)

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(2)

(5) (1)

(3)

(7)

Figure 39 - (5) Housing with active ground floor that is currently being build (Drawing by Frederiksberg municipality)

(6)

Figure 40 - (6) Old block with new balconies and sheds

(4)

Figure 42 - Overview of the various buildings found around Bispeengen.

Figure 41 - (7) Old ornamented block

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Figure 43 Building use Page 41 / Analysis / Buildings

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Materials Bispeengbuen is constructed by vast amounts of concrete used for the supporting pillars and the bridge construction. The three meter high noise fence, which was added in the nineties, is made by polycarbonate sheets (Vejdirektoratet 2004). The surface under the flyover is paved with cobblestones, and around it are asphalt roads. Concrete is the dominating material at Bispeengen, however, the many facades facing Bispeengen are made of a wide range of materials (see page 38).

The bridge and the materials underneath will be removed to make room for the tunnel, which is built as cut-and-cover. This enables a high degree of waste material to be reused in the transformation of the area, including the following materials: • 56 round concrete pillars with a varying height of 3-6 meters and a diameter of 1,5 meter • 400-meter concrete bridge construction • 13.000 m2 cobblestone used for parking under the bridge • 1150-meter noise fence of polycarbonate sheets on aluminium pillars • lighting attached under the bridge

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Figure 44 - Noise fence along each side of the bridge.

Figure 45 - Underside of the bridge: concrete elements and lighting.

Figure 46 - Concrete pillars with decoration and posters.

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Kevin Lynch analysis The urban planner Kevin Lynch developed a tool for mapping the city by detecting five mental key elements; paths, nodes, edges, landmarks and districts, which will reveal, roughly, how Bispeengen is perceived. Lynch’s basic idea is that people understand and mentally process the city through these key elements (Lynch 1960). The mapping has been split into two maps to make it more comprehensible, with the high amount of roads that are dominating the area on its own map.

Landmarks Landmarks help people orientate around the city, and can be both natural and man-made (only the latter is the case here). The most noticeable building in the area is the 101 m high tele tower, built in 1959 (Dansk Radio 2013), which can be seen from afar. The new building “Engbakken� is another landmark, which has a flashy and colourful appearance. Also, the Novozymes factory, with its many tall chimneys, is a landmark. Additional minor landmarks can be mentioned, such as the train station and Mariendals church, and of course Bispeengbuen itself is also a landmark, which you cannot help but notice when passing through, with its immense size.

Figure 47 - Engbakken

Figure 48 - Fuglebakken train station

Figure 49 - The telephonetower seen in the distance

Figure 50 - Novozymes

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Figure 51 - Kevin Lynch analysis 1:5.000

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Edges It seems like all the surrounding buildings are turning their back towards Bispeengbuen, with fences and tree rows blocking the view, thus creating little visual contact. The border between private settlements (such as Lundtoftegade housing) and the public realm, is sharply drawn by green edges, and the tall buildings behind it as a frame around Bispeengbuen. In each end of Bispeengbuen ramps are leading the traffic onto the bridge, and here the terrain is raised, and retaining walls are blocking the view and access. The railroad line north of Bispeengen is raised around five meters above street level, and is a visual and physical barrier.

Figure 52 - Fence and tree row along the bicycle path between the south-western end of Bispeengbuen and a private area.

Figure 53 - Thicket between Ågadeparken and the settlements.

Nodes The nodes can be described as the focal points or intersections in an urban space. Several nodes can be detected just outside the project area, along the large roads “Nordre Fasanvej” and “Borups Allé”, where stores and cafés are situated around smaller squares and junctions. Also, the temporary culture house, that is found under Bispeengbuen, has become a place for people (mainly young) to meet and hang out, where many different events play out.

Figure 54 - The square “Borups Plads” surrounded by car Figure 55 - The outdoor culture house under the bridge. traffic.

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Districts The districts around Bispeengen have been categorized into four different kinds based on the building typology and use. The district north of Bispeengen is characterized by a high level of industry and businesses, where little public life is found. Just east of the area, we find a modernistic high-rise district with 12-storey blocks, and a lot of space in between. This area is a rather secluded area. To the west, a more traditional Copenhagen typology with five floor blocks (karréer) is found. Just a few hundred meters further to the west, the city changes completely with a quiet neighbourhood characterized by single family houses.

Figure 56 - An example of a block (karré) district at Mariendalsvej.

Figure 57 - The highrise district “Lundtoftegade” with 12-storey buildings.

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Paths When visiting Bispeengen, you get hit by the feeling of a place that belongs to the car. Even though the six-lane expressway is raised above the city, and the noise can only be heard as a hissing sound due to the noise screens, the very presence of the huge highway bridge underlines the car dominance. Two other large roads (Nordre Fasanvej and Borups Allé) runs underneath, and two smaller roads run parallel with the expressway. When standing beside the flyover, you can see the noise fence reaching all the way up to the third floor of the old classical apartment blocks, and in the shade underneath hundreds of cars are parked (around 300 parking lots).

For a pedestrian this map of paths should rather be seen as a map of barriers. However, a few paths are present around the area, which are only for soft traffic. But unfortunately, they are not well connected, making it impossible to avoid the car traffic when moving through this part of the city.

Figure 58 - Ågade

Figure 59 - Bispeengbuen northend

Figure 60 - Parking under the bridge

Figure 61 - Borups Allé junction Page 48 / Analysis / Kevin Lynch analysis

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Stakeholders A stakeholder is an individual person, a group or an institution with a vested interest in a certain intervention. The stakeholder analysis is a tool to provide an overview of the various stakeholders involved, in order to discover patterns of interaction, potential partnerships or conflicts (Ramirez 1999).

The ownership of the project area is split between Nørrebro and Frederiksberg municipality, who both own a part of the land (see fig. 17), and The Danish Road Directorate as the owner of Bispeengbuen.

While the interest of the municipalities lies with the citizens, The Danish Road Directorate is merely interested in having a well-functioning traffic system.

Key players The Area Renewal Agencies The two municipalities both have multiple agencies to steer the urban renewal in which they include the local citizens within the different districts of the municipality. The Area Renewal Nørrebro (from Copenhagen municipality), and The Area Renewal Nordre Fasan Kvarteret (from Frederiksberg municipality), are the two agencies responsible for the project area. A collaboration between the two is essential for the forward development of Bispeengen.

Miljøpunkt Nørrebro Miljøpunkt Nørrebro is an environmental consulting and informative entity that informs and guides the citizens of Nørrebro, through environmental projects and events, in collaboration with the local actors.

Three similar environmental centres (Miljøpunkter) are located in other parts of the city.

Miljøpunkt Nørrebro has been a very important actor in the previous work of revitalizing Ladegårds stream, and still proceeds with this project - now in collaboration with the engineering firm Rambøll, where they investigate various traffic and cloudburst solutions (Miljøpunkt Nørrebro s.d.-b).

Meet their needs The Danish Road Directorate The Danish Road Directorate is responsible for the main road network at a national level, including Bispeengbuen. They have planned to spend 125 million DKK on renovating Bispeengbuen in 2020 (Rambøll 2017), so that it can live on for many decades to come despite its poor reputation. This plan has been widely criticised, and the money might be better spent on hiding away the express road in a tunnel, instead of repeating the mistake by the modernistic planners back in the ‘60s and ‘70s. The Danish Road Directorate is assumedly on board with the tunnel solution, if the traffic conditions and the maintenance are not worsened, and the bill for the tunnel is shared with the municipalities.

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Figure 63 - Stakeholderanalysis

Page 51 / Analysis / Stakeholders

Show consideration Bispeengbuen is subject to controversy, and while most people find it to be a disgrace for the city, others recognize its uniqueness with a raw public space under the flyover. This type of setting cannot be found any other place in Copenhagen, as well as its value as a testimonial piece of large-scale, modernistic planning.

In an article by the newspaper “Information”, they compare Bispeengbuen to Amager Fælled, Copenhagen’s green neighbor, that has been protected from human settlement by the majority of the public (Bennike 2017). Amager Fælled, too, has a unique character and history, but unlike Bispeengbuen it also has qualities such as recreation and rare plant species, and is not only being protected for the sake of the human users but also wildlife. The same thing cannot be said about the grey concrete environment of Bispeengbuen, which makes it harder to defend by the public in favor of preservation.

The project of turning around the stream and the traffic seems to have strong public support. A petition made by Miljøpunkt Nørrebro reached 11.500 signatures for bringing back Ladegårds stream to the city. This forced the municipalities to make feasibility studies of the project to investigate the potentials and economic costs.

Adjacent residents and housing associations + businesses and institutions The life quality of the neighbors is currently challenged by the brutal looking concrete bridge, that is causing shadow and barriers in the area, together with the noise and pollution caused by the 48.300 cars passing Bispeengbuen each day (Copenhagen Municipality 2010).

By re-introducing the stream and green space at Bispeengen, new urban nature experiences and utilities can be publicly accessed. This usually results in increased housing prices, which is often seen as a positive side-effect, but can also mean gentrification. Shops will increase their sale as more people flock to the area, and the existing commercial structures will expand in the neighbourhood.

Events A range of different events has taken place in the raw environment, like concerts, movies, street food and flea markets. This proves that there is a demand for a space for events in the future, which should be kept in mind through the development of Bispeengen.

An outdoor culture house, designed by the office Platant, has offered facilities since 2015, such as a scene, equipment, tables and toilets, which makes it easier and cheaper to host events under the bridge (Platant 2014).

Bicycles and cars The car, as well as the soft traffic, must be kept in mind when transforming the area. The two large roads, “Nordre Fasanvej” and “Borups Allé” (with respectively 15.600 and 9.540 passing cars each day), are cutting through the project area. These connections will be preserved, since closing them down will only result in more pressure on the neighbouring roads.

Also, there are around 300 parking lots within the project area, which must somehow be incorporated in the transformation.

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Figure 64 - Movie night at the temporary culture house with its facilites in use; tribune, stage, speakers and lighting.

Figure 65 - Music event “Bas under buen�.

Figure 66 - Flea market.

Page 53 / Analysis / Stakeholders

Physical plans for Bispeengen The transformation of Bispeengen has been debated a lot for the last couple of years among politicians and the public. The will for revitalizing the hidden streams, along with the urgent and comprehensive plans of renovating Bispeengbuen, is fuelling the debate. Multiple feasibility studies have been made with different proposals, some of which goes way beyond the project area.

COWI & Tredje Natur report (2016) The consulting engineering group “COWI” and urban design firm “Tredje Natur” made a feasibility study in 2016, named “Transformation of Åboulevarden”, where they described three different scenarios for a tunnel under Bispeengen, and further south under the express road “Åboulevarden”. The proposed length of the different tunnel scenarios ranges from 2,2 km to 4,3 km, and a cost estimate of respectively 5,4 billion DKK and 10,5 billion DKK. The plans for Bispeengen was not described in detail, but was laid out as either a new building district or a green space. The visualisation (fig. 67) shows how parts of Bispeengbuen is preserved and new buidlings are introduced (COWI & Tredje Natur 2016).

The idea of a long traffic tunnel was criticised for being too expensive compared to the what is gained in terms of cloudburst security and public space (Copenhagen Municipality 2016 c). The length of the tunnel, and the scale of the project, was limited to Bispeengbuen, and another study was conducted

by Rambøll, which has been an inspiration and reference for this project.

Rambøll report (2017) In 2017, the consulting firm, Rambøll, made a feasibility study, which was aimed at Bispeengbuen specifically, thereby having a smaller scale and financial weight than the earlier studies. This report focused on the tunnel construction, the urban planning, cloudburst solutions and re-opening Ladegårds stream. The length of the proposed tunnel is 715 meters, including the ramps, where two scenarios were conducted with either covered ramps, which enabled buildings on top, or open ramps, which would be cheaper to construct.

Their estimations show, that the price of the tunnel (minus the renovation expenses of Bispeengen, the sale of building plots and land tax) is significantly cheaper than the earlier studies, with the price of 0,55 billion DKK, making the project more realistic (Rambøll 2017).

On their sketch (see fig. 68) a green connection to the train station, through the recycling station, is proposed, and a green space stretching all the way down to Ågadeparken. It shows how the water plays a central part in the transformation, and that the terrain is shaped with soft, organic forms. New housing developments are suggested above the tunnel ramps, and between Nordre Fasanvej and Borups Allé.

Their sketch can be criticized for the disregard of existing structures, nature, and utilities. The pocket parks and one of the private courtyards have been wiped out, and are here part of the new coherent park. Also, no access ways to the new buildings are shown.

Page 54 / Analysis / Physical plans for Bispeengen

Figure 67 - In this visualization, by landscape architecture firm, “Tredje Natur”, parts of Bispeengbuen is preserved and new buildings are introduced.

Figure 68 - Sketch by Rambøll of their proposal for Bispeengen - the scenario with covered tunnel ramps.

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Municipal plans It has been important for this project to consider the existing plans and visions relevant for Bispeengen to be rooted in a wider planning context. The following municipal plans have all been incorporated in the design proposal.

Cloudburst plan The area under Bispeengbuen has been pointed out as a focus area in the municipal cloudburst plans, and is amongst the densest built areas in Copenhagen with yearly flooding. This area was especially affected by the cloudburst event at the 2. July 2011 - an event that was a wakeup call for the municipality to make the city more adaptive to the more frequent cloudbursts, that is a result of the climate changes.

The plans emphasise the need for “blue-green solutions”, where the water is handled on the surface, making the water and nature more visible, while solving the issues of flooding, with recreative, ecological and economical potentials and co-benefits. It is the goal to implement 300 cloudburst projects over the next 20 years, with the budget of 20 billion DKK, and the projects must be dimensioned to handle at least 95% of the yearly runoff.

It has been estimated that the catchment area named “Bispeengbuen” (seen to the right) and “Assistens Cemetery” together must detain and transport away more than 150.000 m3 of rainwater for a 100 years event (Rambøll 2013).

Hans Tavsens Park, found 500 meters south-east of Bispeengen, is a park that is already in the process of being transformed to accommodate the cloudburst plans. The winning proposal, ‘The soul of Nørrebro’ by SLA will be able to hold back 18.000 m3 rain water by lowering the park space (see fig.

70).

The cloudburst plan for Bispeengen does not address the demolishing of Bispeengbuen, the construction of the traffic tunnel, along with the potential for reopening Ladegårds stream. Instead, the plans suggest that the existing pocket parks around Bispeengen will work as detention areas, while a new enlarged pipe will lead the water under Åboulevarden (see fig. 69).

Page 56 / Analysis / Physical plans for Bispeengen

Figure 69 - Cloudburst plan for the catchment area “Bispeengbuen”.

Figure 70 - This visualization by SLA shows how the park is transformed in case of heavy rain.

Page 57 / Analysis / Physical plans for Bispeengen

Urban nature In the urban nature strategy by Copenhagen Municipality they set the goal of creating more and better urban nature in the capital with the ambition of increasing the biodiversity for the joy and delight of the present and coming generations. The parks must be developed and maintained with respect for the historical, recreative and biological qualities, and the number of trees must be increased with a variation in the species selection. Another goal from the report is to secure access to water experiences with a high water quality. (Copenhagen Municipality 2015).

There is room for improvement of the nature around Bispeengbuen, which lacks cohesion and biodiversity. The demolishing of the flyover frees up a big space where nature can unfold and connect the adjacent pocket parks. Also, the potential for revitalizing the hidden streams can be backed up by the urban nature strategy, with their goal of a better access to water experiences, which is something that is lacking in the area.

The coherent city In the Copenhagen municipal plan from 2015 a part of the goals concern the cohesion in the city, which is a topic that resonates with this project. The goal is to prevent a fractured city, both physically and socially speaking, wherefore cultural and social diversity is emphasized: “The city must be designed so that the people of Copenhagen meet each other across economic, social and cultural backgrounds.” (Copenhagen Municipality 2014:23) Bispeengen has the potential of becoming a meeting place for people of different backgrounds and ages. In order to mingle residents from e.g. the social housing area “Lundtoftegade”, just east of Bispeengen, with people from the more expensive housing areas, Bispeengen must have a range of different functions that appeals to different users. The outdoor culture house has taken the first step in doing so, and with the demolition of the flyover, it provides room for great improvement of social and physical coherence.

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Figure 71 - Frontpage of the three strategic reports, regarding climate adaptation, urban nature and the coherent city.

Page 59 / Analysis / Physical plans for Bispeengen

Interlude This part works as a strategic link between the analysis and the design proposal. It presents the vision for Bispeengen and explains, briefly, what arguments that lies behind and how it will be executed.

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Preconditions: New tunnel and buildings The preconditions refer to the factors that has made this project possible, which is primarily the arrival of the tunnel, with the new buildings as a consequence. The tunnel makes it possible to rethink the whole area, as a large platform is now disposable, and the buildings helps financing it.

Tunnel The tunnel solution that is chosen for this project is developed by Rambøll (see page 54), and will stretch from the railroad to Borups Plads with a total length of 715 meters. The ramps in each end will be covered, which allows for building development in each end of the area. The tunnel will be constructed as a “cut-and-cover” solution, meaning that a big trench is excavated where the tunnel is built. In order to use a boring machine, the tunnel should be significantly longer. The top level of the tunnel construction will be 3,85 m AMSL, with a buffer on 0,5 m, and the ramps will rise above the existing terrain with a height ranging from 0-6,5 m (Rambøll 2017).

The chosen cut-and-cover solution entail that Bispeengbuen and everything else that lays within the tunnel outline will be demolished. Fortunately, almost all of the existing street trees along Bispeengbuen are located at least ten meters from the tunnel excavation, making preservation possible.

Placement of new buildings An estimate by Sadolin & Albæk suggest that there must be made room for 66.000 floor m2 to partly finance the new tunnel (Rambøll 2017). It has been a part of this project to find the optimal location for these new buildings, which will not compromise the goals set in this project.

In this proposal the buildings are placed in each end of the area, above the tunnel ramps, because here the terrain rises above street level, which makes it unsuitable for stormwater handling. This will naturally release space for one coherent park in the middle of the area, and thus create a stronger feeling of enclosure in Bispeengen. The idea of separating the park and the building zones, as private and public fields, will avoid a sense of intrusion when visiting the park. The northern building can be made as a tall construction, since the shadow will only hit the railway and industrial buildings.

The diverse set of buildings, that exists around Bispeengen, with different ages, styles and price (see page 38), result in a mixed residential group. The new buildings will add a new element to the area, and will seek to uphold the diversity of inhabitants in the area. It is suggested, that the new buildings have active ground floors towards the squares e.g. with restaurants and theatres, and apartments on the upper floors. Furthermore, some of the floors should be used for parking now that the existing parking space under Bispeengbuen is transformed.

Page 62 / Interlude / Preconditions: New tunnel and buildings

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Figure 72 - The tunnel is crucial for the execution of this project.

1. The centre of the tunnel is 420 meters long.

2. The tunnel ramps in each end respectively 130 and 180 meters long and covered.

3. The existing 6-laned expressway, connecting the city centre with the outskirts of Copenhagen.

Figure 73 - This diagram shows the floor m2 calculations of the new buildings, placed in each end of the project area, above the tunnel ramps.

1. Ground area: 6.775 m2 * 5-9 floors (terraced): 40.000 m2 2. Ground area: 3.520 m2 * 5 floors (karrĂŠ) = 17.600 m2 3. Ground area: 1.917 m2 * 5 floors = 9.585 m2

Page 63 / Interlude / Preconditions: New tunnel and buildings

Vision The proposal for Bispeengen must exploit the hidden treasures that are buried in the area - and through a holistic design incorporate reuse, urban nature and climate adaptation - culminating in a magnetic hybrid uniting the districts. It will be a diverse and vibrant meeting place for the mixed user groups living in and outside of the neighbourhood.

Four strategic themes The four strategic themes; urban nature, social interaction, reuse and climate adaptation are the central topics in this design proposal. On the following pages they will be strategically attacked by summing up the main challenges and potentials detected in the analysis, and goals will then be formulated accordingly. This part of the report will thereby work as a link between the analysis and the design proposal. It is a project with many goals, which all have their entitlement, and they must be incorporated holistically resulting in a synergy effect (see fig. 75).

Reconciliation of interests Bispeengen has a mixed neighbourhood with diverse residential groups (see page 38), and the goal with this project is to create a place which appeals to the broader public. Furthermore, outside interests are recognized, such as municipal plans of climate adaptation, urban nature and coherence. If a transformation is to be realized, the further design process will need to involve the various stakeholders, e.g. through workshops and interviews, in order to achieve a balance of interests. However, this has not been the focus for this thesis project, which is merely based on individual research.

Connect the districts The aim of the project is to be a catalyst, taking the first step in uniting Nørrebro and Frederiksberg by hiding the traffic from Bispeengbuen in a tunnel, and creating a vibrant and diverse urban space on the municipal border. Green connections, as well as commercial (e.g. shops, cafées etc.), will get strengthened in between Nørrebro and Frederiksberg, and Bispeengen will be a magnet for people from all over the city. In the future Åboulevarden, just south of the project area, might also get transformed to become more than just a traffic line, and the zipper will be further closed (see fig. 74).

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Figure 74 - Zipper diagram - Nørrebro and Frederiksberg are forged together around Bispeengen, but the zipper remains open further south.

Blue / green infrastructure

Habitats

Biodiversity

Recreation

Pedestrian friendly

Water as a resource

A meeting place

Flood control

Activities; play, sport...

Water treatment

Events

Education

Identity

Cultural heritage

Recycling materials

Figure 75 - The holistic cycle and overlap of the four main themes with its many subtopics, which are the basis for the design proposal.

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#1 Urban nature Challenges / potentials • Bispeengen is situated in a very dense neighbourhood with little green space. The existing green areas are poorly connected, and appear as small islands in an ocean of pavement and buildings.

• The project area is a blue node - a junction where Grøndal stream and Lygte stream meet and turn into Ladegårds stream. Today, the streams are hidden away in pipes, and their recreational and educational potential is not being exploited. No water bodies can be found within a radius of almost two kilometres of Bispeengen.

• The public parks in the area are generally characterized by cultivated and monotonous nature.

Goals • Bispeengen will increase the amount of green space in the area and connect the adjacent green spaces.

• The hidden streams will be revitalized, ensuring permanent running water through Bispeengen for recreational and educational reasons. The project will work as a catalyst for further exposure of the hidden streams in this hydraulic network.

• The area will have a high level of biodiversity and provide various habitats for wildlife, as well as an attractive place for recreation, where new types of nature experiences are introduced.

Page 66 / Interlude / Vision

Figure 76 - Overview of the green spaces.

Figure 77 - Overview over the streams.

1. The new depressed space will have different types of nature with a more or less wet character.

1. The piped “Lygte stream” and “Grøndals stream” will be connected to the park.

2. Green boulevards with long, curvy rows of trees.

2. In the lowered space the streams will be exposed.

3. The existing adjacent pocket parks will be incorporated in the design.

Figure 78 - The park space will be characterized by a more or less water water tolerant species.

3. After flowing through the park the streams will be connected to the existing pipe under Åboulevarden, “Ladegårds stream”.

Figure 79 - Historic picture from Bispeengen, showing the lush nature shortly before Bispeengbuen was build.

Page 67 / Interlude / Vision

Figure 80 - Bispeengen will provide habitats animals, such as birds.

#2 Social interaction Challenges / potentials • The area is experienced as the shady backside of the neighbourhood and no shops, cafés etc. are facing that way. However, active streets with shops and public life are found just outside of Bispeengen.

• The area is highly dominated by the car, filled with roads and parking lots, and not a very appealing environment for pedestrians.

• A temporary culture house has facilitated the space under the bridge with equipment for events since 2015. Many different events, such as concerts, movies and flea markets have been held.

This culture house will be demolished when the area is transformed.

Goals • Bispeengen will be the centre of the district and perform as a vibrant and safe meeting place for the diverse mix of residents in the neighbourhood, as well as outside visitors, with a wide range of activities and experiences.

• The ground floor of the buildings facing Bispeengen will be reserved for shops, theatres, cafés and other functions. Bispeengen will be connected with the neighbouring active streets, which will attract a mixed group of users to the area.

• Roads and parking lots will no longer take up all the space, but will be reduced to a minimum.

The area will be on the premises of the pedestrian, and the role of the car will be greatly diminished to create a more pleasant environment for visitors and residents.

• A new permanent culture house will provide the practical facilities for events of different kinds and will be the centre piece in the area, which will foster a strong community for the residents.

Bispeengen must have sufficient open space that allows room for concerts, exhibitions and other events.

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Figure 81 - Overview of the existing commercial structures which are strengthened across Nørrebro and Frederiksberg.

1. The squares in front of the new buildings will have active ground floors and the traffic is slowed down.

2. The building facades facing the project area will have active ground floors.

3. The shopping street “Stefansgade” and the square “Borups Plads” will be better connected with Bispeengen.

4. The active streets “Nordre Fasanvej” and “Borups Allé” will be connected to the new squares.

Figure 82 - Flea marked under Bispeengbuen.

Figure 83 - Casual hangout along the promenade at Islands Brygge Harbourpark.

Page 69 / Interlude / Vision

Figure 84 - Social interaction through sport at Israels Square.

#3 Reuse Challenges / potentials • The 400-meter-long concrete flyover will be demolished, and a high amount of waste material will be available for reuse in the transformation.

• Numerous large trees are located on both sides of the bridge on the two curvy, parallel roads.

• Bispeengen holds an interesting and untold history. Throughout time, Bispeengen has undergone multiple transformations from wetland to canal, and finally the construction of Bispeengbuen, which may also soon be history.

Goals • Instead of wiping the slate clean the genius loci (the spirit of the place) will be preserved and re-interpreted.

• The overall structure will be preserved with the green streets arching along the area border and the 14 rows of pillars in between, which divides the area into a series of smaller spaces.

• A reasonable amount of waste-materials and trees will be reused in the transformation. This approach will save resources, as well as preserving a historical ballast.

Page 70 / Interlude / Vision

Figure 85 - Overview over the preserved structures.

1. The 56 pillars (14 rows of 4 pillars) are preserved with their present locations.

2. The two parallel, curvy roads will be preserved and improved.

Figure 86 - The demolishen of Bispeengbuen will release massive amounts of concrete.

Figure 87 - Historic photo of the boulevard “Åboulevarden” from the late 1800’s.

Page 71 / Interlude / Vision

Figure 88 - The numerous street trees around Bispeengbuen must as far as possible be preserved, along with this curvy sycamore boulevard.

#4 Climate adaptation Challenges / potentials • Bispeengen is low-lying in the terrain. Today, the rainwater is handled in the sewers, which cannot keep up with the more extreme events, resulting in yearly flooding of the area.

• The municipal cloudburst plan suggests to handle the majority of the concerned water in an enlarged pipe.

• The many roads in the area, along with other sources, will contaminate the surface runoff.

Goals • Bispeengen will detain water on the surface as a blue-green solution, with the highest possible capacity without compromising the rest of the goals set in this project.

• The rainwater will be seen as a recreative quality rather than a problem. The fluctuating water level will add variation and new experiences to the area.

• The rain water will be cleansed and thereby reach an acceptable quality before entering the detention basin, allowing it to be used for different purposes.

Page 72 / Interlude / Vision

Figure 89 - Overview of the cloudburst solution.

1. The centrered park space will be lowered and function as a detention basin.

2. Rainwater will flow through the “cloudburst boulevards” into the park, inspired by the municipal plan (see fig. 69).

Figure 90 - One of the yearly floodings under Bispeengbuen at Nordre Fasanvej.

Figure 91 - The water must have a certain quality in order to be used for play etc.

Page 73 / Interlude / Vision

Figure 92 - The centre of Bispeengbuen will be transformed into a depressed green-blue detention basin (reference photo from Parc du Chemin de l’île).

Design proposal The design proposal is the result of the previous pages and will be thoroughly presented through various illustrations, references and theories.

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Masterplan and zoom-in

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Figure 93 - Bispeengen masterplan

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Page 77 / Design proposall / Masterplan and zoom-in

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Concept: “like the yolk in an egg...”

The Danish saying; to feel “like the yolk in an egg” is used as a metaphor for the park space (the serial gardens), which has been the main focus of this design proposal. The metaphor means to feel good and protected, which is the case of the enclosed park space, situated in the centre of the area, surrounded by a retaining wall, rows of trees and behind that, the buildings, framing Bispeengen.

This spatial composition is called “spatial gradations” and is described further on page 94.

Bispeengen will be the heart of the district, and perform as a meeting place for the diverse mix of residents in the neighbourhood as well as outside visitors. The Danish architect and urban planner, Jan Gehl (famous for his studies of the life between the buildings) writes in his book “Cities for people” about how man is generally attracted by other people and how the city should promote social exchange.

“The spectrum of activities and actors demonstrate the opportunities for public city space generally to strengthen social sustainability. It is a significant quality that all groups of society, regardless of age, income, status, religion or ethnic background, can meet face to face in city space as they go about their daily business. This is a good way of providing general information to everyone about the composition and universality of society. It also makes people feel more secure and confident about experiencing the common human values played out in many different contexts.” (Gehl 2010:28) Bispeengen will be turned around from being a very car-dominated area to a pedestrian-friendly environment, encouraging public life in a slow pace. It is a place where culture, nature and history come together, and the hidden potential of the site is redeemed. Bispeengen will offer a great learning environment and recreational experiences, as well as a unique aesthetic setting, where various events and activites can take place. This will attract a wide range of user groups.

Page 80 / Design proposal / Concept: “like the yolk in an egg...”

(1)

(2)

(3)

Figure 95 - The concept is here illustrated with the analogy of an egg, where the yolk, egg white and shell is translated to the main elements of the project; the park, boulevards and buildings.

1. The park space is located in the centre of the area, eclosed “like the yolk in an egg” (a danish expression).

2. The egg white is the green boulevards that surrounds the park, providing a soft transition from the hard building edge.

3. The buildings are like a shell, a hard edge that frames Bispeengen, improving the feeling of enclosure.

Page 81 / Design proposal / Concept: “like the yolk in an egg...”

Physical structure Overall structure The overall structure can be described as a long, coherent, and curvy shape, which is mirrored with the same elements repeating from each end of the area; building zones, squares, crossing streets, and in the middle a depressed park space with serial gardens (see fig. 96). The total size of the project area is 4,4 ha - around 700 m long and 65 m wide.

Even though this design proposal is a dramatic intervention, the overall structure is preserved to a large extend. The existing curvy shape of the area will be enhanced by two boulevards, based on the existing road structure, where almost all of the existing trees are preserved. The large space under Bispeengbuen, in the centre of the area, is lowered, and will function both as a park space and a detention basin. New buildings are placed in the northern and southern part of the area, above the tunnel ramps, framing the space between the roads “Nordre Fasanvej” and “Borups Allé”.

The park space is lowered two meters and functions as a detention basin with an enormous stormwater capacity. In the bottom of the basin a series of gardens offer a diverse experience through different garden spaces. The supporting pillars from Bispeengbuen are preserved with the exact same position and plays a big part in the design proposal, as cultural heritage, marking the historic position of Bispeengbuen, and as spatial elements, framing the serial gardens. The pillars are positioned in a curvy grid, dividing the long depressed space into ten smaller spaces, each with an area of approximately 25 x 35 meters, which are differentiated and offer a wide range of atmospheres and functions.

Ladegårds stream is running through the serial gardens, and the water is expanded into basins with a rhythm, changing from water-gardens to dry gardens, making the water ever-present. The serial garden has a repetitive structure, which allows a diverse content without it becoming aesthetically confusing. This creates flexibility and has the aim of offering a wide range of experiences, with the ability to reconcile with a mixed user group, resulting in social interaction between different people.

Multifunctionality The structure enables different elements to have multiple functions, and things to overlap, which creates a synergy effect between recreative, educative, and social values, etc. Take for instance the detention basin which, apart from handling stormwater, is also a scenic space with different functions and atmospheres, and a place for learning about the natural and hydraulic processes. Or the concrete pillars, which work as historic relics, spatial elements and with additional functions such as climbing. This sort of hybrid thinking has the potential of bringing different people together while exploiting the limited free space in the dense city.

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(6) (5)

(4)

(3) (1) (2) (3)

(4) (5)

(6)

Figure 96 - The overall structure of the project area.

1:5.000

1. Serial gardens - in the centre of the area, surrounded by retaining walls, trees and buildings, a series of gardens are offering a wide range of experiences in a 12.300 m2 area, lowered two meters below street level.

2. Promenade - the promenade follows the edge of the serial gardens and offers easy access.

3. Boulevard - the two boulevards runs along the full length of the project area and frames it.

4. Crossing road - the two large roads “Nordre Fasanvej” and “Borups Allé” cuts through the area.

5. Square - located in front of the new buildings with active ground floors.

6. Building zone - located in each end of the area, above the tunnel ramps.

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Section (long) before and after Today, the 400-meter-long flyover casts a shadow over Bispeengen (literally and figuratively), enabling traffic to cross underneath, and makes room for a large parking space. The terrain follows the ramps leading up to the flyover, and drops 1 meter where Nordre Fasanvej goes under Bispeengbuen. Otherwise, the terrain is rather flat.

In this proposal, the flyover is demolished and traffic from it is put in a tunnel. The new buildings, together with the existing, will frame the new park space, and the car will get heavily degraded in the area. The terrain will be evened out around Nordre Fasanvej, so that the entire area around the detention basin will range from 7-7,5 m AMSL, sloping towards the inlet.

Road “Borups Allé” (7,5 m AMSL)

Ramp

Figure 97 - Section of Bispeengen today 1:2.000

Detention basin with serial gardens length 275 m

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Road “Borups Allé” (7,5 m AMSL)

Square

Active ground floor towards the square

New building (residential)

Ramp

New building (residential and parking)

Tunnel exit

Figure 98 - Section of Bispeengen after the transformation 1:2.000

The section line follows the curvey shape.

Train crossing

Ramp

Road “Nordre Fasanvej” (6,5 m AMSL)

Outdoor culture house

Flyover “Bispeengbuen” with parking underneath length: 400 m

Tunnel exit

Train crossing

Ramp

New building (residential, parking and other functions)

Active ground floor towards the square

Square

Road “Nordre Fasanvej” (7 m AMSL)

Tunnel length 750 m

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Cross section before and after The street profile is not completely changed, as the existing structure with roads on each side is kept, but turned into more pedestrian friendly boulevards. The space in the middle, on the other hand, is completely transformed. It is depressed two meters, but keeps the same width of 35 meters, and with the pillars on their present location, but lowered. Along the serial gardens runs a lowered promenade (seven meters wide), ensuring easy access to the park for visitors and park rangers.

The eastern boulevard gains two meters width to make room for the sycamore trees’ root zone, pedestrians, bicycles, benches, etc. The western road and sidewalk are combined into a cloudburst boulevard with the same width (9 m).

The chosen depth of two meters for the detention basin is decided in relation to the location of the piped stream, which is found approximately two meters under terrain. It is also the maximum depth allowed in order to keep the 0.5 m buffer distance to the tunnel roof. The top of the tunnel is 3,85 m AMSL (see fig. 100). Ergo, the lowest level of the detention basin must be 4,35 m AMSL (Rambøll 2017).

The terrain in the water gardens will vary within approximately one meter’s range (4,35-5,2 m AMSL), which will create different habitats for plants and animals. The promenade and the dry gardens will all be around 5,2 m AMSL.

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Section line.

Bispeengbuen (six lanes)

Approximate position of pipe 7 m: Boulevard

9 m: Minor road

35 m: Parking lots

7 m: Minor road

2 m: Sidewalk

Figure 99 - Bispeengen’s street profile today 1:500

4,35 x x 3,85

5,2x

7,2 x

Traffic tunnel (six lanes)

9 m: Boulevard

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7 m: Promenade

35 m: Serial garden

9 m: Cloudburst Boulevard

Figure 100 - Bispeengen’s street profile after the transformation 1:500

The curved line Curved streets can be a rare sight in cities nowadays, at least outside the medieval quarters. Their picturesque quality seems to have been combated by the efficiency of the straight line, which is dominating the modern city. One of the main figures in the modernistic planning, Le Corbusier (18871965), claims that: “The winding road is the Pack-Donkey’s Way, the straight road is man’s way.” (Le Corbusier 1929:12) An opposing voice, Camillo Sitte (1843-1903), well known as the founder of romantic “picturesque” urbanism, criticized the straight line and the neglect of urban planning as an artistic discipline. The straight boulevard, he says, does not adapt itself to the terrain, and one can hardly await its termination (Sitte 1898).

The irregular shape of Bispeengen is a result of the historic terrain with the buildings placed above the wetland, framing the area in a curvy way. Bispeengbuen was formed with a smooth, rounded shape in relation to the surrounding buildings and terrain.

The new boulevards, buildings, and retaining walls will all follow the curvy shape of the area, making the picturesque and romantic effect stand out. Therefore, it is not possible to attain an overview of the whole park, as parts will be hidden around the bend, which makes it more intriguing.

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Figure 101-104 - Paintings by Erich Heckel “Weisses Haus in Dangast” 1908 and “Kanallandschaft” (Berlin) 1912.

Photos: Siena, Italy and Købmagergade, Copenhagen.

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Case studies The structure and character of the proposal has been inspired by several projects. The following three cases have been part of the main inspirations, especially for the serial gardens. These projects are somewhat similar in having a long park structure divided in a series of spaces. However, they are very different in character and use, ranging from the highly cultivated project at Islands Brygge to the more scenic and wild Parc du Chemin de l’Île. The three case studies bring something different to the table, such as water treatment, reuse and culture, which can also be found in the proposal for Bispeengen.

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Parc du Chemin de l’île Parc du Chemin de l’île has been a large source of inspiration, both in terms of hydrology, atmosphere and structure. It is designed by the French landscape architect firm Mutabilis, and was completed in 2006.

A key element in the park is the use of water, which is pumped from the river Seine, and purified through a series of water gardens. This space offers a recreational area for the citizens, as well as habitats for the native flora and fauna. The basins are framed by reused concrete slabs, and boardwalks provide good access to experience the processes of nature. The water flows with gravity from basin to basin, and is gradually cleansed by plants that filter and absorb particles and bacteria. Other plants create oxygen, which is important for the water quality (Conseil general des Hauts-de-Seine 2012).

The size of the seven purifying gardens is very similar to the serial gardens, with almost the same length and width (320 x 32 m), making it easy to compare. Also, the structure of having promenades or boulevards on both sides of the basins are similar in comparison.

The reuse of concrete slabs, and the idea of using water from the Seine, are both approaches that can be found in this proposal as well, where water from Ladegårds stream is used and enlarges it through the wet basins, build by reused concrete from Bispeengbuen.

Figure 105 - The first purifying basin in the system is above street level, Parc du Chemin.

Figure 106 - The last of the basins with stairs leading down to the water.

Figure 107 - Hydraulic plan for Parc du Chemin showing how the water is pumped from Sienen and flows though the basisns.

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Islands Brygge Harbour park Islands Brygge Havnepark has been an inspiration in terms of structure, reuse and the culture house. The 2,8 hectare park was built in the 1990’s, and designed by landscape architect Annelise BramsnÌs and architect Poul Jensen in dialogue with residents and the municipality. The site used to be an industrial storage space for coal with steel structures and railways tracks. These have been preserved and reused in the project as historical traces, which gives the park an additional layer of curiosity (Dansk Bygningsarv s.d.).

The structure of the park is, in many ways, similar to this proposal with a long and relatively narrow park space that has almost the same width. It is divided in a series of smaller park spaces, however with a more loose division than found in this proposal. The long park space is framed by a boulevard on the one side and a promenade on the other, much like in this proposal. Another similarity is the culture house found in the centre of the park used for culture events, dining, and more. Islands Brygge Havnepark is one of the most iconic and well-visited newer parks in Copenhagen, and the success of the park is in a way legitimizing some of the ideas of this project.

Figure 108 - The promenade along Islands Brygge Harbour park.

Figure 109 - Islands Brygge Harbour park situation plan from 1996.

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Parc André Citroën (serial gardens) The serial gardens in Parc André Citroën (designed by Gilles Clément et al. in 1986-1998) has approximately the same size as the ones in this proposal, and have been an inspiration for the design of the Bispeengen’s serial gardens. As opposed to Islands Brygge Havnepark, these serial gardens have a very strict rhythm with a sharp framing of the gardens, in which different atmospheres unfold.

They are situated on the edge of the park, and make up a relatively small percentage of the total area, but are still the visitors favourite. Each garden is defined by three things; a dominant colour, a specific mineral or metal, and one of the five senses (Davis s.d.).

The serial gardens in Bispeengen will also have each their own theme and atmosphere, but is to a larger extent based on various functions, and thereby goes beyond the sensuous approach found in this case study.

Figure 110 - Aerial photo of Parc André Citroën (the serial gardens).

Figure 111 - Plan of the serial gardens (cut out of the larger plan drawing).

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Spatiality The spatial conditions are defined by the arrangement of the various morphological elements, and they are important for how the area is experienced and used. The spatiality of this design proposal has therefore been crucial.

Spatial gradations The proposal attacks the notion of space with the same principle as the Russian babushka doll with gradually smaller spaces inside the larger (see fig. 113). This principle is called spatial gradation and is described in the book “Opening spaces” by German landscape architect, Hans Loidl and Stefan Bernard: “Spatial gradations are spatial situations encapsulated inside each other. For the viewer several space boundaries (of different kind/strength) are usually recognizable at the same time. The access has little significance as a means of reading the space.” (Loidl & Bernard 2004:62)

Figure 112 - Spatial gradations (Loidl & Bernard 2004:62).

The large building blocks frame the project area, and tree alleys take the scale down to a more human magnitude. In between the alleys a large depressed space brings the scale down to a smaller size with a more distinct boundary. Inside the depressed space, ten smaller spaces are created by the pillars, from where you will feel enclosure and forget that you are in the middle of a busy city.

Building frame Trees Depressed space

Serial gardens

Figure 113 - The spatial gradations principle applied on the current design proposal.

The park has been divided into an open and closed overall department to create a more interesting and varied spatial experience (see fig. 114). The closed space is a woodland that is an extension of the two existing pocket parks on each side of Bispeengen, which contains a lot of large trees. Many new trees are planted in between the existing trees to create a coherent woodland, that will in time have a joint canopy cover, under which different activities and sceneries will unfold. The open space is found south of the culture house, which is more suitable for events, as it can contain a large crowd of people, and also has an open view. A stage in the southern end of the culture house can be used for concerts, speeches etc, and can be seen from the open park space and the boulevards.

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Figure 114 - Spatial plan Page 95 / Design proposal / Spatiality

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Building frame The arrival of the new buildings, as a cork in each end of Bispeengen, will break down the very long space that stretches above the piped Ladegårds stream and creates a more local space for the neighbourhood with a slower pace, and a stronger feeling of serenity. The mix of typologies in the surrounding buildings create a diverse frame with different heights and density with various access points.

Trees The buildings are partly hidden by the many trees that create a gradient in height from the 5-12 floors to a more human scale. The trees create a soft and lush boundary around the park with a coherent canopy cover, under which you can walk on the boulevards in the shade.

Depression One of the more dramatic features of the proposal is the 12.300 m2 area, which is lowered two meters with the function of detaining large amounts of stormwater. The retaining walls create a very distinct space, as opposed to the other spatial entities, which will appear more vague. The space is rather deep, and creates some accessibility challenges, which has been solved with the implementation of several stairs and ramps. From the depressed space you will have little visual contact with the surroundings, and the space will feel rather isolated, while your attention will be led to the serial gardens.

Serial gardens The ten spaces are defined by the 56 pillars that are ordered in rows 14. Three of the rows are expanding outside of the depressed space, where they are framing the two squares. The serial garden spaces are further defined by the concrete edges that separates the wet and dry gardens, as well as the promenade and the serial gardens. The serial garden space can be classified as having “open spatial boundaries”, which is here described by Loidl and Bernard: “Open spatial boundaries are created by isolated items placed along the boundary of the area-unit. Their ability to create space effectively depends on the distances between the individual items and the degree of area uniformity.” (Loidl & Bernard 2004:63)

Figure 115 - Open boundaries (Loidl & Bernard 2004:63).

With around 7,5 m between the pillars, it is a very transparent boundary that separates the serial gardens. However, the regularity of the pillars and concrete edges, as well as the constant shift of going from a wet to a dry space, emphasize the feeling of space separation. This means that each of the serial gardens gives you a feeling of their own space, while having great visual interaction with the neighbouring garden and the promenade.

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Figure 116 - This 3D drawing shows the template of the serial gardens and its spatial relationship to the promenade and boulevards.

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Section (long) of the serial gardens and the spatial gradation There exists a clear spatial rhythm created by the pillars, which is emphasized by the changing character of the serial gardens with various utilities. The section below also shows, how the overall character of the serial gardens is more wild and enclosed north of the culture house, while more cultivated and open to the south.

The spatial gradation can be seen as steps, ranging from the buildings to the serial gardens in the bottom area, where you will experience a feeling of enclosure (see fig. 117).

Waterlily pond

Multi court

Water farm

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Water playground (outlet)

Borups AllĂŠ

Square with outdoor serving

New residential block with an active ground floor Community house / cafĂŠ

Figure 118 - Section (long) 1:500

Buildings

Trees

Retaining wall

Serial gardens

Figure 117 - This simplistic section shows the principle of the gradated spatial transition, ranging from the buildings to the serial gardens in the lowered space.

The section line follows the curvey shape.

Community house / cafĂŠ

Platforms with outdoor serving

Picnic lawn

Water playground (basin)

New residential block with an active ground floor

Square with outdoor serving

Nordre Fasanvej

Wetland (inlet)

Climbing forest

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Cross section of a serial garden This is an example of one of the serial gardens that is located between the two existing pocket parks, which will create a woodland feel and a sense of enclosure. This serial garden has a multi court in the middle, surrounded by new and existing vegetation. The pillars are used as lookout towers from where you can watch the ball game and the scenic environment.

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Multi court

Retaining wall (reused concrete slabs)

New planted tree row

Stormwater boulevard / no cars allowed (reused cobblestones)

Ex. mound

Ex. pocket park with a lush mix of beech and robinia trees and flowering bushes

Figure 122 Cross section 1:200

Retaining wall (reused concrete slabs)

Promenade with tribune / stair

Concrete pillars preserved from Bispeengbuen with lookout spot on top

Water trench

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2

5.

Ex. sucamore boulevard with new pavement (reused cobblestones)

x

x

2

7.

Section line.

Figure 119-121 - Reference pictures of the utilities and atmosphere with a ball court, lookout towers and concrete tribune/stair.

Shadow In Denmark sunlight is scarce, and therefore plays a big role when designing an urban space. When the sun is shining, people will usually not choose to sit in a park where the buildings are blocking the sun.

The spatial circumstances around the serial gardens make it shady at times. But through analysing the shadow at different times of day and year (by use of AutoCAD 3d), it is clear that there are still lots of hours with sun each day. The trees have not been included in this analysis and will increase the level of shade to some extend. It is therefore suggested to plant species with light canopies on the boulevards.

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1/3 9:00 1/3 9:00 1/3 9:00 1/3 9:00

1/3 12:00 1/3 12:00 1/3 12:00 1/3 12:00

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1/7 17:00 17:00 1/7 17:00 1/7 17:00 1/7

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Figure 123 - This shadow diagram shows how the shadow from the buildings (and the pillers) will fall, at different times of the day for March 1 and July 1. It can be seen that the serial gardens will have no shadow in the middle of the day.

1/7 17:00 1/7 17:00 1/7 17:00 1/7 12:00 1/7 12:00 1/7 12:00 1/7 9:00 1/7 9:00 1/7 9:00

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Infrastructure Boulevards The two boulevards will stretch all the way through Bispeengen, and enhance the existing curvy road structure. A coherent pavement, as well as continuing tree alleys, will create cohesion in the new area and slow down the pace, making it more appealing for pedestrians. The boulevards will be the backbones of the area, from where people can observe the ever-changing scenery in the serial gardens when e.g. riding the bike to work or taking an afternoon stroll.

Traffic The Boulevards are designed on the premises of the pedestrian, and offer a quiet environment for a stroll under the canopies, with a view over the lowered serial gardens with its different sceneries. Yet, around half of the Boulevards allow for limited car access, functioning as necessary service roads, but no parking is allowed.

A part of the western boulevard is connected to a small road behind the existing pocket park. This road will function as a service road to provide access to the culture house for practical reasons and in case of fire. The northern part of the boulevards are also allowing some level of car traffic, in connection with the Novozymes parking lot, and the recycling station, just as today. On the south-eastern boulevard cars are allowed, but with a slow pace and no drive-through.

Bicyclist are also welcome on the nine-meter-wide boulevards, but the pace is kept down by an absence of asphalt lanes. Instead lines of granite strips are offering a less bumpy path in between the cobblestone, which are also aimed at baby carriages and wheelchairs.

Figure 124 - Cobblestones and granite strips - A typical sight in Copenhagen.

Trees Fortunately, many large existing trees can be found along the boulevards, and as many trees as possible will be preserved, which will give the boulevards a rather mature character from day one.

Some trees will be cut down in order to build the tunnel, and a cluster of trees will be cut down in the southern end to allow the boulevard to enter the green space, â€œĂ…gadeparkenâ€?. The new cobblestone pavement will, as far as possible, be laid down without damaging the roots.

Many new trees will be planted along the boulevards. Some trees will be added to the existing sycamore avenue, on the eastern boulevard, to fill the voids, and a coherent tree row will be planted where there are no trees (see page 146).

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Figure 125 The traffic on the boulevards and the relationship with the existing trees 1:2.500 Page 105 / Design proposal / Infrastructure

Entrances The two boulevards can be accessed from all around the area. Many of the entrances are only for pedestrians, such as the small pathways from the social housing area, “Lundtoftegade” to the east, and the three existing pocket parks, which are all connected to the boulevards. The boulevards can also be accessed by car from various places, but only for cars with an errand.

Transverse connections It is important to include transverse connections to fulfil the goal of uniting the districts. The crossings have logically been placed in continuation of entrances, making it easy to move across the area.

It is possible to cross the serial gardens by stairs at the water-lily pond, the culture house and the picnic lawn (see page 133). The new buildings must also allow transverse crossings.

“Nordre Fasanvej” and “Borups Allé” are the main transverse connections, characterized by a vibrant and commercial environment. Where these two major roads are crossing the boulevards, cobblestone and traffic lights will slow down the traffic, and thousands of cars will quietly cross through the area each day.

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nve j asa re F Nor d

Bo

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Figure 126 - Entrances and transversive connections Page 107 / Design proposal / Infrastructure

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Promenade The promenade plays an important role, in terms of accessibility, as the main link between the depressed space and street level with a height difference of two meters. It is located between the serial gardens and the eastern boulevard, and invites for a unique walking experience where you can view the ever-changing scenery, ranging gradually from wild to urban gardens, while the character of the promenade follows the serial garden (see fig. 128).

The promenade is seven meters wide, and houses equipment such as benches, bicycle racks, trash bins etc. It can be accessed in each end by ramps, which are both 40-meter-long and have a 1:20 gradient, making the promenade easily accessible from the street for wheelchairs, the maintenance crew etc. It is also possible to access the promenade from stairs connected to the eastern boulevard (see fig. 128).

Figure 127 - The promenade is located between the retaining wall and the serial gardens. It can be compared with the promenades from Cheonggyecheon Stream, Seoul.

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Ramp

Stairs

Stairs

Stairs

Ramp

Figure 128 - Diagram of the promenade that gradually 1:2.500 goes from having a wild character (green) to an urban character (orange) and serves as a accessbone between streetlevel and the depressed space.

Figure 129 - The northern part of the promenade reflects the wild character of the serial gardens in this end of the area.

Different planting beds are breaking through the pavement, similar with the promenade at CBS campus, Frederiksberg.

Figure 130 - The southern parth of the promenade reflects the cultivated and urban character of the southern serial gardens. Picture from the Goods Line, Sydney.

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Squares The two squares are located as nodes between the main roads, the boulevards and the new buildings. The new buildings will have active ground floors towards the squares with public functions, such as a cafĂŠ with outdoor serving, or a theatre, to evoke a vibrant environment. This is part of the goal to connect the two districts, where the squares will play the role of a commercial magnet.

The squares will be equipped with furniture, trees, and lighting, and invite people to sit down. The pillars from Bispeengbuen are also present at the squares which, (apart from their sculptural, cultural and spatial effect) will make the squares feel like a part of the park and not feel detached.

The northern square is the smallest, with an area of around 12 x 50 m and sunlight until afternoon.

The southern square is almost twice as big, with an area of around 30 x 40 m, but will be more affected by shadow.

Figure 131-132 - Sankt Hans Torv, Copenhagen - the squares seek a similar atmosphere.

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Figure 133 - Squares

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Serial gardens The serial gardens are experienced as a rather isolated space in the city, as a result of being depressed two meters. This makes the visual connection with the surroundings limited, while trees, together with the sound of water, will camouflage the traffic in each end. It is a place for both tranquillity and social interaction depending on where you are.

The functions aim at having a broad praxeological appeal, ranging from quiet and serene activities, to active sports activities. In some gardens you can go explore wild nature, while others are suitable for events, sports or play.

It is a place with a great educational potential for learning about different nature types, the hydraulic system of Copenhagen, and the interesting history of the place, which is something most people are unaware of. Information boards will be placed in the different serial gardens, and the culture centre will have additional detailed material accessible.

It is a dynamic place, where the atmosphere is changing from garden to garden with abrupt transitions. Yet, the pillars and the water ensure a somewhat common atmosphere throughout the serial gardens, so that they are also experienced as a whole. The overall experience of the serial gardens become more cultivated and static towards the south, as well as more accessible and open.

This idea of the differentiated park is something the Danish professor in landscape architecture, Ib Asger Olsen, wrote about in his book “Plants in the environment” (translated from Danish). Besides the quality of offering a wide range of experiences, the idea of providing different nature types will appeal to different types of people, with each their view and relationship towards nature (Olsen 2013).

This idea is well aligned with the vision of mingling people.

Every second garden is a water garden with a permanent water body. The basins are connected by water trenches, with different characters, that relate to the garden in which they are located. In this way the water is ever-present in the serial gardens, and is experienced in different ways.

It should be emphasized, that this is not a final proposal, rather examples of how the serial gardens could look. One of the strengths of the design is its flexibility to adapt for future needs and taste. The serial gardens should not be too narrowly programmed, but leave room for interpretation. This idea is here explained by Ellen Braae, professor in landscape architecture: “Thus, the design must not dictate specific uses too narrowly, or exclude others, but by ‘soft programming’ an area it must open the way for both interpretation and change, while avoiding mediocrity in the process.”

(Braae 2015:83) The serial gardens must be designed through an inclusive process, where the stakeholders are invited to come with ideas and wishes. In this way, the users will feel a stronger ownership of the space, and a faulty programming will be avoided.

On the following pages, the ten serial gardens are described, (starting from north) with each of their different function, atmosphere, vegetation, accessibility, and maintenance.

Page 112 / Design proposal / Serial gardens

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Figure 134 - The atmosphere in the serial gardens is gradually changing from wild to cultivated with increased accessability towards the southern end.

Figure 135 - The serial gardens have a high educational potential which will be pronounced through information boards.

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#1 Wetland The first garden is receiving water from the river inlets and the rainwater runoff. It is located right next to “Nordre Fasanvej�, which is being tucked away in a green veil of reeds and alder trees, while the sound of water from the inlets camouflages the traffic noise.

The lush untamed nature will be experienced in a sharp contrast to the urban environment framing the space. A narrow wooden boardwalk is cutting through the vegetation allowing access for pedestrians to experience the wetland from within.

The bottom of the basin is not flat, and the terrain breaks through the surface here and there, creating small islands where reeds and alder trees will grow. This is a low-maintenance garden, left alone to turn into a self-sustaining ecosystem.

This garden is most appealing for birds and other wildlife due to its low level of disturbance, but can also be interesting for nature lovers and has an educational quality as well.

Figure 136-139 - The wild wetland with reeds and trees can be accessed from a wooden bridge.

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#2 Climbing forest This garden is part of the woodland with a seemingly natural character. Water is running through the middle of the forest floor in small streams. This peaceful environment is mixed with active fitness utilities.

Outdoor exercise equipment will be present in the forest, and the eight pillars surrounding the garden will be equipped with climbing grips and sand underneath. Climbing equipment could be facilitated in the culture house. Climbing has become a very popular activity, and this garden will serve as a green climbing environment for the Copenhagen climbing community and others.

A path and a more or less open understorey makes the garden rather passable for visitors to move around in the climbing environment, and small bridges make it easy to cross the water trench.

Oak and willow trees are planted, and the canopies will in time touch the existing trees on both sides of the garden. The trees are planted densely, and will be thinned as they grow big. Besides that, the maintenance level is low.

Figure 140-142 - The green forest environment is mixed with active facilities.

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#3 Water lily pond The water lily pond is mainly thought as a place for recreation and contemplation, where people will stop up and admire the water lilies and other beautiful water plants. It is experienced as a clearing, surrounded by canopies that are being reflected in the water. This idyllic sight, with lush nature and insects humming, is contrasting the raw concrete frame.

Two bridges cross each other on their way across the water. One bridge enables you to move easily from the climbing forest to the ball forest without leaving the serial gardens. The other bridge takes you across the basin from the western pocket park to the promenade.

Water plants break through the surface, but remain below eye height. The water lily (Nymphaea alba) is the character species in this water garden, but other species are also planted. The water plants must be fought back, so most of the water mirror is still free.

Figure 143-145 - The pond will have a natural look with clusters of different water plants, mainly the water lily, and two crossing bridges.

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#4 Ball forest Like the climbing forest, this is an active space in the woodland. A multicourt (combined basketball and football court), surrounded by trees, offers a unique sports experience, as the centre line of the court is marked by an open water trench, adding a new element to the game (see fig. 122).

The eight surrounding pillars are used as lookout towers with platforms on top, accessed by spiral stairs. From the towers you can observe the ball game and the nature from above.

The multicourt is surrounded by a trail, cutting through the lush nature with trees, tall grass, and vines that are climbing up the ball cage.

Figure 146-149 - Reference pictures of the utilities and atmosphere with a ball court, lookout towers and concrete tribune/stair.

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#5 Water farm The water farm is a place for growing food for the café and for sale. It is irrigated by the water flowing from the streams. This garden is characterized by a systematic and practical structure, as usually found in agriculture, with a grid of bridges that ensures good access to the crops.

Urban farming is a relatively new trend which is not always successful, as people often lose interest after some time. One of the successful projects can be found on a roof in Copenhagen, and is called “Østergro” with the approximately same size as this water farm. Østergro also has a restaurant attached, which uses the crops in its cooking. Furthermore, they have workshops to educate schools and other visitors (Østergro s.d.). This idea could also be fitting for the water farm.

The water farm is the most demanding of the gardens, as new crops must be planted every year and taken care of. On the other hand, it is the only garden that has an actual yield. The chosen crops are inspired by what you would find in humid areas in the Danish nature (around streams, lakes etc).

Most of the plants are not usually used in modern cooking, but are gaining ground in the more highend cuisine, where the use of local ingredients are often a dogma. This could include species such as watercress (Nasturtium officinale), water mint (Mentha aquatica), broadleaf cattail (Typha latifolia).

Freshwater mussels and other edible freshwater animals could also be farmed.

Figure 150-152 - The water farm have different indigenous edible plants placed in a structured manner.

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#6 Culture house The culture house will be a centre piece in the area, and a place where people will meet, and culture will unfold. The culture house will provide facilities for different kinds of events, and houses a cafĂŠ with outdoor serving by the water. It is a vibrant, inclusive and informative place containing material regarding the multi-layered history of the hydraulic network.

The building is raised 1,8 m above the ground (the maximum water level allowed) to secure it against flooding. It is possible to access the raised building from the western boulevard and by stairs from the depressed space. The building has a flexible room disposition with walls that can be moved around, and a stage which can open up towards the southern open space.

Figure 153-155 - The culture house is raised to avoid flooding with a playfull network of trenches underneath.

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#7 Platforms This garden is mainly used for outdoor serving by the restaurant and gives the visitor access to sit above the water and watch the water plants and animals while eating. When concerts will play out from the side of the culture house, the platforms will offer a unique concert experience surrounded by water. The platforms are not stationary, but can be moved around and clicked together to fit different purposes. Flowering water plants such as purple loosestrife (Lythrum salicaria) are planted to create a pleasant environment.

Figure 156-157 - The platforms gives access for people to sit above the water where dining and concerts will take place.

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#8 Picnic lawn The picnic lawn is the most open and unprogrammed of the serial gardens. Here, more or less spontaneous events can play out on the cut grass. The garden has a very cultivated character, and the water trench is kept free of weeds. The picnic lawn can be accessed from all sides with stairs, bridges, and from the promenade.

Figure 158-161 - The picnic lawn is an open space, suitable for seating and events.

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#9 Water playground (basin) This serial garden has no plants, and can hardly be called a garden. However, without any vegetation, the water becomes more prominent and the mirror will reflect the sky and the surroundings. It offers a playful water experience in connection with the playground just next to it. The bottom of the basin is made by concrete, and concrete stepping stones allows you to move dry-feet across the basin. It is important that the water has a certain quality when used for playing (see page 140).

Figure 162-164 - This basin has stepping stones and encourages people to dip their feet.

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#10 Water playground This playground also has the water as a theme with fountains and twisted water trenches. The sound of water from the fountains camouflages the traffic noise from Borups AllĂŠ. It also exploits the two-meter height difference by having slides and small climbing hills. The parents can take part of the fun, or sit and read a book on the boulevards or promenade.

Figure 165-167 - The water playground has different water features and is connected with the boulevard by climbing hills and slides.

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Reuse Reuse has been one of the major topics in this project and holds an important narrative about sustainability and the local history. Antoine Picon, professor of the history of architecture and technology, says about waste landscapes and their educational potential: “We have to construct stories in which waste is redeemed or reintegrated into fruitful cycles.... The development of remediation as a major field for landscape designers is part of the same trend. Landscape narratives must be educational in that sense.” (Picon 2005:264) The reuse of Bispeengbuen basically has two reasons. The first regards cultural heritage, where the history of Bispeengen has been considered. The second is about saving resources, which has been an obstruction in the creative design process - both limiting and fuelling the design.

New heritage Parts of Bispeengbuen will be preserved as cultural heritage, or what you might call “new heritage”.

There has been a paradigm shift in the recent decades in the way heritage conservation is perceived and practiced; going from just the old and beautiful to also considering everyday objects as worthy.

Ellen Braae writes about recycling post-industrial landscapes in her book “Beauty Redeemed”: “Post-industrial urban landscapes and industrial leavings are cultural heritage. They belong to the recent past, and we will perhaps find some parts worthy of preservation in the classical sense. The questions and challenges in regarding industrial leavings as cultural heritage lie in determining what social, spatial, aesthetic and culture-historical values we can create out of each individual site and every context.” (Braae 2015:76) In this project Bispeengbuen has been treated as a post-industrial landscapes, making Braae’s theory applicable. This quote stresses the importance of the site-specific approach, and in this case the pillars are preserved as relics with a story about the old flyover, as what can be called ‘inconvenient heritage’ (further described on page 126). Apart from their culture-historical role they have spatial, functional, and aesthetic values. The cultural heritage of this project goes beyond the flyover with an earlier history, which has also been considered in the design proposal.

Historical layers - considerations The history of Bispeengen is important to look into when shaping the identity of the place. In the vast transformation of the city that we are facing, driven by climate adaptation, it is important to hold on to the site-specific character in order to keep the diversity and richness of the city, and avoid the history from being washed away.

Bispeengen has multiple historical layers, some of which are hidden underground. Roughly said, the area has been through three stages; a natural wetland before human intervention, a canal with the function of supplying drinking water to the city, and today’s state that is dominated by the big flyover, which might also soon be history.

Bispeengbuen was built in the modernist era where little thought went into the history and identity of the place. It was merely driven by efficiency, and in this case how to facilitate the increasing traffic pressure. The former history was buried to make room for the car, and if it wasn’t for the old building blocks still standing, it would be impossible to see the resemblance between the historic pictures and how it looks today (see fig. 7+8).

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Figure 168 - Diagram showing the placement of the reused elements; 1:5.000 pillars, retaining walls and cobblestone pavement.

In this project, the question has been whether to recreate the primal landscape (the wetland), to revitalize Ladegårds stream in its original shape, or lastly to preserve Bispeengbuen (or parts of it) as a historical monument.

Recreating a wetland would make sense, seen that it is the “deep structure” of Bispeengen, meaning a structure that existed prior to human settlement and will continue to exist after human settlement (Spirn 1998). If all the hard surfaces around Bispeengen were peeled off, it would most likely go back to its original state because if its topographic location. However, a natural wetland, scenic and beautiful as it can be, would be rather limiting to the area in terms of accessibility and use.

The second idea, to recreate the historic Ladegårds stream is challenging today – especially if it should be done with the same wide profile as seen on historical photos (see fig. 7+8). The hydraulic conditions are not the same today as they were back in the days. Not nearly as much water is flowing through Ladegårds å, with only 60 l/s (Copenhagen Municipality 2016 c), and the profile of the stream would need a serious downsize to stay wet. Meaning that if the stream should be revitalized it would be challenging to resemble the historic appearance.

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There lies an interesting history in the infamous Bispeengbuen. It stands as a solitary cultural heritage of what could have been a more common sight in Copenhagen, if the plans of Søringen had been carried out (see page 22). It can be viewed as a reminder of the importance of aesthetic and social regard in urban design. As Ellen Brae puts it in her description of post-industrial landscapes: “As physical relics they reflect a form of society that we are in the process of relinquishing, and thus they function both as mirrors of society and places of remembrance.” (Braae 2015:12) This assertion also includes what Braae calls ‘inconvenient’ heritage. Another example of this could be the numerous World War II bunkers seen along the west coast of Denmark, which are probably the clearest physical traces of the war left in Denmark. They were built in the hundreds by the Nazis from 1941 as defence against the allies, and remind us of the invasion and the terrors of war (Washuus 2013). Even though you might associate the bunkers with something negative, the west coast would be less interesting without their presence.

Reused resources When transforming the city, it is usually cheaper and easier to clear away the waste materials and start all over with new materials and structures. But where will the waste go? And can we keep extracting materials from the underground? The more sustainable way is to reuse as much as possible, even though it may not be the cheapest thing to do (Braae 2015). To reuse materials from Bispeengen has been an obvious choice due to the massive quantities of concrete that will be free of disposal. In fact, this proposal is almost exclusively constructed in reused materials. Here is a list of the materials that will be reused (see fig 169 +170), which is further described on the following pages: 1. The 56 concrete pillars are preserved remaining in the same position as today (but lowered).

2. The 400-meter-long demolished concrete flyover is reused for retaining walls, stairs, furniture, edges etc.

3. The 13.000 m2 cobblestone, today used for parking under the bridge, is reused as pavement for new boulevards and squares.

4. The lighting from Bispeengbuen is reused and attached to the pillars.

It has also been considered to preserve larger bits of Bispeengbuen, however the tunnel will be executed as a cut-and-cover solution (see page 62), which means that the flyover will be cut up and removed. Preserving larger bits would therefore be challenging.

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(2) (2)

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Figure 169 - Existing space under the bridge used for parking. Numbering explained on the neighbouring page.

(4)

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Figure 170 - Raw visualization from the depressed space showing the principle of reused materials. Numbering explained on the neighbouring page.

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Pillars The 56 concrete pillars will appear as a dominating feature in the design. They create an edgy atmosphere and gives the project a unique feeling of otherness. While working as a structural skeleton for the serial gardens, they also give the area cohesion and rhythm. The long and depressed space is divided into ten smaller spaces, dictated by the existing structure of the pillars, as a long wavy grid.

Parco Dora is a park in Turin, designed by Latz + Partner and build in 2004-2012, which, too, has reused pillars as a very dominating element in the centre of the park, preserved from the former steel mill. The 30-meter-high red steel columns add an almost futuristic layer to the park (see fig 173). The original function of the pillars is no longer in use, and now they have no function besides their historical and sculptural value (Landezine 2014).

In this project the pillars will have new life breathed into their existence. Activating the numerous pillars will make it easier to defend the choice of preserving them all. The idea of reinterpreting post-industrial relics is something that can be seen in Landscape park Duisburg-Nord, which Ellen Braae describes here: “The physical, spatial form adds direction and quality to the project while at the same time leaving great scope for interpretation – for instance by creating space for use in different ways and developing new forms of use.� (Braae 2015:83) The pillars have multiple functions and besides their sculptural, spatial and historical role, they are also given additional functions, fitting their location in the serial garden system. In the climbing forest, for example, the pillars will have climbing grips. More ideas are suggested below. Furthermore, all the pillars will have lighting attached and thereby function as thick lighting poles where the existing lamps from the ceiling of Bispeengbuen are reused.

Figure 171 - Pillars used for supporting the new culture house - raised to avoid flooding.

Figure 172 - Pillars with climbing gribs.

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Figure 173 - Parco Dora in Turin with its huge steel pillars dominating the park space.

Figure 175 - Pillars used as lookout towers.

Figure 174 - UMore park, Rosemount, Minnesota. Seemingly forgotten WWII-era structures in a wild environment.

Figure 176 - Pillars with art decorations.

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Retaining walls The demolition of Bispeengbuen will release massive amounts of concrete, which will be integrated in other areas of the design proposal. A big part of this concrete will be used for the 650 meters of retaining wall, which will surround the depressed area. Bispeengbuen is constructed by approximately 250 concrete beams (see fig. 177), which is more than enough material for constructing the retaining wall. It is suggested that the beams are cut up and placed vertically (see fig. 180), however this idea needs further investigation.

Cheonggyecheon Stream is a project in Seoul, designed by Seo-Ahn Totel Landscape in 2005, which has several similarities with this project, yet executed on a much larger scale. The main purpose of the project was to revitalize the stream, which was hidden under the road (Landscape Architecture Foundation s.d.). They, too, used retaining walls, but with a greater height of up to three meters, resulting in a strong feeling of enclosure from the surrounding city. The use of retaining walls enables the project to have promenades on both sides of the stream (see fig. 178).

Using retaining walls instead of slopes result in more useable space and a higher stormwater capacity, but holds an issue of accessibility, which is solved through several stairs and ramps. The walls can be decorated as seen in Parco Dora (see fig. 179). Art in the public cityscape can be more or less autonomous, and the walls will welcome a broad variety, ranging from exhibitions to graffiti.

25 m

1m

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Figure 177 - The approximate dimensions of the numerous concrete beams supporting the flyover.

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Figure 178 - Cheonggyecheon Stream, Seoul.

Figure 179 - Parco Dora: Art pieces hung on the industrial concrete wall.

Figure 180 - Concrete slabs from Bispeengbuen will be reused for retaining walls. It could be constructed as shown on this picture.

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Cobblestone The 13.000 m2 cobblestone, which are used today for parking under the flyover, will be reused as pavement for the new boulevards and squares, with a total area of 15.000 m2 (see fig. 168). Besides its value as a reuse material, it is a tool for slowing down the car traffic on the boulevards and where “Nordre Fasanvej” and “Borups Allé” crosses the project area.

Stairs & benches etc.

The concrete slabs from the flyover will be used creatively for various purposes. Some will be used for stairs, which will be organized in playful ways with irregular steps and seating integrated in the stairs. Stairs will be placed in strategic locations where the area is entered and not too far apart (see fig. 183).

Concrete slabs are also used for benches with a wooden cover and placed along the promenade.

Furthermore, it is used to construct the edges around the wet basins, as well as being used inside some of the serial gardens, e.g. for stepping stones in the playground basin and as water trenches.

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Figure 181 - Cobblestone.

Stairs next to Nordre Fasanvej

Figure 182 - Playfull reuse of concrete slabs for stairs/ furniture.

Stairs at the water lily pond

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Stairs next to Borups AllĂŠ

Figure 183 - Location of the stairs

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Figure 184 - This 3D drawing shows how the stairs are made multifunctional with sitting steps incorporated.

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Water The global climate changes causes more extreme rainfall. This fact, combined with increasing urbanization with less infiltration in the city, result in increased flooding risk. Instead of handling this issue by increasing the dimensions of the sewers, Copenhagen has made a strategy of landscape based stormwater handling (see page 56). The Copenhagen neighbourhood “Sankt Kjelds Kvarter” is currently undergoing a transformation into a “climate-resilient neighbourhood”, where heavy rainfall and flooding is welcomed as a positive event, which will flood the “cloudburst boulevards” without any negative consequences. Instead of expanding the sewers, which cannot keep up with increasing rainfall, they have chosen to handle some of the water on the surface. This so-called “green and blue” approach is furthermore the most affordable solution (Keays 2015).

Anthony Picon writes in an essay about water in a historical context, and how the structures of our cities have become dissociated from the hydraulic system: “Making the history of urban waters comprehensible for the urban resident has become a common preoccupation among landscape designers. A shift from memory to history, from one’s personal relationships to a place and one’s own experience in it to something collective, is apparent here as well. Water is indeed a collective problem today.” (Picon 2005:264) For many Copenhagen citizens the history of the hydraulic system is missing, and many do not know about the streams that used to run through Bispeengen, which are now hidden. Water simply disappears into the sewers - out of our sight and consciousness. In these times of increasingly extreme rainfall, ascending sea-level and threatened groundwater, the public should be more aware of the hydraulic systems and cycles, both in an urban context and beyond, as some of these issues might need to be collectively handled.

Picon also writes about how today’s urban citizens long for the presence of water in everyday life aside from pools and fountains. A trend that has fostered the development of harbour fronts in cities all over the world (Picon 2005). Water has an immense branding effect. Search for pictures of Copenhagen on the internet (or almost any other larger city), and you will mainly find pictures containing the harbour front, canals and lakes.

Many of the new city districts in Copenhagen use the presence of water as a central part of their strategy and identity. One of the winning points in the architecture competition for the district of “Ørestaden” back in the 90’s was the comprehensive system of canals, which is today a big part of the identity in the area (Ørestad Vandlaug s.d.). The same strategy is being used along the Copenhagen harbour, where a vast residential development is happening these years. Urban projects like “Sluseholmen” and “Nordhavnen” cuts up the land into smaller islets with a network of canals as a big part of their identity and amenity.

Aarhus stream is a case similar to Ladegårds stream which, during the last century, went from being a river boulevard to a noisy traffic road and finally back to river again. Today it has a major impact on the public life in the city (Johansen 2015). In the case of Ladegårds stream it is unlikely that the same transformation will happen anytime soon, despite the public support, because of the economic expenses of building a traffic tunnel that long. This project is only focusing on exposing a small part of Ladegårds stream - 275 m of its length of more than two kilometres - which can be seen as the first step of taking back the stream.

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Figure 185 - Aarhus stream is today a big part of the city’s image and has a high recreative effect.

Figure 186 - Visualization of Sankt Kjelds Kvarter by SLA, which shows how the urban landscape is transformed by the rain.

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Hydraulic solution Bispeengen is one of the areas with the highest priority in the concretization of the climate adaptation plans. The current plans suggest that the small existing pocket parks around Bispeengen will work as detention areas, while a new enlarged pipe will lead the water underground (see page 56). The plans do not suggest anything about using the space under Bispeengbuen and exposing the streams, probably because the plans of tearing it down has not been decided.

In the book “Water Sensitive Urban Design: Principles and Inspiration for Sustainable Stormwater Management in the City of the Future”, the authors offer a set of principles for designing SuDS (Sustainable Drainage System). Some of the principles are about getting closer to the natural water cycle, while providing aesthetic benefits and recreation and/or nature conservation purposes (Hoyer, Dickhaut, Kronawitter & Weber 2011).

In this project the space under Bispeengbuen is being used as a huge detention basin. It can be described as a green-blue solution, which will add recreational and educational values to the neighbourhood, and potentially cancel the very costly plans of expanding the water pipe under Åboulevarden, as this solution will relieve pressure of the sewer system. The solution will need to be coordinated with the municipal plans as it is part of a larger network (see page 57).

Detention basin The purpose of detention basins is to reduce the risk of flooding as well as the stress of the sewers by lowering the peak flows (Hoyer, Dickhaut, Kronawitter & Weber 2011). In case of heavy rainfall, the detention basin will temporarily store water, and gradually release it to the outlet. One of the goals of this project is to reach the highest capacity without compromising the other goals. The depressed area is 12.300 m2 and the suggested depth is two meter, but can be adjusted. Thereby, the capacity is approximately 20.000 m3 (see fig. 188). Bispeengen is low-lying, and will receive rain water from the surrounding catchment area, which will be detached from the sewer system to ease the pressure of the pipes, which cannot keep up with the increasingly extreme rain events. Usually rain events are not very intense, and mostly the detention basin will only be flooded a few centimetres. The maximum capacity will only be reached with many years apart (see page 142). The fluctuation of the water level when it rains adds another layer to the aesthetic experience of the serial gardens.

Water gardens The depressed space is situated where Lygte stream and Grøndals stream meets and turns into Ladegårds stream. Today, these streams are piped, but will be exposed in the depressed space where a series of wet basins/water gardens (described in the chapter “Serial gardens”) will enlarge the presence of the water feature compared to just having a stream running through the area. Ladegårds stream is estimated to have a rather low flow with an average of 60 l/s, and will follow the natural variations over the course of a year (Copenhagen Municipality 2016 c). The wet basins will be connected by trenches through the dry gardens.

Water ways The water plan on the following page shows how the existing piped streams (Lygte stream and Grøndal stream) will be directed to the inlet at the northern end of the serial gardens, and let out to the existing pipe in the southern end. The cloudburst boulevards are based on the municipal climate adaptation (see page 57). These waterways will lead rainwater to the same inlet as the streams, where the water is mixed and purified. Filters will clean the water coming from the existing pipes along with the runoff water, making the inner lakes cleaner than they are today (see page 140).

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Figure 187 - This plan shows the water ways and the detention basin with the water gardens on the bottom.

Positive space: • Height from wet basins to the highest allowed water level (see fig x): 6,8 m ABMS – 5 m ABMS = 1,8 m • Area of wet basins: 4.350 m2 • Volume: 1,8 * 4.350 = 7.830 m3 • • •

Height from promenade and “dry garden” to the highest allowed water level: 6,8 m ABMS – 5,2 m ABMS = 1,6 m Area of promenade + “dry gardens”: 7.950 m2 Volume: 1,6 * 7.950 = 12.720 m3

Negative space: • Pillars : 400 m3 • Stairs, benches etc.: 100 m3 Total capacity of the detention basin: 7.830 m3 + 12.720 m3 - 500 m3 = 20.050 m3

Figure 188 - Estimation of the capacity in the detention basin.

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Trenches The wet basins are connected through the dry gardens by different kinds of trenches, which are matching the style of each of the serial gardens (see chapter “Serial gardens”). Some trenches appear natural, while others are made of concrete.

Inlet, outlet and overflow The water will enter the northern part of the serial gardens through a joint inlet (see diagram 189), which will be made visible, with a sign placed above the pipe informing about from where the water originates.

After travelling through the serial gardens, the water is finally let out to the existing pipe found under Åboulevarden (Ø 150 cm), and a sign will inform the visitor about the forward water-journey to Peblinge lake and onwards.

In the rambøll report, it is suggested to use a part of the tunnel as additional cloudburst capacity. The highest allowed water level in the detention basin is 6,8 m AMSL (Rambøll 2017). It is here proposed to use the tunnel as a “plan B overflow” in case of an event so extreme that the detention basin will be filled up.

Figure 189 - Section diagram of the hydraulic solution of the detention basin.

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Figure 190-192 - Reference pictures of different sorts of trenches which will connect the water gardens.

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Water quality The water gardens invite the visitor to come in contact and interact with the water through play and education. The water is also used for irrigation in the water farm. This means that the water needs to have a certain quality (Orbicon 2015).

The surface runoff, coming from the roofs, roads etc., must be cleaned before it flows to the gardens.

Especially the runoff from the roads is problematic, as the rain picks up contaminants when washing through the streets. It is therefore directed to a filter before entering, where it is also mixed with the water from the streams (see fig. 189).

This project will also clean the water from the streams, and thereby improve the water quality at the recipients downstream. The concentration of phosphor in the Inner Lakes must not exceed 0,1 mg P/l. In periods where the phosphor level is too high, the water coming from the lake, “Emdrup Sø”, upstream, will not be directed to the Inner Lakes and through Bispeengen (Copenhagen Municipality 2013). This means that, by cleaning the water at Bispeengen, a more constant flow to the Inner Lakes is possible.

This proposal suggests a coarse-grained filter soil at the inlet, and additionally a Dual Porosity Filter somewhere on the stretch between Bispeengen and the Inner Lakes, inspired by conversation with Marina Bergen Jensen, Professor MSO in Design and Construction of Urban Landscapes Adapted to Climate Change. Using a plant-based cleansing system, as seen in Parc du Chemin de l’île, has also been considered. However, plants are more suitable for cleaning waste water, which is not the case in this project. Also, vegetation is only effective in growing seasons, and releases the contaminants again when it dies off (Jensen 2017). Therefore, it is better to have the water cleansed before entering the gardens.

Many factors, such as the oxygen level, must be kept in balance, and the water gardens must therefore be observed and maintained by a staff. To prevent algae from dominating the water, it is important to have a low level of nutrients in the water, which also means not to use fertilizers nearby the water, and to remove leaves from the water after leaf fall. Water plants and animals, such as water fleas, will also fight back algae (see page 148).

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Figure 193 - The water needs to have a certain quality when used recreationally. Especially the southern water gardens will encourage water contact.

Figure 194 - Emdrup Sø - the water is today only directed to the Inner Lakes if the phosphor concentration is below 0,1 mg P/l.

Figure 195 - The Inner Lakes are the next place in the system, after Bispeengen, where the water is daylighted.

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Fluctuating water levels The detention basin is designed to hold back a 100-year event, meaning an extreme cloudburst event that will only happen once every 100 year in average. The frequency and the flooding height can be seen in the section drawing below. The estimations are made roughly on the basis of the relationship between the rain depths for the different return periods (e.g. a 100 year event being almost twice as intense as a 10 year event). As can be seen in the section, the flooding will in average reach knee height once every year, while an everyday rain will barely flood the promenade.

The plants and materials that are used in the detention basin must have a certain robustness, so that they can withstand being flooded every now and then, even though the water will usually be emptied within a day. In times of drought, the water level wet basins will fall in the wet basins.

A membrane keeps the water from infiltrating the soil, avoiding loss of water coming from upstream, which supplies the Inner lakes downstream. However, some of the water will be lost through transpiration and evaporation, which is not the case with the current (piped) conditions. In return, this project allows rainwater to be directed towards the Inner lakes through Bispeengen.

Section line.

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Wet basin with membrane, soil and water plants

Stormwater boulevard with V-profile

Ex. appartment block

Figure 196 Cross section 1:200

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Figure 197-199 - Reference pictures from Parc du Chemin de l’Île - a projoct with a similar scale and character.

Flora and fauna Biophilia and biodiversity Today 54% of the world’s population live in cities, and this number is expected to approach 70% in 2050. This means that our relationship with nature will be increasingly challenged, if it is not included in the urban design. The concept “biophilia” is here described by biologist and entomologist E. O. Wilson: “The inborn affinity human beings have for other forms of life, an affiliation evoked, according to circumstances, by pleasure, or a sense of security, or awe, or even fascination blended with repulsion.” (Wilson 1984:360) Timothy Beatley, sustainable city researcher, writes in his book “Biophilic Cities” about the benefits of biophilia. He claims that biophilia needs to be exercised in the city with increasing amounts of forests, water, natural light etc. Biophilia has the power to reduce stress and boost our cognitive performance, while reducing crime and increase happiness, productivity and creativity. Also, seen in an economically perspective, the costs of creating vegetated spaces will potentially be outweighed by the value of biophilic cities by far (Beatley 2016).

Copenhagen municipality has the goal of planting 100.000 trees in the city before 2025, which must both support the existing green structures, as well as creating new ones (Copenhagen Municipality 2016 b). In this proposal, around 175 street trees will be planted on the boulevards and squares, and hundreds of small 1-year trees in the serial gardens. Furthermore, almost all the many existing street trees are preserved.

Vegetation in the serial gardens The vegetation in the northern end of the serial gardens will be dynamic and evolving. The planting strategy is to plant different indigenous character species for each of the serial gardens, which will self-seed and spread, but also leave room for other species to find their way. Stands of 1-year trees, with both pioneer and climate species, will be planted densely, which will make the trees seek upwards towards the sunlight and create a high canopy layer. Continuous thinning over time, hand in hand with planting of new trees, will ensure a stand with diverse tree ages (see fig. 203). This system is inspired by close-to-nature forestry, which is being practiced in more and more forests in Denmark.

Instead of working against nature it mimics the processes, and dynamics found in nature, resulting in a more diverse and interesting nature type, as opposed to the monocultural forest type (Skov- og Naturstyrelsen 2005).

The species planted in the serial gardens must be flood resistant, and therefore the suggested species are inspired by what grows around lakes and streams in the Danish nature. Some of the trees that would be suitable for the growing conditions are willow, alder and oak, and the herbs that are suggested are reeds, butterbur and purple loosestrife (see the chapter “Serial gardens” for further detail). The maintenance will be low in the serial gardens and include thinning, pruning and mowing, and no pesticides will be used.

Different growing conditions, or “micro-climates” will create a natural biodiversity. By having different water depth and soil types, as well as light and wind conditions, different plant habitats are created, and different species will flourish.

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Figure 200-202 - Planting of water tolerant tree species such as willow, alder and oak, is suggested for the detention basin, with different mixes of species that follows the themes of the serial gardens.

Figure 203 - Planting cycle for the trees in the serial gardens - the stand is controlled through continuously thinning of selected species and planting of new. The complexity will rise as years go by and the age and size distribution becomes more spread.

Figure 204-206 - Water tolerant herb species that are often found around streams and other humid areas will be introdiuced. Different character species are planted for the serial gardens.

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Street trees A report by the Copenhagen municipality from 2016 suggest that a broader choice of tree species must be planted, which will create a better robustness against pests and a richer nature experience in the city. Today the street tree species are rather limited with only a few species dominating Copenhagen, such as lime trees taking up 30% (Copenhagen Municipality 2016 a). Around Bispeengen most of the street trees found today are sycamore, robinia and hornbeam (see page 36), which are all very common species that you will find all over the city.

In this proposal the species planted on the boulevards and squares will stand out from the trees found in the rest of the city - as well as the indigenous trees that are planted in the serial gardens - by being untraditional species with a more exotic character. The street trees will be planted in rows and their cultivated character will stand in contrast with the northern end of the serial gardens.

In the Sycamore alley east of the serial gardens new sycamore trees will be filled in, and in the north-eastern pocket park small trees and bushes will be planted in between the existing trees, towards Bispeengen, to densify the woodland area (see fig. 210).

Importantly, the species should be robust enough to withstand the stress of the urban environment.

Another criteria for the street trees regard their form and foliage. They should have a relatively high canopy and a light foliage which lets plenty of light through. Some of the species that meet these requirements are; gingko (Gingko biloba), gleditsia (Gleditsia triacanthos), tree of heaven (Ailanthus altissima), pagoda tree (Sophora japonica) and dawn redwood (Metasequoia glyptostroboides).

Figure 207-209 - These are some of the proposed street trees, which are untraditional species, yet robust enough for the urban environment.

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Figure 210 - New trees planted Page 147 / Design proposal / Flora and fauna

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Water plants The character of the wet basins ranges from wild and dense to barren basins without plants (see chapter “Serial gardens�). There will be planted some specific character species for each of the water gardens, after which they will evolve with limited intervening. However, the basins are not self-sustaining and will need some level of maintenance, such as removal of invasive species and leaf fall.

Species, such as coontails and water weeds, use a lot of the nutrition in the water and thereby prevent algae from taking over. More ornamental water plants, such as water lilies will be introduced, but kept under control so the basins will not be completely covered.

Animals Animals have been deprived of habitats by man throughout modern history. This project offers around 4.000 m2 of wildlife habitats, in more or less humid environments, which is sparse in Copenhagen. The habitats are found in the vegetated parts of the serial gardens in the norther end. Both insects and larger animals, such as birds, will come to Bispeengen and can be used for the purpose of education and improving the city dweller’s relationship with nature.

Insects provide vital ecosystem services as prey in the food webs, pollinators and enemies of pest (Hunter & Hunter 2008). In the water gardens, the animals, such as water fleas (small crustaceans that eat algae), help to keep the water clear and the ecosystem in balance. Birds will be attracted by the wetland to the north and the high number of trees.

A high structural complexity, meaning different plant species, stones, logs, slopes etc. will increase the number of habitats and thereby the biodiversity. For the best result, biologists and entomologists should be included in the ongoing design process of Bispeengen.

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Figure 211-213 - Water plants such as water lily and water weeds.

Figure 214-217 - New habitats will attract various animal species - mainly birds and insects.

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Time The grown environment at Bispeengen will be ever-changing offering seasonal variation, while evolving through the years. In the summer, the serial gardens will have a lush atmosphere with insects humming, and an abundance of colours and smells. In the winter, when the trees shed their leaves, the area is transformed to a more open space, making the build structures stand out more, and parts of the water gardens will occasionally freeze.

The dynamic planting strategy in the serial gardens increases in complexity and biodiversity through the years. The maintenance is generally at its highest in the beginning and will then fall as balanced ecosystems are established (see fig 218). The great number of trees of various species add important elements of change. The loose planting scheme, with the ongoing planting and thinning, has the advantage of being highly flexible, and can be shaped in new desired directions.

Figure 218 - The maintenance level will fall while the biodiversity will increase, here shown over a five year period. Graphics produced by James Corner Field Operations and used for descriping the proces of High Line park in New York which opened in 2009.

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Figure 219 - New trees (green) are planted in between the existing (grey). In some of the serial gardens 1-year old trees are planted densely in groups, and on the boulevards larger street trees are planted.

Figure 220 - After 20 years the trees are creating a greater feeling of space. Many trees have been thinned out and new have been planted.

Figure 221 - After 50 years the canopies are creating a joint cover. By now different generations of trees characterizes the woodland.

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Atmosphere and identity Identity Christian Norberg-Schulz, Norwegian architect, theorist and professor writes about the genius loci (the spirit of a place). The genius loci can be described as the atmosphere or ambience given by the environment (the texture, colour, shape and material substance). According to Schulz, the identity of a place precedes the identity of people and gives a sense of belonging. Without this, people will feel alienated (Schulz 1976). Schulz is here describing the ever-changing context of the genius loci: “To protect and conserve the genius loci in fact means to concretize its essence in ever new historical contexts.” (Norberg-Schulz 1976:279) The space under Bispeengbuen has a quite unique character and an otherness, which is seen as a quality and celebrated in this project, which is also why preservation and reuse have been a priority in the proposal, with the aim of protecting the genius loci. The reused concrete slabs and pillars are loaded with history and a sense of decay, which will be surrounded by lush nature and water. It will be identified as a hybrid of; historic and ecological education, a meeting place for people, a stormwater park and more.

The performance of beauty In the essay “Sustaining beauty. The performance of appearance”, by landscape architect Elizabeth K. Meyer, she explains how today’s theory and practise of sustainable landscape design has little regard for the performance of beauty, which was something that nineteenth-century landscape architects, such as Frederick Olmsted, were fully aware of. She explains how immersive, aesthetic experience can lead to recognition, empathy, love, respect and care for the environment. She relies on a wider definition of beauty that goes beyond the visual. Instead beauty is: “that quality or combination of qualities which affords keen pleasure to the other senses (e.g. hearing) or which charms the intellectual or moral faculties, through inherent grace, or fitness to a desired end.”

(Soanes & Stevenson 2008) Meaning here that this project has the potential of persuading the visitor to take better care of Bispeengen, as well as the environment and fellow beings in general. In order to do so, Bispeengen must not neglect the power of beauty in the design, and thus go beyond only performing ecological, socially and culturally. Meyer also advocates for the mimicry of natural process instead of natural form, which, she says, quickly becomes invisible and neglected, and which can be hard to apply in an urban setting.

“Sustainable landscape design should be form-full, evident and palpable, so that it draws the attention of an urban audience distracted by daily concerns of work and family, or the over-stimulation of the digital world.

This requires (...) exaggeration, amplification, distillation, condensation, juxtaposition, or transposition/displacement.” (Meyer 2008:17) The landscape found in the depressed space with the serial gardens has the quality of being quite fascinating and alluring due to the combination of the water, urban nature and the many large concrete pillars. A scenery that seizes your attention with a sense of wonder, which makes you want to explore it closer when driving by from the big roads “Nordre Fasanvej” and “Borups Allé”.

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Figure 222-227 - These chosen zoom-in pictures gives an idea of the tactility of the materials and vegetation that will dominate the area.

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Juxtaposition The high amount of concrete creates a backdrop for the nature to unfold, which will create an interesting juxtaposition with the lush nature against the build environment with a more or less worn-down and “ugly” appearance. The water and vegetation will obtain a strong regenerating sense seen in contrast to the ruinous decay of the pillars.

The same sort of contrast can be seen in a range of new post-industrial projects, with Latz + Partner famous post-industrial project “IBA Emscher Park”, as a prime example. Their approach focused on the interplay between the ruinous relics and the processes of natural succession (Braae 2015).

In the book “The Language of Landscape” Anne Whiston Spirn, professor in landscape architecture, she states that everything has a context and explains how it affects the landscape through various examples: “The same material, form or action may have different meanings in different settings - water in a desert, water in a sea.” (Spirn 1998:18) In the serial gardens the nature and water is put in a very urban and raw context with reused pillars and materials that are loaded with a history of a modernistic car-dominated area with little attention for the liveable city. If the serial gardens were seen outside of the city, in a more pastoral context, it might go unnoticed, but the tension that is created here makes it stand out.

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Figure 228 - A collage of cutout pillars from Bispeengbuen surrounded by wild nature to give an impression of the contrast.

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Postlude This last part of the report takes a step back and critically examines the design proposal, seen in a wide context.

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Discussion Sustainability This discussion will be guided by the overall theme; Sustainability. Under this theme, four societal themes will be processed in relation to the design proposal for Bispeengen. Sustainability is used as an umbrella because it is a concept, which is important to be aware of and incorporate when making societal changes, such as this design proposal for Bispeengen. Sustainable development means: “A use of the resources of the earth which creates a balance between exploitation and protection, so that we do not destroy our livelihoods. A sustainable development has to ensure the present needs of people, without diminishing future generations the opportunity to fulfill theirs.” - Translated from danish (Hunding, Basse & Anker 2017).

This definition induces development that does not only take the present into account, but also considers how our actions affect the future. Sus­tainable development is often defined as an integration of three dimensions; economic, social equity and environmental. However, American professor in landscape architecture, Jack Ahern, introduces what could be considered a fourth dimension; resilience: “cities need to have resilience—the capacity to recover from disturbance without changing fundamental state to be sustainable over a longer term.” (Ahern 2013:1205) These are the four themes which will here be processed in relation to the sustainable development of the design proposal.

Resilience When relating resilience to the definition of sustainability, it is evident that sustainable development should be robust in relation to future changes, and adapt to future ideas, practices, technologies and physical changes. Ahern describes this type of adaptive design as a form of “safe-to-fail” design, where designers and planners can learn from their practice and adapt the future design by the experience derived from previous stages (Ahern 2013).

The serial gardens have a flexible and robust structure that enables room for future adjustment. They can be perceived as a series of experiments with each their own feature and function, as well as ecological and morphological condition. In order for the gardens to stay on track and be relevant in the future, an ongoing monitoring by the park management is crucial.

The serial garden allow a more or less untraditional designs. Ahern here claims that a low willingness for experimenting is found in urban design: “The political and economic risks inherent in deliberately ‘‘experimenting’’ with urban design projects, appear to have suppressed interest in the adaptive approach - the consequence of which has been to stifle innovation.” (Ahern 2013:1204) The “safe-to-fail” concept is practiced in the serial gardens by having split the risk in to ten “sub-projects”, each with a low scale and cost, making it more economically responsible to try out new ideas, such as the “water farm” (see page 118) or the “platforms” (see page 120). Though it will be a place for innovation, there will also be room for more safe and traditional gardens, such as the “picnic lawn” (see page 121) and “water-lily pond” (see page 116).

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Environment This dimension is about planning with respect for nature, as well as the consumption of resources and energy (Holgaard, Iversen, Skovbro & Nielsen 2009).

Recycling resources The goal of this project is to reuse a large amount of resources from the site, and thereby take part in a new wave of ethical transformation projects seen all over the world, which will hopefully inspire a responsible lifestyle of the visitors.

Strictly thinking in financial terms, without regarding the environment, is arguably one of the main reasons of climate change. However, it is often more expensive to reuse materials from a site compared to using new ones, and there must be a balance between the economic and environmental dimensions of sustainability. Thus, further investigation regarding the expenses of reusing Bispeengbuen is necessary.

Green-blue infrastructure Copenhagen can be criticized for a lack of connectivity of the green spaces in the city. In general, the parks are isolated from each other and organized as green islands in an ocean of hard surfaces. This is also the case in the area around Bispeengen.

American planner, Nina-Marie Lister, stresses the issue of the scale in her article “Design ecology or ecological Design”, where she argues that a project area needs to have a certain size in order to serve an ecological service, and that a small secluded area, such as Bispeengen, would rather play the role of showcasing urban nature for the public (Lister 2007). Ahern makes a similar point with this quote: “In an urban context, connectivity as a principle of spatial organization assures a greater possibility for providing ecosystem services.” (Ahern 2013:1207) Bispeengen will be connected to the adjacent pocket parks, however, Bispeengen would need to be connected to a larger green network in order to achieve a greater ecosystem service. Future projects will hopefully focus on the issue of green-blue infrastructure, and if so, the area could potentially be part of a larger green and blue network. The historic streams could be the guiding structure, which would make the project area a node in the network.

The placement of the buildings in this design proposal can be criticized for blocking for the possibility of a long, coherent wedge structure. However, the likelihood of turning Åboulevarden into a greenblue wedge is most doubtful as this would either mean a farewell to one of the main traffic connections through the city, or the construction of an extremely comprehensive 2,5 km long traffic tunnel. A feasibility study by the Copenhagen municipality shows that the tunnel would cost several billion DKK (see page 54), and they point towards Bispeengen as a more suitable scale for hiding the traffic in a tunnel and revitalizing Ladegårds stream (Copenhagen Municipality 2016 c).

Social equity This dimension implies a planning of the public space, which secures a high life quality, identity, local citizen engagement and different needs for the present and future users (Holgaard, Iversen, Skovbro & Nielsen 2009).

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The differentiated structure of the park allows for a wide appeal and harmony regarding different interests. The serial gardens will be designed through an inclusive process where the different user groups will be invited to take part. However, this has not been the case for this design proposal, which is merely a presentation of the possibilities in the serial garden structure.

Climate adaptation Copenhagen has planned for 300 cloudburst projects, which will transform large parts of the city over the next 20 years (see page 56). In doing so, the social and historical qualities must not be forgotten.

Extreme rainfall rarely happens, so these projects must have additional functions in order to make the most of the limited space in the dense city.

In this project the detention basin, which houses the serial gardens, is designed with the capacity to handle extreme stormwater events for the sake of the surrounding neighbourhood. Still, the history and identity of Bispeengen is being protected through extensive preservation and reuse, and the detention basin is first and foremost a social and recreative space.

Building density It can be discussed whether Bispeengen should be transformed into a new residential district, a public park or a combination. The latter has been the solution for this design proposal, which will be a habitat for people, as well as wildlife. It is important to include urban nature and the notion of biophilia in urban planning (see page 144), in these times where cities are expanding and becoming denser, resulting in a weakened relationship to nature. This project has been a step in the opposite direction, and the serial gardens will be a recreative attraction for the present and future generations.

This project can be compared to another contemporary case, that also works with hiding away an express road from the urban landscape, concerning “Thomas B. Thriges Gade”, found in the centre of Odense. This project is called “From street to city” and will be finished in 2020 (Team Entatis 2015).

Instead of offering a public park where the express road used to be, the project introduces a new vibrant and dense housing area (see fig. 228). This decision can be defended by taking a look at the regional context of Thomas B. Thriges Gade, which is situated right next to a lush blue-green wedge, wherefore the area is not lacking recreational amenities. Bispeengen, on the other hand, is situated in an area with a high population density, and without any water and a lack of green space, wherefore it seems obvious to introduce a new blue-green space for the well-being of the city dweller.

Economy This dimension implies securing economical realizable projects, with a degree of flexibility (Holgaard, Iversen, Skovbro & Nielsen 2009).

The economic aspect of this project has not been a focal area, and what has been mentioned in relation to the price of the tunnel and buildings (page 62) is based on the budget from the Rambøll report (Rambøl 2017).

To compare with another Copenhagen, near future tunnel-project; “Nordhavnstunnelen”, which will connect “Nordhavnsvej” with the new district “Nordhavn”, the price is estimated to be between 2-3 billion DKK (Vejdirektoratet 2016). And to name another contemporary Copenhagen project; the metro “City Circle Line”, the price is estimated to be 22,2 billion DKK (Metroselskabet s.d.). Seen in this light, the price of transforming Bispeengen does not seem to be unrealistic.

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The price of the landscape, above the tunnel, will be considerably lower than the tunnel construction.

In the process of constructing the tunnel, where the whole project area is being excavating, money could be saved if the new terrain shape, as well as the reuse of Bispeengbuen, is kept in mind and treated as part of the tunnel project.

Buildings versus green space This project has made room for both new green space (12.300 m2 ) and housing (66.000 floor m2). A higher degree of housing square meters would entail an increased income from building lots. If the entire area would be densely build it may be more economically sustainable seen on short term. But in the longer run, the ecosystem benefits, which are often left out of the equation - such as the stormwater handling, benefits of biophilia on the human health etc. - may outweigh the the earnings from building denser. Also, the housing prices are usually higher with a park as neighbour.

Management and maintenance After the project has been realized it will need to be maintained and managed. The water quality needs to be watched over and plants will need pruning etc. The more economical solution is to include local forces in the maintenance (more or less voluntarily), which will also strengthen the workers relationship with the place and the nature, and will entail social interaction. However, using voluntary forces is not as reliable as the municipal park rangers and will need to be instructed.

Figure 229 - Visualization of Thomas B. Thriges Gade (Team Entatis 2015).

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Conclusion The conclusion is performed by answering the research questions that were asked in the beginning of the report, and by doing so, summing up the design proposal: What landscape architectural potentials does the traffic tunnel enable, and how can they be strategically combined into a holistic and sustainable design proposal?

The area “Bispeengen” is currently characterized by traffic, hard surfaces and a high population density. A traffic tunnel will enable the arrival of a new blue-green park space with the potential of becoming the heart of the district, which will unite this part of Frederiksberg and Nørrebro.

The four main topics; urban nature, climate adaptation, reuse and social interaction will hand in hand create the base for a holistic and sustainable landscape design, as they feed off one and other, resulting in a synergy effect. This will physically manifest in a multifunctional design where a detention basin, wildlife habitats, social activities and more is unified.

What is the optimal disposition of the buildings, green space, water, traffic etc.?

The buildings are placed in each end of the project area with the park space in between, separated by the existing roads “Nordre Fasanvej” and “Borups Allé”. This enables a coherent and enclosed park space for public use. The park is lowered two meters in order to revitalize Ladegårds stream, while giving it an additional function of detaining cloudbursts.

The park is divided into ten smaller garden spaces, dictated by the existing rows of concrete pillars.

These serial gardens will offer a range of different experiences and utilities, while functioning as more or less experimental spaces. (see masterplan, fig. 77) What is the history and identity of the place, and how can it be expressed in the design proposal through preservation of relics and structures?

The design proposal is based on what is already at hand, which has been reinterpreted and to some extend rearranged. The pillars will be preserved with the same placement, but are given new functions. They will stand as a relic of Bispeengbuen, while protecting the raw identity of the place, which will now stand in sharp contrast to the blue-green park space. The two curvy, parallel roads will be turned into green pedestrian boulevards where almost all of the existing street trees are preserved.

What social and ecological potentials does the landscape hold and how can they be unified?

The deep structure (the wetland) is revitalized, but heavily reinterpreted. Bispeengen will be a vibrant meeting place for a diverse user group with different backgrounds who will visit the place for various reasons. Here they will experience different kinds of ecosystems for the purpose of recreation and education, which also serves as wildlife habitats.

How can the different aspects of sustainability (environmental, social, economic and resilience) be achieved?

Environment: The project is more or less build by reused materials from the site, where Bispeengbuen is cut up and reused for retaining walls, stairs and other functions. In doing so, the project has a low environmental impact in terms of resource extraction. The scale and location of the project area has a limited ecological prospect and is mainly seen as an enclosed space, showcasing nature for the sake of the city dweller.

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Social equity: The history and identity of the place is being preserved for the present and future generations to experience. The liveability is increased in this part of the city and the park is designed to appeal to a wide range of users, whose interests will be balanced through a democratic design process. Bispeengen will attend to the user’s “sense of beauty and place”, which will develop people’s affection towards the place, and it will thereby be taken good care of in the longer run.

Economy: The project is found to be economically sustainable, with a tunnel that does not exceed similar contemporary projects, and will be partly financed by new building lots. The landscape has a preventive quality in terms of flooding, and is also designed to be a somewhat secluded area, that will provide the city dweller with a needed break from the noisy and stressful city. This has the opportunity of preventing mental health issues to a certain degree, which also implies economic values.

Resilience: The serial gardens have a flexible structure and can be described with the “safe-to-fail” concept. They allow for a high degree of experimentation and innovation without any real risk, as each garden can easily be transformed.

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Rambøll (2013) ”Konkretisering af skybrudsplanerne, Ladegårdså, Frederiksberg øst og vesterbro oplande”.

Rambøll (2017) ”Bispeengen – Tunnellægning, byudvikling, skybrudssikring og åbning af Ladegårds å”.

Skov- og Naturstyrelsen (2005) ”Naturnær skovdrift i statsskovene - Hvad, Hvordan og Hvornår”.

Team Entatis (2015) ”Fra Gade til By – Omdannelse af Thomas B. Thriges Gade”.

Vejdirektoratet (2016) ”Nordhavnstunnel”.

Online articles Bennike, Christian (2017) ”Den næste Amager Fælled-sag: Red Bispeengbuen!”, Information, available at: https://www.information.dk/moti/2017/10/naeste-amager-faelled-sag-red-bispeengbuen [Accessed: 17 February 2018].

Clausen, Laura Lebarca (2011) ”Åboulevard – fra å til indfaldsvej”, Berlingske, available at: https:// www.b.dk/nationalt/aaboulevard-fra-aa-til-indfaldsvej [Accessed: 24 February 2018].

Dam, Philip (2016) ”Detaljeret kort: Se københavnernes indkomst, alder, uddannelse og...”, Berlingske, available at: https://www.b.dk/nationalt/detaljeret-kort-se-koebenhavnernes-indkomst-alder-uddannelse-og [Accessed: 22 April 2018].

Jensen, Maja Grønholdt (2017) ”Minister lukker kassen for nedrivning af bispeengbuen”, TV2 Lorry, available at: https://www.tv2lorry.dk/artikel/minister-lukker-kassen-en-nedrivning-af-bispeengbuen [Accessed: 15 February 2018].

Johansen, Christina. (2015) ”Dengang og nu: Aarhus blev født ved Åen”, Lokalavisen Aarhus, available at: http://aarhus.lokalavisen.dk/nyheder/2015-08-17/Dengang-og-nu-Aarhus-blev-f%C3%B8dtved-%C3%85en-1272289.html [Accessed: 28 February 2018].

Madsen, Karl. Habermann, Noe (2016) ”Åen som byen (nok) aldrig får”, Magasinet KBH, available at: https://www.magasinetkbh.dk/indhold/omdannelse-aaboulevard [Accessed: 29 February 2018].

Rothenborg, Miachel (2013) “Hovedstadens vand skal være renere”, Politikken, available at: https://politiken.dk/indland/art5450091/Hovedstadens-vand-skal-v%C3%A6re-renere [Accessed: 26 February 2018].

Thorsen, Niels (2012) ”Åer midt i byen kan redde København”, Poilitikken, available at: https://politiken.dk/kultur/art5475474/%C3%85er-midt-i-byen-kan-redde-K%C3%B8benhavn [Accessed: 6 February 2018].

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Wainwright, Oliver (2017) “Street fighter: How Jane Jacobs saved New York from bulldozer Bob”, The Guardian, available at: https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2017/apr/30/citizen-jane-jacobs-the-woman-who-saved-manhattan-from-the-bulldozer-documentary [Accessed: 5 March 2018].

Heltoft, Nikolaj (2015 August) ”Udtørring truer drømmen om en å gennem Nørrebro”, Poilitikken, available at: https://politiken.dk/ibyen/byliv/art5585737/Udt%C3%B8rring-truer-dr%C3%B8mmen-omen-%C3%A5-gennem-N%C3%B8rrebro [Accessed: 6 February 2018].

Heltoft, Nikolaj (2015 September) “Gammel plan vil tage vand fra Københavnsk ’ønskeå’”, Politikken, available at: https://politiken.dk/ibyen/byliv/art5591358/Gammel-plan-vil-tage-vand-fra-k%C3%B8benhavnsk-%C3%B8nske%C3%A5 [Accessed: 15 February 2018].

Washuus, Dorte (2013) ”Kritik: Kulturarv går tabt, når krigsbunkere fjernes fra den jyske vestkyst”, Kristeligt Dagblad, available at: https://www.kristeligt-dagblad.dk/kultur/kritik-kulturarv-g%C3%A5rtabt-n%C3%A5r-krigsbunkere-fjernes-fra-den-jyske-vestkyst [Accessed: 28 March 2018].

Other links Copenhagen Municipality (2016 c) ”13. Forundersøgelsen af trafiktunnel og åpark langs Ågade og Åboulevard”, Decision briefing, available at: https://www.kk.dk/indhold/teknik-og-miljoudvalgets-modemateriale/20062016/edoc-agenda/9ca8e4ce-9b11-4f63-9bca-a65880de3aa7/595db502-af7d4aec-8942-fdc41ba1bd1a [Accessed: 4 June 2018].

Dansk Bygningsarv, s.d., ”Havneparken på Islands Brygge, København”, Industriens Bygningsarv, available at: http://bygningskultur2015.dk/industriarv/potentialer/gode_eksempler/fysisk_udvikling/ byrum_og_byliv/havneparken_paa_islands_brygge_koebenhavn/ [Accessed: 8 April 2018].

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Davis, Janet, s.d., ”Parc Andre-Citroen”, available at: http://www.beautifulbotany.com/Story%20Archives/Garden%20Design%20&%20Color/Visits%20-%20Parc%20Andre%20Citroen.htm [Accessed: 9 April 2018].

Frederiksberg Municipality (2017) “Mastra 2015-2016” https://www.frederiksberg.dk/sites/default/files/meetings-appendices/746/Punkt_313_Bilag_1_ Noegletal_20152016.pdf [Accessed: 23 March 2018].

Hunding, Carsten. Basse, Ellen Margrethe. Anker, Helle Tegner (2017) ”bæredygtig udvikling i Den Store Danske, Gyldendal”, available at: http://denstoredanske.dk/index.php?sideId=52945 [Accessed: 23 July 2018].

Grundtvigskolen, s.d., ”Historien om Bispebjerg”, available at: http://www.grundtvigskolen-nv. dk/74774443 [Accessed: 13 February 2018].

Landezine (2014) “Parco Dora”, available at: http://www.landezine.com/index.php/2014/04/parco-dora-latz-partner-landscape_architecture/ [Accessed: 12 May 2018].

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Landscape Architecture Foundation, s.d., “Cheonggyecheon Stream Restoration Project”, Landscape Performance Series, available at: https://landscapeperformance.org/case-study-briefs/ cheonggyecheon-stream-restoration [Accessed: 2 April 2018].

Metroselskabet, s.d., “Største anlægsprojekt i 400 år”, available at: http://m.dk/#!/om+metroen/ metrobyggeriet/om+cityringen [Accessed: 5 February 2018].

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Modernissimo blog (2015) ”These almost-forgotten plans would have ruined Copenhagen”, available at: http://modernissimo-blog.ricardo.dk/these-almost-forgotten-plans-would-have-ruined-copenhagen/ [Accessed: 14 March 2018].

Platant (2014) ”Bispeengbuen – et udendørs kulturhus”, availbale at: http://platant.dk/bispeengbuen-et-udendors-kulturhus/ [Accessed: 16 March 2018].

Vejdirektoratet (2004) ”Kombinerede støjskærme”, http://archive.li/Td0pJ [Accessed: 13 June 2018]. Ørestad Vandlaug, s.d., “Ørestad Vandlaug” available at: http://orestad.net/vandlaug/hvad-er-vandlauget.html [Accessed: 19 March]. Østergro, s.d., “Østergro” available at: http://oestergro.dk/ [Accessed: 17 June 2018].

Lectures Jensen, Marina Bergen (2017) “Stormwater quality – control options, including Filter soil and DPF treatment technologies”, 2 October 2017.

Figures Note: Even though a lot of the graphical material is self-produced, much has been borrowed (especially as reference pictures). Here is a list of the borrowed figures and their source: Figure 1: https://www.licitationen.dk/article/view/282303/kobenhavns_drom_om_fritlagt_a_er_bristet Figure 4: https://mellemaaenogbanen.wordpress.com/2016/02/07/broen-over-aen-falkoner-alle-jagtvej-og-agade/ Figure 5: http://www.1807.dk/oversigt%20maleri.htm Figure 6: https://mellemaaenogbanen.wordpress.com/2016/02/01/en-ode-og-sumpet-affaere-ladegardsaen-1742/ Figure 7: https://kbhbilleder.dk/frb-arkiv/7268 Figure 8+10+79+87: http://www.ladegaardsaaen.dk/historie Figure 11: http://www.ladegaardsaaen.dk/enhedslisten-giver-flertal-for-ladegards-a-undersogelse Figure 13: https://politiken.dk/indland/kobenhavn/art5639364/Her-er-det-K%C3%B8benhavn-der-aldrig-blev-til-noget Figure 14: https://www.tv2lorry.dk/artikel/minister-lukker-kassen-en-nedrivning-af-bispeengbuen Page 168 / Postlude / Sources

Figure 20+90: Rambøll (2017) ”Bispeengen – Tunnellægning, byudvikling, skybrudssikring og åbning af Ladegårds å”.

Figure 24: http://www.vanloese.dk/galleri/bispeeng2013/bispeeng1301.htm Figure 25: https://abclausen.dk/referencer/noerrebroparken/ Figure 30: http://www.kosova-sot.info/shendetesia/268708/lengu-i-bagremit-plot-vitamina-dhe-veti-tetjera-per-shendetin/ Figure 31: http://navalwiki.info/apple-tree-brown-leaves.asp Figure 32: http://www.peakpx.com/454079/green-round-fruit Figure 39: Frederiksberg Municipality (2015) ”Forslag til Lokalplan 196 for detailhandel og studieboliger på Nordre Fasanvej samt forslag til tillæg 6 til Kommuneplan 2013”.

Figure 64: http://nordrefasanvej.frederiksberg.dk/naar-du-skal-holde-arrangementer-under-buen Figure 65: http://roamingfra.me/portfolio/bas-under-buen-festival/ Figure 66+82: https://minby.dk/2017/09/28/51142/populaert-marked-rykker-indendoers/ Figure 67: COWI. Tredje Natur (2016) “Omdannelse af Åboulevarden – forundersøgelse”.

Figure 68: Rambøll (2017) ”Bispeengen – Tunnellægning, byudvikling, skybrudssikring og åbning af Ladegårds å”.

Figure 69: Rambøll (2013) ”Konkretisering af skybrudsplanerne, Ladegårdså, Frederiksberg øst og vesterbro oplande”.

Figure 70: https://www.kk.dk/nyheder/vinderprojekt-skybrudsloesninger-paa-noerrebro-kaaret Figure 78+145+211: http://hneballehaven.blogspot.com/2014/07/besg-i-haven.html Figure 80+217: https://jyllands-posten.dk/bagsiden/ECE8694495/andemor-slog-sig-ned-i-atriumgaard-paa-jyllandsposten/ Figure 83: http://picbear.online/tag/oasetrappen Figure 84: https://www.magasinetkbh.dk/indhold/israels-plads Figure 91+164+193: https://www.pinterest.dk/pin/513903007459431354/?lp=true Figure 92+199: http://www.leparisien.fr/espace-premium/hauts-de-seine-92/le-parc-du-chemin-de-lile-exemple-environnemental-25-06-2016-5911519.php Figure 101: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%27Weisses_Haus_in_Dangast%27,_oil_painting_by_ Erich_Heckel,_1908.jpg Figure 102: https://www.pinterest.dk/pin/428827195750300803/?lp=true Figure 103: https://candmwanderings.wordpress.com/2014/11/15/colours-of-tuscany/ Figure 105+106+107+144+197+198+199: http://www.landezine.com/index.php/2015/10/le-parcdu-chemin-de-lile-by-mutabilis/ Figure 108: https://greengroundsatuva.wordpress.com/2014/03/18/social-equity-in-green-spaces/ Figure 109: http://kunstbib.dk/samlinger/arkitekturtegninger/vaerker/000036276 Figure 110: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Aerial_view_of_Parc_Andr%C3%A9_Citro%C3%ABn_November_15,_2011.jpg Figure 111: https://www.google.dk/search?q=4ed1c071330660ae5f7fe30338b4126d&safe=active&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjitoXYlMjcAhVOsKQKHVUvCBoQ_AUICygC&biw=1536&bih=710#imgrc=pKxaw7EBqHnmFM: Figure 112+115: Loidl, Hans. Bernard Stefan (2014) “Opening Spaces: Design as Landscape Architecture”, Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin.

Figure 119+158: http://www.klopfermartin.com/roemer-plaza-suffolk-university/ikfupkw82urdk13zk33r5nqabxyecj Figure 120+147: https://www.trekearth.com/gallery/North_America/United_States/South/Delaware/ Rehoboth_Beach/photo144245.htm Figure 121+148: http://picturesmo.com/editor/?

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Figure 124+223: https://www.flickr.com/photos/96625197@N02/9514350891 Figure 127: https://inhabitat.com/how-the-cheonggyecheon-river-urban-design-restored-the-greenheart-of-seoul/ Figure 129: http://mariannelevinsen.dk/cbs-campusplan.html Figure 130: https://inhabitat.com/abandoned-railway-line-becomes-a-thriving-elevated-park-in-sydney/ Figure 131: http://www.aok.dk/restaurant-og-cafe/cafe-sebastopol Figure 132: http://www.aok.dk/byliv/sankt-hans-torv Figure 136+200: https://dissolve.com/stock-photo/Rocks-Lily-Pond-White-Mountains-National-Forest-New-Hampshire-royalty-free-image/101-D1282-4-170 Figure 137: https://pixabay.com/en/reed-lake-stalks-withered-yellow-3032148/ Figure 138: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Dunhammer_ved_s%C3%B8en.jpg Figure 139: http://www.naturplan.dk/foto/e-preview.php?id=4412 Figure 140: http://www.dbkk.dk/forum/showthread.php?3638-Drytool-tr%E6f-s%F8ndag-den-20-december-kl-12-i-Tavsens-Park Figure 141: http://www.hags.dk/da-dk/sport-og-fitness/fitnessudstyr Figure 142: http://www.insite-studio.com/education.html Figure 143: https://www.pinterest.ph/pin/501236633498653404/ Figure 146: https://www.pinterest.dk/pin/54043264259585006/?lp=true Figure 149: https://www.deviantart.com/burtn/art/Wilderness-Background-318127187 Figure 150: http://animal-jam-clans.wikia.com/wiki/File:Mint,_Water_(Mentha_aquatica)_Fosse_ Meadows_(Taken_17.9.2008).JPG Figure 152: https://i.pinimg.com/originals/b8/a2/c8/b8a2c8dbb27e5e49a6fcf7e5f7639f4a.jpg Figure 153: https://www.trendir.com/house-with-two-volumes-one-above-the-ground-one-underground/ Figure 154: https://www.designboom.com/architecture/hyde-hyde-architects-design-a-house-for-aphotographer-3-24-2014/ Figure 155+191: https://www.pinterest.com.au/pin/370069294352940344/?lp=true Figure 156: https://www.pinterest.ca/pin/157063105724869164/ Figure 157: https://www.archdaily.com/40688/sala-phuket-restaurant-department-of-architecture/5011e94628ba0d5f4c0003bd-sala-phuket-restaurant-department-of-architecture-photo Figure 159: https://croampro.com/potluck-central-park-picnic-new-date/ Figure 160+190: https://www.pinterest.dk/pin/540150549047361582/?lp=true Figure 161: https://www.b.dk/politiko/s-afviser-flere-restriktioner-mod-vandpiber Figure 162: http://www.play-scapes.com/play-art/playable-sculpture/city-museum-st-louis-bob-cassilly-1997/ Figure 163: https://www.pinterest.com.au/pin/336925615842296669/?lp=true Figure 165: http://www.landezine.com/index.php/2016/09/the-hillside-eco-park-by-zt-studio/the-hillside-eco-park-11/ Figure 166: https://londonist.com/2016/08/londons-best-play-fountains Figure 167: http://www.landezine.com/index.php/2015/03/landscape-park-wetzgau-by-atelier-dreiseitl/landscape_park_wetzgau-atelier_dreiseitl-07-van-dgrachten/ Figure 173: http://urbanismodiario.blogspot.com/2015/12/parco-dora.html Figure 174: https://www.atlasobscura.com/places/umore-park Figure 178: http://www.fremtidensaalborg.dk/wp/?p=203 Figure 179: https://www.latzundpartner.de/en/projekte/postindustrielle-landschaften/parco-dora-turin-it/ Page 170 / Postlude / Sources

Figure 180: https://www.jpconcrete.co.uk/concrete-bolt-down-retaining-wall/ Figure 181: https://www.danskhusoghaveservice.dk/?attachment_id=18772 Figure 182: https://www.pinterest.dk/pin/396879785899934010/?lp=true Figure 185: https://www.euroman.dk/kultur/19-ting-du-skal-opleve-i-aarhus Figure 186: http://sla.dk/dk/projects/bryggervangen-sktkjelds Figure 192: http://www.danskebiotoper.dk/soerOgVandloeb.php Figure 194: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Emdrup_S%C3%B8_%C3%98_03.JPG Figure 195: https://minby.dk/2015/12/09/29913/soeerne-faar-nye-bredder-buske-blomster-og-baenke/ Figure 201: https://haveselskabet.dk/sos/hvad-er-forskellen-pa-stilkeg-og-vintereg Figure 202: https://www.pinterest.dk/emsmorgan2/trees-for-mee/?lp=true Figure 204+222: https://skraeppebladet.dk/blad/2009-02/artikler/r%C3%B8d-hestehov-skr%C3%A6ppebladet-blomstrer-i-marts/ Figure 205: http://asperupgaard.dk/garden/plantegrupper/vandplanter/caltha_palustris_-_engkabbeleje/index2.html 206: http://www.biopix.eu/gromillet-ne-moubliez-pas-regardez-moi-myosotis-scorpioides_photo-106212.aspx Figure 207: https://www.gardeningexpress.co.uk/s10705-ginkgo-biloba-maiden-hair-tree Figure 208: https://www.flickr.com/photos/umdarboretumandbotanicalgarden/5364738850 Figure 209: https://www.flickr.com/photos/natureserve/14983184283 Figure 212: http://www.moskusskildpadde.dk/67707892 Figure 213: http://denstoredanske.dk/Naturen_i_Danmark/De_ferske_vande/Naturen,_mennesket_ og_de_str%C3%B8mmende_vande/Vandl%C3%B8benes_planter/Vandplanternes_tilpasninger Figure 214: https://www.fugleognatur.dk/forum/show_message.asp?page=1&MessageID=750647&ForumID=37 Figure 215: https://www.fugleognatur.dk/gallery.asp?mode=ShowLarge&ID=203824 Figure 216: https://www.mindmeister.com/fr/713762283/dafnier Figure 218: https://backspace.com/notes/2011/06/the-high-line-part-2.php Figure 224: https://www.arroway-textures.ch/en/textures/concrete-018 Figure 225: http://medicinhaverne.dk/g-l/ Figure 226: http://videodingue.site/videos/watch/MahgZWqScB0 Figure 227: https://www.dr.dk/have/raad/planter/kattehale.asp Figure 229: http://fragadetilby.dk/topmenu/vinderprojektet

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